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Kearney EA, Agius PA, Chaumeau V, Cutts JC, Simpson JA, Fowkes FJI. Anopheles salivary antigens as serological biomarkers of vector exposure and malaria transmission: A systematic review with multilevel modelling. eLife 2021; 10:e73080. [PMID: 34939933 PMCID: PMC8860437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomological surveillance for malaria is inherently resource-intensive and produces crude population-level measures of vector exposure which are insensitive in low-transmission settings. Antibodies against Anopheles salivary proteins measured at the individual level may serve as proxy biomarkers for vector exposure and malaria transmission, but their relationship is yet to be quantified. Methods A systematic review of studies measuring antibodies against Anopheles salivary antigens (PROSPERO: CRD42020185449). Multilevel modelling (to account for multiple study-specific observations [level 1], nested within study [level 2], and study nested within country [level 3]) estimated associations between seroprevalence with Anopheles human biting rate (HBR) and malaria transmission measures. Results From 3981 studies identified in literature searches, 42 studies across 16 countries were included contributing 393 study-specific observations of anti-Anopheles salivary antibodies determined in 42,764 samples. A positive association between HBR (log transformed) and seroprevalence was found; overall a twofold (100% relative) increase in HBR was associated with a 23% increase in odds of seropositivity (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.10-1.37; p<0.001). The association between HBR and Anopheles salivary antibodies was strongest with concordant, rather than discordant, Anopheles species. Seroprevalence was also significantly positively associated with established epidemiological measures of malaria transmission: entomological inoculation rate, Plasmodium spp. prevalence, and malarial endemicity class. Conclusions Anopheles salivary antibody biomarkers can serve as a proxy measure for HBR and malaria transmission, and could monitor malaria receptivity of a population to sustain malaria transmission. Validation of Anopheles species-specific biomarkers is important given the global heterogeneity in the distribution of Anopheles species. Salivary biomarkers have the potential to transform surveillance by replacing impractical, inaccurate entomological investigations, especially in areas progressing towards malaria elimination. Funding Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Kearney
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Paul A Agius
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Victor Chaumeau
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityMae SotThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Julia C Cutts
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Freya JI Fowkes
- The McFarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public HealthMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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2
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Zamble BZH, Yao SS, Adja AM, Bakli M, Zoh DD, Mathieu-Daudé F, Assi SB, Remoue F, Almeras L, Poinsignon A. First evaluation of antibody responses to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary antigens as a serological biomarker of human exposure to Culex bites: A pilot study in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010004. [PMID: 34898609 PMCID: PMC8699949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex mosquitoes are vectors for a variety of pathogens of public health concern. New indicators of exposure to Culex bites are needed to evaluate the risk of transmission of associated pathogens and to assess the efficacy of vector control strategies. An alternative to entomological indices is the serological measure of antibodies specific to mosquito salivary antigens. This study investigated whether the human IgG response to both the salivary gland extract and the 30 kDa salivary protein of Culex quinquefasciatus may represent a proxy of human exposure to Culex bites. Methodology/Principal findings A multidisciplinary survey was conducted with children aged 1 to 14 years living in neighborhoods with varying exposure to Culex quinquefasciatus in the city of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. Children living in sites with high exposure to Cx quinquefasciatus had a significantly higher IgG response to both salivary antigens compared with children living in the control site where only very few Culex were recorded. Moreover, children from any Culex-high exposed sites had significantly higher IgG responses only to the salivary gland extract compared with children from the control village, whereas no difference was noted in the anti-30 kDa IgG response. No significant differences were noted in the specific IgG responses between age and gender. Sites and the use of a bed net were associated with the level of IgG response to the salivary gland extract and to the 30 kDa antigen, respectively. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the IgG response to Culex salivary gland extracts is suitable as proxy of exposure; however, the specificity to the Culex genus needs further investigation. The lower antigenicity of the 30 kDa recombinant protein represents a limitation to its use. The high specificity of this protein to the Culex genus makes it an attractive candidate and other specific antibody responses might be more relevant as a biomarker of exposure. These epidemiological observations may form a starting point for additional work on developing serological biomarkers of Culex exposure. The evaluation of exposure to mosquitoes is a key parameter in assessing the risk of transmission of associated pathogens, including zoonoses. Entomological methods represent the gold standard but have several limitations, and efforts are being made to develop new indicators to accurately assess human–Culex contact. This study showed the IgG response to Culex quinquefasciatus salivary gland extract is suitable proxy of exposure to Culex bites. The lower antigenicity of the 30 kDa recombinant protein represents a limitation to its use. The high specificity of this protein to the Culex genus makes it an attractive candidate and other isotypic antibody responses specific to this salivary antigen might be more relevant as a biomarker of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zamble H. Zamble
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Serge S. Yao
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Akré M. Adja
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- UFR Biosciences, University Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Dounin D. Zoh
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- UFR Biosciences, University Felix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Serge B. Assi
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Franck Remoue
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Poinsignon
- Institut Pierre Richet / Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Favarin DC, Pereira ABM, Francischetti IMB, da Silva MV, Rodrigues V, da Silva PR, Valenzuela JG, Teixeira DNS, Oliveira CJF, Rogério ADP. Agaphelin modulates the activation of human bronchial epithelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide and IL-4. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151937. [PMID: 32201094 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sand fly saliva presents molecules with potential to development of compounds for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Agaphelin, isolated from the saliva of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties such as neutrophils chemotaxis inhibition. Here, we extend these results and evaluated the role of agaphelin (0.1-100 nM) in an in vitro model consisting in the activation of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) by IL-4 (50 ng/mL) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL). Agaphelin is non-cytotoxic for BEAS-2B cells. Notably, agaphelin markedly reduces CCL2 and IL-8 production induced by IL-4 or LPS, without altering the IL-10 production. The TLR4 expression and STAT1 phosphorylation induced by LPS were inhibited by agaphlin. In addition, agaphelin decreased the phosphorylation of STAT6 induce by IL-4, whose effect was independent of IL-4-binding activity. Taken together, these findings identify agaphelin as a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent for airway inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniely Cornélio Favarin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
| | - Aline Beatriz Mahler Pereira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
| | - Ivo M B Francischetti
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto da Silva
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - David Nascimento Silva Teixeira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre de Paula Rogério
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil.
