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Zhou D, Fei Z, Liu G, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Lin CSK, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. The bioproduction of astaxanthin: A comprehensive review on the microbial synthesis and downstream extraction. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108392. [PMID: 38825214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a valuable orange-red carotenoid with wide applications in agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals areas. At present, the biological synthesis of astaxanthin mainly relies on Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. With the rapid development of synthetic biology, more recombinant microbial hosts have been genetically constructed for astaxanthin production including Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica. As multiple genes (15) were involved in the astaxanthin synthesis, it is particularly important to adopt different strategies to balance the metabolic flow towards the astaxanthin synthesis. Furthermore, astaxanthin is a fat-soluble compound stored intracellularly, hence efficient extraction methods are also essential for the economical production of astaxanthin. Several efficient and green extraction methods of astaxanthin have been reported in recent years, including the superfluid extraction, ionic liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively introduce the advances on the astaxanthin production and extraction by using different microbial hosts and strategies to improve the astaxanthin synthesis and extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Zhengyue Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Guannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
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Li Z, You L, Du X, Yang H, Yang L, Zhu Y, Li L, Jiang Z, Li Q, He N, Lin R, Chen Z, Ni H. New strategies to study in depth the metabolic mechanism of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Phaffia rhodozyma. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38797672 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2344578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a ketone carotenoid known for its high antioxidant activity, holds significant potential for application in nutraceuticals, aquaculture, and cosmetics. The increasing market demand necessitates a higher production of astaxanthin using Phaffia rhodozyma. Despite extensive research efforts focused on optimizing fermentation conditions, employing mutagenesis treatments, and utilizing genetic engineering technologies to enhance astaxanthin yield in P. rhodozyma, progress in this area remains limited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of rough metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and preliminary strategies for enhancing astaxanthin yield. However, further investigation is required to fully comprehend the intricate and essential metabolic regulation mechanism underlying astaxanthin synthesis. Specifically, the specific functions of key genes, such as crtYB, crtS, and crtI, need to be explored in detail. Additionally, a thorough understanding of the action mechanism of bifunctional enzymes and alternative splicing products is imperative. Lastly, the regulation of metabolic flux must be thoroughly investigated to reveal the complete pathway of astaxanthin synthesis. To obtain an in-depth mechanism and improve the yield of astaxanthin, this review proposes some frontier methods, including: omics, genome editing, protein structure-activity analysis, and synthetic biology. Moreover, it further elucidates the feasibility of new strategies using these advanced methods in various effectively combined ways to resolve these problems mentioned above. This review provides theory and method for studying the metabolic pathway of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma and the industrial improvement of astaxanthin, and provides new insights into the flexible combined use of multiple modern advanced biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Li You
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Du
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyi Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Lin
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Ocean Observation Technologies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Food Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Research Center of Fujian University, People's Republic of China
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3
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Roth JH, Ward VCA. Production of Astaxanthin Using CBFD1/HFBD1 from Adonis aestivalis and the Isopentenol Utilization Pathway in Escherichia coli. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1033. [PMID: 37760135 PMCID: PMC10525928 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant and is used extensively as an animal feed additive and nutraceutical product. Here, we report the use of the β-carotene hydroxylase (CBFD1) and the β-carotene ketolase (HBFD1) from Adonis aestivalis, a flowering plant, to produce astaxanthin in E. coli equipped with the P. agglomerans β-carotene pathway and an over-expressed 4-methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway or the isopentenol utilization pathway (IUP). Introduction of the over-expressed MEP pathway and the IUP resulted in a 3.2-fold higher carotenoid content in LB media at 36 h post-induction compared to the strain containing only the endogenous MEP. However, in M9 minimal media, the IUP pathway dramatically outperformed the over-expressed MEP pathway with an 11-fold increase in total carotenoids produced. The final construct split the large operon into two smaller operons, both with a T7 promoter. This resulted in slightly lower productivity (70.0 ± 8.1 µg/g·h vs. 53.5 ± 3.8 µg/g·h) compared to the original constructs but resulted in the highest proportion of astaxanthin in the extracted carotenoids (73.5 ± 0.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie C. A. Ward
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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4
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Zhang TL, Yu HW, Ye LD. Metabolic Engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for Terpenoid Production: Tools and Strategies. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:639-656. [PMID: 36867718 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a diverse group of compounds with isoprene units as basic building blocks. They are widely used in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to their diverse biological functions such as antioxidant, anticancer, and immune enhancement. With an increase in understanding the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids and advances in synthetic biology techniques, microbial cell factories have been built for the heterologous production of terpenoids, with the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica emerging as an outstanding chassis. In this paper, recent progress in the development of Y. lipolytica cell factories for terpenoid production with a focus on the advances in novel synbio tools and metabolic engineering strategies toward enhanced terpenoid biosynthesis is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Lei Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Dan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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5
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Multi-Level Optimization and Strategies in Microbial Biotransformation of Nature Products. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062619. [PMID: 36985591 PMCID: PMC10051863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuously growing demand for natural products with pharmacological activities has promoted the development of microbial transformation techniques, thereby facilitating the efficient production of natural products and the mining of new active compounds. Furthermore, due to the shortcomings and defects of microbial transformation, it is an important scientific issue of social and economic value to improve and optimize microbial transformation technology in increasing the yield and activity of transformed products. In this review, the aspects regarding the optimization of fermentation and the cross-disciplinary strategy, leading to the microbial transformation of increased levels of the high-efficiency process from natural products of a plant or microbial origin, were discussed. Additionally, due to the increasing craving for targeted and efficient methods for detecting transformed metabolites, analytical methods based on multiomics were also discussed. Such strategies can be well exploited and applied to the production of more efficient and more natural products from microbial resources.
