1
|
Zhu Y, Chen J, Li J, Zhou C, Huang X, Chen B. Ginsenoside Rg1 as a promising adjuvant agent for enhancing the anti-cancer functions of granulocytes inhibited by noradrenaline. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1070679. [PMID: 36817446 PMCID: PMC9929943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1070679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, numerous studies have confirmed that chronic stress is closely related to the development of cancer. Our previous research showed that high levels of stress hormones secreted in the body during chronic stress could inhibit the cancer-killing activity of granulocytes, which could further promote the development of cancer. Therefore, reversing the immunosuppressive effect of stress hormones on granulocytes is an urgent problem in clinical cancer treatment. Here, we selected noradrenaline (NA) as a representative stress hormone. Methods and results After screening many traditional Chinese herbal medicine active ingredients, a promising compound, ginsenoside Rg1, attracted our attention. We verified the immunoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on granulocytes in vitro and ex vivo, and attempted to understand its potential immunoprotective mechanism. We confirmed the immunoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on granulocytes using cell and animal experiments. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and ex vivo experiments were performed to investigate the immunoprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the anti-cancer function of granulocytes inhibited by NA. Transcriptome sequencing analysis and qRT-PCR showed that NA elevated the mRNA expression of ARG2, MMP1, S100A4, and RAPSN in granulocytes, thereby reducing the anti-cancer function of granulocytes. In contrast, ginsenoside Rg1 downregulated the mRNA expression of ARG2, MMP1, S100A4, and RAPSN, and upregulated the mRNA expression of LAMC2, DSC2, KRT6A, and FOSB, thereby enhancing the anti-cancer function of granulocytes inhibited by NA. Transwell cell migration experiments were performed to verify that ginsenoside Rg1 significantly enhanced the migration capability of granulocytes inhibited by NA. Tumor-bearing model mice were used to verify the significant immunoprotective effects in vivo. Finally, CCK-8 and hematoxylin and eosin staining experiments indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 exhibited high biosafety in vitro and in vivo. Discussion In future clinical treatments, ginsenoside Rg1 may be used as an adjuvant agent for cancer treatment to alleviate chronic stress-induced adverse events in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xin Huang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingdi Chen
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Mei T, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Wang Y, Wu M, Yang C, Zhong X, Chen B, Cui Z, Le W, Liu Z. Dual-targeted and MRI-guided photothermal therapy via iron-based nanoparticles-incorporated neutrophils. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3968-3978. [PMID: 33666216 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) has shown promising capability for tumor therapy through the high local temperature at the tumor site generated by a photothermal agent (PTA) under visible or near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Improving the accumulation of PTA at the tumor site is crucial to achieving effective photothermal treatment. Here, we developed temperature-activatable engineered neutrophils (Ne) by combining indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded magnetic silica NIR-sensitive nanoparticles (NSNP), which provide the potential for dual-targeted photothermal therapy. The combined effect of neutrophil targeting and magnetic targeting increased the accumulation of PTA at the tumor site. According to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the retention of intravenous injected NSNP-incorporated neutrophils within the tumor site was markedly augmented as compared to free NSNP. Furthermore, when irradiated by NIR, NSNP could cause a high local temperature at the tumor site and the thermal stimulation of neutrophils. The heat can kill tumor cells directly, and also lead to the death of neutrophils, upon which active substances with tumor-killing efficacy will be released to kill residual tumor cells and thus reduce tumor recurrence. Thereby, our therapy achieved the elimination of malignancy in the mouse model of the pancreatic tumor without recurrence. Given that all materials used in this system have been approved for use in humans, the transition of this treatment method to clinical application is plausible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Tianxiao Mei
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Ziliang Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yihui Hu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Minliang Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chuanxue Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zhong
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Bingdi Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zheng Cui
- Departments of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Wenjun Le
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine & School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie M, Zhang W, Fan C, Wu C, Feng Q, Wu J, Li Y, Gao R, Li Z, Wang Q, Cheng Y, He B. Bioinspired Soft Microrobots with Precise Magneto-Collective Control for Microvascular Thrombolysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000366. [PMID: 32430939 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
