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Mohammadi Zonouz A, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. The molecular mechanisms of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) activity in signaling pathways: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155352. [PMID: 38342017 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most unique plants that have ever grown on the planet is Ginkgo biloba L., a member of the Ginkgoaceae family with no close living relatives. The existence of several differently structured components of G. biloba has increased the chemical variety of herbal therapy. Numerous studies that investigated the biochemical characteristics of G. biloba suggest this plant as a potential treatment for many illnesses. PURPOSE Review the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling pathways of G. biloba activity in varied circumstances and its potential as a novel treatment for various illnesses. METHODS Studies focusing on the molecular processes and signaling pathways of compounds and extracts of G. biloba were found and summarized using the proper keywords and operators from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus without time restrictions. RESULTS G. biloba exerts its effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, pulmoprotective, renoprotective, anti-osteoporosis, anti-melanogenic, retinoprotective, otoprotective, adipogenic, and anti-adipogenic properties. The most important mechanisms involved in these actions are altering the elevation of ROS formation, inhibiting NADPH oxidases activation, altering the expression of antioxidant enzymes, downregulating MAPKs (p38 MAPK and ERK, and JNK) and AP-1, increasing cAMP, inactivating Stat5, activating the AMPK signaling pathway, affecting Stat3/JAK2, NF-κB, Nrf-2, mTOR, HGF/c-Met, Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling pathways, and changing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of Cyc from mitochondria to cytosol, the protein cleavage of caspases 3, 7, 8, 9, and 12, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and MMPs levels. CONCLUSIONS G. biloba and its components have gained attention in recent years for their therapeutic benefits, such as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and apoptotic effects. By understanding their molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, potential novel medicines might be developed in response to the rising public desire for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Morimoto M, Maishi N, Tsumita T, Alam MT, Kikuchi H, Hida Y, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T, Annan DA, Takeda R, Kitagawa Y, Hida K. miR-1246 in tumor extracellular vesicles promotes metastasis via increased tumor cell adhesion and endothelial cell barrier destruction. Front Oncol 2023; 13:973871. [PMID: 37124539 PMCID: PMC10130374 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.973871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor blood vessels play a key role in tumor metastasis. We have previously reported that tumor endothelial cells (TECs) exhibit abnormalities compared to normal endothelial cells. However, it is unclear how TECs acquire these abnormalities. Tumor cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) to create a suitable environment for themselves. We have previously identified miR-1246 to be more abundant in high metastatic melanoma EVs than in low metastatic melanoma EVs. In the current study, we focused on miR-1246 as primarily responsible for acquiring abnormalities in TECs and examined whether the alteration of endothelial cell (EC) character by miR-1246 promotes cancer metastasis. Methods We analyzed the effect of miR-1246 in metastatic melanoma, A375SM-EVs, in vivo metastasis. The role of tumor EV-miR-1246 in the adhesion between ECs and tumor cells and the EC barrier was addressed. Changes in the expression of adhesion molecule and endothelial permeability were examined. Results Intravenous administration of A375SM-EVs induced tumor cell colonization in the lung resulting in lung metastasis. In contrast, miR-1246 knockdown in A375SM decreased lung metastasis in vivo. miR-1246 transfection in ECs increased the expression of adhesion molecule ICAM-1 via activation of STAT3, followed by increased tumor cell adhesion to ECs. Furthermore, the expression of VE-Cadherin was downregulated in miR-1246 overexpressed EC. A375SM-EV treatment enhanced endothelial permeability. VE-Cadherin was validated as the potential target gene of miR-1246 via the target gene prediction database and 3' UTR assay. Conclusion miR-1246 in high metastatic tumor EVs promotes lung metastasis by inducing the adhesion of tumor cells to ECs and destroying the EC barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Morimoto
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nako Maishi
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsumita
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Towfik Alam
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikuchi
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hida
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dorcas A. Annan
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takeda
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hida
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kyoko Hida,
