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Zhang Z, Shan X, Li S, Chang J, Zhang Z, Dong Y, Wang L, Liang F. Retinal light damage: From mechanisms to protective strategies. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00079-1. [PMID: 39053594 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Visible light serves as a crucial medium for vision formation.;however, prolonged or excessive exposure to light is recognized as a significant etiological factor contributing to retinal degenerative diseases. The retina, with its unique structure and adaptability, relies on the homeostasis of cellular functions to maintain visual health. Under normal conditions, the retina can mount adaptive responses to various insults, including light-induced damage. Unfortunately, exposure to intense and excessive light triggers a cascade of pathological alterations in retinal photoreceptor cells, pigment epithelial cells, ganglion cells, and glial cells. These alterations encompass disruption of intracellular REDOX and Ca²⁺ homeostasis, pyroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and the release of inflammatory cytokines, culminating in irreversible retinal damage. We first delineate the mechanisms of retinal light damage through 4 main avenues: mitochondria function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell autophagy, and inflammation. Subsequently, we discuss protective strategies against retinal light damage, aiming to guide research toward the prevention and treatment of light-induced retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shujiao Li
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Tongliang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402560, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Ji'nan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Fengming Liang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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2
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Hu W, Kim JE. Differential Performance of Xanthophylls in Combination with Phenol Classes against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress: An In Vitro Analysis Using Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2400038. [PMID: 38824669 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Xanthophylls, vital for ocular defense against blue light and reactive oxygen species, are prone to oxidative degradation; however, they may be regenerated antioxidant-rich plant phenols. Despite certain in vitro evidence, clinical studies show inconsistent findings and this may be due to varying phenolic reduction potentials. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the ocular protective effect of various plant phenols combined with xanthophyll. METHODS AND RESULTS Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) are subjected to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after xanthophyll and phenol pretreatment. Assessments include xanthophyll uptake, total antioxidant capacity, cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and vascular endothelial growth factor formation. The study finds that while the combination of lutein with phenols does not show significant protective effects compared to lutein-only, zeaxanthin combined with phenols exhibits enhanced protection compared to both the zeaxanthin-only and control groups. CONCLUSION The research reveals the complex relationship between xanthophylls and phenols, suggesting that the advantageous effects of their combination might vary among different xanthophylls. Caution is necessary when applying molecular theories to ocular health, and this necessitates further research, serving as a basis for proposing clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of specific xanthophyll and phenol combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Hu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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3
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Basyal D, Lee S, Kim HJ. Antioxidants and Mechanistic Insights for Managing Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:568. [PMID: 38790673 PMCID: PMC11117704 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severely affects central vision due to progressive macular degeneration and its staggering prevalence is rising globally, especially in the elderly population above 55 years. Increased oxidative stress with aging is considered an important contributor to AMD pathogenesis despite multifaceted risk factors including genetic predisposition and environmental agents. Wet AMD can be managed with routine intra-vitreal injection of angiogenesis inhibitors, but no satisfactory medicine has been approved for the successful management of the dry form. The toxic carbonyls due to photo-oxidative degradation of accumulated bisretinoids within lysosomes initiate a series of events including protein adduct formation, impaired autophagy flux, complement activation, and chronic inflammation, which is implicated in dry AMD. Therapy based on antioxidants has been extensively studied for its promising effect in reducing the impact of oxidative stress. This paper reviews the dry AMD pathogenesis, delineates the effectiveness of dietary and nutrition supplements in clinical studies, and explores pre-clinical studies of antioxidant molecules, extracts, and formulations with their mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hye Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Dauge 42601, Republic of Korea
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4
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Milani F, Bottoni M, Bardelli L, Colombo L, Colombo PS, Bruschi P, Giuliani C, Fico G. Remnants from the Past: From an 18th Century Manuscript to 21st Century Ethnobotany in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2748. [PMID: 37514363 PMCID: PMC10386062 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This project originated from the study of an 18th century manuscript found in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy) which contains 200 plant-based medicinal remedies. A first comparison with published books concerning 20th century folk medicine in the Valley led to the designing of an ethnobotanical investigation, aimed at making a thorough comparison between past and current phytotherapy knowledge in this territory. METHODS The field investigation was conducted through semi-structured interviews. All data collected was entered in a database and subsequently processed. A diachronic comparison between the field results, the manuscript, and a 20th century book was then performed. RESULTS A total of 109 interviews were conducted and the use of 103 medicinal plants, belonging to 46 families, was noted. A decrease in number of plant taxa and uses was observed over time, with only 42 taxa and 34 uses reported in the manuscript being currently known by the people of the valley. A thorough comparison with the remedies in the manuscript highlighted similar recipes for 12 species. Specifically, the use of agrimony in Valle Imagna for the treatment of deep wounds calls back to an ancient remedy against leg ulcers based on this species. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary results of this study allow us to outline the partial passage through time fragments of ancient plant-based remedies once used in the investigated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Milani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
| | - Martina Bottoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
| | - Laura Bardelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
| | - Paola Sira Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
| | - Piero Bruschi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, Food and Forestry Science and Technology, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Giuliani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Fico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Ghirardi Botanic Garden, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Religione 25, 25088 Toscolano Maderno, Italy
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5
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Li J, Chen C, Zhang L, Ren Y, Li H. PDGFRB upregulation contributes to retinal damages in the rat model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 663:113-121. [PMID: 37121121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ischemic disease is a major type of retinal diseases causing vision loss. Identifying the molecular mechanisms mediating the retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) is the key to targeted intervention. In this study, we performed RNA-seq analysis of the retinal tissues of a retinal ischemia-reperfusion model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, followed by differential gene expression analysis, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. After studying we found that: The major biological processes affected after RIR was the regulation of vascular development. PPI analysis unveiled a regulatory module in which Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta (PDGFRB) was upregulated. In the RIR cell model of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRCEC) induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), silencing PDGFRB at least partially rescued the detrimental effect on cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenic ability. In the rat model of RIR, the administration of PDGFR inhibitor alleviated the damages in the retinal microvascular system. Besides, we further demonstrated the protective effect of procyanidin against RIR induced damages in both the cell and animal model by dampening the overexpression of PDGFRB. Together, our data indicate that the upregulation of PDGFRB contributes to RIR-induced damages in retinal microvascular system, which provides a targetable strategy for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No.176, Qing nian Road, Kunming city, Yunnan Province, 650021, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No.176, Qing nian Road, Kunming city, Yunnan Province, 650021, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No.176, Qing nian Road, Kunming city, Yunnan Province, 650021, China
| | - Yuling Ren
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No.176, Qing nian Road, Kunming city, Yunnan Province, 650021, China
| | - Hua Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No.176, Qing nian Road, Kunming city, Yunnan Province, 650021, China.