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Sagna AB, Yobo MC, Elanga Ndille E, Remoue F. New Immuno-Epidemiological Biomarker of Human Exposure to Aedes Vector Bites: From Concept to Applications. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E80. [PMID: 30274476 PMCID: PMC6161005 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) are the most important 'emerging pathogens' because of their geographic spread and their increasing impact on vulnerable human populations. To fight against these arboviruses, vector control strategies (VCS) remain one of the most valuable means. However, their implementation and monitoring are labour intensive and difficult to sustain on large scales, especially when transmission and Aedes mosquito densities are low. To increase the efficacy of VCS, current entomological methods should be improved by new complementary tools which measure the risk of arthropod-borne diseases' transmission. The study of human⁻Aedes immunological relationships can provide new promising serological tools, namely antibody-based biomarkers, allowing to accurately estimate the human⁻Aedes contact and consequently, the risk of transmission of arboviruses and the effectiveness of VCS. This review focuses on studies highlighting the concept, techniques, and methods used to develop and validate specific candidate biomarkers of human exposure to Aedes bites. Potential applications of such antibody-based biomarkers of exposure to Aedes vector bites in the field of operational research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B Sagna
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut Nationale de la Santé Publique (INSP), BP 1500 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Mabo C Yobo
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut Nationale de la Santé Publique (INSP), BP 1500 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, BP 801 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Emmanuel Elanga Ndille
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
| | - Franck Remoue
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
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Somda MB, Cornelie S, Bengaly Z, Mathieu-Daudé F, Poinsignon A, Dama E, Bouyer J, Sidibé I, Demettre E, Seveno M, Remoué F, Sanon A, Bucheton B. Identification of a Tsal152-75 salivary synthetic peptide to monitor cattle exposure to tsetse flies. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:149. [PMID: 26979518 PMCID: PMC4791801 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The saliva of tsetse flies contains a cocktail of bioactive molecules inducing specific antibody responses in hosts exposed to bites. We have previously shown that an indirect-ELISA test using whole salivary extracts from Glossina morsitans submorsitans was able to discriminate between (i) cattle from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas and (ii) animals experimentally exposed to low or high numbers of tsetse flies. In the present study, our aim was to identify specific salivary synthetic peptides that could be used to develop simple immunoassays to measure cattle exposure to tsetse flies. Methods In a first step, 2D-electrophoresis immunoblotting, using sera from animals exposed to a variety of bloodsucking arthropods, was performed to identify specific salivary proteins recognised in cattle exposed to tsetse bites. Linear epitope prediction software and Blast analysis were then used to design synthetic peptides within the identified salivary proteins. Finally, candidate peptides were tested by indirect-ELISA on serum samples from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas, and from exposure experiments. Results The combined immunoblotting and bioinformatics analyses led to the identification of five peptides carrying putative linear epitopes within two salivary proteins: the tsetse salivary gland protein 1 (Tsal1) and the Salivary Secreted Adenosine (SSA). Of these, two were synthesised and tested further based on the absence of sequence homology with other arthropods or pathogen species. IgG responses to the Tsal152–75 synthetic peptide were shown to be specific of tsetse exposure in both naturally and experimentally exposed hosts. Nevertheless, anti-Tsal152–75 IgG responses were absent in animals exposed to high tsetse biting rates. Conclusions These results suggest that Tsal152–75 specific antibodies represent a biomarker of low cattle exposure to tsetse fly. These results are discussed in the light of the other available tsetse saliva based-immunoassays and in the perspective of developing a simple serological tool for tsetse eradication campaigns to assess the tsetse free status or to detect tsetse reemergence in previously cleared areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1414-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso. .,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1 091, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Françoise Mathieu-Daudé
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Anne Poinsignon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Emilie Dama
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1 091, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR CIRAD-INRA Contrôle des Maladies Animales, Campus International de Baillarguet, F34398, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites dans les maladies dues aux Trypanosomatidae, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398 Cedex 5, France
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Projet de Création de Zones Libérées Durablement de Tsé-tsé et de Trypanosomoses (PCZLD), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Edith Demettre
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Martial Seveno
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Remoué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France
| | - Antoine Sanon
- Université de Ouagadougou, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), BP 9499, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites dans les maladies dues aux Trypanosomatidae, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398 Cedex 5, France
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Armiyanti Y, Nuryady MM, Arifianto RP, Nurmariana E, Senjarini K, Fitri LE, Sardjono TW. Detection of immunogenic proteins from Anopheles sundaicus salivary glands in the human serum. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:410-6. [PMID: 26312930 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0185-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The saliva of mosquitoes has an important role in the transmission of several diseases, including malaria, and contains substances with vasomodulating and immunomodulating effects to counteract the host physiological mechanisms and enhance pathogen transmission. As immunomodulatory components, salivary gland proteins can induce the generation of specific IgG antibodies in the host, which can be used as specific biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles sundaicus . The objective of this study was to identify immunogenic proteins from the salivary glands of Anopheles sundaicus by reaction with sera from individuals living in malaria-endemic areas who are thus exposed to Anopheles mosquitoes. METHODS IgG antibodies targeting salivary gland proteins in serum samples from individuals living in malaria-endemic areas were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from healthy individuals living in non-endemic areas were used as negative controls. Determination of the presence of salivary gland immunogenic proteins was carried out by western blotting. RESULTS Sixteen bands appeared in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with molecule weights ranging from 22 to 144kDa. Among the exposed individuals, IgG responses to salivary gland proteins were variable. Protein bands with molecular weights of 46, 41, 33, and 31kDa were the most immunogenic. These immunogenic proteins were consistently recognized by pooled serum and individual samples from people living in malaria-endemic areas but not by negative controls. CONCLUSIONS These results support the potential use of immunogenic proteins from the salivary glands of Anopheles as candidate markers of bite exposure or in malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunita Armiyanti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Mohammad Mirza Nuryady
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Renam Putra Arifianto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Elisa Nurmariana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Kartika Senjarini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, ID
| | - Loeki Enggar Fitri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, ID
| | - Teguh Wahju Sardjono
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, ID
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Doucoure S, Drame PM. Salivary Biomarkers in the Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases. INSECTS 2015; 6:961-76. [PMID: 26593952 PMCID: PMC4693181 DOI: 10.3390/insects6040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vector control remains the most effective measure to prevent the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. However, the classical entomo-parasitological methods used to evaluate the human exposure to mosquito bites and the effectiveness of control strategies are indirect, labor intensive, and lack sensitivity in low exposure/transmission areas. Therefore, they are limited in their accuracy and widespread use. Studying the human antibody response against the mosquito salivary proteins has provided new biomarkers for a direct and accurate evaluation of the human exposure to mosquito bites, at community and individual levels. In this review, we discuss the development, applications and limits of these biomarkers applied to Aedes- and Anopheles-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souleymane Doucoure
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM63: CNRS7278-IRD 198-INSERM U1095 Campus IRD-UCAD, BP 1386, Dakar 18524, Sénégal.