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Rinaldi MA, Tait S, Toogood HS, Scrutton NS. Bioproduction of Linalool From Paper Mill Waste. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:892896. [PMID: 35711639 PMCID: PMC9195575 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.892896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in chemicals biomanufacturing is the maintenance of stable, highly productive microbial strains to enable cost-effective fermentation at scale. A “cookie-cutter” approach to microbial engineering is often used to optimize host stability and productivity. This can involve identifying potential limitations in strain characteristics followed by attempts to systematically optimize production strains by targeted engineering. Such targeted approaches however do not always lead to the desired traits. Here, we demonstrate both ‘hit and miss’ outcomes of targeted approaches in attempts to generate a stable Escherichia coli strain for the bioproduction of the monoterpenoid linalool, a fragrance molecule of industrial interest. First, we stabilized linalool production strains by eliminating repetitive sequences responsible for excision of pathway components in plasmid constructs that encode the pathway for linalool production. These optimized pathway constructs were then integrated within the genome of E. coli in three parts to eliminate a need for antibiotics to maintain linalool production. Additional strategies were also employed including: reduction in cytotoxicity of linalool by adaptive laboratory evolution and modification or homologous gene replacement of key bottleneck enzymes GPPS/LinS. Our study highlights that a major factor influencing linalool titres in E. coli is the stability of the genetic construct against excision or similar recombination events. Other factors, such as decreasing linalool cytotoxicity and changing pathway genes, did not lead to improvements in the stability or titres obtained. With the objective of reducing fermentation costs at scale, the use of minimal base medium containing paper mill wastewater secondary paper fiber as sole carbon source was also investigated. This involved simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using either supplemental cellulase blends or by co-expressing secretable cellulases in E. coli containing the stabilized linalool production pathway. Combined, this study has demonstrated a stable method for linalool production using an abundant and low-cost feedstock and improved production strains, providing an important proof-of-concept for chemicals production from paper mill waste streams. For scaled production, optimization will be required, using more holistic approaches that involve further rounds of microbial engineering and fermentation process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro A Rinaldi
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Tait
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen S Toogood
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,C3 Biotechnologies (Maritime and Aerospace) Ltd, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Zhu X, Meng C, Sun F, Wei Z, Chen L, Chen W, Tong S, Du H, Gao J, Ren J, Li D, Gao Z. Sustainable production of astaxanthin in microorganisms: the past, present, and future. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10239-10255. [PMID: 35694786 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2080176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-diketo-β-carotene) is a type of C40 carotenoid with remarkable antioxidant characteristics, showing significant application prospects in many fields. Traditionally, the astaxanthin is mainly obtained from chemical synthesis and natural acquisition, with both approaches having many limitations and not capable of meeting the growing market demand. In order to cope with these challenges, novel techniques, e.g., the innovative cell engineering strategies, have been developed to increase the astaxanthin production. In this review, we first elaborated the biosynthetic pathway of astaxanthin, with the key enzymes and their functions discussed in the metabolic process. Then, we summarized the conventional, non-genetic strategies to promote the production of astaxanthin, including the methods of exogenous additives, mutagenesis, and adaptive evolution. Lastly, we reviewed comprehensively the latest studies on the synthesis of astaxanthin in various recombinant microorganisms based on the concept of microbial cell factory. Furthermore, we have proposed several novel technologies for improving the astaxanthin accumulation in several model species of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA, USA
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wuxi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanmin Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Demao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Innovation Centre for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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Basiony M, Ouyang L, Wang D, Yu J, Zhou L, Zhu M, Wang X, Feng J, Dai J, Shen Y, Zhang C, Hua Q, Yang X, Zhang L. Optimization of microbial cell factories for astaxanthin production: Biosynthesis and regulations, engineering strategies and fermentation optimization strategies. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:689-704. [PMID: 35261927 PMCID: PMC8866108 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The global market demand for natural astaxanthin is rapidly increasing owing to its safety, the potential health benefits, and the diverse applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. The major native producers of natural astaxanthin on industrial scale are the alga Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast Xanthopyllomyces dendrorhous. However, the natural production via these native producers is facing challenges of limited yield and high cost of cultivation and extraction. Alternatively, astaxanthin production via metabolically engineered non-native microbial cell factories such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica is another promising strategy to overcome these limitations. In this review we summarize the recent scientific and biotechnological progresses on astaxanthin biosynthetic pathways, transcriptional regulations, the interrelation with lipid metabolism, engineering strategies as well as fermentation process control in major native and non-native astaxanthin producers. These progresses illuminate the prospects of producing astaxanthin by microbial cell factories on industrial scale.
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Ma H, Cao L, Wei Z, Zheng J, Zou S, Zhao L, Li Y, Hu Q, Han D. Type I diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) from the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis is a xanthophyll acyltransferase. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Zhang M, Gong Z, Tang J, Lu F, Li Q, Zhang X. Improving astaxanthin production in Escherichia coli by co-utilizing CrtZ enzymes with different substrate preference. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:71. [PMID: 35468798 PMCID: PMC9036794 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bifunctional enzyme β-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) catalyzes the hydroxylation of carotenoid β-ionone rings at the 3, 3’ position regardless of the presence of keto group at 4, 4’ position, which is an important step in the synthesis of astaxanthin. The level and substrate preference of CrtZ may have great effect on the amount of astaxanthin and the accumulation of intermediates. Results In this study, the substrate preference of PCcrtZ from Paracoccus sp. PC1 and PAcrtZ from Pantoea Agglomerans were certified and were combined utilization for increase astaxanthin production. Firstly, PCcrtZ from Paracoccus sp. PC1 and PAcrtZ from P. Agglomerans were expressed in platform strains CAR032 (β-carotene producing strain) and Can004 (canthaxanthin producing strain) separately to identify their substrate preference for carotenoids with keto groups at 4,4’ position or not. The results showed that PCcrtZ led to a lower zeaxanthin yield in CAR032 compared to that of PAcrtZ. On the contrary, higher astaxanthin production was obtained in Can004 by PCcrtZ than that of PAcrtZ. This demonstrated that PCCrtZ has higher canthaxanthin to astaxanthin conversion ability than PACrtZ, while PACrtZ prefer using β-carotene as substrate. Finally, Ast010, which has two copies of PAcrtZ and one copy of PCcrtZ produced 1.82 g/L of astaxanthin after 70 h of fed-batch fermentation. Conclusions Combined utilization of crtZ genes, which have β-carotene and canthaxanthin substrate preference respectively, can greatly enhance the production of astaxanthin and increase the ratio of astaxanthin among total carotenoids. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01798-1.