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Nyandwi JB, Ko YS, Jin H, Yun SP, Park SW, Kang KR, Kim HJ. Rosmarinic acid downregulates the oxLDL‑induced interaction between monocytes and endothelial cells, in addition to monocyte diapedesis, under high glucose conditions. Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:68. [PMID: 35315501 PMCID: PMC8989427 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction during diabetes has been previously reported to be at least in part attributed to increased oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels mediated by high glucose (HG) levels. Endothelial inflammation increases the adhesiveness of monocytes to the endothelium in addition to increasing vascular permeability, promoting diabetic atherogenesis. In a previous study, it was reported that oxLDL treatment induced nucleotide‑binding domain and leucine‑rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain‑containing 3 inflammasome activation in endothelial cells (ECs) under HG conditions, in a manner that could be effectively reversed by rosmarinic acid. However, it remains unclear whether oxLDL‑mediated inflammasome activation can regulate the interaction between monocytes and ECs. The effects of oxLDL‑mediated inflammasome activation on endothelial permeability under HG conditions, in addition to the effects of rosmarinic acid on these oxLDL‑mediated processes, also remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in oxLDL‑induced endothelial permeability and monocyte diapedesis under HG conditions, in addition to the potential effects of rosmarinic acid. ECs were treated with oxLDL under HG conditions in the presence or absence of ROS scavengers mitoTEMPO and NAC, p38 inhibitor SB203580, FOXO1 inhibitor AS1842856 or transfected with the TXNIP siRNA, before protein expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‑1), vascular cell adhesion molecule‑1 (VCAM‑1), phosphorylated vascular endothelial‑cadherin (VE‑cadhedrin), VE‑cadherin and zonula occludens‑1 (ZO‑1) were measured by western blotting. In addition, adhesion assay and Transwell assays were performed. oxLDL was found to significantly increase the expression of ICAM‑1 and VCAM‑1 in ECs under HG conditions whilst also enhancing the adhesion of monocytes to ECs. This was found to be dependent on the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/p38 MAPK/forkhead box O1 (FOXO1)/thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) signaling pathway. In addition, oxLDL‑stimulated ECs under HG conditions exhibited increased phosphorylated VE‑cadherin protein levels and decreased ZO‑1 protein expression levels compared with those in untreated ECs, suggesting increased endothelial permeability. Furthermore, monocyte transmigration through the endothelial monolayer was significantly increased by oxLDL treatment under HG conditions. These oxLDL‑mediated effects under HG conditions were also demonstrated to be dependent on this ROS/p38 MAPK/FOXO1/TXNIP signaling pathway. Subsequently, rosmarinic acid treatment significantly reversed oxLDL‑induced overexpression of adhesion molecules and monocyte‑EC adhesion, oxLDL‑induced endothelial junction hyperpermeability and monocyte transmigration through the endothelial monolayer under HG conditions, in a dose‑dependent manner. These results suggest that rosmarinic acid can exert a protective effect against oxLDL‑mediated endothelial dysfunction under HG conditions by reducing the interaction between monocytes and ECs in addition to preventing monocyte diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali 4285, Republic of Rwanda
| | - Young Shin Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Ryeon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52727, Republic of Korea
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Theoharides TC. Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome? Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1850-1861. [PMID: 35028901 PMCID: PMC8757925 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike protein binding to its surface receptor on target cells and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19. However, increasing evidence indicates that many patients develop a chronic condition characterized by fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms, termed long-COVID. Most of the vaccines produced so far for COVID-19 direct mammalian cells via either mRNA or an adenovirus vector to express the spike protein, or administer recombinant spike protein, which is recognized by the immune system leading to the production of neutralizing antibodies. Recent publications provide new findings that may help decipher the pathogenesis of long-COVID. One paper reported perivascular inflammation in brains of deceased patients with COVID-19, while others showed that the spike protein could damage the endothelium in an animal model, that it could disrupt an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and that it can cross the BBB resulting in perivascular inflammation. Moreover, the spike protein appears to share antigenic epitopes with human molecular chaperons resulting in autoimmunity and can activate toll-like receptors (TLRs), leading to release of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, some antibodies produced against the spike protein may not be neutralizing, but may change its conformation rendering it more likely to bind to its receptor. As a result, one wonders whether the spike protein entering the brain or being expressed by brain cells could activate microglia, alone or together with inflammatory cytokines, since protective antibodies could not cross the BBB, leading to neuro-inflammation and contributing to long-COVID. Hence, there is urgent need to better understand the neurotoxic effects of the spike protein and to consider possible interventions to mitigate spike protein-related detrimental effects to the brain, possibly via use of small natural molecules, especially the flavonoids luteolin and quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite 304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, 33759, USA.