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6
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Ogawa K, Urata K, Suzuki Y, Sugamoto K, Goto Y, Nakayama T, Nishiyama K, Kunitake H, Yamasaki M. Blueberry stem extract and stem active components prevent blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:378-388. [PMID: 36617234 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Blue light causes retinal damage that can lead to ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we determined the protective effect of blueberry stem extract (BStEx) and active components on blue light-emitting diode (LED) light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. Photoreceptor cells cultured in the presence of BStEx or components were exposed to blue light to induce cell damage. BStEx, fractions of BStEx containing proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin prevented the cell damage and/or inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, BStEx reduced apoptosis and cell death, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase leading to cellular apoptosis induced by blue light exposure. These findings suggest that BStEx and components exert a protective effect against blue light-induced photoreceptor cell damage through the inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjirou Ogawa
- Institute for Tenure Track Promotion, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Karin Urata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yo Goto
- Biolabo Co., Ltd. 7-2-6 Minamimachi, Minatoshima, Chuouku, Kobe-City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakayama
- Biolabo Co., Ltd. 7-2-6 Minamimachi, Minatoshima, Chuouku, Kobe-City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hisato Kunitake
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
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7
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Shou Y, Teo XY, Li X, Zhicheng L, Liu L, Sun X, Jonhson W, Ding J, Lim CT, Tay A. Dynamic Magneto-Softening of 3D Hydrogel Reverses Malignant Transformation of Cancer Cells and Enhances Drug Efficacy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2851-2867. [PMID: 36633150 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High extracellular matrix stiffness is a prominent feature of malignant tumors associated with poor clinical prognosis. To elucidate mechanistic connections between increased matrix stiffness and tumor progression, a variety of hydrogel scaffolds with dynamic changes in stiffness have been developed. These approaches, however, are not biocompatible at high temperature, strong irradiation, and acidic/basic pH, often lack reversibility (can only stiffen and not soften), and do not allow study on the same cell population longitudinally. In this work, we develop a dynamic 3D magnetic hydrogel whose matrix stiffness can be wirelessly and reversibly stiffened and softened multiple times with different rates of change using an external magnet. With this platform, we found that matrix stiffness increased tumor malignancy including denser cell organization, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and hypoxia. More interestingly, these malignant transformations could be halted or reversed with matrix softening (i.e., mechanical rescue), to potentiate drug efficacy attributing to reduced solid stress from matrix and downregulation of cell mechano-transductors including YAP1. We propose that our platform can be used to deepen understanding of the impact of matrix softening on cancer biology, an important but rarely studied phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Shou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Xin Yong Teo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xianlei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Le Zhicheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Ling Liu
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
| | - Xinhong Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Win Jonhson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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8
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Lee SJ, Roh YJ, Kim JE, Jin YJ, Song HJ, Seol A, Park SH, Douangdeuane B, Souliya O, Choi SI, Hwang DY. Protective Effects of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Blue Light-Induced Macular Degeneration in A2E-Laden ARPE19 Cells and Retina of Balb/c Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020329. [PMID: 36829888 PMCID: PMC9952417 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products with significant antioxidant activity have been receiving attention as one of the treatment strategies to prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) including oxo-N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (oxo-A2E) and singlet oxygen-induced damage, are believed to be one of the major causes of the development of AMD. To investigate the therapeutic effects of methanol extracts of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (MED) against blue light (BL)-caused macular degeneration, alterations in the antioxidant activity, apoptosis pathway, neovascularization, inflammatory response, and retinal degeneration were analyzed in A2E-laden ARPE19 cells and Balb/c mice after exposure of BL. Seven bioactive components, including 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, ε-viniferin, asiatic acid, bergenin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and oleanolic acid, were detected in MED. MED exhibited high DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. BL-induced increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were suppressed by MED treatment. A significant recovery of antioxidant capacity by an increase in superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity, SOD expression levels, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression were detected as results of MED treatment effects. The activation of the apoptosis pathway, the expression of neovascular proteins, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediated pathway, inflammasome activation, and expression of inflammatory cytokines was remarkably inhibited in the MED treated group compared to the Vehicle-treated group in the AMD cell model. Furthermore, MED displayed protective effects in BL-induced retinal degeneration through improvement in the thickness of the whole retina, outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and photoreceptor layer (PL) in Balb/c mice. Taken together, these results indicate that MED exhibits protective effects in BL-induced retinal degeneration and has the potential in the future to be developed as a treatment option for dry AMD with atrophy of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Roh
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jeong Jin
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayun Seol
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hae Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Onevilay Souliya
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health, Vientiane 0103, Laos
| | - Sun Il Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (S.I.C.); (D.Y.H.); Tel.: +86-13271140312 (S.I.C.); +82-55-350-5388 (D.Y.H.)
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
- Longevity & Wellbeing Research Center, Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.I.C.); (D.Y.H.); Tel.: +86-13271140312 (S.I.C.); +82-55-350-5388 (D.Y.H.)
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9
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Protective Effect of Ribes nigrum Extract against Blue Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration In Vitro and In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050832. [PMID: 35624696 PMCID: PMC9137918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although blackcurrant has several health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its effects on the retina remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of black currant extract (BCE) in an in vitro and in vivo model of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) induced by blue light. Dry macular degeneration is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin (e.g., N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine, A2E) in the retina. Blue light (BL) significantly decreased the viability of A2E-laden human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). However, BCE treatment protected ARPE-19 cells from A2E and BL. A2E, which is oxidized by blue light, generates reactive oxygen species in RPE cells. Treatment with BCE significantly decreased (80.8%) reactive oxygen species levels induced by A2E and BL in a concentration-dependent manner. BCE inhibited A2E accumulation in ARPE-19 cells and significantly downregulated the expression of genes increased by A2E and BL in ARPE-19 cells. In vivo, oral administration of BCE (25–100 mg/kg) ameliorated ocular lesions of BL-induced retinal damage in a mouse model and rescued the thickness of the whole retina, photoreceptor segment layer, outer nuclear layer, and inner nuclear layer. The decrease in the number of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer induced by BL was also rescued by BCE. Additionally, BCE administration rescued (40.0%) the BL-induced reduction in the expression level of superoxide dismutase 1. Taken together, our results suggest that BCE may have preventive and therapeutic effects on dry AMD through its antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipofuscin accumulation in the retina.
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The Employment of Genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara Polyphenols for the Reduction of Selected Anti-Cancer Drug Side Effects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081574. [PMID: 35458136 PMCID: PMC9025632 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most widespread diseases globally and one of the leading causes of death. Known cancer treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, targeted hormonal therapy, or a combination of these methods. Antitumor drugs, with different mechanisms, interfere with cancer growth by destroying cancer cells. However, anticancer drugs are dangerous, as they significantly affect both cancer cells and healthy cells. In addition, there may be the onset of systemic side effects perceived and mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and further carcinogenicity. Many polyphenolic extracts, taken on top of common anti-tumor drugs, can participate in the anti-proliferative effect of drugs and significantly reduce the side effects developed. This review aims to discuss the current scientific knowledge of the protective effects of polyphenols of the genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara on the side effects induced by four known chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Tamoxifen, and Paclitaxel. In particular, the summarized data will help to understand whether polyphenols can be used as adjuvants in cancer therapy, although further clinical trials will provide crucial information.
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Kostka T, Ostberg-Potthoff JJ, Stärke J, Guigas C, Matsugo S, Mirčeski V, Stojanov L, Veličkovska SK, Winterhalter P, Esatbeyoglu T. Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.): Extraction, Chemical Characterization, Fractionation and Cellular Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030467. [PMID: 35326117 PMCID: PMC8944762 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lingonberries contain high contents of bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acids and anthocyanins. In addition to radical scavenging and antioxidant activities, these compounds can protect cells from DNA damage. For this reason, lingonberries might be well suited for nutraceuticals or natural biomedicines. To assess these applications, the present study characterized and identified the most effective extract, only consisting of anthocyanins, copigments or a mixture of both, obtained from a lingonberry juice concentrate. An extract was generated by using a XAD-7 column followed by fractionation into anthocyanins and copigments using adsorptive membrane chromatography. After identification of main polyphenols by HPLC–photodiode array–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry, free radical scavenging activity was analyzed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and galvinoxyl radicals. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry analyses and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay were applied. Finally, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) reducing effects of the lingonberry extract and its fractions were evaluated in HepG2 cells. While the combination of anthocyanins and copigments possessed the highest antioxidant activities, all samples (XAD-7 extract, anthocyanin and copigment fraction) protected cells from oxidative stress. Thus, synergistic effects between phenolic compounds may be responsible for the high antioxidant potential of lingonberries, enabling their use as nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kostka
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Johanna Josefine Ostberg-Potthoff
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstrasse 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.J.O.-P.); (P.W.)
| | - Joachim Stärke
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Claudia Guigas
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Seiichi Matsugo
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Valentin Mirčeski
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland;
- Institute of Chemistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Leon Stojanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | | | - Peter Winterhalter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstrasse 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.J.O.-P.); (P.W.)
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.S.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-762-5589
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12
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Magnetic nanocomposite hydrogel with tunable stiffness for probing cellular responses to matrix stiffening. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:112-123. [PMID: 34749001 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As cells have the capacity to respond to their mechanical environment, cellular biological behaviors can be regulated by the stiffness of extracellular matrix. Moreover, biological processes are dynamic and accompanied by matrix stiffening. Herein, we developed a stiffening cell culture platform based on polyacrylamide-Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite hydrogel with tunable stiffness under the application of magnetic field. This platform provided a wide range of tunable stiffness (∼0.3-20 kPa) covering most of human tissue elasticity with a high biocompatibility. Overall, the increased magnetic interactions between magnetic nanoparticles reduced the pore size of the hydrogel and enhanced the hydrogel stiffness, thereby facilitating the adhesion and spreading of stem cells, which was attributed to the F-actin assembly and vinculin recruitment. Such stiffening cell culture platform provides dynamic mechanical environments for probing the cellular response to matrix stiffening, and benefits studies of dynamic biological processes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cellular biological behaviors can be regulated by the stiffness of extracellular matrix. Moreover, biological processes are dynamic and accompanied by matrix stiffening. Herein, we developed a stiffening cell culture platform based on polyacrylamide/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite hydrogels with a wide tunable range of stiffness under the application of magnetic field, without adversely affecting cellular behaviors. Such matrix stiffening caused by enhanced magnetic interaction between magnetic nanoparticles under the application of the magnetic field could induce the morphological variations of stem cells cultured on the hydrogels. Overall, our stiffening cell culture platform can be used not only to probe the cellular response to matrix stiffening but also to benefit various biomedical studies.