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11
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Mobile CRISPR-Cas9 based anti-phage system in E. coli. Front Chem Sci Eng 2022; 16:1281-1289. [PMID: 35251747 PMCID: PMC8882345 DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Lu Q, Zhou XL, Liu JZ. Adaptive laboratory evolution and shuffling of Escherichia coli to enhance its tolerance and production of astaxanthin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:17. [PMID: 35418156 PMCID: PMC8851715 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Astaxanthin is one of the strongest antioxidants in nature and has been widely used in aquaculture, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous stresses caused in the process of a large scale-culture, such as high acetate concentration, high osmolarity, high level of reactive oxygen species, high glucose concentration and acid environment, etc., limit cell growth to reach the real high cell density, thereby affecting astaxanthin production. Results We developed an adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategy to enhance the production of chemicals by improving strain tolerance against industrial fermentation conditions. This ALE strategy resulted in 18.5% and 53.7% increases in cell growth and astaxanthin production in fed-batch fermentation, respectively. Whole-genome resequencing showed that 65 mutations with amino acid substitution were identified in 61 genes of the shuffled strain Escherichia coli AST-4AS. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and activation (CRISPRa) revealed that the shuffled strain with higher astaxanthin production may be associated with the mutations of some stress response protein genes, some fatty acid biosynthetic genes and rppH. Repression of yadC, ygfI and rcsC, activation of rnb, envZ and recC further improved the production of astaxanthin in the shuffled strain E. coli AST-4AS. Simultaneous deletion of yadC and overexpression of rnb increased the production of astaxanthin by 32% in the shuffled strain E. coli AST-4AS. Conclusion This ALE strategy will be powerful in engineering microorganisms for the high-level production of chemicals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02118-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhou
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Lyu X, Lyu Y, Yu H, Chen W, Ye L, Yang R. Biotechnological advances for improving natural pigment production: a state-of-the-art review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:8. [PMID: 38647847 PMCID: PMC10992905 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In current years, natural pigments are facing a fast-growing global market due to the increase of people's awareness of health and the discovery of novel pharmacological effects of various natural pigments, e.g., carotenoids, flavonoids, and curcuminoids. However, the traditional production approaches are source-dependent and generally subject to the low contents of target pigment compounds. In order to scale-up industrial production, many efforts have been devoted to increasing pigment production from natural producers, via development of both in vitro plant cell/tissue culture systems, as well as optimization of microbial cultivation approaches. Moreover, synthetic biology has opened the door for heterologous biosynthesis of pigments via design and re-construction of novel biological modules as well as biological systems in bio-platforms. In this review, the innovative methods and strategies for optimization and engineering of both native and heterologous producers of natural pigments are comprehensively summarized. Current progress in the production of several representative high-value natural pigments is also presented; and the remaining challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Lyu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lyu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - WeiNing Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Fordjour E, Mensah EO, Hao Y, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Liu CL, Bai Z. Toward improved terpenoids biosynthesis: strategies to enhance the capabilities of cell factories. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 38647812 PMCID: PMC10992668 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids form the most diversified class of natural products, which have gained application in the pharmaceutical, food, transportation, and fine and bulk chemical industries. Extraction from naturally occurring sources does not meet industrial demands, whereas chemical synthesis is often associated with poor enantio-selectivity, harsh working conditions, and environmental pollutions. Microbial cell factories come as a suitable replacement. However, designing efficient microbial platforms for isoprenoid synthesis is often a challenging task. This has to do with the cytotoxic effects of pathway intermediates and some end products, instability of expressed pathways, as well as high enzyme promiscuity. Also, the low enzymatic activity of some terpene synthases and prenyltransferases, and the lack of an efficient throughput system to screen improved high-performing strains are bottlenecks in strain development. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology seek to overcome these issues through the provision of effective synthetic tools. This review sought to provide an in-depth description of novel strategies for improving cell factory performance. We focused on improving transcriptional and translational efficiencies through static and dynamic regulatory elements, enzyme engineering and high-throughput screening strategies, cellular function enhancement through chromosomal integration, metabolite tolerance, and modularization of pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Emmanuel Osei Mensah
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunpeng Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ye Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chun-Li Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Centre for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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15
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Min Lao Y, Miao Lin Y, Sheng Wang X, Juan Xu X, Jin H. An improved method for sensitive quantification of isoprenoid diphosphates in the astaxanthin-accumulating Haematococcus pluvialis. Food Chem 2021; 375:131911. [PMID: 34959143 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method has been established to simultaneously determine the concentrations of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP), farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) in H. pluvialis under different environments. This method increased the extraction efficiency of isoprenoid diphosphates through releasing isoprenoid diphosphates using Tissue Lyser. This is the first report on the efficient extraction method of metabolites in H. pluvialis cells, being suitable for all algae and plants with thick cell wall. The concentrations of isoprenoid diphosphates were measured on poroshell EC-C18 column by UHPLC-MS/MS with the LODs of 0.015, 0.027, 0.022 and 0.076 pmol for DMAPP, GPP, FPP and GGPP, respectively. It is the most sensitive method for the determination of isoprenoid diphosphates in any sample to date. Using this method, the profile of isoprenoid diphosphates was analyzed and cisoid isomers of FPP and GGPP, (Z, Z)-FPP and (Z, Z, Z-GGPP) were found firstly in H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Min Lao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yu Miao Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xu Sheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | | | - Hui Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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16
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Ma Y, Li J, Huang S, Stephanopoulos G. Targeting pathway expression to subcellular organelles improves astaxanthin synthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica. Metab Eng 2021; 68:152-161. [PMID: 34634493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering approaches for the production of high-value chemicals in microorganisms mostly use the cytosol as general reaction vessel. However, sequestration of enzymes and substrates, and metabolic cross-talk frequently prevent efficient synthesis of target compounds in the cytosol. Organelle compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells suggests ways for overcoming these challenges. Here we have explored this strategy by expressing the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in sub-organelles of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. We first showed that fusion of the two enzymes converting β-carotene to astaxanthin, β-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase, performs better than the expression of individual enzymes. We next evaluated the pathway when expressed in compartments of lipid body, endoplasmic reticulum or peroxisome, individually and in combination. Targeting the astaxanthin pathway to subcellular organelles not only accelerated the conversion of β-carotene to astaxanthin, but also significantly decreased accumulation of the ketocarotenoid intermediates. Anchoring enzymes simultaneously to all three organelles yielded the largest increase of astaxanthin synthesis, and ultimately produced 858 mg/L of astaxanthin in fed-batch fermentation (a 141-fold improvement over the initial strain). Our study is expected to help unlock the full potential of subcellular compartments and advance LB-based compartmentalized isoprenoid biosynthesis in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States.