| | - Papa Makhtar Drame
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Barker CM, Niu T, Reisen WK, Hartley DM. Data-driven modeling to assess receptivity for Rift Valley Fever virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2515. [PMID: 24244769 PMCID: PMC3828160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) is an enzootic virus that causes extensive morbidity and mortality in domestic ruminants in Africa, and it has shown the potential to invade other areas such as the Arabian Peninsula. Here, we develop methods for linking mathematical models to real-world data that could be used for continent-scale risk assessment given adequate data on local host and vector populations. We have applied the methods to a well-studied agricultural region of California with [Formula: see text]1 million dairy cattle, abundant and competent mosquito vectors, and a permissive climate that has enabled consistent transmission of West Nile virus and historically other arboviruses. Our results suggest that RVFV outbreaks could occur from February-November, but would progress slowly during winter-early spring or early fall and be limited spatially to areas with early increases in vector abundance. Risk was greatest in summer, when the areas at risk broadened to include most of the dairy farms in the study region, indicating the potential for considerable economic losses if an introduction were to occur. To assess the threat that RVFV poses to North America, including what-if scenarios for introduction and control strategies, models such as this one should be an integral part of the process; however, modeling must be paralleled by efforts to address the numerous remaining gaps in data and knowledge for this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Barker
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tianchan Niu
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Integrated Biodefense, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - William K. Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Hartley
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Integrated Biodefense, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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9
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Doucoure S, Cornelie S, Patramool S, Mouchet F, Demettre E, Seveno M, Dehecq JS, Rutee H, Herve JP, Favier F, Missé D, Gasque P, Remoue F. First screening of Aedes albopictus immunogenic salivary proteins. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:411-423. [PMID: 23714164 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Study of the human antibody (Ab) response to Aedes salivary proteins can provide new biomarkers to evaluate human exposure to vector bites. The identification of genus- and/or species-specific proteins is necessary to improve the accuracy of biomarkers. We analysed Aedes albopictus immunogenic salivary proteins by 2D immunoproteomic technology and compared the profiles according to human individual exposure to Ae. albopictus or Ae. aegypti bites. Strong antigenicity to Ae. albopictus salivary proteins was detected in all individuals whatever the nature of Aedes exposure. Amongst these antigenic proteins, 68% are involved in blood feeding, including D7 protein family, adenosine deaminase, serpin and apyrase. This study provides an insight into the repertoire of Ae. albopictus immunogenic salivary proteins for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Doucoure
- MIVEGEC: Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, , Universities of Montpellier 1 and 2., Montpellier, France.
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10
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Ali ZMI, Bakli M, Fontaine A, Bakkali N, Vu Hai V, Audebert S, Boublik Y, Pagès F, Remoué F, Rogier C, Fraisier C, Almeras L. Assessment of Anopheles salivary antigens as individual exposure biomarkers to species-specific malaria vector bites. Malar J 2012; 11:439. [PMID: 23276246 PMCID: PMC3547717 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria transmission occurs during the blood feeding of infected anopheline mosquitoes concomitant with a saliva injection into the vertebrate host. In sub-Saharan Africa, most malaria transmission is due to Anopheles funestus s.s and to Anopheles gambiae s.l. (mainly Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis). Several studies have demonstrated that the immune response against salivary antigens could be used to evaluate individual exposure to mosquito bites. The aim of this study was to assess the use of secreted salivary proteins as specific biomarkers of exposure to An. gambiae and/or An. funestus bites. Methods For this purpose, salivary gland proteins 6 (SG6) and 5′nucleotidases (5′nuc) from An. gambiae (gSG6 and g-5′nuc) and An. funestus (fSG6 and f-5′nuc) were selected and produced in recombinant form. The specificity of the IgG response against these salivary proteins was tested using an ELISA with sera from individuals living in three Senegalese villages (NDiop, n = 50; Dielmo, n = 38; and Diama, n = 46) that had been exposed to distinct densities and proportions of the Anopheles species. Individuals who had not been exposed to these tropical mosquitoes were used as controls (Marseille, n = 45). Results The IgG responses against SG6 recombinant proteins from these two Anopheles species and against g-5′nucleotidase from An. gambiae, were significantly higher in Senegalese individuals compared with controls who were not exposed to specific Anopheles species. Conversely, an association was observed between the level of An. funestus exposure and the serological immune response levels against the f-5′nucleotidase protein. Conclusion This study revealed an Anopheles salivary antigenic protein that could be considered to be a promising antigenic marker to distinguish malaria vector exposure at the species level. The epidemiological interest of such species-specific antigenic markers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia M I Ali
- Unité de recherche en biologie et épidémiologie parasitaires, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, antenne Marseille, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 avenue de la corse, Marseille cedex 02, France
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11
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Rathor HR, Nadeem G, Khan IA. Pesticide susceptibility status of Anopheles mosquitoes in four flood-affected districts of South Punjab, Pakistan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012. [PMID: 23199276 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent floods drastically increased the burden of disease, in particular the incidence of malaria, in the southern districts of the Punjab province in Pakistan. Control of malaria vector mosquitoes in these districts requires the adoption of an appropriate evidence-based policy on the use of pesticides, and having the latest information on the insecticide resistance status of malaria vector mosquitoes is essential for designing effective disease prevention policy. Using World Health Organization (WHO) test kits, the present study utilized papers impregnated with DDT, malathion, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin, to determine the insecticide susceptibility/resistance status of malaria vector mosquitoes in four flood-affected districts. The test results showed that both Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies remained resistant to DDT and malathion. Tests with three commonly used pyrethroids, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin, detected resistance in the majority of cases, but in a number of localities mortalities with these three pyrethroids ranged from 80-97% and were therefore placed under verification-required status. This status indicates the presence of susceptible individuals in these populations. These results suggest that if appropriate resistance management strategies are applied in these areas, then the development of high levels of resistance can still be prevented or slowed. This study forms an important evidence base for the strategic planning of vector control in the four flood-affected districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamayun Rashid Rathor
- Medical Entomology and Disease Vector Control (MEDVC), Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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12
