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Maafoh C, Onyedibe K. Alternative first-line malaria treatment. Ann Afr Med 2024; 23:5-12. [PMID: 38358164 PMCID: PMC10922181 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_35_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease affecting millions of people, especially in Africa, Asia, and South America, and has become a substantial economic burden. Because malaria is contracted through the bite of a mosquito vector, it is very challenging to prevent. Bed nets and insect repellents are used in some homes; others do not have or use them even when available. Thus, treatment measures are crucial to controlling this disease. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is currently the first-line treatment for malaria. ACT has been used for decades, but recently, there has been evidence of potential resistance. This threat of resistance has led to the search for possible alternatives to ACT. In sub-Saharan Africa, Azadirachta indica, or simply neem, is a plant used to treat a variety of ailments, including malaria. Neem is effective against one of the more deadly malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum. Reports show that neem inhibits microgametogenesis of P. falciparum and interferes with the parasite's ookinete development. Although there is substantial in vitro research on the biological activity of A. indica (neem), there is limited in vivo research. Herein, we discuss the in vivo effects of neem on malaria parasites. With A. indica, the future of malaria treatment is promising, especially for high-risk patients, but further research and clinical trials are required to confirm its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Maafoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth Onyedibe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA
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Iwuanyanwu VU, Banjo OW, Babalola KT, Olajide OA. Neuroprotection by Alstonia boonei De Wild., Anacardium occidentale L., Azadirachta indica A.Juss. and Mangifera indica L. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116390. [PMID: 36965546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Alstonia boonei De Wild. (stem bark), Anacardium occidentale L. (stem bark), Azadirachta indica A.Juss (leaves), Enantia chlorantha Oliv. (stem bark), Khaya senegalensis A.Juss (stem bark) Mangifera indica L. (stem bark), and Nauclea latifolia Sm. (stem bark) are used for treating malaria in southwest Nigeria. Surveys revealed that these plants are also employed for treating symptoms of malaria and cerebral malaria in the region. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, the effects of freeze-dried extracts of these plants were investigated on synthetic hemozoin (HZ)-induced neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and increased permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of freeze-dried plant extracts were investigated on neuroinflammation by measuring levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in culture supernatants, while in-cell western assays were used to measure protein levels of iNOS and NLRP3. Effects on HZ-induced neurotoxicity and ROS generation was measured using MTT and DCFDA assays, respectively. HZ-induced permeability of hCMEC/D3 endothelial cells was determined using the in vitro vascular permeability assay kit. RESULTS The extracts produced significant (p < 0.05) reduction in TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, RANTES and iNOS/NO production in HZ-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Pre-treatment with 50 μg/mL of A. boonei, A. indica, A. occidentale, E. chlorantha and M. indica also resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB activation. Pre-treatment with A. indica produced, A. occidentale, M. indica and A. boonei reduced HZ-induced increased NLRP3 protein expression. HZ-induced increased caspase-1 activity was also reduced by A. boonei, A. occidentale, A. indica, E. chlorantha, and M. indica. Freeze-dried extracts of A. boonei, A. occidentale, A. indica and M. indica produced neuroprotective effect in HT-22 neuronal cells incubated with HZ by preventing HZ-induced neurotoxicity, ROS generation, DNA fragmentation and caspase 3/7 activity. Inhibition of HZ-induced increase in permeability of human hCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cells was also observed with A. boonei, A. occidentale, A. indica and M. indica, while reducing the release of TNFα and MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that A. boonei, A. occidentale, A. indica and M. indica are neuroprotective through inhibition of neuroinflammation, neuronal damage and increased permeability of blood brain barrier. The outcome of the study provides pharmacological evidence for the potential benefits of plants as herbal treatments for cerebral malaria symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria U Iwuanyanwu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - Owolabi W Banjo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - Kabirat T Babalola
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
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3