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17
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Wan X, Zhou XR, Moncalian G, Su L, Chen WC, Zhu HZ, Chen D, Gong YM, Huang FH, Deng QC. Reprogramming microorganisms for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin via metabolic engineering. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101083. [PMID: 33373616 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for astaxanthin in food, feed, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications because of its superior anti-oxidative and coloring properties. However, naturally produced astaxanthin is expensive, mainly due to low productivity and limited sources. Reprogramming of microorganisms for astaxanthin production via metabolic engineering is a promising strategy. We primarily focus on the application of synthetic biology, enzyme engineering and metabolic engineering in enhancing the synthesis and accumulation of astaxanthin in microorganisms in this review. We also discuss the biosynthetic pathways of astaxanthin within natural producers, and summarize the achievements and challenges in reprogramming microorganisms for enhancing astaxanthin production. This review illuminates recent biotechnological advances in microbial production of astaxanthin. Future perspectives on utilization of new technologies for boosting microbial astaxanthin production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | | | - Gabriel Moncalian
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Lin Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Hang-Zhi Zhu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yang-Min Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Feng-Hong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Qian-Chun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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18
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Gong Z, Wang H, Tang J, Bi C, Li Q, Zhang X. Coordinated Expression of Astaxanthin Biosynthesis Genes for Improved Astaxanthin Production in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14917-14927. [PMID: 33289384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin has great potential commercial value in the feed, cosmetics, and nutraceutical industries due to its strong antioxidant capacity. In this study, the Escherichia coli strain CAR026 with completely balanced metabolic flow was selected as the starting strain for the production of astaxanthin. The expression of β-carotene ketolase (CrtW) and β-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ), which catalyze the conversion of β-carotene to astaxanthin, was coordinated, and a bottleneck was eliminated by increasing the copy number of crtY in CAR026. The resulting strain Ast007 produced 21.36 mg/L and 4.6 mg/g DCW of astaxanthin in shake flasks. In addition, the molecular chaperone genes groES-groEL were regulated to further improve the astaxanthin yield. The best strain Gro-46 produced 26 mg/L astaxanthin with a yield of 6.17 mg/g DCW in shake flasks and 1.18 g/L astaxanthin after 60 h of fermentation under fed-batch conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest astaxanthin obtained using engineered E. coli to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkuo Gong
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese of Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jinlei Tang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese of Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Changhao Bi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese of Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qingyan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese of Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese of Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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19
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Xie Q, Li S, Zhao D, Ye L, Li Q, Zhang X, Zhu L, Bi C. Manipulating the position of DNA expression cassettes using location tags fused to dCas9 (Cas9-Lag) to improve metabolic pathway efficiency. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:229. [PMID: 33317552 PMCID: PMC7737257 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) led to significant improvement of CRISPR/Cas9-based techniques because it can be fused with a variety of functional groups to form diverse molecular devices, which can manipulate or modify target DNA cassettes. One important metabolic engineering strategy is to localize the enzymes in proximity of their substrates for improved catalytic efficiency. In this work, we developed a novel molecular device to manipulate the cellular location of specific DNA cassettes either on plasmids or on the chromosome, by fusing location tags to dCas9 (Cas9-Lag), and applied the technique for synthetic biology applications. Carotenoids like β-carotene serve as common intermediates for the synthesis of derivative compounds, which are hydrophobic and usually accumulate in the membrane compartment. Results Carotenoids like β-carotene serve as common intermediates for the synthesis of derivative compounds, which are hydrophobic and usually accumulate in the membrane components. To improve the functional expression of membrane-bound enzymes and localize them in proximity to the substrates, Cas9-Lag was used to pull plasmids or chromosomal DNA expressing carotenoid enzymes onto the cell membrane. For this purpose, dCas9 was fused to the E. coli membrane docking tag GlpF, and gRNA was designed to direct this fusion protein to the DNA expression cassettes. With Cas9-Lag, the zeaxanthin and astaxanthin titer increased by 29.0% and 26.7% respectively. Due to experimental limitations, the electron microscopy images of cells expressing Cas9-Lag vaguely indicated that GlpF-Cas9 might have pulled the target DNA cassettes in close proximity to membrane. Similarly, protein mass spectrometry analysis of membrane proteins suggested an increased expression of carotenoid-converting enzymes in the membrane components. Conclusion This work therefore provides a novel molecular device, Cas9-Lag, which was proved to increase zeaxanthin and astaxanthin production and might be used to manipulate DNA cassette location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Xie
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Siwei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lijun Ye
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qingyan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Changhao Bi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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20
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Valorization of CO2 through lithoautotrophic production of sustainable chemicals in Cupriavidus necator. Metab Eng 2020; 62:207-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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LI D, LI Y, XU JY, LI QY, TANG JL, JIA SR, BI CH, DAI ZB, ZHU XN, ZHANG XL. Engineering CrtW and CrtZ for improving biosynthesis of astaxanthin in Escherichia coli. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:666-676. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Diao J, Song X, Zhang L, Cui J, Chen L, Zhang W. Tailoring cyanobacteria as a new platform for highly efficient synthesis of astaxanthin. Metab Eng 2020; 61:275-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Microbial astaxanthin biosynthesis: recent achievements, challenges, and commercialization outlook. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5725-5737. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Qi DD, Jin J, Liu D, Jia B, Yuan YJ. In vitro and in vivo recombination of heterologous modules for improving biosynthesis of astaxanthin in yeast. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:103. [PMID: 32398013 PMCID: PMC7216642 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astaxanthin is a kind of tetraterpene and has strong antioxygenic property. The biosynthesis of astaxanthin in engineered microbial chassis has greater potential than its chemical synthesis and extraction from natural producers in an environmental-friendly way. However, the cost-offsetting production of astaxanthin in engineered microbes is still constrained by the poor efficiency of astaxanthin synthesis pathway as a heterologous pathway. RESULTS To address the bottleneck of limited production of astaxanthin in microbes, we developed in vitro and in vivo recombination methods respectively in engineered yeast chassis to optimize the combination of heterologous β-carotene ketolase (crtW) and hydroxylase (crtZ) modules that were selected from different species. As a result, the in vitro and in vivo recombination methods enhanced the astaxanthin yield respectively to 2.11-8.51 folds and 3.0-9.71 folds compared to the initial astaxanthin pathway, according to the different combination of particular genes. The highest astaxanthin producing strain yQDD022 was constructed by in vivo method and produced 6.05 mg g-1 DCW of astaxanthin. Moreover, it was proved that the in vivo recombination method showed higher DNA-assembling efficiency than the in vitro method and contributed to higher stability to the engineered yeast strains. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro and in vivo recombination methods of heterologous modules provide simple and efficient ways to improve the astaxanthin yield in yeast. Both the two methods enable high-throughput screening of heterologous pathways through recombination of certain crtW and crtZ derived from different species. This study not only exploited the underlying optimal combination of crtZ and crtW for astaxanthin synthesis, but also provided a general approach to evolve a heterologous pathway for the enhanced accumulation of desired biochemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Qi
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Duo Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Bin Jia
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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25
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Ellis GA, Tschirhart T, Spangler J, Walper SA, Medintz IL, Vora GJ. Exploiting the Feedstock Flexibility of the Emergent Synthetic Biology Chassis Vibrio natriegens for Engineered Natural Product Production. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E679. [PMID: 31801279 PMCID: PMC6950413 DOI: 10.3390/md17120679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent goal of synthetic biology has been to identify new chassis that provide benefits lacking in model organisms. Vibrio natriegens is a marine Gram-negative bacterium which is an emergent synthetic biology chassis with inherent benefits: An extremely fast growth rate, genetic tractability, and the ability to grow on a variety of carbon sources ("feedstock flexibility"). Given these inherent benefits, we sought to determine its potential to heterologously produce natural products, and chose beta-carotene and violacein as test cases. For beta-carotene production, we expressed the beta-carotene biosynthetic pathway from the sister marine bacterium Vibrio campbellii, as well as the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway from the Gram-positive bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus to improve precursor abundance. Violacein was produced by expressing a biosynthetic gene cluster derived from Chromobacterium violaceum. Not only was V. natriegens able to heterologously produce these compounds in rich media, illustrating its promise as a new chassis for small molecule drug production, but it also did so in minimal media using a variety of feedstocks. The ability for V. natriegens to produce natural products with multiple industrially-relevant feedstocks argues for continued investigations into the production of more complex natural products in this chassis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Ellis
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (G.A.E.); (S.A.W.); (I.L.M.)
| | - Tanya Tschirhart
- American Society for Engineering Education, Postdoctoral Research Associate, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Joseph Spangler
- National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Postdoctoral Research Associate, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
| | - Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (G.A.E.); (S.A.W.); (I.L.M.)
