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de Vries AJ, Hoeve YT, Jaarsma DADC, Pols J, van Raay JJAM. Developing a model describing voluntary residency attrition: a qualitative study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:221. [PMID: 38429755 PMCID: PMC10908006 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many factors influencing residency attrition are identified in the literature, but what role these factors play and how they influence each other remains unclear. Understanding more about the interaction between these factors can provide background to put the available evidence into perspective and provide tools to reduce attrition. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a model that describes voluntary residency attrition. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were held with a convenient sample of orthopaedic surgery residents in the Netherlands who dropped out of training between 2000 and 2018. Transcripts were analysed using a constructivist grounded theory approach. Concepts and themes were identified by iterative constant comparison. RESULTS Seventeen interviews with former residents were analysed and showed that reasons for voluntary attrition were different for each individual and often a result of a cumulative effect. Individual expectations and needs determine residents' experiences with the content of the profession, the professional culture and the learning climate. Personal factors like previous clinical experiences, personal circumstances and personal characteristics influence expectations and needs. Specific aspects of the residency programme contributing to attrition were type of patient care, required skills for the profession, work-life balance and interpersonal interaction. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a model for voluntary resident attrition showing the factors involved and how they interact. This model places previous research into perspective, gives implications for practice on the (im)possibilities of preventing attrition and opens possibilities for further research into resident attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid J de Vries
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Martini Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvonne Ten Hoeve
- Health Sciences - Nursing Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jan Pols
- Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), Lifelong Learning, Education and Assessment Research Network (LEARN), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos J A M van Raay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Martini Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Seathu Raman SS, McDonnell A, Beck M. Hospital doctor turnover and retention: a systematic review and new research pathway. J Health Organ Manag 2024; 38:45-71. [PMID: 38448230 PMCID: PMC10986676 DOI: 10.1108/jhom-04-2023-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Society is critically dependent on an adequate supply of hospital doctors to ensure optimal health care. Voluntary turnover amongst hospital doctors is, however, an increasing problem for hospitals. The aim of this study was to systematically review the extant academic literature to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the current knowledge base on hospital doctor turnover and retention. In addition to this, we synthesise the most common methodological approaches used before then offering an agenda to guide future research. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Adopting the PRISMA methodology, we conducted a systematic literature search of four databases, namely CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science. FINDINGS We identified 51 papers that empirically examined hospital doctor turnover and retention. Most of these papers were quantitative, cross-sectional studies focussed on meso-level predictors of doctor turnover. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Selection criteria concentrated on doctors who worked in hospitals, which limited knowledge of one area of the healthcare environment. The review could disregard relevant articles, such as those that discuss the turnover and retention of doctors in other specialities, including general practitioners. Additionally, being limited to peer-reviewed published journals eliminates grey literature such as dissertations, reports and case studies, which may bring impactful results. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Globally, hospital doctor turnover is a prevalent issue that is influenced by a variety of factors. However, a lack of focus on doctors who remain in their job hinders a comprehensive understanding of the issue. Conducting "stay interviews" with doctors could provide valuable insight into what motivates them to remain and what could be done to enhance their work conditions. In addition, hospital management and recruiters should consider aspects of job embeddedness that occur outside of the workplace, such as facilitating connections outside of work. By resolving these concerns, hospitals can retain physicians more effectively and enhance their overall retention efforts. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS Focussing on the reasons why employees remain with an organisation can have significant social repercussions. When organisations invest in gaining an understanding of what motivates their employees to stay in the job, they are better able to establish a positive work environment that likely to promote employee well-being and job satisfaction. This can result in enhanced job performance, increased productivity and higher employee retention rates, all of which are advantageous to the organisation and its employees. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The review concludes that there has been little consideration of the retention, as opposed to the turnover, of hospital doctors. We argue that more expansive methodological approaches would be useful, with more qualitative approaches likely to be particularly useful. We also call on future researchers to consider focussing further on why doctors remain in posts when so many are leaving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony McDonnell
- Cork University Business School,
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Matthias Beck
- Cork University Business School,