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:800-811. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Okeke TC, Umeyor CE, Nzekwe IT, Umeyor IC, Nebolisa NM, Uronnachi EM, Nwakile CD, Ekweogu CA, Aziakpono OM, Attama AA. Formulation Development of Azadirachta indica Extract as Nanosuppository to Improve its Intrarectal Delivery for the Treatment of Malaria. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2022; 16:217-233. [PMID: 35473532 DOI: 10.2174/2667387816666220426134156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous folkloric and experimental reports have demonstrated the antimalarial efficacy of Azadirachta indica (AZA) extracts. However, one of the major challenges facing its application for the clinical treatment of malaria is the design of an acceptable dosage form. OBJECTIVE Consequently, we developed AZA extract-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the formulation of suppositories, denoted as nanosuppositories, for intrarectal treatment of malaria. METHODS Various batches of NLC-bearing AZA extract were formulated based on lipid matrices prepared using graded concentrations of Softisan®154 and Tetracarpidium conophorum or walnut oil. NLC was investigated by size and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Suppository bearing AZA extract-loaded NLC was developed using cocoa butter or theobroma oil, and their physicochemical properties were profiled. In vitro drug release and in vivo antimalarial activity (using Plasmodium berghei-infected mice) were investigated. RESULTS NLCs exhibited sizes in nanometers ranging from 329.5 - 806.0 nm, and were amorphized as shown by DSC thermograms. Nanosuppositories were torpedo- or bullet- shaped, weighing 138 - 368 mg, softened/liquefied between 4.10 - 6.92 min, and had controlled release behaviour. In vivo antimalarial study revealed excellent antimalarial efficacy of the nanosuppositories comparable with a commercial brand (Plasmotrim®) and better than the placebo (unloaded nanosuppository), and without toxic alterations of hepatic and renal biochemical factors. CONCLUSION Thus, AZA extract could be rationally loaded in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for further development as nanosuppository and deployed as an effective alternative with optimum convenience for intrarectal treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tochukwu Chimdindu Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuebuka Emmanuel Umeyor
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi Thaddeus Nzekwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Immaculeta Chikamnele Umeyor
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi Maryann Nebolisa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Maduabuchi Uronnachi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Calistus Dozie Nwakile
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chizoba Austinline Ekweogu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery Research Group, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 422001, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Omoirri Moses Aziakpono
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Amaechi Attama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 422001, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Sandhir R, Khurana M, Singhal NK. Potential benefits of phytochemicals from Azadirachta indica against neurological disorders. Neurochem Int 2021; 146:105023. [PMID: 33753160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica or Neem has been extensively used in the Indian traditional medical system because of its broad range of medicinal properties. Neem contains many chemically diverse and structurally complex phytochemicals such as limonoids, flavonoids, phenols, catechins, gallic acid, polyphenols, nimbins. These phytochemicals possess vast array of therapeutic activities that include anti-feedant, anti-viral, anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer properties. In recent years, many phytochemicals from Neem have been shown to be beneficial against various neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, mood disorders, ischemic-reperfusion injury. The neuroprotective effects of the phytochemicals from Neem are primarily mediated by their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities along with their ability to modulate signaling pathways. However, extensive studies are still required to fully understand the molecular mechanisms involved in neuropotective effects of phytochemicals from Neem. This review is an attempt to cover the neuroprotective properties of various phytochemicals from Neem along with their mechanism of action so that the potential of the compounds could be realized to reduce the burden of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mehak Khurana
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singhal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Sector-81 (Knowledge City), PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
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Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Al-Shaebi EM, Dkhil MA. Botanical candidates from Saudi Arabian flora as potential therapeutics for Plasmodium infection. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1374-1379. [PMID: 33613066 PMCID: PMC7878689 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a lethal parasitic disease affecting over two hundred million people worldwide and kills almost half a million people per year. Until now, there is no curative treatment for this disease that has a substantial morbidity. The available chemotherapeutic agents are unable to completely control the infection with the continuous appearance of drug resistance. Consequently, the search for new therapeutic agents with high safety profiles and low side effects is of paramount importance. Several natural products have been investigated and proven to have antimalarial effects either in vivo or in vitro. A large number of plants have been studied globally for their antimalarial activities. However, studies that have been conducted in this field in Saudi Arabia are not enough. This article presents global and local research on the need for novel natural antimalarial agents with a particular emphasis on studies involving plants from Saudi Arabian flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Esam M Al-Shaebi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