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Marzouki S, Abdeladhim M, Abdessalem CB, Oliveira F, Ferjani B, Gilmore D, Louzir H, Valenzuela JG, Ahmed MB. Salivary antigen SP32 is the immunodominant target of the antibody response to Phlebotomus papatasi bites in humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1911. [PMID: 23209854 PMCID: PMC3510156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to Leishmania major is highly prevalent in Tunisia and is transmitted by a hematophagous vector Phlebotomus papatasi (P. papatasi). While probing for a blood meal, the sand fly injects saliva into the host's skin, which contains a variety of compounds that are highly immunogenic. We recently showed that the presence of anti-saliva antibodies was associated with an enhanced risk for leishmaniasis and identified the immunodominant salivary protein of Phlebotomus papatasi as a protein of approximately 30 kDa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We cloned and expressed in mammalian cells two salivary proteins PpSP30 and PpSP32 with predicted molecular weights close to 30 kDa from the Tunisian strain of P. papatasi. The two recombinant salivary proteins were purified by two-step HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) and tested if these proteins correspond to the immunodominant antigen of 30 kDa previously shown to be recognized by human sera from endemic areas for ZCL and exposed naturally to P. papatasi bites. While recombinant PpSP30 (rPpSP30) was poorly recognized by human sera from endemic areas for ZCL, rPpSP32 was strongly recognized by the tested sera. The binding of human IgG antibodies to native PpSP32 was inhibited by the addition of rPpSP32. Consistently, experiments in mice showed that PpSP32 induced the highest levels of antibodies compared to other P. papatasi salivary molecules while PpSP30 did not induce any detectable levels of antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that PpSP32 is the immunodominant target of the antibody response to P. papatasi saliva. They also indicate that the recombinant form of PpSP32 is similar to the native one and represents a good candidate for large scale testing of human exposure to P. papatasi bites and perhaps for assessing the risk of contracting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Marzouki
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Maha Abdeladhim
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Chaouki Ben Abdessalem
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Beya Ferjani
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Dana Gilmore
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hechmi Louzir
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mélika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
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13
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Fontaine A, Fusaï T, Briolant S, Buffet S, Villard C, Baudelet E, Pophillat M, Granjeaud S, Rogier C, Almeras L. Anopheles salivary gland proteomes from major malaria vectors. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:614. [PMID: 23148599 PMCID: PMC3542285 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody responses against Anopheles salivary proteins can indicate individual exposure to bites of malaria vectors. The extent to which these salivary proteins are species-specific is not entirely resolved. Thus, a better knowledge of the diversity among salivary protein repertoires from various malaria vector species is necessary to select relevant genus-, subgenus- and/or species-specific salivary antigens. Such antigens could be used for quantitative (mosquito density) and qualitative (mosquito species) immunological evaluation of malaria vectors/host contact. In this study, salivary gland protein repertoires (sialomes) from several Anopheles species were compared using in silico analysis and proteomics. The antigenic diversity of salivary gland proteins among different Anopheles species was also examined. Results In silico analysis of secreted salivary gland protein sequences retrieved from an NCBInr database of six Anopheles species belonging to the Cellia subgenus (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and An. funestus) and Nyssorhynchus subgenus (An. albimanus and An. darlingi) displayed a higher degree of similarity compared to salivary proteins from closely related Anopheles species. Additionally, computational hierarchical clustering allowed identification of genus-, subgenus- and species-specific salivary proteins. Proteomic and immunoblot analyses performed on salivary gland extracts from four Anopheles species (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and An. albimanus) indicated that heterogeneity of the salivary proteome and antigenic proteins was lower among closely related anopheline species and increased with phylogenetic distance. Conclusion This is the first report on the diversity of the salivary protein repertoire among species from the Anopheles genus at the protein level. This work demonstrates that a molecular diversity is exhibited among salivary proteins from closely related species despite their common pharmacological activities. The involvement of these proteins as antigenic candidates for genus-, subgenus- or species-specific immunological evaluation of individual exposure to Anopheles bites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Fontaine
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236, URMITE - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), BP 60109, Marseille Cedex 07, 13 262, France
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14
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Brosseau L, Drame PM, Besnard P, Toto JC, Foumane V, Le Mire J, Mouchet F, Remoue F, Allan R, Fortes F, Carnevale P, Manguin S. Human antibody response to Anopheles saliva for comparing the efficacy of three malaria vector control methods in Balombo, Angola. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44189. [PMID: 23028499 PMCID: PMC3454387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antibody (Ab) response to Anopheles whole saliva, used as biomarker of Anopheles exposure, was investigated over a period of two years (2008–2009), in children between 2 to 9 years old, before and after the introduction of three different malaria vector control methods; deltamethrin treated long lasting impregnated nets (LLIN) and insecticide treated plastic sheeting (ITPS) - Zero Fly®) (ITPS-ZF), deltamethrin impregnated Durable (Wall) Lining (ITPS-DL – Zerovector®) alone, and indoor residual spraying (IRS) with lambdacyhalothrin alone. These different vector control methods resulted in considerable decreases in all three entomological (82.4%), parasitological (54.8%) and immunological criteria analyzed. The highest reductions in the number of Anopheles collected and number of positive blood smears, respectively 82.1% and 58.3%, were found in Capango and Canjala where LLIN and ITPS-ZF were implemented. The immunological data based on the level of anti-saliva IgG Ab in children of all villages dropped significantly from 2008 to 2009, except in Chissequele. These results indicated that these three vector control methods significantly reduced malaria infections amongst the children studied and IRS significantly reduced the human-Anopheles contact. The number of Anopheles, positive blood smears, and the levels of anti-saliva IgG Ab were most reduced when LLIN and ITPS-ZF were used in combination, compared to the use of one vector control method alone, either ITPS-DL or IRS. Therefore, as a combination of two vector control methods is significantly more effective than one control method only, this control strategy should be further developed at a more global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brosseau
- UMR-MD3, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Papa Makhtar Drame
- UMR-MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche pour le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémioes en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Vincent Foumane
- Laboratoire de Recherche pour le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémioes en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | | | - François Mouchet
- UMR-MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Remoue
- UMR-MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Carnevale
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- UMR-MD3, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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15
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Stone W, Bousema T, Jones S, Gesase S, Hashim R, Gosling R, Carneiro I, Chandramohan D, Theander T, Ronca R, Modiano D, Arcà B, Drakeley C. IgG responses to Anopheles gambiae salivary antigen gSG6 detect variation in exposure to malaria vectors and disease risk. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40170. [PMID: 22768250 PMCID: PMC3387013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of exposure to malaria vectors is important to our understanding of spatial and temporal variations in disease transmission and facilitates the targeting and evaluation of control efforts. Recently, an immunogenic Anopheles gambiae salivary protein (gSG6) was identified and proposed as the basis of an immuno-assay determining exposure to Afrotropical malaria vectors. In the present study, IgG responses to gSG6 and 6 malaria antigens (CSP, AMA-1, MSP-1, MSP-3, GLURP R1, and GLURP R2) were compared to Anopheles exposure and malaria incidence in a cohort of children from Korogwe district, Tanzania, an area of moderate and heterogeneous malaria transmission. Anti-gSG6 responses above the threshold for seropositivity were detected in 15% (96/636) of the children, and were positively associated with geographical variations in Anopheles exposure (OR 1.25, CI 1.01–1.54, p = 0.04). Additionally, IgG responses to gSG6 in individual children showed a strong positive association with household level mosquito exposure. IgG levels for all antigens except AMA-1 were associated with the frequency of malaria episodes following sampling. gSG6 seropositivity was strongly positively associated with subsequent malaria incidence (test for trend p = 0.004), comparable to malaria antigens MSP-1 and GLURP R2. Our results show that the gSG6 assay is sensitive to micro-epidemiological variations in exposure to Anopheles mosquitoes, and provides a correlate of malaria risk that is unrelated to immune protection. While the technique requires further evaluation in a range of malaria endemic settings, our findings suggest that the gSG6 assay may have a role in the evaluation and planning of targeted and preventative anti-malaria interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Stone
- Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Jones
- Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samwel Gesase
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | | | - Roly Gosling
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ilona Carneiro
- Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Chandramohan
- Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thor Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raffaele Ronca
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - David Modiano
- Parasitology Section, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Parasitology Section, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunity and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Fontaine A, Pascual A, Orlandi-Pradines E, Diouf I, Remoué F, Pagès F, Fusaï T, Rogier C, Almeras L. Relationship between exposure to vector bites and antibody responses to mosquito salivary gland extracts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29107. [PMID: 22195000 PMCID: PMC3237593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are major health problems worldwide. Serological responses to mosquito saliva proteins may be useful in estimating individual exposure to bites from mosquitoes transmitting these diseases. However, the relationships between the levels of these IgG responses and mosquito density as well as IgG response specificity at the genus and/or species level need to be clarified prior to develop new immunological markers to assess human/vector contact. To this end, a kinetic study of antibody levels against several mosquito salivary gland extracts from southeastern French individuals living in three areas with distinct ecological environments and, by implication, distinct Aedes caspius mosquito densities were compared using ELISA. A positive association was observed between the average levels of IgG responses against Ae. caspius salivary gland extracts and spatial Ae. caspius densities. Additionally, the average level of IgG responses increased significantly during the peak exposure to Ae. caspius at each site and returned to baseline four months later, suggesting short-lived IgG responses. The species-specificity of IgG antibody responses was determined by testing antibody responses to salivary gland extracts from Cx. pipiens, a mosquito that is present at these three sites at different density levels, and from two other Aedes species not present in the study area (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). The IgG responses observed against these mosquito salivary gland extracts contrasted with those observed against Ae. caspius salivary gland extracts, supporting the existence of species-specific serological responses. By considering different populations and densities of mosquitoes linked to environmental factors, this study shows, for the first time, that specific IgG antibody responses against Ae. caspius salivary gland extracts may be related to the seasonal and geographical variations in Ae. caspius density. Characterisation of such immunological-markers may allow the evaluation of the effectiveness of vector-control strategies or estimation of the risk of vector-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Fontaine
- Unité de Parasitologie, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Pascual
- Unité de Parasitologie, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Eve Orlandi-Pradines
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- Unité de Parasitologie, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Franck Remoué
- Caractérisation des Populations de vecteurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Fusaï
- Unité de Parasitologie, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Unité de Parasitologie, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Unité de Parasitologie, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France
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King JG, Vernick KD, Hillyer JF. Members of the salivary gland surface protein (SGS) family are major immunogenic components of mosquito saliva. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40824-34. [PMID: 21965675 PMCID: PMC3220476 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.280552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium and certain arboviruses during blood feeding, when they are injected along with saliva. Mosquito saliva interferes with the host's hemostasis and inflammation response and influences the transmission success of some pathogens. One family of mosquito salivary gland proteins, named SGS, is composed of large bacterial-type proteins that in Aedes aegypti were implicated as receptors for Plasmodium on the basal salivary gland surface. Here, we characterize the biology of two SGSs in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and demonstrate their involvement in blood feeding. Western blots and RT-PCR showed that Sgs4 and Sgs5 are produced exclusively in female salivary glands, that expression increases with age and after blood feeding, and that protein levels fluctuate in a circadian manner. Immunohistochemistry showed that SGSs are present in the acinar cells of the distal lateral lobes and in the salivary ducts of the proximal lobes. SDS-PAGE, Western blots, bite blots, and immunization via mosquito bites showed that SGSs are highly immunogenic and form major components of mosquito saliva. Last, Western and bioinformatic analyses suggest that SGSs are secreted via a non-classical pathway that involves cleavage into a 300-kDa soluble fragment and a smaller membrane-bound fragment. Combined, these data strongly suggest that SGSs play an important role in blood feeding. Together with their role in malaria transmission, we propose that SGSs could be used as markers of human exposure to mosquito bites and in the development of disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G. King
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 and
| | - Kenneth D. Vernick
- the Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Julián F. Hillyer
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 and
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Fontaine A, Diouf I, Bakkali N, Missé D, Pagès F, Fusai T, Rogier C, Almeras L. Implication of haematophagous arthropod salivary proteins in host-vector interactions. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:187. [PMID: 21951834 PMCID: PMC3197560 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The saliva of haematophagous arthropods contains an array of anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to the success of the blood meal. The saliva of haematophagous arthropods is also involved in the transmission and the establishment of pathogens in the host and in allergic responses. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological activity and immunogenic properties of the main salivary proteins characterised in various haematophagous arthropod species. The potential biological and epidemiological applications of these immunogenic salivary molecules will be discussed with an emphasis on their use as biomarkers of exposure to haematophagous arthropod bites or vaccine candidates that are liable to improve host protection against vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Fontaine
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Nawal Bakkali
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Maladies infectieuses, UMR 2724 CNRS/IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Thierry Fusai
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, B.P. 1274, Ambohitrakely, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
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Boulanger D, Doucoure S, Grout L, Ngom A, Rogerie F, Cornelie S, Sokhna C, Mouchet F, Riveau G, Simondon F, Remoue FJ. Immunoglobulin G antibody profiles against Anopheles salivary proteins in domestic animals in Senegal. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:691-693. [PMID: 21661332 DOI: 10.1603/me10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although domestic animals may not be permissive for Plasmodium, they could nevertheless play a role in the epidemiology of malaria by attracting Anopheles away from humans. To investigate interactions between domestic animals and mosquitoes, we assayed immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies directed against the salivary proteins of Anopheles gambiae in domestic animals living in Senegalese villages where malaria is endemic. By Western blotting, sera from bovines (n=6), ovines (n=36), and caprines (n=36) did not react with Anopheles whole saliva. In contrast, equine sera recognized proteins in both saliva and salivary gland extracts. Two of the major immunogens (32 and 72 kDa) were also reactive in extracts from other major mosquito genera (Aedes and Culex), but reactions toAnopheles-specific antigens were detected in 12 of 17 horses. These data suggest that horses strongly react to Anopheles bites, and further experiments on horses are warranted to investigate the impact of this domestic animal species on the transmission of human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Boulanger
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 145, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394 Montpellier, France.