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Querido SJ, de Rond MEJ, Wigersma L, ten Cate O. Some residents drop out of specialty training. How important is prior clinical experience? A survey among residents in the Netherlands. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 40:Doc5. [PMID: 36923321 PMCID: PMC10010763 DOI: 10.3205/zma001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The drop-out rate among residents across all medical specialties in the Netherlands approximates 12.7%. This implies a capacity loss in the medical workforce, a waste of educational resources and personal damage to individuals. The aim of our study was to investigate reasons for dropping out of residency and the relationship with medical work experience after medical school and prior to residency, which is common among Dutch graduates. METHOD A questionnaire listing 28 reasons for drop-out was developed and tested. The questionnaire was sent in a nationwide survey to all residents who drop out between 1 September 2017 and 1 September 2019. The respondents were asked to indicate on a 5-point Likert scale, how they weighed reasons for drop-out. Factor analysis was applied to identify dominant factors. RESULTS The response rate was 39% (N=129; 99 females) representing all medical specialties. The factor structure of our measure showed 5 factors; high emotional job demands, lack of professional satisfaction, incompatible lifestyle, tensions in working relationships and disappointing career perspectives. Of the respondents 69 (54%) had prior clinical experience as a physician-not-in-training in the same medical specialty before residency. The factor "lack of professional satisfaction" weighed heavier for respondents without prior experience as a reason for drop-out. CONCLUSION Of influence on dropping out of residency is the lack of a clear image of the responsibilities as a physician within the residency of choice, fuelled by limited prior experience after medical school and before residency. One third of dropouts confirmed that prior physician experience within the same specialty could have prevented dropping out or prevented choosing this specialty in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J. Querido
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Research and Development of Education, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Board for Specialty training in Elderly Care Medicine in the Netherlands (SOON), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lode Wigersma
- Dutch Association of Public Health Physicians (VAV), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ole ten Cate
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Research and Development of Education, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bansal A, Pusey J, Shah R, Tolley A. Development and evaluation of an extra-curricular programme focussing on high impact career opportunities for medical professionals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284856. [PMID: 37093813 PMCID: PMC10124875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many medical professionals seek to do good through their careers, which may involve pursuing non-clinical options such as research, policy, or education in addition to clinical work. Working out which paths will lead to the largest social impact is a challenging question and of interest to many doctors. However, there are few, if any, services that use an impact-oriented framework to support doctors who want to make career decisions based on impact. OBJECTIVES To describe the development of an 8-week fellowship programme to introduce medical professionals to careers paths and focus areas which could lead to a particularly large social impact. And to evaluate the programme in terms of engagement, utility, changes in knowledge and career attitudes of participants. METHODS The ADDIE instructional design model was used to design and evaluate this fellowship programme. An 8-week curriculum was designed by medical professionals and delivered to medical students and doctors around the world utilising a flipped learning style. Quantitative and qualitative data on the programme were collected and analysed. RESULTS There was more demand for the programme than anticipated. We found that the fellowship was engaging and useful to medical students and doctors. It resulted in an increase in knowledge and skills on how to consider impact in one's own career and a change in participants' attitudes and behaviours, with some participants making changes to their career and charitable giving following the programme. CONCLUSIONS We believe an impact-orientated, practical co-curricular programme is valuable to medical professionals exploring impactful career options and there is demand for further programmes in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Bansal
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph Pusey
- Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Shah
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham Tolley
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Differential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Symptoms and Working Conditions for Senior and Junior Doctors in Australian Hospitals. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:e291-e299. [PMID: 35121691 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated severity, prevalence, and predictors of workplace disruption and mental health symptoms in Australian junior and senior hospital medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional survey collected data on demographics, workplace disruption, personal relationships, and mental health. RESULTS One thousand twenty-one (62.1%) senior and 745 (37.9%) junior medical staff, located primarily in Victoria, completed the survey. Work disruptions were common but varied by seniority, withjunior staff more frequently exposed to COVID- 19 (P < 0.001). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and burnout were common but significantly higher in junior doctors (P = 0.011 to < 0.001). Common predictors for experiencing mental health symptoms were identified, including prior mental health diagnoses and worsening personal relationships. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 has had significant but varied impacts on junior and senior doctors, with junior doctors particularly susceptible to harm to mental health. Interventions to safeguard hospital medical staff and prevent attrition of this important workforce are urgently needed.
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Zaman S, Ansari AH, Chaturvedi S. Work-life enablers for job satisfaction in healthcare: moderating role of organization type. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ict-05-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to examine how the quality of work-life (QWL) factors influence job satisfaction and tests if organization type moderates this relationship.
Design/methodology/approach
The study adopts a quantitative cross-sectional research design using survey administration among resident doctors used in the Indian health-care sector. Drawing on the person-environment fit theory, leader-member exchange theory and action learning theory, the authors discuss the results.
Findings
Results depicted that in addition to the direct relationship between QWL and job satisfaction, this association is moderated by organization type.
Practical implications
The study provides critical information for health-care managers to prioritize three QWL attributes, namely, meaningful development, supervision, working conditions to enhance job satisfaction among resident doctors.
Originality/value
The study contributes to the limited empirical scholarly research adding a deeper understanding of pertinent factors influencing resident doctor’s QWL-job satisfaction relationship.