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Abdullahi SA, Unyah NZ, Nordin N, Basir R, Nasir WM, Alapid AA, Hassan Y, Mustapha T, Majid RA. Phytochemicals and Potential Therapeutic Targets on Toxoplasma gondii Parasite. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:739-753. [PMID: 31660810 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191029105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of drug target in protozoan T. gondii is an important step in the development of chemotherapeutic agents. Likewise, exploring phytochemical compounds effective against the parasite can lead to the development of new drug agent that can be useful for prophylaxis and treatment of toxoplasmosis. In this review, we searched for the relevant literature on the herbs that were tested against T. gondii either in vitro or in vivo, as well as different phytochemicals and their potential activities on T. gondii. Potential activities of major phytochemicals, such as alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoids and tannins on various target sites on T. gondii as well as other related parasites was discussed. It is believed that the phytochemicals from natural sources are potential drug candidates for the treatment of toxoplasmosis with little or no toxicity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Alhassan Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ngah Zasmy Unyah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noshariza Nordin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wana Mohammed Nasir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Ashraf Ahmad Alapid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science-Alassaba, University of Gharyan, Gharyan, Libya
| | - Yahaya Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Tijjani Mustapha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yobe State University, Damaturi, Nigeria
| | - Roslaini Abd Majid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sørnes EØ, Risal A, Manandhar K, Thomas H, Steiner TJ, Linde M. Use of medicinal plants for headache, and their potential implication in medication-overuse headache: Evidence from a population-based study in Nepal. Cephalalgia 2021; 41:561-581. [PMID: 33435708 PMCID: PMC8047708 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420970904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background In Nepal, traditional treatment using medicinal plants is popular. Whereas
medication-overuse headache is, by definition, caused by excessive use of
acute headache medication, we hypothesized that medicinal plants, being
pharmacologically active, were as likely a cause. Methods We used data from a cross-sectional, nationwide population-based study, which
enquired into headache and use of medicinal plants and allopathic
medications. We searched the literature for pharmacodynamic actions of the
medicinal plants. Results Of 2100 participants, 1794 (85.4%) reported headache in the preceding year;
161 (7.7%) reported headache on ≥15 days/month, of whom 28 (17.4%) had used
medicinal plants and 117 (72.7%) allopathic medication(s). Of 46 with
probable medication-overuse headache, 87.0% (40/46) were using allopathic
medication(s) and 13.0% (6/46) medicinal plants, a ratio of 6.7:1, higher
than the overall ratio among those with headache of 4.9:1 (912/185). Of 60
plant species identified, 49 were pharmacodynamically active on the central
nervous system, with various effects of likely relevance in
medication-overuse headache causation. Conclusions MPs are potentially a cause of medication-overuse headache, and not to be
seen as innocent in this regard. Numbers presumptively affected in Nepal are
low but not negligible. This pioneering project provides a starting point
for further research to provide needed guidance on use of medicinal plants
for headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Øien Sørnes
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ajay Risal
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal.,Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Kedar Manandhar
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal.,Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Hallie Thomas
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timothy J Steiner
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mattias Linde
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Sarkar L, Putchala RK, Safiriyu AA, Das Sarma J. Azadirachta indica A. Juss Ameliorates Mouse Hepatitis Virus-Induced Neuroinflammatory Demyelination by Modulating Cell-to-Cell Fusion in an Experimental Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:116. [PMID: 32477069 PMCID: PMC7236902 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-induced murine neuroinflammation serves as a model to study acute meningoencephalomyelitis, hepatitis, and chronic neuroinflammatory demyelination; which mimics certain pathologies of the human neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation occurs due to direct glial cell dystrophy instigated by central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia and astrocytes, in contrast to peripheral CD4+T cell-mediated myelin damage prevalent in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Viral envelope Spike glycoprotein-mediated cell-to-cell fusion is an essential mechanistic step for MHV-induced CNS pathogenicity. Although Azadirachta indica (Neem), a traditional phytomedicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and spermicidal activities, not much is known about anti-neuroinflammatory properties of its bark (NBE) in MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation and chronic demyelination. Recombinant demyelinating MHV strain (RSA59) was preincubated with NBE to arrest the infection-initiation event, and its effect on viral replication, viral transcription, cytokine expression, and successive pathogenicity were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Virus-free Luciferase assay explained NBE's anti-virus-to-cell fusion activity in vitro. Intracranial inoculation of RSA59 preincubated with NBE into the mouse brain significantly reduces acute hepatitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, and chronic progressive demyelination. Additionally, NBE effectively restricts viral entry, dissemination in CNS, viral replication, viral transcription, and expression of the viral nucleocapsid and inflammatory cytokines. From mechanistic standpoints, RSA59 preincubated with NBE reduced viral entry, viral replication and cell-to-cell fusion, as a mode of viral dissemination. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection with NBE (25 mg/kg B.W.) into mice revealed a significant reduction in viral Nucleocapsid protein expression in vivo. Conclusively, A. indica bark extract may directly bind to the virus-host attachment Spike glycoprotein and suppresses MHV-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis by inhibiting cell-to-cell fusion and viral replication. Further studies will focus on combining bioanalytical assays to isolate potential NBE bioactive compound(s) that contribute towards the anti-viral activity of NBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Ravi Kiran Putchala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Abass Alao Safiriyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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Blood-Brain Barrier in Cerebral Malaria: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Intervention. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:516-528. [PMID: 31147271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a life-threatening complication of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The growing problem of drug resistance and the dearth of new antiparasitic drugs are a serious threat to the antimalaria treatment regimes. Studies on humans and the murine model have implicated the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the lethal course of the disease. Therefore, efforts to alleviate the BBB dysfunction could serve as an adjunct therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms associated with the disruption of the BBB. In addition, we discuss the current, still limited, knowledge on the contribution of different cell types, microparticles, and the kynurenine pathway in the regulation of BBB dysfunction, and how these molecules could be used as potential new therapeutic targets.
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Vitexin reverses the autophagy dysfunction to attenuate MCAO-induced cerebral ischemic stroke via mTOR/Ulk1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:583-590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Farahna M, Seke Etet PF, Osman SY, Yurt KK, Amir N, Vecchio L, Aydin I, Aldebasi YH, Sheikh A, Chijuka JC, Kaplan S, Adem A. Garcinia kola aqueous suspension prevents cerebellar neurodegeneration in long-term diabetic rat - a type 1 diabetes mellitus model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 195:159-165. [PMID: 27825990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The development of compounds able to improve metabolic syndrome and mitigate complications caused by inappropriate glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus is challenging. The medicinal plant with established hypoglycemic properties Garcinia kola Heckel might have the potential to mitigate diabetes mellitus metabolic syndrome and complications. AIM OF THE STUDY We have investigated the neuroprotective properties of a suspension of G. kola seeds in long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats, made diabetic by single injection of streptozotocin were monitored for 8 months. Then, they were administered with distilled water or G. kola oral aqueous suspension daily for 30 days. Body weight and glycemia were determined before and after treatment. After sacrifice, cerebella were dissected out and processed for stereological quantification of Purkinje cells. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of markers of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration were performed. RESULTS Purkinje cell counts were significantly increased, and histopathological signs of apoptosis and neuroinflammation decreased, in diabetic animals treated with G. kola compared to diabetic rats given distilled water. Glycemia was also markedly improved and body weight restored to non-diabetic control values, following G. kola treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that G. kola treatment improved the general condition of long-term diabetic rats and protected Purkinje cells partly by improving the systemic glycemia and mitigating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Farahna
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Paul F Seke Etet
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Y Osman
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Kıymet K Yurt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Naheed Amir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Lorella Vecchio
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isınsu Aydin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yousef H Aldebasi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azimullah Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
| | - John C Chijuka
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE.