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Nonarath HJ, Hall AE, SenthilKumar G, Abroe B, Eells JT, Liedhegner ES. 670nm photobiomodulation modulates bioenergetics and oxidative stress, in rat Müller cells challenged with high glucose. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260968. [PMID: 34860856 PMCID: PMC8641888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, is associated with oxidative stress, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) activation, and excess production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Muller glial cells, spanning the entirety of the retina, are involved in DR inflammation. Mitigation of DR pathology currently occurs via invasive, frequently ineffective therapies which can cause adverse effects. The application of far-red to near-infrared (NIR) light (630-1000nm) reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we hypothesize that 670nm light treatment will diminish oxidative stress preventing downstream inflammatory mechanisms associated with DR initiated by Muller cells. In this study, we used an in vitro model system of rat Müller glial cells grown under normal (5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose conditions and treated with a 670 nm light emitting diode array (LED) (4.5 J/cm2) or no light (sham) daily. We report that a single 670 nm light treatment diminished reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and preserved mitochondrial integrity in this in vitro model of early DR. Furthermore, treatment for 3 days in culture reduced NFκB activity to levels observed in normal glucose and prevented the subsequent increase in ICAM-1. The ability of 670nm light treatment to prevent early molecular changes in this in vitro high glucose model system suggests light treatment could mitigate early deleterious effects modulating inflammatory signaling and diminishing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Nonarath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexandria E. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gopika SenthilKumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Betsy Abroe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Janis T. Eells
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth S. Liedhegner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chang TT, Chen YA, Li SY, Chen JW. Nrf-2 mediated heme oxygenase-1 activation contributes to the anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in diabetic nephropathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113474. [PMID: 33068650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is derived from a medicinal plant and suggested as a treatment for diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanism was not clarified. AIM OF STUDY The present study investigated whether GbE prevented DN via activation of heme oxygenase (HO)-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were fed a high-fat diet to generate DN. Human and murine podocytes were used for the in vitro study. RESULTS GbE improved renal function via decreasing glomerular hypertrophy, the kidney/body weight ratio, and albuminuria in DN mice. GbE reversed the reduction of synaptopodin and nephrin and enhanced HO-1 expression in the kidneys of DN mice. GbE decreased the enhancement of TNF-α, IL-6, fibronectin, and lipid accumulation in the glomeruli of DN mice. GbE attenuated the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and reduced the production of ROS in high glucose-stimulated podocytes, and HO-1 inhibitor treatment abrogated the protective effects of GbE. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) siRNA significantly abolished the beneficial effects of GbE via decreased HO-1 expression and enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 levels. CONCLUSIONS GbE protected podocytes against hyperglycemia and prevented the development of DN via Nrf-2/HO-1 activation. Our findings provide further mechanistic insight into the potential use of GbE in clinical DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Li X, Lu L, Chen J, Zhang C, Chen H, Huang H. New Insight into the Mechanisms of Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Vascular Aging Prevention. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:334-345. [PMID: 31223090 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190621150725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging-associated vascular dysfunction promotes cardiovascular diseases. Recently, Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has attracted considerable attention in the prevention of aged vasculature. METHODS This review discusses the pathophysiological alterations in aged vasculature and the underlying mechanisms of GBE in vascular aging suppression. RESULTS Both arterial stiffening and endothelial dysfunction are critical aging-related vascular phenotypes that result in the progression of cardiovascular diseases in the general population. Consistent oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction lead to vascular dysfunction. GBE ameliorates aging-related vascular dysfunction, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The main effects of GBE in aged vasculature might be associated with the longevity signaling pathways. GBE also attenuates the progression of vascular aging in diabetes mellitus via regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION GBE plays an important role in the prevention of vascular aging process. It is a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate aging-related vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liuyi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Tsai WC, Chang HC, Yin HY, Huang MC, Agrawal DC, Wen HW. The protective ability and cellular mechanism of Koelreuteria henryi Dummer flower extract against hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular oxidative damage. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic ApoE-/- Mice by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Restoration of Autophagy through the mTOR Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8134678. [PMID: 31080547 PMCID: PMC6442448 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8134678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background There is a crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy, and autophagy could attenuate endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) exerts vascular protection functions. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of autophagy in diabetic atherosclerosis (AS) and the effect of GBE on autophagy and ERS. Methods Network pharmacology was utilized to predict the targets and pathways of the active chemical compounds of Gingko biloba leaf to attenuate AS. ApoE−/− mice were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal ingestion with streptozotocin combined with a high-fat diet. The diabetic mice were divided into five groups: model group, atorvastatin group, rapamycin group, and low- and high-dose GBE groups. Serum and tissue markers of autophagy or ERS markers, including the protein expression, were examined. Results The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and NF-κB signaling pathways were targeted by the active chemical compounds of GBE to attenuate AS predicted by network pharmacology. GBE reduced the plaque area/lumen area and the plaque lipid deposition area/intimal area and inhibited the expressions of CD68, MMP2, and MMP9. Rapamycin and GBE inhibited the expression of mTOR and SQSTM1/p62 which increased in the aorta of diabetic mice. In addition, GBE reduced the expression of ERS markers in diabetic mice. GBE reduced the serum lipid metabolism levels, blood glucose, and inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion Impaired autophagy and overactive endoplasmic reticulum stress contributed to diabetic atherosclerosis. mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and GBE attenuated diabetic atherosclerosis by inhibiting ERS via restoration of autophagy through inhibition of mTOR.
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Wu TC, Chiang CY, Chan JS, Lee CY, Leu HB, Huang PH, Chen JS, Lin SJ, Chen JW. Tocilizumab, a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Against the Interleukin-6 Receptor, Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:510-516. [PMID: 30383519 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes the disease activity of RA and insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects and molecular mechanisms of IL-6 blocker, tocilizumab, in atherosclerosis with diabetes. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) cultured under hyperglycemic conditions were evaluated for migration, expression of adhesion molecules, and matrix metalloproteinases before and after treatment with tocilizumab. High glucose (HG) significantly increased expression of IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 & 9, and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Tocilizumab suppressed HG-induced expression of ICAM-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9. Pretreatment with tocilizumab also inhibited migration, MAPK signaling, and nuclear translocation of p65-NF-κB in HG-stimulated HASMCs. Our data suggested that tocilizumab may exert an antiatherosclerotic activity in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Cheng Wu
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yao Chiang
- 3 Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taipei City Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Shyong Chan
- 4 Division of Nephrology, Armed Forces Tao-Yuan General Hospital , Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yang Lee
- 5 Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .,6 Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bang Leu
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,7 Health Care and Service Center , Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shiong Chen
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,7 Health Care and Service Center , Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .,8 Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .,9 Institute of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Effect of Yin-Xing-Tong-Zhi Tablets on Improving Vascular Cognitive Impairment No Dementia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6184260. [PMID: 29853963 PMCID: PMC5944287 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6184260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Observe the effect of the Chinese herbal extracts, Yin-Xing-Tong-Zhi, in tablet form, on improving vascular cognitive impairment no dementia (VCIND). Methods Sixty-eight patients with VCIND were divided randomly into treatment and placebo groups with oral administration of Yin-Xing-Tong-Zhi tablets (YXTZTs) or placebo, respectively, for 24 weeks. Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) subscale score, MMSE score, Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input (CIBIC-Plus) score, expression of interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α in serum, and variation of blood-lipid levels were evaluated at different time points. Results At weeks 12 and 24, the scores for the ADAS-Cog, CIBIC-Plus, and MMSE of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). All clinical scales at week 24 of the control group were significantly different from those before treatment (P < 0.05). Expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the two groups was reduced significantly with variation of the clinical scales of cognitive impairment. Conclusion YXTZTs may delay the development of cognitive impairment in VCIND patients by modulating expression of VCIND-associated proinflammatory factors.