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13
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Discovering the Potential of Natural Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010101. [PMID: 35056157 PMCID: PMC8777838 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease associated with anatomical changes in the inner retina. Despite tremendous advances in clinical care, there is currently no cure for AMD. This review aims to evaluate the published literature on the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD. A literature search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2021 was undertaken. A total of 82 preclinical and 18 clinical studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We identified active compounds, carotenoids, extracts and polysaccharides, flavonoids, formulations, vitamins and whole foods with potential therapeutic roles in AMD. We evaluated the integral cellular signaling pathways including the activation of antioxidant pathways and angiogenesis pathways orchestrating their mode of action. In conclusion, we examined the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD which warrant further study for application in clinical practice. Our current understanding is that natural antioxidants have the potential to improve or halt the progression of AMD, and tailoring therapeutics to the specific disease stages may be the key to preventing irreversible vision loss.
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14
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Felgus-Lavefve L, Howard L, Adams SH, Baum JI. The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:1279-1309. [PMID: 34791023 PMCID: PMC9340979 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberries have been extensively studied for the health benefits associated with their high phenolic content. The positive impact of blueberry consumption on human health is associated in part with modulation of proinflammatory molecular pathways and oxidative stress. Here, we review in vitro studies examining the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of blueberry phytochemicals, discuss the results in terms of relevance to disease and health, and consider how different blueberry components modulate cellular mechanisms. The dampening effects of blueberry-derived molecules on inflammation and oxidative stress in cell models have been demonstrated through downregulation of the NF-κB pathway and reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. The modulatory effects of blueberry phytochemicals on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and antioxidant system are not as well described, with inconsistent observations reported on immune cells and between models of endothelial, dermal, and ocular inflammation. Although anthocyanins are often reported as being the main bioactive compound in blueberries, no individual phytochemical has emerged as the primary compound when different fractions are compared; rather, an effect of whole blueberry extracts or synergy between different phenolic and nonphenolic extracts seems apparent. The major molecular mechanisms of blueberry phytochemicals are increasingly defined in cell models, but their relevance in more complex human systems needs further investigation using well-controlled clinical trials, in which systemic exposures to blueberry-associated molecules are measured concurrently with physiologic indices of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Howard
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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15
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Ishida K, Yako T, Tanaka M, Otsu W, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Tsusaki H, Hara H. Free-Radical Scavenger NSP-116 Protects the Corneal Epithelium against UV-A and Blue LED Light Exposure. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:937-946. [PMID: 34193689 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium is continuously exposed to oxygen, light, and environmental substances. Excessive exposure to those stresses is thought to be a risk factor for eye diseases. Photokeratitis is damage to the corneal epithelium resulting in a painful eye condition caused by unprotected exposure to UV rays, usually from sunlight, and is often found in people who spend a long time outdoors. In modern life, human eyes are exposed to artificial light from light-emitting diode (LED) displays of computers and smartphones, and it has been shown that short-wavelength (blue) LED light can damage eyes, especially photoreceptors. However, the effect of blue LED light on the cornea is less understood. In addition, it is important to develop new treatments for preserving human eyesight and eye health from light stress. Here, we used human corneal epithelial cells-transformed (HCE-T) cells as an in-vitro model to investigate the protective effect of NSP-116, an imidazolyl aniline derivative, against the oxidative stress induced by light in the corneal epithelium. Treatment with 10 µM NSP-116 significantly increased the cell viability and reduced the death ratio following UV or blue LED light exposure. Furthermore, NSP-116 treatment decreased light-induced reactive oxygen species production and preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential. Immunoblotting data showed that NSP-116 suppressed the stress response pathway. Finally, NSP-116 treatment prevented corneal epithelial apoptosis induced by blue LED light in an in-vivo mouse model. In conclusion, NSP-116 has a protective effect against oxidative stress and corneal cell death from both UV and blue LED light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Ishida
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomohiro Yako
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Miruto Tanaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University.,Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideshi Tsusaki
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University.,Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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16
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An Q, Gong X, Le L, Zhu D, Xiang D, Geng F, Zhu H, Peng L, Zou L, Zhao G, Wan Y. Prospects for Proanthocyanidins from Grape Seed: Extraction Technologies and Diverse Bioactivity. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1906699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy Of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Peoples R, China
| | - Xuxiao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
| | - Liqing Le
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
| | - Dazhou Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy Of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Peoples R, China
| | - Dabing Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy Of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Peoples R, China
| | - Lianxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Peoples R, China
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17
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Bottoni M, Milani F, Colombo L, Nallio K, Colombo PS, Giuliani C, Bruschi P, Fico G. Using Medicinal Plants in Valmalenco (Italian Alps): From Tradition to Scientific Approaches. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184144. [PMID: 32927742 PMCID: PMC7570945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Caspoggio (Valmalenco, SO, Italy) with the purpose of investigating the traditional uses of medicinal plants. Moreover, a bibliographic research meant to validate or refute the uses, focusing on the potentially responsible compounds, was performed. Fifty-nine species, attributable to 30 families (Asteraceae, Pinaceae, Malvaceae, and Lamiaceae the most cited), were mentioned. Arnica montana, anti-inflammatory for traumas and musculoskeletal pains; Pinus mugo, expectorant; Malva sylvestris, anti-inflammatory and soothing; Achillea moschata, digestive. The compounds, responsible for the therapeutic activities, are often polyphenols and terpenoids: helenanin in A. montana, α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and limonene in P. mugo, gossypin and malvin in M. sylvestris, luteolin and apigenin in A. moschata. Scientific evidence for at least one of the traditional activities described was found for 50 species but only in 26 out of 196 works consulted, it is possible to make a comparison between investigated extracts and traditional preparations. This study is thus a stimulus to new phytochemical investigations, mimicking as much as possible the traditional preparations. This work is part of the European Interreg Italy-Switzerland B-ICE project, aimed at creating a management model for the ongoing climate change and searching for new sources of territory valorization as attractions for tourists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bottoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Milani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Kevin Nallio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Sira Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Giuliani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
| | - Piero Bruschi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, Food and Forestry Science and Technology, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Fico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, 25088 Brescia, Italy
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18
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Majeed M, Majeed S, Nagabhushanam K. An Open-Label Pilot Study on Macumax Supplementation for Dry-Type Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Med Food 2020; 24:551-557. [PMID: 33180005 PMCID: PMC8140349 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most widespread degenerative disorders in elderly people. A 90-day, open-label clinical study was conducted in 40 patients, aged 50 years or older, with early-stage dry-type AMD to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Macumax®, a novel mixture of a phyto-mineral nutritional supplement containing ZeaLutein® (consisting of lutein, zeaxanthin, and piperine), extracts of bilberry, saffron, and zinc monomethionine. Subjects received one capsule of the supplement twice daily for 90 days. The treatment measures included physical examination, vital signs, and assessment of subjective and objective symptoms at baseline and after treatment. For efficacy assessment, baseline values were compared with the values after treatment at 30-day intervals, on days 30, 60, and 90. The safety of the treatment was assessed during all the visits. Overall, the patients showed improvement in the subjective symptoms, such as vision scores after treatment compared with baseline. The changes in diminished and distorted vision scores were found to be significant from day 60 (P < .05). In the case of objective symptoms, only 40% of the subjects (P < .05) had abnormal Amsler's grid aberration scores on day 90 compared with 77.5% of subjects at the beginning of the study. No adverse events were observed during the study. This pilot study provides evidence that Macumax® supplementation is safe and maintained eye health without further progression of the disease in patients with early-stage dry-type AMD. Clinical Trial Registration number: CTRI/2016/02/006676
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Sami Labs Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, India.,Sabinsa Corporation, Payson, Arizona, USA.,Sabinsa Corporation, East Windsor, New Jersey, USA
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19
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A Re-Appraisal of Pathogenic Mechanisms Bridging Wet and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Reconsider a Role for Phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155563. [PMID: 32756487 PMCID: PMC7432893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Which pathogenic mechanisms underlie age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? Are they different for dry and wet variants, or do they stem from common metabolic alterations? Where shall we look for altered metabolism? Is it the inner choroid, or is it rather the choroid–retinal border? Again, since cell-clearing pathways are crucial to degrade altered proteins, which metabolic system is likely to be the most implicated, and in which cell type? Here we describe the unique clearing activity of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the relevant role of its autophagy machinery in removing altered debris, thus centering the RPE in the pathogenesis of AMD. The cell-clearing systems within the RPE may act as a kernel to regulate the redox homeostasis and the traffic of multiple proteins and organelles toward either the choroid border or the outer segments of photoreceptors. This is expected to cope with the polarity of various domains within RPE cells, with each one owning a specific metabolic activity. A defective clearance machinery may trigger unconventional solutions to avoid intracellular substrates’ accumulation through unconventional secretions. These components may be deposited between the RPE and Bruch’s membrane, thus generating the drusen, which remains the classic hallmark of AMD. These deposits may rather represent a witness of an abnormal RPE metabolism than a real pathogenic component. The empowerment of cell clearance, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activity of the RPE by specific phytochemicals is here discussed.