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Austarheim I, Pham AT, Nguyen C, Zou YF, Diallo D, Malterud KE, Wangensteen H. Antiplasmodial, anti-complement and anti-inflammatory in vitro effects of Biophytum umbraculum Welw. traditionally used against cerebral malaria in Mali. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:159-164. [PMID: 27260410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Biophytum umbraculum Welw. (Oxalidaceae) is a highly valued African medicinal plant used for treatment of cerebral malaria, a critical complication of falciparum malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide additional information about traditional use of B. umbraculum and to test plant extracts and isolated compounds for in vitro activities related to cerebral malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS The traditional practitioners were questioned about indication, mode of processing/application, dosage and local name of B. umbraculum. Organic extracts and some main constituents of the plant were investigated for anti-malaria, anti-complement activity and inhibition of NO secretion in a RAW 264.7 cell line. RESULTS Treatment of cerebral malaria was the main use of B. umbraculum (fidelity level 56%). The ethyl acetate extract showed anti-complement activity (ICH50 5.7±1.6μg/ml), inhibition of macrophage activation (IC50 16.4±1.3μg/ml) and in vitro antiplasmodial activity (IC50 K1 5.6±0.13μg/ml, IC50 NF54 6.7±0.03μg/ml). The main constituents (flavone C-glycosides) did not contribute to the activity of the extract. CONCLUSION Inhibition of complement activation and anti-inflammatory activity of B. umbraculum observed in this study might be possible targets for adjunctive therapy in cerebral malaria together with its antiplasmodial activity. However, clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the activity due to the complex pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/chemistry
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antimalarials/isolation & purification
- Antimalarials/pharmacology
- Complement Inactivating Agents/isolation & purification
- Complement Inactivating Agents/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Ethnopharmacology
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/parasitology
- Malaria, Cerebral/immunology
- Malaria, Cerebral/metabolism
- Malaria, Cerebral/parasitology
- Malaria, Cerebral/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/metabolism
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Mali
- Medicine, African Traditional
- Mice
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Oxalidaceae/chemistry
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects
- Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Solvents/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Austarheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anh Thu Pham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Celine Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yuan-Feng Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Drissa Diallo
- Department of Traditional Medicine, P.O. Box 1746, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Karl Egil Malterud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helle Wangensteen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Muthaura CN, Keriko JM, Mutai C, Yenesew A, Gathirwa JW, Irungu BN, Nyangacha R, Mungai GM, Derese S. Antiplasmodial potential of traditional phytotherapy of some remedies used in treatment of malaria in Meru-Tharaka Nithi County of Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:315-23. [PMID: 26409181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal plants play a major role in many communities across the world, in the treatment and prevention of disease and the promotion of general health. The aim of the study was to escalate documentation from an earlier study of medicinal plants, traditionally used to combat malaria by the Ameru community of Imenti Forest area and Gatunga in Eastern Region of Kenya, and validate their ethnopharmacological claims by evaluating their antiplasmodial efficacies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out in Meru County at Imenti Forest Game Reserve and in Tharaka Nithi County at Gatunga. Traditional health practitioners (THP) were interviewed with a standard questionnaire to obtain information on medicinal plants traditionally used for management of malaria. Group interviews were also held among THPs and members of the community. The antiplasmodial activities of the crude extracts against chloroquine sensitive (D6) and resistant (W2) Plasmodium falciparum were determined using the semi-automated micro-dilution technique that measures the ability of the extracts to inhibit the incorporation of (G-3H) hypoxanthine into the malaria parasite. RESULTS Ninety nine (99) species in eighty one (81) genera and forty five (45) families were documented and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Compositae, Fabaceae, Meliceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae and Verbenaceae had the highest number of species mentioned in treatment of malaria