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Fontaine A, Pascual A, Diouf I, Bakkali N, Bourdon S, Fusai T, Rogier C, Almeras L. Mosquito salivary gland protein preservation in the field for immunological and biochemical analysis. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:33. [PMID: 21385450 PMCID: PMC3068118 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito salivary proteins are involved in several biological processes that facilitate their blood feeding and have also been reported to elicit an IgG response in vertebrates. A growing number of studies have focused on this immunological response for its potential use as a biological marker of exposure to arthropod bites. As mosquito saliva collection is extremely laborious and inefficient, most research groups prefer to work on mosquito salivary glands (SGs). Thus, SG protein integrity is a critical factor in obtaining meaningful data from immunological and biochemical analysis. Current methodologies rely on an immediate freezing of SGs after their collection. However, the maintenance of samples in a frozen environment can be hard to achieve in field conditions. In this study, SG proteins from two mosquito species (Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae s.s.) stored in different media for 5 days at either +4°C or room temperature (RT) were evaluated at the quantitative (i.e., ELISA) and qualitative (i.e., SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting) levels. Our results indicated that PBS medium supplemented with an anti-protease cocktail seems to be the best buffer to preserve SG antigens for 5 days at +4°C for ELISA analysis. Conversely, cell-lysis buffer (Urea-Thiourea-CHAPS-Tris) was best at preventing protein degradation both at +4°C and RT for further qualitative analysis. These convenient storage methods provide an alternative to freezing and are expected to be applicable to other biological samples collected in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fontaine
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie et Épidémiologie Parasitaires-UMR6236-IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
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Drame PM, Poinsignon A, Besnard P, Cornelie S, Le Mire J, Toto JC, Foumane V, Dos-Santos MA, Sembène M, Fortes F, Simondon F, Carnevale P, Remoue F. Human antibody responses to the Anopheles salivary gSG6-P1 peptide: a novel tool for evaluating the efficacy of ITNs in malaria vector control. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15596. [PMID: 21179476 PMCID: PMC3001874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize malaria control, WHO has prioritised the need for new indicators to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vector control strategies. The gSG6-P1 peptide from gSG6 protein of Anopheles gambiae salivary glands was previously designed as a specific salivary sequence of malaria vector species. It was shown that the quantification of human antibody (Ab) responses to Anopheles salivary proteins in general and especially to the gSG6-P1 peptide was a pertinent biomarker of human exposure to Anopheles. The present objective was to validate this indicator in the evaluation of the efficacy of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs). A longitudinal evaluation, including parasitological, entomological and immunological assessments, was conducted on children and adults from a malaria-endemic area before and after the introduction of ITNs. Significant decrease of anti-gSG6-P1 IgG response was observed just after the efficient ITNs use. Interestingly, specific IgG Ab level was especially pertinent to evaluate a short-time period of ITNs efficacy and at individual level. However, specific IgG rose back up within four months as correct ITN use waned. IgG responses to one salivary peptide could constitute a reliable biomarker for the evaluation of ITN efficacy, at short- and long-term use, and provide a valuable tool in malaria vector control based on a real measurement of human-vector contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papa Makhtar Drame
- UR016 Contrôle et Caractérisation des Populations de Vecteurs, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Cotonou, Benin.
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22
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Ribeiro JM, Mans BJ, Arcà B. An insight into the sialome of blood-feeding Nematocera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:767-84. [PMID: 20728537 PMCID: PMC2950210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the Diptera and outside the suborder Brachycera, the blood-feeding habit occurred at least twice, producing the present day sand flies, and the Culicomorpha, including the mosquitoes (Culicidae), black flies (Simulidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and frog feeding flies (Corethrellidae). Alternatives to this scenario are also discussed. Successful blood-feeding requires adaptations to antagonize the vertebrate's mechanisms of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, pain and itching, which are triggered by tissue destruction and immune reactions to insect products. Saliva of these insects provides a complex pharmacological armamentarium to block these vertebrate reactions. With the advent of transcriptomics, the sialomes (from the Greek word sialo = saliva) of at least two species of each of these families have been studied (except for the frog feeders), allowing an insight into the diverse pathways leading to today's salivary composition within the Culicomorpha, having the sand flies as an outgroup. This review catalogs 1288 salivary proteins in 10 generic classes comprising over 150 different protein families, most of which we have no functional knowledge. These proteins and many sequence comparisons are displayed in a hyperlinked spreadsheet that hopefully will stimulate and facilitate the task of functional characterization of these proteins, and their possible use as novel pharmacological agents and epidemiological markers of insect vector exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M.C. Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway Room 2E32D, Rockville MD 20852, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
| | - Ben J. Mans
- Parasites, Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa and the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Drame PM, Poinsignon A, Besnard P, Le Mire J, Dos-Santos MA, Sow CS, Cornelie S, Foumane V, Toto JC, Sembene M, Boulanger D, Simondon F, Fortes F, Carnevale P, Remoue F. Human antibody response to Anopheles gambiae saliva: an immuno-epidemiological biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in malaria vector control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:115-21. [PMID: 20595489 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
For the fight against malaria, the World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the need for indicators to evaluate the efficacy of vector-control strategies. This study investigates a potential immunological marker, based on human antibody responses to Anopheles saliva, as a new indicator to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Parasitological, entomological, and immunological assessments were carried out in children and adults from a malaria-endemic region of Angola before and after the introduction of ITNs. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels to An. gambiae saliva were positively associated with the intensity of An. gambiae exposure and malaria infection. A significant decrease in the anti-saliva IgG response was observed after the introduction of ITNs, and this was associated with a drop in parasite load. This study represents the first stage in the development of a new indicator to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vector-control strategies, which could apply in other arthropod vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papa M Drame
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UR024 "Epidémiologie et Prévention" Unit, Dakar, Senegal.
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24
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Alves-Silva J, Ribeiro JMC, Van Den Abbeele J, Attardo G, Hao Z, Haines LR, Soares MB, Berriman M, Aksoy S, Lehane MJ. An insight into the sialome of Glossina morsitans morsitans. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:213. [PMID: 20353571 PMCID: PMC2853526 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood feeding evolved independently in worms, arthropods and mammals. Among the adaptations to this peculiar diet, these animals developed an armament of salivary molecules that disarm their host's anti-bleeding defenses (hemostasis), inflammatory and immune reactions. Recent sialotranscriptome analyses (from the Greek sialo = saliva) of blood feeding insects and ticks have revealed that the saliva contains hundreds of polypeptides, many unique to their genus or family. Adult tsetse flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood and are important vectors of human and animal diseases. Thus far, only limited information exists regarding the Glossina sialome, or any other fly belonging to the Hippoboscidae. RESULTS As part of the effort to sequence the genome of Glossina morsitans morsitans, several organ specific, high quality normalized cDNA libraries have been constructed, from which over 20,000 ESTs from an adult salivary gland library were sequenced. These ESTs have been assembled using previously described ESTs from the fat body and midgut libraries of the same fly, thus totaling 62,251 ESTs, which have been assembled into 16,743 clusters (8,506 of which had one or more EST from the salivary gland library). Coding sequences were obtained for 2,509 novel proteins, 1,792 of which had at least one EST expressed in the salivary glands. Despite library normalization, 59 transcripts were overrepresented in the salivary library indicating high levels of expression. This work presents a detailed analysis of the salivary protein families identified. Protein expression was confirmed by 2D gel electrophoresis, enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry. Concurrently, an initial attempt to determine the immunogenic properties of selected salivary proteins was undertaken. CONCLUSIONS The sialome of G. m. morsitans contains over 250 proteins that are possibly associated with blood feeding. This set includes alleles of previously described gene products, reveals new evidence that several salivary proteins are multigenic and identifies at least seven new polypeptide families unique to Glossina. Most of these proteins have no known function and thus, provide a discovery platform for the identification of novel pharmacologically active compounds, innovative vector-based vaccine targets, and immunological markers of vector exposure.