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20
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Hemşinli D, Ergene S, Karakişi SO, Mercantepe T, Tumkaya L, Yilmaz A, Akyilzdiz K. Tea Grape Reduces Abdominal Aortic Occlusion-Induced Lung Injury. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 35:512-520. [PMID: 32864932 PMCID: PMC7454615 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ischemia-associated mortality caused by aortic cross-clamps, as in ruptured abdominal aorta aneurysm surgeries, and reperfusion following their removal represent some of the main emergency conditions in cardiovascular surgery. The purpose of our study was to examine the potential protective effect of tea grape against aortic occlusion-induced lung injury using biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and quantitative analyses. Methods Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control (healthy), glycerol + ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) (sham), I/R, and I/R + tea grape. Results Following aortic occlusion, we observed apoptotic pneumocytes, thickening in the alveolar wall, edematous areas in interstitial regions, and vascular congestion. We also observed an increase in pulmonary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in pulmonary glutathione (GSH). However, tea grape reduced apoptotic pneumocytes, edema, vascular congestion, and MDA levels, while increased GSH levels in lung tissue. Conclusion Our findings suggest that tea grape is effective against aortic occlusion-induced lung injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğuş Hemşinli
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Saban Ergene
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sedat Ozan Karakişi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
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21
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Lin CW, Yang CM, Yang CH. Protective Effect of Astaxanthin on Blue Light Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Retinal Cell Damage via Free Radical Scavenging and Activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway in 661W Cell Model. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080387. [PMID: 32722441 PMCID: PMC7459684 DOI: 10.3390/md18080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used and energy-efficient light sources in modern life that emit higher levels of short-wavelength blue light. Excessive blue light exposure may damage the photoreceptor cells in our eyes. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll that is abundantly available in seafood, is a potent free radical scavenger and anti-inflammatory agent. We used a 661W photoreceptor cell line to investigate the protective effect of astaxanthin on blue light LED-induced retinal injury. The cells were treated with various concentrations of astaxanthin and then exposed to blue light LED. Our results showed that pretreatment with astaxanthin inhibited blue light LED-induced cell apoptosis and prevented cell death. Moreover, the protective effect was concentration dependent. Astaxanthin suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress biomarkers and diminished mitochondrial damage induced by blue light exposure. Western blot analysis confirmed that astaxanthin activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and increased the expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes. The expression of antioxidant enzymes and the suppression of apoptosis-related proteins eventually protected the 661W cells against blue light LED-induced cell damage. Thus, our results demonstrated that astaxanthin exerted a dose-dependent protective effect on photoreceptor cells against damage mediated by blue light LED exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-M.Y.)
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 63193)
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22
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Speciale A, Saija A, Bashllari R, Molonia MS, Muscarà C, Occhiuto C, Cimino F, Cristani M. Anthocyanins As Modulators of Cell Redox-Dependent Pathways in Non-Communicable Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1955-1996. [PMID: 30417771 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181112093336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), mostly represented by cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, cancers, and several chronic pathologies, are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and are mainly related to the occurrence of metabolic risk factors. Anthocyanins (ACNs) possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and chemopreventive properties, which are able to promote human health. Although ACNs present an apparent low bioavailability, their metabolites may play an important role in the in vivo protective effects observed. This article directly addresses the scientific evidences supporting that ACNs could be useful to protect human population against several NCDs not only acting as antioxidant but through their capability to modulate cell redox-dependent signaling. In particular, ACNs interact with the NF-κB and AP-1 signal transduction pathways, which respond to oxidative signals and mediate a proinflammatory effect, and the Nrf2/ARE pathway and its regulated cytoprotective proteins (GST, NQO, HO-1, etc.), involved in both cellular antioxidant defenses and elimination/inactivation of toxic compounds, so countering the alterations caused by conditions of chemical/oxidative stress. In addition, supposed crosstalks could contribute to explain the protective effects of ACNs in different pathological conditions characterized by an altered balance among these pathways. Thus, this review underlines the importance of specific nutritional molecules for human health and focuses on the molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms of ACNs against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Romina Bashllari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,"Prof. Antonio Imbesi" Foundation, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cristani
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Lossi L, Merighi A, Novello V, Ferrandino A. Protective Effects of Some Grapevine Polyphenols against Naturally Occurring Neuronal Death. Molecules 2020; 25:E2925. [PMID: 32630488 PMCID: PMC7356852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the biological properties of grapevine polyphenols (PPs) in neuroprotection is continuously growing in the hope of finding translational applications. However, there are several concerns about the specificity of action of these molecules that appear to act non-specifically on the permeability of cellular membranes. Naturally occurring neuronal death (NOND) during cerebellar maturation is a well characterized postnatal event that is very useful to investigate the death and rescue of neurons. We here aimed to establish a baseline comparative study of the potential to counteract NOND of certain grapevine PPs of interest for the oenology. To do so, we tested ex vivo the neuroprotective activity of peonidin- and malvidin-3-O-glucosides, resveratrol, polydatin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, (+)-taxifolin, and (+)-catechin. The addition of these molecules (50 μM) to organotypic cultures of mouse cerebellum explanted at postnatal day 7, when NOND reaches a physiological peak, resulted in statistically significant (two-tailed Mann-Whitney test-p < 0.001) reductions of the density of dead cells (propidium iodide+ cells/mm2) except for malvidin-3-O-glucoside. The stilbenes were less effective in reducing cell death (to 51-60%) in comparison to flavanols, (+)-taxifolin and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (to 69-72%). Thus, molecules with a -OH group in ortho position (taxifolin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, (+)-catechin, and peonidin 3-O-glucoside) have a higher capability to limit death of cerebellar neurons. As NOND is apoptotic, we speculate that PPs act by inhibiting executioner caspase 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (DSV), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (DSV), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Vittorino Novello
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferrandino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Yang Y, Jia Y, Sun Q, Dong H, Zhao R. White light emitting diode induces autophagy in hippocampal neuron cells through GSK-3-mediated GR and RORα pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:1832-1849. [PMID: 30923260 PMCID: PMC6461168 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in cell survival under diverse stress conditions. Here, we show that white LED light exposure for 24 h significantly activated autophagy-related genes and increased autophagosome formation in hippocampal neural cells (HT-22). Concurrently, the rhythmic pattern of clock-related gene expression was disrupted, which was associated with augmented expression of SIRT1, AMPK and retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα). SR1001, a specific inhibitor of RORα, protected the cells from light-induced activation of autophagy. Moreover, light exposure increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. GR inhibitor RU486 prevented light-induced up-regulation of RORα and the activation of autophagy. These changes were associated with enhanced glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity and its specific inhibitor CHIR-99021 significantly rescued light-induced autophagy and augmented GR, RORα and autophagy-related proteins. Furthermore, GSK-3 was identified as an upstream regulator of GR/RORα signaling as it was not affected by GR or RORα inhibitors. Taken together, our data demonstrate that GSK-3-mediated GR/RORα signaling pathway is involved in white LED light-induced autophagy in hippocampal neuron cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Jia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qinwei Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Dong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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25
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Abstract
Since the original ICNIRP Statement was published in 2000, there have been significant improvements in the efficiency and radiance (i.e., optical radiation emission) of LEDs. The most important improvement is the development of 'white' LEDs that can be used as general lighting sources, which are more efficient than traditional lighting sources. LEDs emitting in the ultraviolet wavelength region have also become available and have made their way into consumer products. All these changes have led to a rise in concern for the safety of the optical radiation emissions from LEDs. Several in vitro and animal studies have been conducted, which indicate that blue and white LEDs can potentially cause retinal cell damage under high irradiance and lengthy exposure conditions. However, these studies cannot be directly extrapolated to normal exposure conditions for humans, and equivalent effects can also be caused by the optical radiation from other light sources under extreme exposure conditions. Acute damage to the human retina from typical exposure to blue or white LEDs has not been demonstrated. Concern for potential long-term effects, e.g. age-related macular degeneration (AMD), remains based on epidemiological studies indicating a link between high levels of exposure to sunlight and AMD. When evaluating the optical radiation safety of LEDs, it has now been established that published safety standards for lamps, not lasers, should be applied. Thus far, the only clear, acute adverse health effects from LEDs are those due to temporal light modulation (including flicker). Glare can also create visual disturbances when LED light fixtures are not properly designed. Further research is needed on potential health effects from short- and long-term exposure to new and emerging lighting technologies.