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (G.A.E.); (S.A.W.); (I.L.M.)
| | - Gary J. Vora
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (G.A.E.); (S.A.W.); (I.L.M.)
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Lu Q, Liu JZ. Enhanced Astaxanthin Production in Escherichia coli via Morphology and Oxidative Stress Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11703-11709. [PMID: 31578056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid of high commercial value because of its excellent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Here, we developed a novel strategy for improving the production of astaxanthin via morphology and oxidative stress engineering. First, we identified the morphology-/membrane- and oxidative stress-related genes, which should be knocked down, using the CRISPRi system. Deleting the morphology-/membrane-related genes (lpp and bamB) and the oxidative stress-related genes (uspE and yggE) generated longer and larger cells with higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thus enhancing the production of astaxanthin and decreasing cell growth. To not only improve cell growth but also obtain longer and larger cells with higher ROS levels, a complementary expression system using a temperature-sensitive plasmid was established. Complementarily expressing the morphology-/membrane-related genes (lpp and bamB) and the oxidative stress-related genes (uspE and yggE) further improved the production of astaxanthin to 11.92 mg/g dry cell weight in shake flask cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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Effects of Methanol on Carotenoids as Well as Biomass and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Schizochytrium limacinum B4D1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01243-19. [PMID: 31375482 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01243-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium is a promising source for the production of docosahexaenoic acid and astaxanthin. The effects of different methanol concentrations on astaxanthin, biomass, and production of the lipids, squalene, and total sterol in Schizochytrium limacinum B4D1 were investigated. Astaxanthin began to accumulate when the methanol concentration reached 3.2% and peaked at 5.6% methanol, with a 2,000-fold increase over that in the control. However, under cultivation with 5.6% methanol, the biomass, lipids, squalene, and total sterol decreased to various degrees. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to explore the effects of different methanol concentrations (0%, 3.2%, and 5.6%) on the expression profile of B4D1. Three key signaling pathways were found to play important roles in regulating cell growth and metabolism under cultivation with methanol. Five central carbon metabolism-associated genes were significantly downregulated in response to 5.6% methanol and thus were expected to result in less ATP and NADPH being available for cell growth and synthesis. High methanol conditions significantly downregulated three genes involved in fatty acid and squalene/sterol precursor biosynthesis but significantly upregulated geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, lycopene β-cyclase, and β-carotene 3-hydroxylase, which are involved in astaxanthin synthesis, thus resulting in an increase in the levels of precursors and the final production of astaxanthin. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of three stress response genes were upregulated. This study investigates gene expression profiles in the astaxanthin producer Schizochytrium when grown under various methanol concentrations. These results broaden current knowledge regarding genetic expression and provide important information for promoting astaxanthin biosynthesis in Schizochytrium IMPORTANCE Schizochytrium strains are usually studied as oil-producing strains, but they can also synthesize other secondary metabolites, such as astaxanthin. In this study, methanol was used as an inducer, and we explored its effects on the production of astaxanthin, a highly valuable substance in Schizochytrium Methanol induced Schizochytrium to synthesize large amounts of astaxanthin. Transcriptomic analysis was used to investigate the regulation of signaling and metabolic pathways (mainly relative gene expression) in Schizochytrium grown in the presence of various concentrations of methanol. These results contribute to the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and may aid in the future optimization of Schizochytrium for astaxanthin biosynthesis.
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Deb SS, Reshamwala SMS, Lali AM. Activation of alternative metabolic pathways diverts carbon flux away from isobutanol formation in an engineered Escherichia coli strain. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:823-836. [PMID: 31093837 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic engineering efforts are guided by identifying gene targets for overexpression and/or deletion. Isobutanol, a biofuel candidate, is biosynthesized using the valine biosynthesis pathway and enzymes of the Ehrlich pathway. Most reported studies for isobutanol production in Escherichia coli employ multicopy plasmids, an approach that suffers from disadvantages such as plasmid instability, increased metabolic burden, and use of antibiotics to maintain selection pressure. Cofactor imbalance is another issue that may limit production of isobutanol, as two enzymes of the pathway utilize NADPH as a cofactor. RESULTS To address these issues, we constructed E. coli strains with chromosomally-integrated, codon-optimized isobutanol pathway genes (ilvGM, ilvC, kivd, adh) selected on the basis of their cofactor preferences. Genes involved in diverting pyruvate flux toward fermentation byproducts were deleted. Metabolite analyses of the constructed strains revealed extracellular accumulation of significant amounts of isobutyraldehyde, a pathway intermediate, and the overflow metabolites 2,3-butanediol and acetol. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the genetic modifications carried out led to activation of alternative pathways that diverted carbon flux toward formation of unwanted metabolites. The present study highlights how precursor metabolites can be metabolized through enzymatic routes that have not been considered important in previous studies due to the different strategies employed therein. The insights gained from the present study will allow rational genetic modification of host cells for production of metabolites of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini S Deb
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathatlal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Shamlan M S Reshamwala
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathatlal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India.