New-era soft microrobots for biomedical applications need to mimic the essential structures and collective functions of creatures from nature. Biocompatible interfaces, intelligent functionalities, and precise locomotion control in a collective manner are the key parameters to design soft microrobots for the complex bio-environment. In this work, a biomimetic magnetic microrobot (BMM) inspired by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) with speedy motion response and accurate positioning is developed for targeted thrombolysis. Similar to the magnetosome structure in MTB, the BMM is composed of aligned iron oxide nanoparticle (MNP) chains embedded in a non-swelling microgel shell. Linear chains in BMMs are achieved due to the interparticle dipolar interactions of MNPs under a static magnetic field. Simulation results show that, the degree and speed of assembly is proportional to the field strength. The BMM achieves the maximum speed of 161.7 µm s-1 and accurate positioning control under a rotating magnetic field with less than 4% deviation. Importantly, the locomotion analyses of BMMs demonstrate the frequency-dependent synchronization under 8 Hz and asynchronization at higher frequencies due to the increased drag torque. The BMMs can deliver and release thrombolytic drugs via magneto-collective control, which is promising for ultra-minimal invasive thrombolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Xie
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Chengying Fan
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Chu Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qishuai Feng
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Yingze Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Zhenguang Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Qigang Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Bin He
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai, 201804, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang X, Le W, Chen Q, Chen J, Zhu Y, Shi D, Chen B, Cui Z. Suppression of the innate cancer-killing activity in human granulocytes by stress reaction as a possible mechanism for affecting cancer development. Stress 2020; 23:87-96. [PMID: 31311393 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1645112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress may be linked to cancer incidence; however, more direct evidence is required to support this viewpoint. In this study, we investigated the effects of stress on immunosurveillance against cancer cells using a previously established examination stress model. We showed that the cancer killing activity (CKA) of granulocytes (also known as polymorphic nuclear cells, PMNs) is sharply reduced during examination stress stimulation in some donors who are psychologically sensitive to examination stress, with the concentration of plasma stress hormones (cortisone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) increasing accordingly. The effects of stress hormones on immune cell CKA were also investigated under two in vitro co-incubation conditions, with all three hormones found to exert inhibitory effects on the CKA of PMNs and mononuclear cells. We showed that stress triggered the release of stress hormones which had profound inhibitory effects on the innate anticancer functions of PMNs. These results provide a possible explanation for the relationship between psychological stress and cancer incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Le
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Zhu
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglu Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bingdi Chen
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Le W, Chen B, Cui Z, Liu Z, Shi D. Detection of cancer cells based on glycolytic-regulated surface electrical charges. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-018-0080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
6
|
Maharaj D, Vianna PG, Ward W, Messina AJ, Rayborn T, Gouvea JV, Hammer RD, Cui Z. Young donor white blood cell immunotherapy induces extensive tumor necrosis in advanced-stage solid tumors. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00438. [PMID: 29159318 PMCID: PMC5680985 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade, a variety of immunotherapy approaches focused predominantly on the adaptive immune system have shown unprecedented responses in patients with advanced-stage malignancies. However, studies in spontaneous regression/complete resistance (SR/CR) mice and humans have shown a novel innate cancer-killing activity mediated by granulocytes, which is completely transferable for prevention or therapy against established malignancies. Methods Three patients with advanced, relapsed or refractory solid tumors for which no standard therapy was available or was refused were enrolled into this ongoing combined phase I/II open label clinical trial testing the safety, dose tolerance, and possible antineoplastic efficacy of sequential infusions of HLA-mismatched non-irradiated allogeneic white cells (68–91% granulocytes) collected by leukapheresis from young, healthy donors (age 18–35) following mobilization with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and dexamethasone. Results Besides fevers and flushing, no infusional toxicities were observed. All patients remained clinically stable following infusions with mild cytokine release syndrome and no evidence of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease, acute tumor lysis syndrome,or transfusion-associated acute lung injury. Pathological examination of all cases post-mortem revealed extensive tumor necrosis up to 80% in patients 1–2, 40–50% in patient 3, and leukocyte infiltration in all cases, which could not be attributed to disease progression. Conclusions Allogeneic white cell immunotherapy (AWIT) from young, healthy donors is well tolerated with minimal side effects and shows antitumor activity against advanced-stage solid tumors. AWIT represents a novel, safe, and cost-effective immunotherapy that can be administered in an outpatient cancer clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipnarine Maharaj
- South Florida Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant Institute, Boynton Beach, Florida 33437, USA