in Meru/Tharaka Nithi study area. Twenty four (24.2%) species showed antiplasmodial efficacy of IC50 ≤ 5 µg/ml and were considered to have potential for isolation of antimalarial compounds. Eight plant (8) species with moderate antiplasmodial activity namely; Cordia africana, Commiphora africana, Elaeodendron buchananii, Gomphocarpus semilunatus, Tarena graveolens, Plectranthus igniarius, Acacia senegal and Ziziphus abyssinica were documented from this region for the first time for the treatment of malaria. The antiplasmodial activity of MeOH root bark extract of Maytenus obtusifolia was very promising (IC50 < 1.9 µg/ml) and this is the first report on traditional use of M. obtusifolia for treatment of malaria and antimalarial activity. CONCLUSIONS The results seem to indicate that ethnopharmacological inquiry used in search for new herbal remedies as predictive and could be used as the basis for search of new active principles. Eight plant (8) species are documented from this region for the first time for the treatment of malaria. This is the first report on traditional use of M. obtusifolia for treatment of malaria and evaluation of its antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Muthaura
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - J M Keriko
- Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - C Mutai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya; Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190, 50100 Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Abiy Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J W Gathirwa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - B N Irungu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - R Nyangacha
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - G M Mungai
- East Africa Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
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Zhang Q, Zhu W, Fang M, Yin F, Li C. Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties of two novel carbazole-based dye molecules. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:379-385. [PMID: 25104283 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two carbazole-based dye molecules: 3-(6-benzothiazol-2-yl-9H-hexylcarbazole-3-yl)-2-cyano-acylic acid (D3) and 3-[5-(6-benzothiazol-2-yl-9H-hexylcarbazole-3-yl)-thiophen-2-yl]-2-cyan-acylic acid (D4) were synthesized by an approach from carbazole derivate using Vilsmeier-Haack, Suzuki cross-coupling and Knoevenagel reactions. Their physical and electrochemical properties were investigated. D3 and D4 exhibit different optical properties, such as UV absorption, photoluminescence, fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime in different solvents. Compared with D3 without a thiophene unit, the maximum absorption wavelength of D4 red-shift obviously and its fluorescence intensity is also enhanced. A shift of the EHOMO and ELUMO is observed for D3 (EHOMO=2.06 V, ELUMO=-1.39 V vs. NHE) and D4 (EHOMO=1.73 V, ELUMO=-1.33 V vs. NHE). D3 and D4 can be used as dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with TiO2 nanomaterial because their EHOMO are lower than the conduction band edge of TiO2 [-0.5 V (vs. NHE)] and their ELUMO are higher than the I(3-)/I(-) redox potential [0.42 V (vs. NHE)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Weiju Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Min Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Fangfang Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Cun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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The potential role of Azadirachta indica treatment on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in female rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:741817. [PMID: 24369490 PMCID: PMC3867870 DOI: 10.1155/2013/741817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem, family: Meliaceae) is perhaps the most commonly used traditional medicinal plant of India. In this study we investigated the protective effect of methanolic neem leaves extract (MNLE; 500 mg/Kg bwt) on rats treated with cisplatin (CDDP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Adult rats were randomly divided into four groups. CDDP was given to rats by intraperitoneal injection, while MNLE was given by oral gavage for 5 days after the CDDP injection. The injury and oxidative stress caused by CDDP on the liver and the effect of MNLE were evaluated by measuring (a) histological changes, (b) tissue biochemical oxidant and antioxidant parameters, and (c) investigating apoptosis markers immunohistochemically and by real time PCR. After treatment with MNLE, the histological damage and apoptosis induction caused by cisplatin were improved. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were significantly decreased; the antioxidant system, namely, glutathione content, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly elevated. In conclusion, MNLE may have a potential role when combined with cisplatin in chemotherapy to alleviate cisplatin-induced damage and oxidative stress in liver.
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