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Zhang H, Chen D, Cui N, Zou P, Shao J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Du J, Du C, Zhou G, Zheng D. Explaining Job Satisfaction Among Residents in Standardized Residency Training Programs: A Serial Multiple Mediation Model. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4073-4081. [PMID: 34616194 PMCID: PMC8488039 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s330217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a flood of research on job satisfaction, few studies have examined how and why social support influences job satisfaction. This study aimed to explore how social support has an indirect effect on job satisfaction by examining its impact on emotional exhaustion and anxiety symptoms among residents of the physicians standardized residency training program in China. Methods This cross-sectional study adopted questionnaires to collect data from residents in the standardized residency training program in China. The PROCESS macro for SPSS based on ordinary least-squares regression and the bootstrap method was used. The indirect effect of social support was examined using bootstrapping procedures. A serial multiple mediation model was examined in which social support was associated with job satisfaction via emotional exhaustion and anxiety symptoms. Results There were 269 residents who provided usable data for the analysis. The mean age of residents was 25.98 years old. Close to half (52%) of the participants were female. The total indirect effect of social support on job satisfaction was significant (ab=0.21, SE=0.05, CI=0.12 to 0.32). The specific indirect effect 1 (social support→emotional exhaustion→job satisfaction) was significant (a1b1=0.12, SE=0.04, CI=0.05 to 0.19). The specific indirect effect 2 (social support→anxiety symptoms→job satisfaction) was significant (a2b2=0.07, SE=0.03, CI=0.02 to 0.13).The specific indirect effect 3 (social support→emotional exhaustion→anxiety symptoms→job satisfaction) was also found to be significant through both optimism and work engagement (a1a3b2=0.03, SE=0.01, CI=0.01 to 0.05). Conclusion It seems critical for hospital management to develop a supportive work environment to improve the effects of emotional exhaustion and anxiety symptoms and to provide sufficient support to improve job satisfaction among residents in standardized residency training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianqi Cui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zou
- School of Nursing, Nipissing University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jing Shao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyi Wang
- Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Nursing, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Du
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxue Du
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanglan Zhou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyi Zheng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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Strecker C, Höge T, Brenner M, Huber A, Hausler M, Höfer S. Work analysis tool for higher education: Development and validation of the german student measure WA-S Screening. Work 2021; 67:671-688. [PMID: 33164975 PMCID: PMC7836061 DOI: 10.3233/wor-203317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Work demands, resources and stressors affecting health, well-being and motivation also exist in the work of university students. There is a shortage of measures for analyzing work characteristics in this setting. OBJECTIVE: This article addresses that shortage of measures and describes the development and the validation of the short Work Analysis Measure for Students (WA-S Screening). METHODS: In study 1 (N = 422 students in Austria) the final version of the measure was developed based on analyzing the factor structure and psychometric properties of items and scales. Study 2 (N = 333 German-speaking students in Germany, Austria and Switzerland) was conducted for a cross validation and analyzing the criterion validity. RESULTS: An eight-scale structure of the WA-S Screening was supported in study 1 and 2. The scales have shown to be significantly associated with burnout and work engagement in study 2. CONCLUSIONS: The examinations indicate that the WA-S Screening is a short, reliable and valid instrument to identify critical, health-promoting work characteristics in the context of studying at university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Strecker
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Höge
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mirjam Brenner
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Huber
- Department of Medical Psychology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Melanie Hausler
- Department of Medical Psychology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Höfer
- Department of Medical Psychology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Zhao Y, Musitia P, Boga M, Gathara D, Nicodemo C, English M. Tools for measuring medical internship experience: a scoping review. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2021; 19:10. [PMID: 33446218 PMCID: PMC7809831 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate and well-resourced medical internship training is important to ensure psychological health and well-being of doctors in training and also to recruit and retain these doctors. However, most reviews focused on clinical competency of medical interns instead of the non-clinical aspects of training. In this scoping review, we aim to review what tools exist to measure medical internship experience and summarize the major domains assessed. METHOD The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, and the Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed studies that provided quantitative data on medical intern's (house officer, foundation year doctor, etc.) internship experience and published between 2000 and 2019. Three reviewers screened studies for eligibility with inclusion criteria. Data including tools used, key themes examined, and psychometric properties within the study population were charted, collated, and summarized. Tools that were used in multiple studies, and tools with internal validity or reliability assessed directed in their intern population were reported. RESULTS The authors identified 92 studies that were included in the analysis. The majority of studies were conducted in the US (n = 30, 32.6%) and the UK (n = 20, 21.7%), and only 14 studies (15.2%) were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Major themes examined for internship experience included well-being, educational environment, and work condition and environment. For measuring well-being, standardized tools like the Maslach Burnout Inventory (for measuring burnout), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression), General Health Questionnaire-12 or 30 (psychological distress) and Perceived Stress Scale (stress) were used multiple times. For educational environment and work condition and environment, there is a lack of widely used tools for interns that have undergone psychometric testing in this population other than the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure, which has been used in four different countries. CONCLUSIONS There are a large number of tools designed for measuring medical internship experience. International comparability of results from future studies would benefit if tools that have been more widely used are employed in studies on medical interns with further testing of their psychometric properties in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Zhao
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, S Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SY, United Kingdom.
| | - Peris Musitia
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - David Gathara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catia Nicodemo
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike English
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, S Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
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Thestrup Hansen S, Kjerholt M, Friis Christensen S, Brodersen J, Hølge-Hazelton B. User experiences on implementation of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs)in a Haematological outpatient clinic. J Patient Rep Outcomes 2020; 4:87. [PMID: 33113030 PMCID: PMC7593370 DOI: 10.1186/s41687-020-00256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PROMs can help healthcare professionals gain an improved understanding of patients’ physical burdens, functional levels, and (health-related) quality of life throughout disease and medical treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the barriers and potential opportunities PROMs may present in a haematological outpatient clinic from three different perspectives: patients, nurses and haematologists. Methods The present study synthesizes three previously published studies that separately explored the experiences of patients, nurses and haematologists when implementing PROMs. The studies were all guided by the qualitative methodology Interpretive Description, including a focused ethnographic approach, to develop implications for future practice. Results The overall themes that emerged from the analysis were “Structural similarities influence the adoption of PROMs” and “Different perspectives on the potential of PROMs.” Conclusion Across the different user groups in the haematological outpatient clinic, the use of PROMs was thwarted due to an unquestioned commitment to biomedical knowledge and the system’s rationality and norms: PROM data was not used in patient consultations. Nurses and haematologists expressed different preferences related to potential future PROMs and different objectives for PROMs in clinical practice. From the different perspectives of the patients, nurses and haematologists, PROMs were not compatible with clinical practice. Further research is recommended to develop PROMs validated for use in haematological outpatient clinics. Moreover, implementation strategies adjusted to the structural barriers of the system are crucial. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s41687-020-00256-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Thestrup Hansen