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Cytoprotective Effects of Natural Highly Bio-Available Vegetable Derivatives on Human-Derived Retinal Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030879. [PMID: 32214021 PMCID: PMC7146218 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial cells are crucial for retina maintenance, making their cytoprotection an excellent way to prevent or slow down retinal degeneration. In addition, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, neovascularization, and/or autophagy are key pathways involved in degenerative mechanisms. Therefore, here we studied the effects of curcumin, lutein, and/or resveratrol on human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Cells were incubated with individual or combined agent(s) before induction of (a) H2O2-induced oxidative stress, (b) staurosporin-induced apoptosis, (c) CoCl2-induced hypoxia, or (d) a LED-autophagy perturbator. Metabolic activity, cellular survival, caspase 3/7 activity (casp3/7), cell morphology, VEGF levels, and autophagy process were assessed. H2O2 provoked a reduction in cell survival, whereas curcumin reduced metabolic activity which was not associated with cell death. Cell death induced by H2O2 was significantly reduced after pre-treatment with curcumin and lutein, but not resveratrol. Staurosporin increased caspase-3/7 activity (689%) and decreased cell survival by 32%. Curcumin or lutein protected cells from death induced by staurosporin. Curcumin, lutein, and resveratrol were ineffective on the increase of caspase 3/7 induced by staurosporin. Pre-treatment with curcumin or lutein prevented LED-induced blockage of autophagy flux. Basal-VEGF release was significantly reduced by lutein. Therefore, lutein and curcumin showed beneficial protective effects on human-derived retinal cells against several insults.
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27
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Bilberry anthocyanins as agents to address oxidative stress. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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28
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Phenolic Antioxidants in Aerial Parts of Wild Vaccinium Species: Towards Pharmaceutical and Biological Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120649. [PMID: 31888242 PMCID: PMC6943522 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are a widespread group of secondary metabolites found in all plants, representing the most desirable antioxidants due to their potential to be used as additives in the food industry (inhibition of lipid oxidation), and in cosmetology and medicine (protection against oxidative stress). In recent years, demand for the identification of edible sources rich in phenolic antioxidants, as well as the development of new natural plant products to be used as dietary supplements or pharmaceuticals, has been a great preoccupation. At present, from the "circular economy" perspective, there is an increased interest to use agricultural waste resources to produce high-value compounds. Vaccinium leaves and stems are considered essentially an agro-waste of the berry industry. Scientific studies have shown that phenolic compounds were found in a markedly higher content in the leaves and stems of Vaccinium plants than in the fruits, in agreement with the strongest biological and antioxidant activities displayed by these aerial parts compared to fruits. This paper aims to review the current state of the art regarding the phenolic antioxidants from leaves and stems of two wild Vaccinium species, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), as promising natural resources with pharmaceutical and biological activity.
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Autophagy, lysosome dysfunction and mTOR inhibition in MNU-induced photoreceptor cell damage. Tissue Cell 2019; 61:98-108. [PMID: 31759414 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Progressive photoreceptor death is the main cause of retinal degeneration diseases. Determining the underlying mechanism of this process is essential for therapy improvement. Autophagy has long been considered to be involved in neuronal degeneration diseases, and the regulation of autophagy is thought to have potential implications for neurodegenerative disease therapies. However, whether autophagy is protective or destructive varies among diseases and is controversial. In the present study, we established an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell damage model in vitro that faithfully replicated photoreceptor cell death in retinal degeneration diseases. Cell viability was tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed through 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence. Autophagy was confirmed by observing autophagosomes using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A lysosome tracker was used to identify acidic lysosomes in cells. We also measured the expression of some proteins related to autophagy, apoptosis and lysosomal degradation by western blot and immunofluorescence assays. We found that MNU could decrease photoreceptor cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and this change was accompanied by concomitant increases in ROS and the expression of the apoptosis-inducing protein cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, autophagy was activated by MNU treatment during this process. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine accelerated cell damage. Lysosome dysfunction was confirmed by autophagosome enlargement and increased cathepsin expression, which was accompanied by mTOR dephosphorylation. In conclusion, autophagy was activated through inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in the context of MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death. Prolonged mTOR dephosphorylation and autophagy activation resulted in autophagic vacuole accumulation, as indicated by inefficient degradation in lysosomes, and further led to apoptosis.
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Chang LY, Fan SMY, Liao YC, Wang WH, Chen YJ, Lin SJ. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Anti-Fibrotic Effects of Blue Light Photobiomodulation on Fibroblasts. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 52:358-372. [PMID: 31321797 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study was aimed at determining the effects of blue light photobiomodulation on primary adult mouse dermal fibroblasts (AMDFs) and the associated signaling pathways. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured AMDFs from adult C57BL/6 mice were irradiated by blue light from a light-emitting diode (wavelength = 463 ± 50 nm; irradiance = 5 mW/cm2 ; energy density = 4-8 J/cm2 ). The cells were analyzed using mass spectrometry for proteomics/phosphoproteomics, AlamarBlue assay for mitochondrial activity, time-lapse video for cell migration, quantitative polymerase chain reaction for gene expression, and immunofluorescence for protein expression. RESULTS Proteomic/phosphoproteomic analysis showed inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases/mammalian target of rapamycin and casein kinase 2 pathways, cell motility-related networks, and multiple metabolic processes, including carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acid, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Functional analysis demonstrated inhibition of mitochondrial activities, cell migration, and mitosis. Expression of growth promoting insulin-like growth factor 1 and fibrosis-related genes, including transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and collagen type 1 ɑ2 chain diminished. Protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin, an important regulator of myofibroblast functions, was also suppressed. CONCLUSIONS Low-level blue light exerted suppressive effects on AMDFs, including suppression of mitochondrial activity, metabolism, cell motility, proliferation, TGFβ1 levels, and collagen I production. Low-level blue light can be a potential treatment for the prevention and reduction of tissue fibrosis, such as hypertrophic scar and keloids. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo-Yu Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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31
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Wang Y, Qi W, Huo Y, Song G, Sun H, Guo X, Wang C. Cyanidin-3-glucoside attenuates 4-hydroxynonenal- and visible light-induced retinal damage in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 2019; 10:2871-2880. [PMID: 31070214 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a highly reactive end-product of lipid peroxidation reaction that leads to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell damage. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), the most abundant anthocyanin in the edible parts of plants, is a nutritional supplement used for preventing retinal damage. However, the protective effect of C3G against HNE-induced RPE cell damage remains to be elucidated. The protective mechanisms of C3G on ARPE-19 cells after HNE exposure were investigated in this study. Results showed that compared with HNE-treated cells, the viability of ARPE-19 cells was significantly (P < 0.05) increased after 1 and 5 μM C3G treatment. C3G exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) inhibitory effect on the expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase in ARPE-19 cells. VEGF levels in the C3G groups were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased relative to those of the HNE-treated group. C3G also regulated the release of two inflammatory mediators, namely monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukine-8, in ARPE-19 cells after HNE treatment. Furthermore, C3G attenuated retinal cell apoptosis in pigmented rabbits induced by visible light. Therefore, our data showed that C3G has efficient protective effects on HNE-induced apoptosis, angiogenesis, and dysregulated cytokine production in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China.
