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Influence of Host-Related Factors and Exposure to Mosquito Bites on the Dynamics of Antibody Response to Plasmodium falciparum Antigens. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040185. [PMID: 34698307 PMCID: PMC8544703 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity to Plasmodium falciparum is acquired after repeated infections, and can lead to clinical protection. This study aimed to evaluate how human-, parasite-, and environment-related determinants can modulate the dynamics of IgG responses to Plasmodium falciparum after an infection. Individuals (n = 68, average age = 8.2 years) with uncomplicated malaria were treated with ACT and followed up for 42 days. IgG responses to P. falciparum merozoite antigens (PfMSP1, PfMSP3, PfAMA1, PfGLURP-R0), to whole schizont extract (PfSchz), and to Anopheles gSG6-P1 and Aedes Nterm–34 kDa salivary peptides were measured. Regression analyses were used to identify factors that influence the dynamics of IgG response to P. falciparum antigen between D0 and D42, including demographic and biological factors and the level of exposure to mosquito bites. The dynamics of IgG response to P. falciparum differed according to the antigen. According to multivariate analysis, IgG responses to PfSchz and to PfGLURP-R0 appear to be affected by exposure to Aedes saliva and are associated with age, parasite density, and anti-Plasmodium pre-existing immune response at study inclusion. The present work shows that human exposure to Aedes saliva may contribute, in addition to other factors, to the regulation of anti-Plasmodium immune responses during a natural infection.
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Dinelly KMO, Vitor-Silva S, Brito-Sousa JD, Sampaio VS, Silva MGO, Siqueira AM, Peterka C, Rodovalho S, Omena AG, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MVG, Melo GC. Evaluation of the effect of supervised anti-malarial treatment on recurrences of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malar J 2021; 20:266. [PMID: 34120622 PMCID: PMC8201904 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapses in vivax malaria have posed great challenges for malaria control, and they also account for a great proportion of reported cases. Knowing the real effectiveness of a 7-day primaquine (PQ) scheme is crucial in order to evaluate not only the cost-effectiveness of implementing new anti-hypnozoite drugs, but also how health education strategies can guarantee better compliance and be reinforced. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of daily treatment with chloroquine and PQ supervised by health workers versus prescription without supervision. METHODS The outcome was the passive detection of new positive thick blood smears up to 180 days, based on the official data records from the National Malaria Control Programme. The recurrences seen in the real life were, therefore, used as a surrogate for true relapses. RESULTS Patients under supervised treatment had a lower risk of recurrence up to day 180 when compared to the unsupervised treatment (17.9% vs. 36.1%; p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS The lack of supervision in the non-supervised group (which followed standard of care in the real life) enabled proper comparison, as consent itself would have lead to greater compliance in this group. Future studies should scale such an analysis to different settings in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelry Mazurega Oliveira Dinelly
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Faculdade Metropolitana de Manaus-FAMETRO, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sheila Vitor-Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Escola de Enfermagem de Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jose Diego Brito-Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Souza Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas-FVS/AM, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - André Machado Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas-INI, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cássio Peterka
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sheila Rodovalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Organização Pan Americana da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Gisely Cardoso Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. .,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.
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Demarta-Gatsi C, Mécheri S. Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200155. [PMID: 34035796 PMCID: PMC8128132 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively, the number of bites received by exposed individuals from non-infected vectors is much higher than the bites from infected ones. Therefore, vector saliva and the immunological response in the skin may play an important role, so far underestimated, in the establishment of anti-pathogen immunity in endemic areas. Hence, the parasite biology and the disease pathogenesis in “saliva-primed” and “saliva-unprimed” individuals must be different. This integrated view on how the pathogen evolves within the host together with vector salivary components, which are known to be endowed with a variety of pharmacological and immunological properties, must remain the focus of any investigational study dealing with vector-borne diseases. Considering this three-way partnership, the host skin (immune system), the pathogen, and the vector saliva, the approach that consists in the validation of vector saliva as a source of molecular entities with anti-disease vaccine potential has been recently a subject of active and fruitful investigation. As an example, the vaccination with maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide extracted from the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, was able to protect against infection with various leishmanial parasites. More interestingly, a universal mosquito saliva vaccine that may potentially protect against a range of mosquito-borne infections including malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. In this review, we highlight the key role played by the immunobiology of vector saliva in shaping the outcome of vector-borne diseases and discuss the value of studying diseases in the light of intimate cross talk among the pathogen, the vector saliva, and the host immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France.,INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland.,Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
| | - Salah Mécheri
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France.,INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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Dragovic SM, Agunbiade TA, Freudzon M, Yang J, Hastings AK, Schleicher TR, Zhou X, Craft S, Chuang YM, Gonzalez F, Li Y, Hrebikova G, Tripathi A, Mlambo G, Almeras L, Ploss A, Dimopoulos G, Fikrig E. Immunization with AgTRIO, a Protein in Anopheles Saliva, Contributes to Protection against Plasmodium Infection in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:523-535.e5. [PMID: 29649443 PMCID: PMC5998332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium infection begins with the bite of an anopheline mosquito, when sporozoites along with saliva are injected into a vertebrate host. The role of the host responses to mosquito saliva components in malaria remains unclear. We observed that antisera against Anopheles gambiae salivary glands partially protected mice from mosquito-borne Plasmodium infection. Specifically, antibodies to A. gambiae TRIO (AgTRIO), a mosquito salivary gland antigen, contributed to the protection. Mice administered AgTRIO antiserum showed lower Plasmodium liver burden and decreased parasitemia when exposed to infected mosquitoes. Active immunization with AgTRIO was also partially protective against Plasmodium berghei infection. A combination of AgTRIO antiserum and antibodies against Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein, a vaccine candidate, further decreased P. berghei infection. In humanized mice, AgTRIO antiserum afforded some protection against mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium falciparum. AgTRIO antiserum reduced the movement of sporozoites in the murine dermis. AgTRIO may serve as an arthropod-based target against Plasmodium to combat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan M Dragovic
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Tolulope A Agunbiade
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marianna Freudzon
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew K Hastings
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tyler R Schleicher
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xia Zhou
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sam Craft
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yu-Min Chuang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Floricel Gonzalez
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Youquan Li
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gabriela Hrebikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Abhai Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Godfree Mlambo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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