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Teixeira C, Gomes R, Collin N, Reynoso D, Jochim R, Oliveira F, Seitz A, Elnaiem DE, Caldas A, de Souza AP, Brodskyn CI, de Oliveira CI, Mendonca I, Costa CHN, Volf P, Barral A, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG. Discovery of markers of exposure specific to bites of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi in Latin America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e638. [PMID: 20351786 PMCID: PMC2843637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sand flies deliver Leishmania parasites to a host alongside salivary molecules that affect infection outcomes. Though some proteins are immunogenic and have potential as markers of vector exposure, their identity and vector specificity remain elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We screened human, dog, and fox sera from endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis to identify potential markers of specific exposure to saliva of Lutzomyia longipalpis. Human and dog sera were further tested against additional sand fly species. Recombinant proteins of nine transcripts encoding secreted salivary molecules of Lu. longipalpis were produced, purified, and tested for antigenicity and specificity. Use of recombinant proteins corresponding to immunogenic molecules in Lu. longipalpis saliva identified LJM17 and LJM11 as potential markers of exposure. LJM17 was recognized by human, dog, and fox sera; LJM11 by humans and dogs. Notably, LJM17 and LJM11 were specifically recognized by humans exposed to Lu. longipalpis but not by individuals exposed to Lu. intermedia. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Salivary recombinant proteins are of value as markers of vector exposure. In humans, LJM17 and LJM11 emerged as potential markers of specific exposure to Lu. longipalpis, the vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi in Latin America. In dogs, LJM17, LJM11, LJL13, LJL23, and LJL143 emerged as potential markers of sand fly exposure. Testing these recombinant proteins in large scale studies will validate their usefulness as specific markers of Lu. longipalpis exposure in humans and of sand fly exposure in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Teixeira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Regis Gomes
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Reynoso
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ryan Jochim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Seitz
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dia-Eldin Elnaiem
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arlene Caldas
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ivete Mendonca
- Laboratorio de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Doencas Tropicais Natan Portella and Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. N. Costa
- Laboratorio de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Doencas Tropicais Natan Portella and Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Goncalo Moniz–FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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Calvo E, Sanchez-Vargas I, Favreau AJ, Barbian KD, Pham VM, Olson KE, Ribeiro JM. An insight into the sialotranscriptome of the West Nile mosquito vector, Culex tarsalis. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:51. [PMID: 20089177 PMCID: PMC2823692 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva of adult female mosquitoes help sugar and blood feeding by providing enzymes and polypeptides that help sugar digestion, control microbial growth and counteract their vertebrate host hemostasis and inflammation. Mosquito saliva also potentiates the transmission of vector borne pathogens, including arboviruses. Culex tarsalis is a bird feeding mosquito vector of West Nile Virus closely related to C. quinquefasciatus, a mosquito relatively recently adapted to feed on humans, and the only mosquito of the genus Culex to have its sialotranscriptome so far described. RESULTS A total of 1,753 clones randomly selected from an adult female C. tarsalis salivary glands (SG) cDNA library were sequenced and used to assemble a database that yielded 809 clusters of related sequences, 675 of which were singletons. Primer extension experiments were performed in selected clones to further extend sequence coverage, allowing for the identification of 283 protein sequences, 80 of which code for putative secreted proteins. CONCLUSION Comparison of the C. tarsalis sialotranscriptome with that of C. quinquefasciatus reveals accelerated evolution of salivary proteins as compared to housekeeping proteins. The average amino acid identity among salivary proteins is 70.1%, while that for housekeeping proteins is 91.2% (P < 0.05), and the codon volatility of secreted proteins is significantly higher than those of housekeeping proteins. Several protein families previously found exclusive of mosquitoes, including only in the Aedes genus have been identified in C. tarsalis. Interestingly, a protein family so far unique to C. quinquefasciatus, with 30 genes, is also found in C. tarsalis, indicating it was not a specific C. quinquefasciatus acquisition in its evolution to optimize mammal blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Calvo
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Schwarz A, Helling S, Collin N, Teixeira CR, Medrano-Mercado N, Hume JCC, Assumpção TC, Marcus K, Stephan C, Meyer HE, Ribeiro JMC, Billingsley PF, Valenzuela JG, Sternberg JM, Schaub GA. Immunogenic salivary proteins of Triatoma infestans: development of a recombinant antigen for the detection of low-level infestation of triatomines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e532. [PMID: 19841746 PMCID: PMC2760138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomines are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease in Latin America. The most effective vector, Triatoma infestans, has been controlled successfully in much of Latin America using insecticide spraying. Though rarely undertaken, surveillance programs are necessary in order to identify new infestations and estimate the intensity of triatomine bug infestations in domestic and peridomestic habitats. Since hosts exposed to triatomines develop immune responses to salivary antigens, these responses can be evaluated for their usefulness as epidemiological markers to detect infestations of T. infestans. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS T. infestans salivary proteins were separated by 2D-gel electrophoresis and tested for their immunogenicity by Western blotting using sera from chickens and guinea pigs experimentally exposed to T. infestans. From five highly immunogenic protein spots, eight salivary proteins were identified by nano liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS) and comparison to the protein sequences of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and expressed sequence tags of a unidirectionally cloned salivary gland cDNA library from T. infestans combined with the NCBI yeast protein sub-database. The 14.6 kDa salivary protein [gi|149689094] was produced as recombinant protein (rTiSP14.6) in a mammalian cell expression system and recognized by all animal sera. The specificity of rTiSP14.6 was confirmed by the lack of reactivity to anti-mosquito and anti-sand fly saliva antibodies. However, rTiSP14.6 was recognized by sera from chickens exposed to four other triatomine species, Triatoma brasiliensis, T. sordida, Rhodnius prolixus, and Panstrongylus megistus and by sera of chickens from an endemic area of T. infestans and Chagas disease in Bolivia. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The recombinant rTiSP14.6 is a suitable and promising epidemiological marker for detecting the presence of small numbers of different species of triatomines and could be developed for use as a new tool in surveillance programs, especially to corroborate vector elimination in Chagas disease vector control campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schwarz