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Lin CW, Huang HH, Yang CM, Yang CH. Protective effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on blue light light-emitting diode induced retinal pigment epithelial cell damage. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Marek V, Mélik-Parsadaniantz S, Villette T, Montoya F, Baudouin C, Brignole-Baudouin F, Denoyer A. Blue light phototoxicity toward human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells in basal and hyperosmolar conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:27-40. [PMID: 30040995 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The ocular surface is the very first barrier between the visual system and external environment. It protects the eye from the exposure to various light sources that significantly emit in blue spectrum. However, the impact of blue light on the ocular surface has been poorly explored so far. In this study, we investigated in vitro the phototoxicity of blue light illumination in human epithelial cells of the ocular surface. We worked either in basal conditions or under hyperosmolar stress, in order to mimic dry eye disease (DED) that is the most common disease involving the ocular surface. RESULTS Corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells suffered the most from violet-blue light but also from longer-wave blue light. Exposure to blue wavebands significantly decreased cellular viability, impacted on cellular morphology and provoked reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-production. Conjunctival epithelial cell line had a greater photosensitivity than the corneal epithelial one. Hyperosmolar stress potentiated the blue light phototoxicity, increasing inflammation, altering mitochondrial membrane potential, and triggering the glutathione-based antioxidant system. INNOVATION In human epithelial corneal and conjunctival cells of the ocular surface, we demonstrated the harmful impact of blue light on viability, redox state and inflammation processes, which was modified by hyperosmolarity. CONCLUSION Blue light induced cell death and significant ROS production, and altered the expression of inflammatory genes and operation of the cellular defensive system. We established for the first time that hyperosmolar stress impacted phototoxicity, further suggesting that DED patients might be more sensitive to blue light ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Marek
- Essilor International, R&D Department, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Fanny Montoya
- Essilor International, R&D Department, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Université, Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris Descartes Université, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Département de Toxicologie, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Denoyer
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; CHU Robert Debré, Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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Ooe E, Kuse Y, Yako T, Sogon T, Nakamura S, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Bilberry extract and anthocyanins suppress unfolded protein response induced by exposure to blue LED light of cells in photoreceptor cell line. Mol Vis 2018; 24:621-632. [PMID: 30294201 PMCID: PMC6161804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bilberry extract with its anthocyanins on retinal photoreceptor cell damage and on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by exposure to blue light-emitting diode (LED) light. Methods Cultured murine photoreceptor cells (661W) were exposed to blue LED light with or without bilberry extract or its anthocyanins in the culture media. Aggregated short-wavelength opsin (S-opsin) in murine photoreceptor cells was observed with immunostaining. The expression of factors involved in the unfolded protein response was examined with immunoblot analysis and quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Furthermore, cell death was observed with double staining with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide after dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment. Results Bilberry extract and anthocyanins suppressed the aggregation of S-opsin, activation of ATF4, and expression of the mRNA of the factors associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR). In addition, bilberry extract and the anthocyanins inhibited the death of photoreceptor cells induced by DTT, an ER stress inducer. Conclusions These findings suggest that bilberry extract containing anthocyanins can alter the effects of blue LED light and DTT-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage. These effects were achieved by modulating the activation of ATF4 and through the suppression of the abnormal aggregation of S-opsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ooe
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yako
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sogon
- Wakasa Seikatsu Co. Ltd, 22 Naginataboko-cho, Shijo-Karasuma, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Wei Q, Liang X, Peng Y, Yu D, Zhang R, Jin H, Fan J, Cai W, Ren C, Yu J. 17β-estradiol ameliorates oxidative stress and blue light-emitting diode-induced retinal degeneration by decreasing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2715-2730. [PMID: 30233136 PMCID: PMC6129027 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s176349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to assess the effects of 17β-estradiol (βE2) on blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced retinal degeneration (RD) in rats and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced retinal pigment epithelium cell injury in humans and elucidate the protective mechanism of βE2 underlying these processes. Methods Female ovariectomized (OVX) rats were intravitreally injected with βE2 before blue LED exposure (3,000 lux, 2 hours). Retinal function and morphology were assayed via electroretinogram (ERG) and H&E, respectively. Cell viability was assayed using the Cell Counting Kit-8. Cell ROS were measured using dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL and Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Gene expression and protein expression were quantified using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Autophagosomes were examined by electron microscopy. Results Female OVX rats were exposed to blue LED, inducing RD. βE2 significantly prevented the reduction in the a- and b-wave ERG amplitudes and the disruption of retinal structure, the loss of photoreceptor cells, and the decrease in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer caused by blue LED exposure. βE2 also decreased cell apoptosis in the retina in blue LED-induced RD. Additionally, βE2 reduced ROS levels and apoptosis in H2O2-treated human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Furthermore, βE2 increased the protein expression of p-Akt and Bcl-2 and decreased the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax during blue LED-induced retinal damage and in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. βE2 also increased the number of autopha-gosomes and upregulated the expression of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin 1 in these processes. Conclusion βE2 protects against blue LED-induced RD and H2O2-induced oxidative stress by acting as an antioxidant, and its protective mechanism might occur by reducing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy; βE2 may be a novel and effective therapy for age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Xiuwei Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Huizi Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Wenting Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Chengda Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, , .,Department of Ophthalmology, Ninghai First Hospital, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China,
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Henneman NF, Foster SL, Chrenek MA, Sellers JT, Wright CB, Schmidt RH, Nickerson JM, Boatright JH. Xanthohumol Protects Morphology and Function in a Mouse Model of Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:45-53. [PMID: 29305606 PMCID: PMC5756043 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether treatment with xanthohumol (XN), the principal prenylated chalconoid from Humulus lupulus (hops), is protective in a mouse model of light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD). Methods Mice (129S2/SvPasCrl) were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or XN prior to toxic light exposure and every 3 days thereafter. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinograms at 1, 2, and 4 weeks following toxic light exposure. Visual acuity was tested by optokinetic tracking 1 week and 4 weeks after toxic light exposure. Retina sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphologic analysis or by TUNEL. Redox potentials were assessed in retinal tissue by measuring levels of cysteine (CYS), cystine (CYSS), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Results Toxic light significantly suppressed retinal function and visual acuity, severely disrupted the photoreceptor cell layer, and significantly decreased the number of nuclei and increased the accumulation of TUNEL-labeled cells in the outer nuclear layer. These effects were prevented by XN treatment. Treatment with XN also maintained GSSG and CYSS redox potentials and the total CYS pool in retinas of mice undergoing toxic light exposure. Conclusions XN treatment partially preserved visual acuity and retinal function in the LIRD mouse. Preservation of retinal CYS and of GSSG and CYSS redox potentials may indicate that XN treatment induces an increased antioxidant response, but further experiments are needed to verify this potential mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report protective effects of XN in a model of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel F Henneman
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Center for Visual and Neurorehabilitative Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Stephanie L Foster
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Micah A Chrenek
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jana T Sellers
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Charles B Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Robin H Schmidt
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - John M Nickerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Center for Visual and Neurorehabilitative Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
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Kimura Y, Tsutsumi K, Konno A, Ikegami K, Hameed S, Kaneko T, Kaplan OI, Teramoto T, Fujiwara M, Ishihara T, Blacque OE, Setou M. Environmental responsiveness of tubulin glutamylation in sensory cilia is regulated by the p38 MAPK pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8392. [PMID: 29849065 PMCID: PMC5976657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26694-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamylation is a post-translational modification found on tubulin that can alter the interaction between microtubules (MTs) and associated proteins. The molecular mechanisms regulating tubulin glutamylation in response to the environment are not well understood. Here, we show that in the sensory cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans, tubulin glutamylation is upregulated in response to various signals such as temperature, osmolality, and dietary conditions. Similarly, tubulin glutamylation is modified in mammalian photoreceptor cells following light adaptation. A tubulin glutamate ligase gene ttll-4, which is essential for tubulin glutamylation of axonemal MTs in sensory cilia, is activated by p38 MAPK. Amino acid substitution of TTLL-4 has revealed that a Thr residue (a putative MAPK-phosphorylation site) is required for enhancement of tubulin glutamylation. Intraflagellar transport (IFT), a bidirectional trafficking system specifically observed along axonemal MTs, is required for the formation, maintenance, and function of sensory cilia. Measurement of the velocity of IFT particles revealed that starvation accelerates IFT, which was also dependent on the Thr residue of TTLL-4. Similarly, starvation-induced attenuation of avoidance behaviour from high osmolality conditions was also dependent on ttll-4. Our data suggest that a novel evolutionarily conserved regulatory system exists for tubulin glutamylation in sensory cilia in response to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshishige Kimura
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8522, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Alu Konno
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Saira Hameed
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kaneko
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8522, Japan
| | - Oktay Ismail Kaplan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
- Abdullah Gul Universitesi, Doga Bilimleri Fakultesi, Sumer Kampusu, 38090, Kocasinan, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Takayuki Teramoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Manabi Fujiwara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
- Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Division of Neural Systematics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
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Skibsted LH. Anthocyanidins regenerating xanthophylls: a quantum mechanical approach to eye health. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Nakamura O, Moritoh S, Sato K, Maekawa S, Murayama N, Himori N, Omodaka K, Sogon T, Nakazawa T. Bilberry extract administration prevents retinal ganglion cell death in mice via the regulation of chaperone molecules under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:1825-1834. [PMID: 29066860 PMCID: PMC5644593 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s145159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of bilberry extract anthocyanins on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after optic nerve crush. Additionally, to determine details of the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of bilberry extract anthocyanins and the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress suppression in the mouse retina. Materials and methods Anthocyanins in bilberry extract (100 mg/kg/day or 500 mg/kg/day) were administrated orally to C57BL/6J mice. The expression levels of various molecular chaperones were assessed with quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RGC survival was evaluated by measuring the gene expression of RGC markers and counting retrogradely labeled RGCs after optic nerve crush. Results The protein levels of Grp78 and Grp94 increased significantly in mice after bilberry extract administration. Increased Grp78 and Grp94 levels were detected in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer of the retina, surrounding the RGCs. Gene expression of Chop, Bax, and Atf4 increased in mice after optic nerve crush and decreased significantly after oral bilberry extract administration. RGC survival after nerve crush also increased with bilberry extract administration. Conclusion These results indicate that oral bilberry extract administration suppresses RGC death. Bilberry extract administration increased Grp78 and Grp94 protein levels, an effect which may underlie the neuroprotective effect of bilberry extract after optic nerve crush. Thus, bilberry extract has a potential role in neuroprotective treatments for retinal injuries, such as those which occur in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orie Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoru Moritoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shigeto Maekawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Namie Murayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sogon
- R&D Department, Wakasa Seikatsu Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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Abstract
Ticagrelor is a direct acting and reversibly binding P2Y12 antagonist approved for the prevention of thromboembolic events. Its potential benefits in ischemic stroke have not been investigated sufficiently. Mice were subjected to 2 hours of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Mice were orally treated with ticagrelor (10 or 30 mg/kg), aspirin (60 mg/kg), or vehicle at 3 and 24 hours before MCAO and 0 and 6 hours after reperfusion. The infarct volume and neurological deficits 22 hours after reperfusion were evaluated. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) within 24 hours after MCAO was monitored. We performed western blotting and in vitro analysis using oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) stress in human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMVECs) to investigate the protective effects of ticagrelor. Ticagrelor (30 mg/kg) improved neurological deficits, reduced the infarct volume, and improved CBF. It promoted the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) during the early phase after reperfusion. Increased phosphorylation of eNOS and ERK1/2 were also observed in HBMVECs after OGD stress. Ticagrelor attenuate ischemia reperfusion injury possibly via phosphorylation of eNOS and ERK1/2 in endothelial cells. This suggests that ticagrelor has neuroprotective effects via mechanisms other than its antiplatelet action.
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Cao Z, Huang S, Dou C, Xiang Q, Dong S. Cyanidin suppresses autophagic activity regulating chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2332-2342. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
- Department of Anatomy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands Australia
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Qiang Xiang
- Department of Emergency; Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
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Osada H, Okamoto T, Kawashima H, Toda E, Miyake S, Nagai N, Kobayashi S, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y. Neuroprotective effect of bilberry extract in a murine model of photo-stressed retina. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178627. [PMID: 28570634 PMCID: PMC5453571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to light promotes degenerative and blinding retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. However, the underlying mechanisms of photo-induced retinal degeneration are not fully understood, and a generalizable preventive intervention has not been proposed. Bilberry extract is an antioxidant-rich supplement that ameliorates ocular symptoms. However, its effects on photo-stressed retinas have not been clarified. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of bilberry extract against photo-stress in murine retinas. Light-induced visual function impairment recorded by scotopic and phototopic electroretinograms showing respective rod and cone photoreceptor function was attenuated by oral administration of bilberry extract through a stomach tube in Balb/c mice (750 mg/kg body weight). Bilberry extract also suppressed photo-induced apoptosis in the photoreceptor cell layer and shortening of the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors. Levels of photo-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, as measured by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, were reduced by bilberry extract treatment. Reduction of ROS by N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a well-known antioxidant also suppressed ER stress. Immunohistochemical analysis of activating transcription factor 4 expression showed the presence of ER stress in the retina, and at least in part, in Müller glial cells. The photo-induced disruption of tight junctions in the retinal pigment epithelium was also attenuated by bilberry extract, repressing an oxidative stress marker, although ER stress markers were not repressed. Our results suggest that bilberry extract attenuates photo-induced apoptosis and visual dysfunction most likely, and at least in part, through ROS reduction, and subsequent ER stress attenuation in the retina. This study can help understand the mechanisms of photo-stress and contribute to developing a new, potentially useful therapeutic approach using bilberry extract for preventing retinal photo-damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Osada
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okamoto
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kawashima
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Toda
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyake
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Wakasa Seikatsu Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nagai
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Liang L, Cui Z, Lu C, Hao Q, Zheng Y. Damage to the macula associated with LED-derived blue laser exposure: A case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:49. [PMID: 28438153 PMCID: PMC5404326 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Light emitting diodes laser is emerging as an important source of light replacing conventional lights. It is widely used for illumination in the bar where young people love to go. But not everyone knows about the light damage to the eye especially to the macula. In this article, we report the case of a macular damage induced by LED-derived blue laser in a bar, studied with optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate the retinal lesion and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) to evaluate functional damage. Case presentation Four days after the photo injury to the right eye, the visual acuity was 0.5. Funduscopy revealed a round red lesion in the macula of the right eye. Fluorescein angiography (FA) revealed no leakage. OCT revealed a deficiency in the center of the fovea. MfERG revealed a reduction of the peak value in the right eye compared to the left eye. One month later, although the vision was 1.0 in the right eye, OCT revealed a hyporeflectivity of the ellipsoid zone. MfERG still showed a reduction of the peak value in the right eye compared to the left eye. Conclusion We believe that general knowledge about laser injuries to the eye should be realized widely. We also think in cases of macular laser damage, the recovery of vision can not demonstrate the recovery of the function of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihua Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chengwei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Shang YM, Wang GS, Sliney DH, Yang CH, Lee LL. Light-emitting-diode induced retinal damage and its wavelength dependency in vivo. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:191-202. [PMID: 28251076 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine light-emitting-diode (LED)-induced retinal neuronal cell damage and its wavelength-driven pathogenic mechanisms. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to blue LEDs (460 nm), green LEDs (530 nm), and red LEDs (620 nm). Electroretinography (ERG), Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, Western blotting (WB) and the detection of superoxide anion (O2-·), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total iron, and ferric (Fe3+) levels were applied. RESULTS ERG results showed the blue LED group induced more functional damage than that of green or red LED groups. H&E staining, TUNEL, IHC, and TEM revealed apoptosis and necrosis of photoreceptors and RPE, which indicated blue LED also induced more photochemical injury. Free radical production and iron-related molecular marker expressions demonstrated that oxidative stress and iron-overload were associated with retinal injury. WB assays correspondingly showed that defense gene expression was up-regulated after the LED light exposure with a wavelength dependency. CONCLUSION The study results indicate that LED blue-light exposure poses a great risk of retinal injury in awake, task-oriented rod-dominant animals. The wavelength-dependent effect should be considered carefully when switching to LED lighting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Man Shang
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, China
| | - Gen-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, China
| | - David H Sliney
- Army Medical Department, Consulting Medical Physicist, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, MD 21010-5403, USA
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, China; Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, China
| | - Li-Ling Lee
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan, China
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Nrf2 protects photoreceptor cells from photo-oxidative stress induced by blue light. Exp Eye Res 2016; 154:151-158. [PMID: 27923559 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal degenerations. Light damage in rodents has been used extensively to model oxidative stress-induced photoreceptor degeneration, and photo-oxidative injury from blue light is particularly damaging to photoreceptors. The endogenous factors protecting photoreceptors from oxidative stress, including photo-oxidative stress, are continuing to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the effect of blue light exposure on photoreceptors and its relationship to Nrf2 using cultured murine photoreceptor (661W) cells. 661W cells were exposed to blue light at 2500 lux. Exposure to blue light for 6-24 h resulted in a significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and death of 661W cells in a time-dependent fashion. Blue light exposure resulted in activation of Nrf2, as indicated by an increase in nuclear translocation of Nrf2. This was associated with a significant induction of expression of Nrf2 as well as an array of Nrf2 target genes, including antioxidant genes, as indicated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In order to determine the functional role of Nrf2, siRNA-mediated knockdown studies were performed. Nrf2-knockdown in 661W cells resulted in significant exacerbation of blue light-induced reactive oxygen species levels as well as cell death. Taken together, these findings indicate that Nrf2 is an important endogenous protective factor against oxidative stress in photoreceptor cells. This suggests that drugs targeting Nrf2 could be considered as a neuroprotective strategy for photoreceptors in AMD and other retinal conditions.