- Department of Haematology, Zealand University Hospital, Vestermarksvej 9, 1.sal, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark. .,Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Plastic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Mette Kjerholt
- Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sarah Friis Christensen
- Department of Haematology, Zealand University Hospital, Vestermarksvej 9, 1.sal, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Brodersen
- Section of General Practice and Research Unit for General practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Primary Health Care Research Unit, Zealand Region, Denmark
| | - Bibi Hølge-Hazelton
- Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,The Research Support Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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11
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Scanlan G, Johnston P, Walker K, Skåtun D, Cleland J. Today's doctors: What do men and women value in a training post? MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 54:408-418. [PMID: 32162377 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies suggest that traditional male-female differences may be changing in terms of what is valued in a medical career but there have been no studies directly quantifying the relationship between gender and stated career-related preferences. To address this gap, we examined the differences between male and female doctors in terms of the strength of their work-related preferences at the point of eligibility to enter residency or specialty training in the UK. METHODS This was a quantitative study using a survey incorporating a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Respondents were asked a series of questions in which they had to choose between two or more scenarios, differing in terms of attributes. The attributes were: location; familiarity with specialty; culture of the working and learning environment; earnings; working conditions, and opportunities for professional development. The main outcome measure was willingness to accept compensation to forgo a desirable attribute within a training position. Conditional logistic regression models were run separately for males and females. RESULTS A total of 5005 out of 6890 (73%) Foundation Year 2 doctors completed the DCE. The relative value of each attribute was similar for males and females, with location most valued and familiarity with the specialty least valued. There was a pattern of female respondents valuing the move between the best and worst levels of each training attribute more than men, and significantly more than men in respect of the importance of working culture. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to existing knowledge in terms of quantifying gendered values in respect of training or residency preferences. That men value a supportive working culture significantly less than women is well established. However, our findings that location, working conditions and working culture are increasingly important to both men and women, suggests that traditional gender norms may be changing. This intelligence can inform gender-responsive workforce planning and innovation, and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Scanlan
- Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Peter Johnston
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Scotland Deanery (North), NHS Education for Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kim Walker
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Diane Skåtun
- Health Economics Research Unit (HERU), School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jennifer Cleland
- Medical Education Research and Scholarship Unit, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Lydon S, Byrne D, Vellinga A, Walsh C, Madden C, Connolly F, O'Connor P. A Mixed-Methods Exploration of the Educational Climate and Safety Climate During the First Year of Clinical Practice in Ireland. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2019; 94:1800-1805. [PMID: 31169543 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000002818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Educational climate (EC) and safety climate (SC) are key determinants of residents' professional development. The goal of this study was to gather longitudinal EC data and data on perceptions of SC in residency, and provide data on practices related to perceptions of EC and SC, by identifying factors associated with and changes in perceptions of EC and SC across the first year of practice, and elucidating good and poor practice relating to key elements of EC and SC. METHOD A mixed-methods design was adopted. First, 131 first-year residents in Ireland were surveyed at the end of each of their first 3 rotations (August 2016-March 2017). The survey measured EC and SC using established measures. Next, 69 semistructured interviews were conducted with a representative sample of residents (March-May 2017). An interview schedule was developed to aid in-depth probing of EC and SC perceptions. A deductive content analysis approach was adopted. RESULTS Perceptions of EC worsened over time. The EC and SC of surgical rotations were significantly poorer than those of medical rotations. Residents were more likely to describe team practices, rather than organizational practices, that contributed positively to their perceptions of EC and SC. CONCLUSIONS Further research is necessary to facilitate improvement of EC and SC for residents, particularly within surgical training. Future research exploring the contribution of organizational practices to EC and SC, the impact of targeted improvement activities, and best practices for involving residents in quality and safety initiatives is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Lydon
- S. Lydon is behavioral psychologist and lecturer in quality and patient safety, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. D. Byrne is professor of health care simulation, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, and director of simulation, Saolta University Health Care Group, Galway, Ireland. A. Vellinga is epidemiologist and lecturer in primary care and in bacteriology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. C. Walsh is a PhD candidate, Discipline of General Practice, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. C. Madden is a PhD candidate, Discipline of General Practice, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. F. Connolly is research assistant, Department of Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. P. O'Connor is human factors psychologist and lecturer in primary care, Discipline of General Practice, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Bustraan J, Dijkhuizen K, Velthuis S, van der Post R, Driessen E, van Lith JMM, de Beaufort AJ. Why do trainees leave hospital-based specialty training? A nationwide survey study investigating factors involved in attrition and subsequent career choices in the Netherlands. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028631. [PMID: 31175199 PMCID: PMC6589009 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain insight into factors involved in attrition from hospital-based medical specialty training and future career plans of trainees who prematurely left their specialty training programme. DESIGN Nationwide online survey study. SETTING Postgraduate education of all hospital-based specialties in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 174 trainees who prematurely left hospital-based medical specialty training between January 2014 and September 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Factors involved in trainees' decisions to leave specialty training and their subsequent career plans. RESULTS The response rate was 38%. Of the responders, 25% left their programme in the first training year, 50% in year 2-3 and 25% in year 4-6. The most frequently reported factors involved in attrition were: work-life balance, job content, workload and specialty culture. Of the leaving trainees, 66% switched to another specialty training programme, of whom two-thirds chose a non-hospital-based training programme. Twelve per cent continued their career in a non-clinical role and the remainder had no specific plans yet. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight in factors involved in attrition and in future career paths. Based on our findings, possible interventions to reduce attrition are: (1) enable candidates to develop a realistic view on job characteristics and demands, prior to application; (2) provide individual guidance during specialty training, with emphasis on work-life balance and fit with specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bustraan