- School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Poinsignon A, Cornelie S, Ba F, Boulanger D, Sow C, Rossignol M, Sokhna C, Cisse B, Simondon F, Remoue F. Human IgG response to a salivary peptide, gSG6-P1, as a new immuno-epidemiological tool for evaluating low-level exposure to Anopheles bites. Malar J 2009; 8:198. [PMID: 19674487 PMCID: PMC2733152 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human populations exposed to low malaria transmission present particular severe risks of malaria morbidity and mortality. In addition, in a context of low-level exposure to Anopheles vector, conventional entomological methods used for sampling Anopheles populations are insufficiently sensitive and probably under-estimate the real risk of malaria transmission. The evaluation of antibody (Ab) responses to arthropod salivary proteins constitutes a novel tool for estimating exposure level to insect bites. In the case of malaria, a recent study has shown that human IgG responses to the gSG6-P1 peptide represented a specific biomarker of exposure to Anopheles gambiae bites. The objective of this study was to investigate if this biomarker can be used to estimate low-level exposure of individuals to Anopheles vector. METHODS The IgG Ab level to gSG6-P1 was evaluated at the peak and at the end of the An. gambiae exposure season in children living in Senegalese villages, where the Anopheles density was estimated to be very low by classical entomological trapping but where malaria transmission occurred during the studied season. RESULTS Specific IgG responses to gSG6-P1 were observed in children exposed to very low-level of Anopheles bites. In addition, a significant increase in the specific IgG Ab level was observed during the Anopheles exposure season whereas classical entomological data have reported very few or no Anopheles during the studied period. Furthermore, this biomarker may also be applicable to evaluate the heterogeneity of individual exposure. CONCLUSION The results strengthen the hypothesis that the evaluation of IgG responses to gSG6-P1 during the season of exposure could reflect the real human contact with anthropophilic Anopheles and suggest that this biomarker of low exposure could be used at the individual level. This promising immuno-epidemiological marker could represent a useful tool to assess the risk to very low exposure to malaria vectors as observed in seasonal, urban, altitude or travellers contexts. In addition, this biomarker could be used for the surveillance survey after applying anti-vector strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Poinsignon
- UR016-IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- UR016-IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Fatou Ba
- UR077-IRD, Campus International IRD-UCAD, route des Pères Maristes, BP 1836, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Denis Boulanger
- UR024-IRD, Montpellier, France and Campus International IRD-UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Sow
- UR024-IRD, Montpellier, France and Campus International IRD-UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Marie Rossignol
- UR016-IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- UR077-IRD, Campus International IRD-UCAD, route des Pères Maristes, BP 1836, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Badara Cisse
- Département de parasitologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - François Simondon
- UR024-IRD, Montpellier, France and Campus International IRD-UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Franck Remoue
- UR016-IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Schwarz A, Sternberg JM, Johnston V, Medrano-Mercado N, Anderson JM, Hume JCC, Valenzuela JG, Schaub GA, Billingsley PF. Antibody responses of domestic animals to salivary antigens of Triatomainfestans as biomarkers for low-level infestation of triatomines. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1021-9. [PMID: 19248784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hematophagous arthropods such as Triatoma infestans, the vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, elicit host-immune responses during feeding. Characterization of antibody responses to salivary antigens offers the potential to develop immunologically based monitoring techniques for exposure to re-emergent triatomine bug populations in peridomestic animals. IgG-antibody responses to the salivary antigens of T.infestans have been detected in chickens as soon as 2 days after the first exposure to five adult bugs. Chickens and guinea pigs regularly exposed to this number of triatomines showed a significantly lower anti-saliva antibody titre than animals exposed to 25 adults and fifth instars of four different T.infestans strains originating from Bolivia and from Northern Chile. Highly immunogenic salivary antigens of 14 and 21kDa were recognised by all chicken sera and of 79kDa by all guinea pig sera. Cross-reactivity studies using saliva or salivary gland extracts from different hematophagous species, e.g. different triatomines, bed bugs, mosquitoes, sand flies and ticks, as well as chicken sera exposed to triatomines and mosquitoes, demonstrated that the 14 and 21kDa salivary antigens were only found in triatomines. Sera from peridomestic chickens and guinea pigs in sites of known T.infestans challenge in Bolivia also recognised the 14 and 21kDa antigens. These represent promising epidemiological markers for the detection of small numbers of feeding bugs and hence may be a new tool for vector surveillance in Chagas disease control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schwarz
- School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Calvo E, Pham VM, Marinotti O, Andersen JF, Ribeiro JMC. The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles darlingi reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:57. [PMID: 19178717 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito saliva, consisting of a mixture of dozens of proteins affecting vertebrate hemostasis and having sugar digestive and antimicrobial properties, helps both blood and sugar meal feeding. Culicine and anopheline mosquitoes diverged ~150 MYA, and within the anophelines, the New World species diverged from those of the Old World ~95 MYA. While the sialotranscriptome (from the Greek sialo, saliva) of several species of the Cellia subgenus of Anopheles has been described thoroughly, no detailed analysis of any New World anopheline has been done to date. Here we present and analyze data from a comprehensive salivary gland (SG) transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles darlingi (subgenus Nyssorhynchus). RESULTS A total of 2,371 clones randomly selected from an adult female An. darlingi SG cDNA library were sequenced and used to assemble a database that yielded 966 clusters of related sequences, 739 of which were singletons. Primer extension experiments were performed in selected clones to further extend sequence coverage, allowing for the identification of 183 protein sequences, 114 of which code for putative secreted proteins. CONCLUSION Comparative analysis of sialotranscriptomes of An. darlingi and An. gambiae reveals significant divergence of salivary proteins. On average, salivary proteins are only 53% identical, while housekeeping proteins are 86% identical between the two species. Furthermore, An. darlingi proteins were found that match culicine but not anopheline proteins, indicating loss or rapid evolution of these proteins in the old world Cellia subgenus. On the other hand, several well represented salivary protein families in old world anophelines are not expressed in An. darlingi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Calvo
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Poinsignon A, Cornelie S, Mestres-Simon M, Lanfrancotti A, Rossignol M, Boulanger D, Cisse B, Sokhna C, Arcà B, Simondon F, Remoue F. Novel peptide marker corresponding to salivary protein gSG6 potentially identifies exposure to Anopheles bites. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2472. [PMID: 18575604 PMCID: PMC2427200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to improve malaria control, and under the aegis of WHO recommendations, many efforts are being devoted to developing new tools for identifying geographic areas with high risk of parasite transmission. Evaluation of the human antibody response to arthropod salivary proteins could be an epidemiological indicator of exposure to vector bites, and therefore to risk of pathogen transmission. In the case of malaria, which is transmitted only by anopheline mosquitoes, maximal specificity could be achieved through identification of immunogenic proteins specific to the Anopheles genus. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the IgG response to the Anopheles gambiae gSG6 protein, from its recombinant form to derived synthetic peptides, could be an immunological marker of exposure specific to Anopheles gambiae bites. Methodology/Principal Findings Specific IgG antibodies to recombinant gSG6 protein were observed in children living in a Senegalese area exposed to malaria. With the objective of optimizing Anopheles specificity and reproducibility, we designed five gSG6-based peptide sequences using a bioinformatic approach, taking into consideration i) their potential antigenic properties and ii) the absence of cross-reactivity with protein sequences of other arthropods/organisms. The specific anti-peptide IgG antibody response was evaluated in exposed children. The five gSG6 peptides showed differing antigenic properties, with gSG6-P1 and gSG6-P2 exhibiting the highest antigenicity. However, a significant increase in the specific IgG response during the rainy season and a positive association between the IgG level and the level of exposure to Anopheles gambiae bites was significant only for gSG6-P1. Conclusions/Significance This step-by-step approach suggests that gSG6-P1 could be an optimal candidate marker for evaluating exposure to Anopheles gambiae bites. This marker could be employed as a geographic indicator, like remote sensing techniques, for mapping the risk of malaria. It could also represent a direct criterion of efficacy in evaluation of vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Poinsignon
- UR024-Epidémiologie et Prévention, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Sénégal.
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