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Hiyoshi T, Fujiwara M, Yao Z. Postprandial hyperglycemia and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetes. J Biomed Res 2017; 33:1. [PMID: 29089472 PMCID: PMC6352876 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial glucose level is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease that exerts effects greater than glucose levels at fasting state, whereas increase in serum triglyceride level, under both fasting and postprandial conditions, contributes to the development of arteriosclerosis. Insulin resistance is a prevailing cause of abnormalities in postabsorptive excursion of blood glucose and postprandial lipid profile. Excess fat deposition renders a vicious cycle of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in the postprandial state, and both of which are contributors to atherosclerotic change of vessels especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several therapeutic approaches for ameliorating each of these abnormalities have been attempted, including various antidiabetic agents or new compounds targeting lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hiyoshi
- . Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsunori Fujiwara
- . Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- . Department of Laboratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zemin Yao
- . Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
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Liu X, Cao G, Wang Q, Yao X, Fang B. The effect of Bacillus coagulans-fermented and nonfermented Ginkgo biloba on the immunity status of broiler chickens. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3384-94. [PMID: 26440007 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate and compare the effects of Bacillus coagulans-fermented Ginkgo biloba (FG) and nonfermented Ginkgo biloba (NFG) on the immunity status of broiler chickens, 180 1-d-old female Arbor Acres chicks were divided into 3 groups and fed either a basal diet, a basal diet supplemented with 0.3% NFG, or a basal diet supplemented with 0.3% FG. Blood samples were taken on the seventh (before vaccination), 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day for the assessment of serum IL-18 and interferon γ (IFN-γ) levels by ELISA. In addition, Newcastle disease antibody titer analysis was made via hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition test methods. On d 35, 6 chickens from each group were sacrificed and the thymus, liver, spleen, small intestine (jejunum segment), cecum, and bursa of Fabricius from each chicken were removed for analysis. RNA was isolated for defensin expression detection by real-time PCR (q-PCR). The results showed that serum IL-18 and IFN-γ levels decreased after treatment with NFG and FG compared with untreated control chickens. The ND antibody titers did not differ significantly between the 3 groups on the seventh, 14th, 21st and 28th day; however, on the 35th day, the ND antibody titers of the NFG and FG chickens were both significantly higher than those of control group chickens. Defensin RNA expression levels were inhibited by NFG; however, they were induced by FG. In conclusion, fermentation of Ginkgo biloba with Bacillus coagulans can promote the beneficial effect of Gingko biloba on the immunity status of broiler chickens.
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Zhao Q, Gao C, Cui Z. Ginkgolide A reduces inflammatory response in high-glucose-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells through STAT3-mediated pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:242-8. [PMID: 25681539 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-glucose-induced low-grade inflammation has been regarded as a key event in the onset and progression of endothelial dysfunction in diabetic vascular complications. Ginkgolide A (GA), a major compound from Ginkgo biloba extract, is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetic vascular complications. Here, its effect on high-glucose-stimulated vascular inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated. In the present study, the optimal stimulation conditions for HUVECs were screened for inducing endothelial inflammation, namely, high glucose at the concentration of 30mM for continuous 8h. The endothelial production of high-glucose-induced interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-13 and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) phosphorylation were significantly inhibited by the pretreatment with GA at concentrations of 10, 15 and 20μM based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot or/and RT-PCR experiments. These senescent alterations induced by high glucose were significantly attenuated by the specific STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 at the concentration of 20μM. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of STAT3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein as well as mRNA levels were attenuated by the pretreatment of cells with STAT3 siRNA. Our results demonstrated that GA improved high-glucose-caused low-grade vascular inflammation, which might be achieved through regulating the STAT3-mediated pathway. These findings indicated that GA might be a promising candidate for attenuating vascular inflammation in diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Zhao
- Hypertension Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China.