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Dijkhuizen
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Velthuis
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik Driessen
- Department of Education Development and Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M M van Lith
- Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnout Jan de Beaufort
- Centre for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cleland J, Durning SJ. Education and service: how theories can help in understanding tensions. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 53:42-55. [PMID: 30357894 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper reviews why tensions between service and education persist and highlights that this is an area of medical education research (MER) that, to date, lacks a robust body of theory-driven research. After carrying out a review of the literature on service-education tensions in medical education and training, we turn to consider how theory can help provide new insights into service-education tensions. METHODS We conducted a search of the literature on service-education tensions since 1998 to examine the use of theory in studies on this topic. RESULTS We identified 44 out of 603 relevant papers. Their focus fell into four broad categories: time residents spent on 'service' and 'education'; perceptions of the balance between service and education; considerations of how best to define service and education, and the impact of structural and systems changes on education/training. Of the papers reporting primary research, the dominant methodology was the bespoke survey. Rarely were the precise natures of tensions or how different factors interact to cause tensions examined in detail. DISCUSSION Through discussion and reflection, we then agreed on the applicability of four sociocultural theories for illuminating some examples of service-education tensions. We present four sociocultural theories: Holland's figured worlds, Kemmis et al.'s practice architectures, Lave and Wenger's situated learning and Engeström's cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT or AT). We describe each and then briefly illustrate how each theory can support new ways of thinking and potential directions for research focusing on education-service tensions. CONCLUSIONS The use of theory in research studies will not resolve service-education tensions. However, what theory can do is illuminate and magnify different aspects of service-education tensions, to generate new insight and knowledge that can then be used to inform future research and changes in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cleland
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Steven J Durning
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Saijo Y, Yoshioka E, Hanley SJB, Kitaoka K, Yoshida T. Job Stress Factors Affect Workplace Resignation and Burnout among Japanese Rural Physicians. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 245:167-177. [PMID: 29998918 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.245.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Shortage of healthcare workers is a global problem. It is important to clarify factors, including job stress, that influence workplace resignation and factors that cause burnout among rural physicians. The study was designed as a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. We sent questionnaires to town or village hospitals and clinics (n = 1,898) in Hokkaido, Tohoku, Shikoku, and Kyushu and Okinawa. The number of participants was 509. Of these 7.7% were female and 21.6% were < 50 years. Internal or general medicine physicians were asked about personal and job factors, job stress based on the demand-control-support model, intention to resign from current position, and burnout evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. Overall, 10.4% of the participants intended to resign, and 21.8% was defined as burnout positive. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, dissatisfaction with income (OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.63-8.10), having one's hometown in another town or village in the same prefecture (OR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.18-10.62) were significantly related to intention to resign, while high job control (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58-0.88) had a significantly protective effect. In the multivariate analysis, high job demand (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.28-1.72) was significantly related to burnout, and high job control (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.55-0.78) and high support from co-workers (OR 0.88, 95% CI, 0.78-1.00) had a significantly protective effect. Improving job stress factors, especially job control, and taking into consideration physicians' hometown and income may be important factors to prevent resignation from a current position and burnout among Japanese rural physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Saijo
- Department of Social Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University
| | - Eiji Yoshioka
- Department of Social Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University
| | - Sharon J B Hanley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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Scanlan GM, Cleland J, Walker K, Johnston P. Does perceived organisational support influence career intentions? The qualitative stories shared by UK early career doctors. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022833. [PMID: 29921689 PMCID: PMC6009547 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The wish to quit or take time out of medical training appears to be related, at least in part, to a strong desire for supportive working and learning environments. However, we do not have a good understanding of what a supportive culture means to early career doctors, and how perceptions of support may influence career decision making. Our aim was to explore this in UK Foundation doctors. METHODS This was a qualitative study using semistructured interviews incorporating a narrative inquiry approach for data collection. Interview questions were informed by the literature as well as data from two focus groups. Interviews were carried out in two UK locations. Initial data coding and analysis were inductive, using thematic analysis. We then used the lens of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) to group themes and aid conceptual generalisability. RESULTS Twenty-one interviews were carried out. Eleven interviewees had applied for specialty training, while ten had not. Support from senior staff and colleagues influenced participants' job satisfaction and engagement. Positive relationships with senior staff and colleagues seemed to act as a buffer, helping participants cope with challenging situations. Feeling valued (acknowledgement of efforts, and respect) was important. Conversely, perceiving a poor level of support from the organisation and its representatives (supervisors and colleagues) had a detrimental impact on participants' intentions to stay working within the National Health Service (NHS). CONCLUSION Overall, this is the first study to explore directly how experiences in early postgraduate training have a critical impact on the career intentions of trainee/resident doctors. We found perceived support in the early stages of postgraduate training was critical to whether doctors applied for higher training and/or intended to stay working in the NHS. These findings have transferable messages to other contexts struggling to recruit and retain junior doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Marion Scanlan
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), Institute of Education for Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jennifer Cleland
- Centre for Healthcare Education Research and Innovation (CHERI), Institute of Education for Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kim Walker
- NHS Education for Scotland, Scotland Deanery, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Peter Johnston
- NHS Education for Scotland, Scotland Deanery, Aberdeen, UK
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Steil AV, Dandolini GA, Artur de Souza J, de Cuffa D, Costa R. Behavioral Intentions and Retention of Technical and Scientific Staff in Research and Development Organizations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/ijhcitp.2018040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Different reasons influence intentions of technical and scientific professionals to stay or leave their current jobs, impacting the ability of companies to retain these professionals. This paper identified the antecedents of intentions to leave, intentions to stay, and retention of such technical and scientific professionals in private research and development organizations from the Greater Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Data was collected via online questionnaires between December, 2014 and March, 2015. Job satisfaction and supervisory support were negatively related to the intention to leave the organization, and positively related to the intention to stay in the organization. Training and development opportunities and organizational culture presented negative relation only to the intention to leave the organization. The article discusses these results and presents suggestions for future studies.