| | - Arvind M Lali
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathatlal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathatlal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
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Routray W, Dave D, Cheema SK, Ramakrishnan VV, Pohling J. Biorefinery approach and environment-friendly extraction for sustainable production of astaxanthin from marine wastes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:469-488. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1573798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winny Routray
- Marine Bioprocessing Facility, Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Deepika Dave
- Marine Bioprocessing Facility, Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Sukhinder K. Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Vegneshwaran V. Ramakrishnan
- Marine Bioprocessing Facility, Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Julia Pohling
- Marine Bioprocessing Facility, Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
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Guo J, Cao Y, Liu H, Zhang R, Xian M, Liu H. Improving the production of isoprene and 1,3-propanediol by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli through recycling redox cofactor between the dual pathways. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2597-2608. [PMID: 30719552 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of isoprene by microorganisms is a promising green route. However, the yield of isoprene is limited due to the generation of excess NAD(P)H via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which converts more glucose into CO2 or undesired reduced by-products. The production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) from glycerol is a typical NAD(P)H-consuming process, which restricts 1,3-PDO yield to ~ 0.7 mol/mol. In this study, we propose a strategy of redox cofactor balance by coupling the production of isoprene with 1,3-PDO fermentation. With the introduction and optimization of the dual pathways in an engineered Escherichia coli, ~ 85.2% of the excess NADPH from isoprene pathway was recycled for 1,3-PDO production. The best strain G05 simultaneously produced 665.2 mg/L isoprene and 2532.1 mg/L 1,3-PDO under flask fermentation conditions. The yields were 0.3 mol/mol glucose and 1.0 mol/mol glycerol, respectively, showing 3.3- and 4.3-fold improvements relative to either pathway independently. Since isoprene is a volatile organic compound (VOC) whereas 1,3-PDO is separated from the fermentation broth, their coproduction process does not increase the complexity or cost for the separation from each other. Hence, the presented strategy will be especially useful for developing efficient biocatalysts for other biofuels and biochemicals, which are driven by cofactor concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yujin Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Huizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Rd., Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Zhou P, Li M, Shen B, Yao Z, Bian Q, Ye L, Yu H. Directed Coevolution of β-Carotene Ketolase and Hydroxylase and Its Application in Temperature-Regulated Biosynthesis of Astaxanthin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1072-1080. [PMID: 30606005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Because it is an outstanding antioxidant with wide applications, biotechnological production of astaxanthin has attracted increasing research interest. However, the astaxanthin titer achieved to date is still rather low, attributed to the poor efficiency of β-carotene ketolation and hydroxylation, as well as the adverse effect of astaxanthin accumulation on cell growth. To address these problems, we constructed an efficient astaxanthin-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by combining protein engineering and dynamic metabolic regulation. First, superior mutants of β-carotene ketolase and β-carotene hydroxylase were obtained by directed coevolution to accelerate the conversion of β-carotene to astaxanthin. Subsequently, the Gal4M9-based temperature-responsive regulation system was introduced to separate astaxanthin production from cell growth. Finally, 235 mg/L of (3 S,3' S)-astaxanthin was produced by two-stage, high-density fermentation. This study demonstrates the power of combining directed coevolution and temperature-responsive regulation in astaxanthin biosynthesis and may provide methodological reference for biotechnological production of other value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhou
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
| | - Bin Shen
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
| | - Qi Bian
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P.R. China
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Wang S, Fu C, Bilal M, Hu H, Wang W, Zhang X. Enhanced biosynthesis of arbutin by engineering shikimate pathway in Pseudomonas chlororaphis P3. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:174. [PMID: 30414616 PMCID: PMC6230248 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbutin is a plant-derived glycoside with potential antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Currently, it is mainly produced by plant extraction or enzymatic processes, which suffers from expensive processing cost and low product yield. Metabolic engineering of microbes is an increasingly powerful method for the high-level production of valuable biologicals. Since Pseudomonas chlororaphis has been widely engineered as a phenazine-producing platform organism due to its well-characterized genetics and physiology, and faster growth rate using glycerol as a renewable carbon source, it can also be engineered as the cell factory using strong shikimate pathway on the basis of synthetic biology. RESULTS In this work, a plasmid-free biosynthetic pathway was constructed in P. chlororaphis P3 for elevated biosynthesis of arbutin from sustainable carbon sources. The arbutin biosynthetic pathway was expressed under the native promoter Pphz using chromosomal integration. Instead of being plasmid and inducer dependent, the metabolic engineering approach used to fine-tune the biosynthetic pathway significantly enhanced the arbutin production with a 22.4-fold increase. On the basis of medium factor optimization and mixed fed-batch fermentation of glucose and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, the engineered P. chlororaphis P3-Ar5 strain led to the highest arbutin production of 6.79 g/L with the productivity of 0.094 g/L/h, with a 54-fold improvement over the initial strain. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that the construction of plasmid-free synthetic pathway displays a high potential for improved biosynthesis of arbutin and other shikimate pathway derived biologicals in P. chlororaphis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,National Experimental, Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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33
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Koma D, Kishida T, Yamanaka H, Moriyoshi K, Nagamori E, Ohmoto T. Escherichia coli chromosome-based T7-dependent constitutive overexpression system and its application to generating a phenylalanine producing strain. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:586-595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Li S, Huang JC. Assessment of Expression Cassettes and Culture Media for Different Escherichia coli Strains to Produce Astaxanthin. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2018; 8:397-403. [PMID: 29876754 PMCID: PMC6109440 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-018-0172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a value-added ketocarotenoid with great potential in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Genetic engineering of heterologous hosts for astaxanthin production has attracted great attention. In this study, we assessed some key factors, including codon usage of the expressed genes, types of promoters, bacterial strains, and culture media, for engineered Escherichia coli to produce astaxanthin. The effect of codon usage was shown to be related to the types of promoters. E. coli DH5α was superior to other strains for astaxanthin production. Different culture media greatly affected the contents and yields of astaxanthin in engineered E. coli. When the expression cassette containing GadE promoter and its driving genes, HpCHY and CrBKT, was inserted into the plasmid pACCAR16ΔcrtX and expressed in E. coli DH5α, the engineered strain was able to produce 4.30 ± 0.28 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) or 24.16 ± 2.03 mg/L of astaxanthin, which was a sevenfold or 40-fold increase over the initial production of 0.62 ± 0.03 mg/g DCW or 0.61 ± 0.05 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Chao Huang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Park SY, Binkley RM, Kim WJ, Lee MH, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for high-level astaxanthin production with high productivity. Metab Eng 2018; 49:105-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Construction of an alternative glycerol-utilization pathway for improved β-carotene production in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:697-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Glycerol, which is an inevitable by-product of biodiesel production, is an ideal carbon source for the production of carotenoids due to its low price, good availability and chemically reduced status, which results in a low requirement for additional reducing equivalents. In this study, an alternative carbon-utilization pathway was constructed in Escherichia coli to enable more efficient β-carotene production from glycerol. An aldehyde reductase gene (alrd) and an aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (aldH) from Ralstonia eutropha H16 were integrated into the E. coli chromosome to form a novel glycerol-utilization pathway. The β-carotene specific production value was increased by 50% after the introduction of alrd and aldH. It was found that the glycerol kinase gene (garK), alrd and aldH were the bottleneck of the alternative glycerol metabolic pathway, and modulation of garK gene with an mRS library further increased the β-carotene specific production value by 13%. Finally, co-modulation of genes in the introduced aldH–alrd operon led to 86% more of β-carotene specific production value than that of the strain without the alternative glycerol-utilization pathway and the glycerol-utilization rate was also increased. In this work, β-carotene production of E. coli was significantly improved by constructing and optimizing an alternative glycerol-utilization pathway. This strategy can potentially be used to improve the production of other isoprenoids using glycerol as a cheap and abundant substrate, and therefore has industrial relevance.