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Cui
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
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Qadri SM, Su Y, Cayabyab FS, Liu L. Endothelial Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 participates in redox-sensitive leukocyte recruitment triggered by methylglyoxal. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:134. [PMID: 25270604 PMCID: PMC4193979 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-014-0134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive levels of methylglyoxal (MG) encountered in diabetes foster enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, mechanisms of which are incompletely understood. MG genomically upregulates endothelial serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) which orchestrates leukocyte recruitment by regulating the activation and expression of transcription factors and adhesion molecules. SGK1 regulates a myriad of ion channels and carriers including the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1. Here, we explored the effect of MG on SGK1-dependent NHE1 activation and the putative role of NHE1 activation in MG-induced leukocyte recruitment and microvascular hyperpermeability. Methods Using RT-PCR and immunoblotting, we analyzed NHE1 mRNA and protein levels in murine microvascular SVEC4-10EE2 endothelial cells (EE2 ECs). NHE1 phosphorylation was detected using a specific antibody against the 14-3-3 binding motif at phospho-Ser703. SGK in EE2 ECs was silenced using targeted siRNA. ROS production was determined using DCF-dependent fluorescence. Leukocyte recruitment and microvascular permeability in murine cremasteric microvasculature were measured using intravital microscopy. The expression of endothelial adhesion molecules was determined by immunoblotting and confocal imaging analysis. Results MG treatment significantly upregulated NHE1 mRNA and dose-dependently increased total- and phospho-NHE1. Treatment with SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394, antioxidant Tempol and silencing SGK all blunted MG-triggered phospho-NHE1 upregulation in EE2 ECs. NHE1 inhibitor cariporide attenuated MG-triggered ROS production, leukocyte adhesion and emigration and microvascular hyperpermeability, without affecting leukocyte rolling. Cariporide treatment did not alter MG-triggered upregulation of P- and E-selectins, but reduced endothelial ICAM-1 expression. Conclusion MG elicits SGK1-dependent activation of endothelial Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 which participates in MG-induced ROS production, upregulation of endothelial ICAM-1, leukocyte recruitment and microvascular hyperpermeability. Pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 attenuates the proinflammatory effects of excessive MG and may, thus, be beneficial in diabetes-associated inflammation.
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Tang YL, Chan SW. A Review of the Pharmacological Effects of Piceatannol on Cardiovascular Diseases. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1581-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ling Tang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - Shun-Wan Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
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Wang SW, Sun YM. The IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway: potential therapeutic strategies in treating colorectal cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1032-40. [PMID: 24430672 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the cytokines linked to inflammation-associated cancer, interleukin (IL)-6 drives many of the cancer 'hallmarks' through downstream activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) signaling pathway. Additionally, dysregulation of the interleukin (IL)-6-mediated JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway is closely related to the development of diverse human solid tumors including colorectal cancer (CRC). On this basis, modulation of the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway is currently being widely explored to develop novel therapies for CRC. The present review details the mechanisms and roles of the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway in CRC, describes current therapeutic strategies, and the search for potential therapeutic approaches to treat CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ming Sun
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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Roy B. Biomolecular basis of the role of diabetes mellitus in osteoporosis and bone fractures. World J Diabetes 2013; 4:101-113. [PMID: 23961320 PMCID: PMC3746082 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i4.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis has become a serious health problem throughout the world which is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures and mortality among the people of middle to old ages. Diabetes is also a major health problem among the people of all age ranges and the sufferers due to this abnormality increasing day by day. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible mechanisms through which diabetes may induce osteoporosis. Diabetes mellitus generally exerts its effect on different parts of the body including bone cells specially the osteoblast and osteoclast, muscles, retina of the eyes, adipose tissue, endocrine system specially parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen, cytokines, nervous system and digestive system. Diabetes negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function while positively regulates osteoclast differentiation and function through the regulation of different intermediate factors and thereby decreases bone formation while increases bone resorption. Some factors such as diabetic neuropathy, reactive oxygen species, Vitamin D, PTH have their effects on muscle cells. Diabetes decreases the muscle strength through regulating these factors in various ways and ultimately increases the risk of fall that may cause bone fractures.