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Smirnova A, Ravelli ACJ, Stalmeijer RE, Arah OA, Heineman MJ, van der Vleuten CPM, van der Post JAM, Lombarts KMJMH. The Association Between Learning Climate and Adverse Obstetrical Outcomes in 16 Nontertiary Obstetrics-Gynecology Departments in the Netherlands. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2017; 92:1740-1748. [PMID: 28953570 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between learning climate and adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes in obstetrics-gynecology departments. METHOD The authors analyzed 23,629 births and 103 learning climate evaluations from 16 nontertiary obstetrics-gynecology departments in the Netherlands in 2013. Multilevel logistic regressions were used to calculate the odds of adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes, by learning climate score tertile, adjusting for maternal and department characteristics. Adverse perinatal outcomes included fetal or early neonatal mortality, five-minute Apgar score < 7, or neonatal intensive care unit admission for ≥ 24 hours. Adverse maternal outcomes included postpartum hemorrhage and/or transfusion, death, uterine rupture, or third- or fourth-degree perineal laceration. Bias analyses were conducted to quantify the sensitivity of the results to uncontrolled confounding and selection bias. RESULTS Learning climate scores were significantly associated with increased odds of adverse perinatal outcomes (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.14-3.72). Compared with the lowest tertile, departments in the middle tertile had 46% greater odds of adverse perinatal outcomes (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.94); departments in the highest tertile had 69% greater odds (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.24-2.30). Learning climate was not associated with adverse maternal outcomes (middle vs. lowest tertile: OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93-1.16; highest vs. lowest tertile: OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.88-1.10). CONCLUSIONS Learning climate was associated with significantly increased odds of adverse perinatal, but not maternal, outcomes. Research in similar clinical contexts is needed to replicate these findings and explore potential mechanisms behind these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Smirnova
- A. Smirnova is a PhD candidate, School of Health Professions Education, Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, and researcher, Professional Performance Research Group, Institute for Education and Training, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A.C.J. Ravelli is epidemiologist and assistant professor, Departments of Medical Informatics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. R.E. Stalmeijer is assistant professor, Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. O.A. Arah is professor, Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. M.J. Heineman is professor, Board of Directors, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. C.P.M. van der Vleuten is professor and scientific director, School of Health Professions Education, Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. J.A.M. van der Post is professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. K.M.J.M.H. Lombarts is professor, Professional Performance Research Group, Institute for Education and Training, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schneider A, Hornung S, Weigl M, Glaser J, Angerer P. Does it matter in the long run? Longitudinal effects and interactions in the differentiated job demands–resources model. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2017.1347561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schneider
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Severin Hornung
- Institute for Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Weigl
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Glaser
- Institute for Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Angerer
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Gafson I, Currie J, O'Dwyer S, Woolf K, Griffin A. Attitudes towards attrition among UK trainees in obstetrics and gynaecology. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2017; 78:344-348. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2017.78.6.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gafson
- Specialty Registrar in Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Medical Education Fellow, Research Department of Medical Education, UCL Medical School, London
| | - Jane Currie
- Specialty Registrar in Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Clinical Research Fellow, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London
| | - Sabrina O'Dwyer
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS
| | - Katherine Woolf
- Senior Lecturer and Deputy Lead for Research, Research Department of Medical Education, UCL Medical School, London
| | - Ann Griffin
- Director and Lead for Research, Research Department of Medical Education, UCL Medical School, London
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Lin CD, Lin BYJ. Training demands on clerk burnout: determining whether achievement goal motivation orientations matter. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 16:214. [PMID: 27549217 PMCID: PMC4994176 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-016-0742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the education field, learning experiences are considered learners' properties and are viewed as a key determinant in explaining learners' learning processes, especially for training novices such as clerks with varying levels of commitment to the medical profession. This study explored whether clerks' achievement goal motivation orientations might buffer the negative well-being to a certain extent, considering their training demands during clinical training. METHODS Ninety-four clerks at a tertiary medical center were longitudinally traced during their 2-year clerkship spanning from September 2013 to April 2015. Web-based, validated, structured, self-administered questionnaires were used to evaluate the clerks' properties of achievement goal motivation orientation and personal background at the beginning of the clerkship. Regular surveys were conducted to evaluate their perceptions of training demands and burnout at each specialty rotation. Overall, 2230 responses were analyzed, and linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the repeated measures of the clerks. RESULTS The results revealed that higher perceived psychological and physical demands of training were related to higher perceived burnout during the 2-year clerkship. Although both the clerks' task and ego orientations were related to reduced burnout (direct effects), only task orientation was indicated to exert a buffering effect on their perception of physical demands on burnout in the 1st year of the clerkship. CONCLUSIONS Considering the negative effects of training demands (psychological and physical), we observed a limited effect of the task achievement motivation orientation of medical students; therefore, additional studies might focus on strategies to facilitate medical students in clerkships in addressing both the psychological and physical demands inherent in training workplaces to improve their learning experience and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Der Lin
- Department of Education, Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Blossom Yen-Ju Lin
- School of Medicine, Medical Sociology, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kleinert R, Heiermann N, Plum PS, Wahba R, Chang DH, Maus M, Chon SH, Hoelscher AH, Stippel DL. Web-Based Immersive Virtual Patient Simulators: Positive Effect on Clinical Reasoning in Medical Education. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e263. [PMID: 26577020 PMCID: PMC4704969 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical reasoning is based on the declarative and procedural knowledge of workflows in clinical medicine. Educational approaches such as problem-based learning or mannequin simulators support learning of procedural knowledge. Immersive patient simulators (IPSs) go one step further as they allow an illusionary immersion into a synthetic world. Students can freely navigate an avatar through a three-dimensional environment, interact with the virtual surroundings, and treat virtual patients. By playful learning with IPS, medical workflows can be repetitively trained and internalized. As there are only a few university-driven IPS with a profound amount of medical knowledge available, we developed a university-based IPS framework. Our simulator is free to use and combines a high degree of immersion with in-depth medical content. By adding disease-specific content modules, the simulator framework can be expanded depending on the curricular demands. However, these new educational tools compete with the traditional teaching Objective It was our aim to develop an educational content module that teaches clinical and therapeutic workflows in surgical oncology. Furthermore, we wanted to examine how the use of this module affects student performance. Methods The new module was based on the declarative and procedural learning targets of the official German medical examination regulations. The module was added to our custom-made IPS named ALICE (Artificial Learning Interface for Clinical Education). ALICE was evaluated on 62 third-year students. Results Students showed a high degree of motivation when using the simulator as most of them had fun using it. ALICE showed positive impact on clinical reasoning as there was a significant improvement in determining the correct therapy after using the simulator. ALICE positively impacted the rise in declarative knowledge as there was improvement in answering multiple-choice questions before and after simulator use. Conclusions ALICE has a positive effect on knowledge gain and raises students’ motivation. It is a suitable tool for supporting clinical education in the blended learning context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kleinert
- Department of General, Visceral, and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Associations of psychosocial working conditions and working time characteristics with somatic complaints in German resident physicians. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 89:583-92. [PMID: 26542379 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatic complaints (SC) are highly prevalent in working populations and cause suffering and extensive health-care utilization. Adverse psychosocial working conditions as conceptualized in the Job Demand-Control-Support Model (JDC-S) and adverse working time characteristics (WTC) are potential risk factors. This combination is particularly common in hospital physicians. This study examines associations of JDC-S and WTC with SC in resident physicians from Germany. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 405 physicians at the end of residency training. SC were measured using the Giessen Subjective Complaints List (GBB-24) containing the sub-categories exhaustion, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular complaints. Data on working conditions were collected by a self-report method for work analysis in hospitals (TAA-KH-S) and by questions on WTC (i.e., working hours). Multivariable stepwise regression analyses were applied. RESULTS Workload showed the most pronounced relationship with all sub-categories of SC except gastrointestinal complaints. Job autonomy was not significantly related to any SC sub-category. Social support at work was inversely associated with all SC sub-categories except for cardiovascular complaints. Free weekends were associated with reduced SC except for exhaustion. Shift work was related to an increased SC total score and musculoskeletal complaints. Working hours showed no association with SC. CONCLUSION In resident physicians, high workload and shift work are associated with increased SC, while social support at work and free weekends are associated with decreased SC. These insights may inform the development of preventive measures to improve the health of this professional group. Prospective studies are needed though to corroborate our findings.