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Influence of Light Emitting Diode-Derived Blue Light Overexposure on Mouse Ocular Surface. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161041. [PMID: 27517861 PMCID: PMC4982597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the influence of overexposure to light emitting diode (LED)-derived light with various wavelengths on mouse ocular surface. Methods LEDs with various wavelengths were used to irradiate C57BL/6 mice at an energy dose of 50 J/cm2, twice a day, for 10 consecutive days. The red, green, and blue groups represented wavelengths of 630 nm, 525 nm, and 410 nm, respectively. The untouched group (UT) was not exposed to LED light and served as the untreated control. Tear volume, tear film break-up time (TBUT), and corneal fluorescein staining scores were measured on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the cornea and conjunctiva using a multiplex immunobead assay at day 10. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Flow cytometry, 2’7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) assay, histologic analysis, immunohistochemistry with 4-hydroxynonenal, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining were also performed. Results TBUT of the blue group showed significant decreases at days 7 and 10, compared with the UT and red groups. Corneal fluorescein staining scores significantly increased in the blue group when compared with UT, red, and green groups at days 5, 7, and 10. A significant increase in the corneal levels of IL-1β and IL-6 was observed in the blue group, compared with the other groups. The blue group showed significantly increased reactive oxygen species production in the DCF-DA assay and increased inflammatory T cells in the flow cytometry. A significantly increased TUNEL positive cells was identified in the blue group. Conclusions Overexposure to blue light with short wavelengths can induce oxidative damage and apoptosis to the cornea, which may manifest as increased ocular surface inflammation and resultant dry eye.
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Dietary phytochemicals and neuro-inflammaging: from mechanistic insights to translational challenges. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 27081392 PMCID: PMC4831196 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An extensive literature describes the positive impact of dietary phytochemicals on overall health and longevity. Dietary phytochemicals include a large group of non-nutrients compounds from a wide range of plant-derived foods and chemical classes. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made to realize that oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) and chronic, low-grade inflammation are major risk factors underlying brain aging. Accumulated data strongly suggest that phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices may exert relevant negative immunoregulatory, and/or anti-O&NS activities in the context of brain aging. Despite the translational gap between basic and clinical research, the current understanding of the molecular interactions between phytochemicals and immune-inflammatory and O&NS (IO&NS) pathways could help in designing effective nutritional strategies to delay brain aging and improve cognitive function. This review attempts to summarise recent evidence indicating that specific phytochemicals may act as positive modulators of IO&NS pathways by attenuating pro-inflammatory pathways associated with the age-related redox imbalance that occurs in brain aging. We will also discuss the need to initiate long-term nutrition intervention studies in healthy subjects. Hence, we will highlight crucial aspects that require further study to determine effective physiological concentrations and explore the real impact of dietary phytochemicals in preserving brain health before the onset of symptoms leading to cognitive decline and inflammatory neurodegeneration.
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Ooe E, Ogawa K, Horiuchi T, Tada H, Murase H, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Analysis and characterization of anthocyanins and carotenoids in Japanese blue tomato. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:341-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1091715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is rich in anthocyanins, which are polyphenolic pigments. This study aimed to analyze and characterize the anthocyanin composition in cultivated blue tomato in Japan. The extracts of peel, seed, and pulp of tomatoes were purified following which anthocyanins and lycopene contents were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Eleven types of anthocyanins were identified, including delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin. Further, the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins was evaluated using 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical quenching assays and electron spin resonance. “Blue tomato” extracts exert antioxidant activity. Thus, we showed that petunidin was present in the “blue tomato” peel while lycopene was present in the peel and pulp. Additionally, the blue tomato peel extract was found to significantly inhibit H2O2-induced cell death in vitro. This is the first study on cell protective effects of Japanese blue tomato extract and petunidin in murine photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ooe
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Ogawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Horiuchi
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Kakamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tada
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Kakamihara, Japan
| | - Hiromi Murase
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Afrin S, Giampieri F, Gasparrini M, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Varela-López A, Quiles JL, Mezzetti B, Battino M. Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Effects of Edible Berries: A Focus on Colon Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Molecules 2016; 21:169. [PMID: 26840292 PMCID: PMC6273426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases across the world. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that diets rich in fruit, such as berries, provide significant health benefits against several types of cancer, including colon cancer. The anticancer activities of berries are attributed to their high content of phytochemicals and to their relevant antioxidant properties. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that berries and their bioactive components exert therapeutic and preventive effects against colon cancer by the suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, proliferation and angiogenesis, through the modulation of multiple signaling pathways such as NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/PKB/mTOR, and ERK/MAPK. Based on the exciting outcomes of preclinical studies, a few berries have advanced to the clinical phase. A limited number of human studies have shown that consumption of berries can prevent colorectal cancer, especially in patients at high risk (familial adenopolyposis or aberrant crypt foci, and inflammatory bowel diseases). In this review, we aim to highlight the findings of berries and their bioactive compounds in colon cancer from in vitro and in vivo studies, both on animals and humans. Thus, this review could be a useful step towards the next phase of berry research in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Afrin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO)-Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO)-Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO)-Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Tamara Y Forbes-Hernandez
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO)-Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Varela-López
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla 18100, Spain.
| | - José L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology ''José Mataix", Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla 18100, Spain.
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche (DISCO)-Sez. Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
- Centre for Nutrition & Health, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (UEA), Santander 39011, Spain.
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50
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Kim GH, Kim HI, Paik SS, Jung SW, Kang S, Kim IB. Functional and morphological evaluation of blue light-emitting diode-induced retinal degeneration in mice. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:705-16. [PMID: 26743754 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate a retinal degeneration (RD) model induced by exposing mice to a blue light-emitting diode (LED), which led to photoreceptor cell death. METHODS RD was induced in BALB/c mice by exposure to a blue LED (460 nm) for 2 hours. Retinal function was examined using scotopic electroretinography (ERG). Histopathological changes were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and electron microscopy. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In addition, retinal inflammation and oxidative stress were evaluated by immunohistochemistry with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), respectively. RESULTS Scotopic ERG showed that blue LED exposure resulted in a decrease in both a-waves and b-waves in mice retinas in an illuminance-dependent manner. H&E, TUNEL assay, and electron microscopy revealed massive photoreceptor cell death by apoptosis in the central region of the retina. Retinal stress and inflammation were detected by increased expression of GFAP and by electron microscopy findings demonstrating microglia infiltration in the outer nuclear layer and subretinal space. In addition, increased labeling of 8-OHdG was observed in the retinas from blue LED exposure. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blue LED-induced RD may be a useful animal model in which to study the pathogenesis of RD, including age-related macular degeneration, and to evaluate the effects of new therapeutic agents prior to clinical trials, where oxidative stress and inflammation are the underlying RD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Hyung Il Kim
- Gyeongju St. Mary's Eye Clinic, 293 Wonhwa-ro, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 780-946, Korea
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Sung Won Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Seungbum Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea. .,Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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