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Lv L, Zhang J, Zhang L, Xue G, Wang P, Meng Q, Liang W. Essential role of Pin1 via STAT3 signalling and mitochondria-dependent pathways in restenosis in type 2 diabetes. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:989-1005. [PMID: 23750710 PMCID: PMC3780535 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with accelerated restenosis rates after angioplasty. We have previously proved that Pin1 played an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) cycle and apoptosis. But neither the role of Pin1 in restenosis by T2D, nor the molecular mechanism of Pin1 in these processes has been elucidated. A mouse model of T2D was generated by the combination of high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) injections. Both Immunohistochemistry and Western blot revealed that Pin1 expression was up-regulated in the arterial wall in T2D mice and in VSMCs in culture conditions mimicking T2D. Next, increased activity of Pin1 was observed in neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury in T2D mice. Further analysis confirmed that 10% serum of T2D mice and Pin1-forced expression stimulated proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, enhanced cell cycle progression and migration of VSMCs, whereas Pin1 knockdown resulted in the converse effects. We demonstrated that STAT3 signalling and mitochondria-dependent pathways played critical roles in the involvement of Pin1 in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis of VSMCs in T2D. In addition, VEGF expression was stimulated by Pin1, which unveiled part of the mechanism of Pin1 in regulating VSMC migration in T2D. Finally, the administration of juglone via pluronic gel onto injured common femoral artery resulted in a significant inhibition of the neointima/media ratio. Our findings demonstrated the vital effect of Pin1 on the VSMC proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and migration that underlie neointima formation in T2D and implicated Pin1 as a potential therapeutic target to prevent restenosis in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lv
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Action Mechanism of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract Intervened by Exercise Therapy in Treatment of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:408734. [PMID: 23690843 PMCID: PMC3652168 DOI: 10.1155/2013/408734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an imbalance between androgen/estrogen,
overexpression of stromal, and epithelial growth factors associated with chronic inflammation, has become an atypical direct cause of mortality of aged male diseases. Ginkgo possesses anti-inflammatory, blood flow-enhancing, and free radical scavenging effects. Considering strenuous exercise can reduce BPH risks, we hypothesize Ginkgo + exercise (Ginkgo + Ex) could be beneficial to BPH. To verify this, rat BPH model was induced by s.c. 3.5 mg testosterone (T) and 0.1 mg estradiol (E2) per head per day successively for 8 weeks, using mineral oil as placebo. Cerenin® 8.33 μL/100 g was applied s.c. from the 10th to the 13th week, and simultaneously, Ex was applied (30 m/min, 3 times/week). In BPH, Ginkgo alone had no effect on T, 5α-reductase, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), but suppressed androgen receptor (AR), aromatase, E2 and estrogen receptor (ER), and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA); Ex alone significantly reduced T, aromatase, E2, ER, AR, and PCNA, but highly raised DHT. While Ginkgo + Ex androgenically downregulated T, aromatase, E2, and ER, but upregulated DHT, AR, and PCNA, implying Ginkgo + Ex tended to worsen BPH. Conclusively, Ginkgo or Ex alone may be more beneficial than Ginkgo + Ex for treatment of BPH.
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