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Kleinert R, Heiermann N, Wahba R, Chang DH, Hölscher AH, Stippel DL. Design, Realization, and First Validation of an Immersive Web-Based Virtual Patient Simulator for Training Clinical Decisions in Surgery. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2015; 72:1131-8. [PMID: 26094909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immersive patient simulators (IPS) allow an illusionary immersion into a synthetic world where the user can freely navigate through a 3-dimensional environment similar to computer games. Playful learning with IPS allows internalization of medical workflows without harming real patients. Ideally, IPS show high student acceptance and can have positive effect on knowledge gain. Development of IPS with high technical quality is resource intensive. Therefore most of the "high-fidelity" IPS are commercially driven. Usage of IPS in the daily curriculum is still rare. There is no academic-driven simulator that is freely accessible to every student and combines high immersion grade with a profound amount of medical content. AIM Therefore it was our aim to develop an academic-driven IPS prototype that is free to use and combines a high immersion grade with profound medical content. In addition, a first validation of the prototype was conducted. METHODS The conceptual design included definition of the following parameters: amount of curricular content, grade of technical quality, availability, and level of validation. A preliminary validation was done with 25 students. Students' opinion about acceptance was evaluated by a Likert-scale questionnaire. Effect on knowledge gain was determined by testing concordance and predictive validity. RESULTS A custom-made simulator prototype (Artificial learning interface for clinical education [ALICE]) displays a virtual clinic environment that can be explored from a first-person view similar to a video game. By controlling an avatar, the user navigates through the environment, is able to treat virtual patients, and faces the consequence of different decisions. ALICE showed high students' acceptance. There was positive correlation for concordance validity and predictive validity. Simulator usage had positive effect on reproduction of trained content and declarative knowledge. CONCLUSIONS We successfully developed a university-based, IPS prototype (ALICE) with profound medical content. ALICE is a nonprofit simulator, easy to use, and showed high students' acceptance; thus it potentially provides an additional tool for supporting student teaching in the daily clinical curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kleinert
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery of the University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology of the University of Cologne, Transplant Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Nadine Heiermann
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery of the University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology of the University of Cologne, Transplant Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roger Wahba
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery of the University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology of the University of Cologne, Transplant Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - De-Huan Chang
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery of the University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology of the University of Cologne, Transplant Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cologne, Transplant Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnulf H Hölscher
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery of the University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology of the University of Cologne, Transplant Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk L Stippel
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery of the University of Cologne, Center of Integrated Oncology of the University of Cologne, Transplant Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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van den Berg JW, Verberg CPM, Berkhout JJ, Lombarts MJMH, Scherpbier AJJA, Jaarsma ADC. A qualitative interview study on the positive well-being of medical school faculty in their teaching role: job demands, job resources and role interaction. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:401. [PMID: 26329102 PMCID: PMC4556414 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention for the well-being of medical school faculty is not only important for the prevention of attrition and burnout, but may also boost performance in their tasks in medical education. Positive well-being can be conceptualized as work engagement and this is associated with increased performance. In this study we explore how demands and resources from different tasks affect work engagement specifically for education. METHODS Between June and September 2013, we conducted a multisite semi-structured interview study with a diverse group of medical school faculty and used an open-coding strategy within the Work Engagement Model on the transcribed interviews. RESULTS We interviewed 16 faculty members whose teaching experience ranged from 7 to 38 years and whose professional tasks ranged from being solely an educator to being a physician, researcher, educator and administrator simultaneously. All participants were clear on the perceived demands and resources, although similar aspects of the work environment could be perceived oppositely between participants. Overarching themes were perceptions related to the organization or department, often described as a general and long-term effect and perceptions directly related to a task, often described as a direct and short-term effect on well-being. Furthermore, the demands and resources as resultant of fulfilling multiple tasks were described clearly by participants. CONCLUSIONS The ambiguous nature of the work environment in terms of demands and resources requires an individualized approach to supporting work engagement. Furthermore, faculty members perceive many resources from fulfilling multiple tasks in relation to their tasks in education. Faculty developers and administrators alike could use these findings to apply the concept of work engagement to their daily support of faculty in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W van den Berg
- Center for Evidence-Based Education, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Room J1A-138, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C P M Verberg
- Center for Evidence-Based Education, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Room J1A-138, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J J Berkhout
- Center for Evidence-Based Education, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Room J1A-138, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M J M H Lombarts
- Center for Evidence-Based Education, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Room J1A-138, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A J J A Scherpbier
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - A D C Jaarsma
- Center for Research and Innovation in Medical Education, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Subramaniam A, Silong AD, Uli J, Ismail IA. Effects of coaching supervision, mentoring supervision and abusive supervision on talent development among trainee doctors in public hospitals: moderating role of clinical learning environment. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 15:129. [PMID: 26268222 PMCID: PMC4535283 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-015-0407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective talent development requires robust supervision. However, the effects of supervisory styles (coaching, mentoring and abusive supervision) on talent development and the moderating effects of clinical learning environment in the relationship between supervisory styles and talent development among public hospital trainee doctors have not been thoroughly researched. In this study, we aim to achieve the following, (1) identify the extent to which supervisory styles (coaching, mentoring and abusive supervision) can facilitate talent development among trainee doctors in public hospital and (2) examine whether coaching, mentoring and abusive supervision are moderated by clinical learning environment in predicting talent development among trainee doctors in public hospital. METHODS A questionnaire-based critical survey was conducted among trainee doctors undergoing housemanship at six public hospitals in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Prior permission was obtained from the Ministry of Health Malaysia to conduct the research in the identified public hospitals. The survey yielded 355 responses. The results were analysed using SPSS 20.0 and SEM with AMOS 20.0. RESULTS The findings of this research indicate that coaching and mentoring supervision are positively associated with talent development, and that there is no significant relationship between abusive supervision and talent development. The findings also support the moderating role of clinical learning environment on the relationships between coaching supervision-talent development, mentoring supervision-talent development and abusive supervision-talent development among public hospital trainee doctors. Overall, the proposed model indicates a 26 % variance in talent development. CONCLUSION This study provides an improved understanding on the role of the supervisory styles (coaching and mentoring supervision) on facilitating talent development among public hospital trainee doctors. Furthermore, this study extends the literature to better understand the effects of supervisory styles on trainee doctors' talent development are contigent on the trainee doctors' clinical learning environment. In summary, supervisors are stakeholders with the responsibility of facilitating learning conditions that hold sufficient structure and support to optimise the trainee doctors learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuiya Subramaniam
- Department of Professional Development & Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Business & Management, Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU), Technology Park Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Abu Daud Silong
- Department of Professional Development & Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jegak Uli
- Department of Defence Human Resource Management, Faculty of Defence Studies & Management, Universiti Pertahanan Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ismi Arif Ismail
- Department of Professional Development & Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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