| | - Pedro G Vianna
- South Florida Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant Institute, Boynton Beach, Florida 33437, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wendy Ward
- South Florida Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant Institute, Boynton Beach, Florida 33437, USA
| | - Anthony J Messina
- South Florida Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant Institute, Boynton Beach, Florida 33437, USA
| | - Trevor Rayborn
- South Florida Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant Institute, Boynton Beach, Florida 33437, USA
| | - Jacqueline V Gouvea
- South Florida Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant Institute, Boynton Beach, Florida 33437, USA
| | - Richard D Hammer
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Davis RL, Le W, Cui Z. Granulocytes as an effector mechanism of BCG therapy for bladder cancer. Med Hypotheses 2017; 104:166-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
8
|
Vian AM, Higgins AZ. Membrane permeability of the human granulocyte to water, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. Cryobiology 2014; 68:35-42. [PMID: 24269528 PMCID: PMC4388235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Granulocytes are currently transfused as soon as possible after collection because they rapidly deteriorate after being removed from the body. This short shelf life complicates the logistics of granulocyte collection, banking, and safety testing. Cryopreservation has the potential to significantly increase shelf life; however, cryopreservation of granulocytes has proven to be difficult. In this study, we investigate the membrane permeability properties of human granulocytes, with the ultimate goal of using membrane transport modeling to facilitate development of improved cryopreservation methods. We first measured the equilibrium volume of human granulocytes in a range of hypo- and hypertonic solutions and fit the resulting data using a Boyle-van't Hoff model. This yielded an isotonic cell volume of 378 μm(3) and an osmotically inactive volume of 165 μm(3). To determine the permeability of the granulocyte membrane to water and cryoprotectant (CPA), cells were injected into well-mixed CPA solution while collecting volume measurements using a Coulter Counter. These experiments were performed at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C for exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol. The best-fit water permeability was similar in the presence of all of the CPAs, with an average value at 21°C of 0.18 μmatm(-1)min(-1). The activation energy for water transport ranged from 41 to 61 kJ/mol. The CPA permeability at 21°C was 6.4, 1.0, 8.4, and 4.0 μm/min for dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol, respectively, and the activation energy for CPA transport ranged between 59 and 68 kJ/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Vian
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2702, USA
| | - Adam Z Higgins
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Janotová T, Jalovecká M, Auerová M, Švecová I, Bruzlová P, Maierová V, Kumžáková Z, Čunátová Š, Vlčková Z, Caisová V, Rozsypalová P, Lukáčová K, Vácová N, Wachtlová M, Salát J, Lieskovská J, Kopecký J, Ženka J. The use of anchored agonists of phagocytic receptors for cancer immunotherapy: B16-F10 murine melanoma model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85222. [PMID: 24454822 PMCID: PMC3890306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of the phagocytic receptor agonists in cancer immunotherapy was studied. Agonists (laminarin, molecules with terminal mannose, N-Formyl-methioninyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) were firmly anchored to the tumor cell surface. When particular agonists of phagocytic receptors were used together with LPS (Toll-like receptor agonist), high synergy causing tumour shrinkage and a temporary or permanent disappearance was observed. Methods of anchoring phagocytic receptor agonists (charge interactions, anchoring based on hydrophobic chains, covalent bonds) and various regimes of phagocytic agonist/LPS mixture applications were tested to achieve maximum therapeutic effect. Combinations of mannan/LPS and f-MLF/LPS (hydrophobic anchors) in appropriate (pulse) regimes resulted in an 80% and 60% recovery for mice, respectively. We propose that substantial synergy between agonists of phagocytic and Toll-like receptors (TLR) is based on two events. The TLR ligand induces early and massive inflammatory infiltration of tumors. The effect of this cell infiltrate is directed towards tumor cells, bearing agonists of phagocytic receptors on their surface. The result of these processes was effective killing of tumor cells. This novel approach represents exploitation of innate immunity mechanisms for treating cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Janotová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Jalovecká
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Auerová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Švecová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Bruzlová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Maierová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kumžáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpánka Čunátová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vlčková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Caisová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rozsypalová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Lukáčová
- Department of Pathology, Regional Hospital, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Vácová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Wachtlová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Salát
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Lieskovská
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ženka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|