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Zou H, Zhang T, Li L, Huang J, Zhang N, Shi M, Hao H, Xian M. Systematic Engineering for Improved Carbon Economy in the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Isoprenoids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1271. [PMID: 30042344 PMCID: PMC6117667 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, a broad range of biochemicals can be biosynthesized, which include polyhydroxyalkanoates and isoprenoids. However, some of the bio-approaches in chemical synthesis have just started to be applied outside of laboratory settings, and many require considerable efforts to achieve economies of scale. One of the often-seen barriers is the low yield and productivity, which leads to higher unit cost and unit capital investment for the bioconversion process. In general, higher carbon economy (less carbon wastes during conversion process from biomass to objective bio-based chemicals) will result in higher bioconversion yield, which results in less waste being generated during the process. To achieve this goal, diversified strategies have been applied; matured strategies include pathway engineering to block competitive pathways, enzyme engineering to enhance the activities of enzymes, and process optimization to improve biomass/carbon yield. In this review, we analyze the impact of carbon sources from different types of biomass on the yield of bio-based chemicals (especially for polyhydroxyalkanoates and isoprenoids). Moreover, we summarize the traditional strategies for improving carbon economy during the bioconversion process and introduce the updated techniques in building up non-natural carbon pathways, which demonstrate higher carbon economies than their natural counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Zou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Lei Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Jingling Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Mengxun Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - He Hao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Multidimensional heuristic process for high-yield production of astaxanthin and fragrance molecules in Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1858. [PMID: 29752432 PMCID: PMC5948211 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimization of metabolic pathways consisting of large number of genes is challenging. Multivariate modular methods (MMMs) are currently available solutions, in which reduced regulatory complexities are achieved by grouping multiple genes into modules. However, these methods work well for balancing the inter-modules but not intra-modules. In addition, application of MMMs to the 15-step heterologous route of astaxanthin biosynthesis has met with limited success. Here, we expand the solution space of MMMs and develop a multidimensional heuristic process (MHP). MHP can simultaneously balance different modules by varying promoter strength and coordinating intra-module activities by using ribosome binding sites (RBSs) and enzyme variants. Consequently, MHP increases enantiopure 3S,3′S-astaxanthin production to 184 mg l−1 day−1 or 320 mg l−1. Similarly, MHP improves the yields of nerolidol and linalool. MHP may be useful for optimizing other complex biochemical pathways. Achieving high titer yield and productivity of target chemicals in industrial organism depends on multidimensional pathway optimization. Here, the authors use a refined modular method called multidimensional heuristic process to improve production of astaxanthin, nerolidol and linalool in E. coli.
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Jin J, Wang Y, Yao M, Gu X, Li B, Liu H, Ding M, Xiao W, Yuan Y. Astaxanthin overproduction in yeast by strain engineering and new gene target uncovering. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:230. [PMID: 30159030 PMCID: PMC6106823 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astaxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment with tremendous antioxidant activity and great commercial value. Microbial production of astaxanthin via metabolic engineering has become a promising alternative. Although great efforts have been conducted by tuning the heterologous modules and precursor pools, the astaxanthin yields in these non-carotenogenic microorganisms were still unsatisfactory for commercialization, indicating that in addition to targeted tailoring limited targets guided by rationally metabolic design, combining more globe disturbances in astaxanthin biosynthesis system and uncovering new molecular mechanisms seem to be much more crucial for further development. Since combined metabolic engineering with mutagenesis by screening is a powerful tool to achieve more global variations and even uncover more molecular targets, this study would apply a comprehensive approach integrating heterologous module engineering and mutagenesis by atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) to promote astaxanthin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS Here, compared to the strain with β-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) from Alcaligenes sp. strain PC-1, involving new CrtZ from Agrobacterium aurantiacum enhanced astaxanthin yield to 1.78-fold and increased astaxanthin ratio to 88.7% (from 66.6%). Astaxanthin yield was further increased by 0.83-fold (to 10.1 mg/g DCW) via ARTP mutagenesis, which is the highest reported yield at shake-flask level in yeast so far. Three underlying molecular targets (CSS1, YBR012W-B and DAN4) associated with astaxanthin biosynthesis were first uncovered by comparative genomics analysis. To be noted, individual deletion of CSS1 can recover 75.6% improvement on astaxanthin yield achieved by ARTP mutagenesis, indicating CSS1 was a very promising molecular target for further development. Eventually, 217.9 mg/L astaxanthin (astaxanthin ratio was 89.4% and astaxanthin yield was up to 13.8 mg/g DCW) was obtained in 5-L fermenter without any addition of inducers. CONCLUSIONS Through integrating rational engineering of pathway modules and random mutagenesis of hosts efficiently, our report stepwise promoted astaxanthin yield to achieve the highest reported one in yeast so far. This work not only breaks the upper ceiling of astaxanthin production in yeast, but also fulfills the underlying molecular targets pools with regard to isoprenoid microbial overproductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
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Mao X, Liu Z, Sun J, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1004-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wang C, Zada B, Wei G, Kim SW. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches driving isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:430-438. [PMID: 28599221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise the largest family of natural organic compounds with many useful applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and industrial fields. Rapid developments in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have facilitated the engineering of isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli to induce high levels of production of many different isoprenoids. In this review, the stem pathways for synthesizing isoprene units as well as the branch pathways deriving diverse isoprenoids from the isoprene units have been summarized. The review also highlights the metabolic engineering efforts made for the biosynthesis of hemiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, carotenoids, retinoids, and coenzyme Q10 in E. coli. Perspectives and future directions for the synthesis of novel isoprenoids, decoration of isoprenoids using cytochrome P450 enzymes, and secretion or storage of isoprenoids in E. coli have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonglong Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bakht Zada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gongyuan Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Lu Q, Bu YF, Liu JZ. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Producing Astaxanthin as the Predominant Carotenoid. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15100296. [PMID: 28937591 PMCID: PMC5666404 DOI: 10.3390/md15100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid of significant commercial value due to its superior antioxidant potential and wide applications in the aquaculture, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. A higher ratio of astaxanthin to the total carotenoids is required for efficient astaxanthin production. β-Carotene ketolase and hydroxylase play important roles in astaxanthin production. We first compared the conversion efficiency to astaxanthin in several β-carotene ketolases from Brevundimonas sp. SD212, Sphingomonas sp. DC18, Paracoccus sp. PC1, P. sp. N81106 and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with the recombinant Escherichia coli cells that synthesize zeaxanthin due to the presence of the Pantoea ananatis crtEBIYZ. The B. sp. SD212 crtW and P. ananatis crtZ genes are the best combination for astaxanthin production. After balancing the activities of β-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase, an E. coli ASTA-1 that carries neither a plasmid nor an antibiotic marker was constructed to produce astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid (96.6%) with a specific content of 7.4 ± 0.3 mg/g DCW without an addition of inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Bu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Pathway engineering for the production of β-amyrin and cycloartenol in Escherichia coli—a method to biosynthesize plant-derived triterpene skeletons in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6615-6625. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Zhou L, Ding Q, Jiang GZ, Liu ZN, Wang HY, Zhao GR. Chromosome engineering of Escherichia coli for constitutive production of salvianic acid A. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:84. [PMID: 28511681 PMCID: PMC5434548 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salvianic acid A (SAA), a valuable natural product from herbal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibits excellent antioxidant activities on food industries and efficacious therapeutic potential on cardiovascular diseases. Recently, production of SAA in engineered Escherichia coli was established via the artificial biosynthetic pathway of SAA on the multiple plasmids in our previous work. However, the plasmid-mediated system required to supplement expensive inducers and antibiotics during the fermentation process, restricting scale-up production of SAA. Microbial cell factory would be an attractive approach for constitutive production of SAA by chromosome engineering. Results The limited enzymatic reactions in SAA biosynthetic pathway from glucose were grouped into three modules, which were sequentially integrated into chromosome of engineered E. coli by λ Red homologous recombination method. With starting strain E. coli BAK5, in which the ptsG, pykF, pykA, pheA and tyrR genes were previously deleted, chassis strain BAK11 was constructed for constitutive production of precursor l-tyrosine by replacing the 17.7-kb mao-paa cluster with module 1 (PlacUV5-aroGfbr-tyrAfbr-aroE) and the lacI gene with module 2 (Ptrc-glk-tktA-ppsA). The synthetic 5tacs promoter demonstrated the optimal strength to drive the expression of hpaBC-d-ldhY52A in module 3, which then was inserted at the position between nupG and speC on the chromosome of strain BAK11. The final strain BKD13 produced 5.6 g/L of SAA by fed-batch fermentation in 60 h from glucose without any antibiotics and inducers supplemented. Conclusions The plasmid-free and inducer-free strain for SAA production was developed by targeted integration of the constitutive expression of SAA biosynthetic genes into E. coli chromosome. Our work provides the industrial potential for constitutive production of SAA by the indel microbial cell factory and also sets an example of further producing other valuable natural and unnatural products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0700-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 38 Zhe da Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Guo-Zhen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co, Ltd., 1 Yangtze River South Road, Taizhou, 225321, China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Chen X, Gao C, Guo L, Hu G, Luo Q, Liu J, Nielsen J, Chen J, Liu L. DCEO Biotechnology: Tools To Design, Construct, Evaluate, and Optimize the Metabolic Pathway for Biosynthesis of Chemicals. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulai Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guipeng Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jian Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Wang R, Gu X, Yao M, Pan C, Liu H, Xiao W, Wang Y, Yuan Y. Engineering of β-carotene hydroxylase and ketolase for astaxanthin overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Chem Sci Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-017-1628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Ye L, Zhang C, Bi C, Li Q, Zhang X. Combinatory optimization of chromosomal integrated mevalonate pathway for β-carotene production in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:202. [PMID: 27905930 PMCID: PMC5134235 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmid expression is a popular method in studies of MVA pathway for isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli. However, heterologous gene expression with plasmid is often not stable and might burden growth of host cells, decreases cell mass and product yield. In this study, MVA pathway was divided into three modules, and two heterologous modules were integrated into the E. coli chromosome. These modules were individually modulated with regulatory parts to optimize efficiency of the pathway in terms of downstream isoprenoid production. Results MVA pathway modules Hmg1-erg12 operon and mvaS-mvaA-mavD1 operon were integrated into E. coli chromosome followed by modulation with promoters with varied strength. Along with activation of atoB, a 26% increase of β-carotene production with no effect on cell growth was obtained. With a combinatory modulation of two key enzymes mvas and Hmg1 with degenerate RBS library, β-carotene showed a further increase of 51%. Conclusions Our study provides a novel strategy for improving production of a target compound through integration and modulation of heterologous pathways in both transcription and translation level. In addition, a genetically hard-coded chassis with both efficient MEP and MVA pathways for isoprenoid precursor supply was constructed in this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0607-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ye
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunzhi Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhao Bi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Systems metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the heterologous production of high value molecules — a veteran at new shores. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 42:178-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chaves JE, Romero PR, Kirst H, Melis A. Role of isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase in heterologous cyanobacterial (Synechocystis) isoprene production. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 130:517-527. [PMID: 27412351 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous production of isoprene (C5H8) hydrocarbons in cyanobacteria, emanating from sunlight, CO2, and water, is now attracting increasing attention. The concept entails application of an isoprene synthase transgene from terrestrial plants, heterologously expressed in cyanobacteria, aiming to reprogram carbon flux in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway toward formation and spontaneous release of this volatile chemical from the cell and liquid culture. However, flux manipulations and carbon-partitioning reactions between isoprene (the product) and native terpenoid biosynthesis for cellular needs are not yet optimized for isoprene yield. The primary reactant for isoprene biosynthesis is dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), whereas both DMAPP and its isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomer are needed for cellular terpenoid biosynthesis. The present work addressed the function of an isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) isomerase in cyanobacteria and its role in carbon partitioning between IPP and DMAPP, both of which serve, in variable ratios, as reactants for the synthesis of different cellular terpenoids. The work was approached upon the heterologous expression in Synechocystis of the "isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase" gene (FNI) from Streptococcus pneumoniae, using isoprene production as a "reporter process" for substrate partitioning between DMAPP and IPP. It is shown that transgenic expression of the FNI gene in Synechocystis resulted in a 250 % increase in the "reporter isoprene" rate and yield, suggesting that the FNI isomerase shifted the endogenous DMAPP-IPP steady-state pool size toward DMAPP, thereby enhancing rates and yield of isoprene production. The work provides insight into the significance and functional role of the IPP isomerase in these photosynthetic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Chaves
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Paloma Rueda Romero
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Henning Kirst
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA.
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Jung J, Lim JH, Kim SY, Im DK, Seok JY, Lee SJV, Oh MK, Jung GY. Precise precursor rebalancing for isoprenoids production by fine control of gapA expression in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2016; 38:401-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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