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Mohamad NV. Strategies to Enhance the Solubility and Bioavailability of Tocotrienols Using Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1403. [PMID: 37895874 PMCID: PMC10610013 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienols have higher medicinal value, with multiple sources of evidence showing their biological properties as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and osteoprotective compounds. However, tocotrienol bioavailability presents an ongoing challenge in its translation into viable products. This is because tocotrienol oil is known to be a poorly water-soluble compound, making it difficult to be absorbed into the body and resulting in less effectiveness. With the potential and benefits of tocotrienol, new strategies to increase the bioavailability and efficacy of poorly absorbed tocotrienol are required when administered orally. One of the proposed formulation techniques was self-emulsification, which has proven its capacity to improve oral drug delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs by advancing the solubility and bioavailability of these active compounds. This review discusses the updated evidence on the bioavailability of tocotrienols formulated with self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) from in vivo and human studies. In short, SEDDSs formulation enhances the solubility and passive permeability of tocotrienol, thus improving its oral bioavailability and biological actions. This increases its medicinal and commercial value. Furthermore, the self-emulsifying formulation presents a useful dosage form that is absorbed in vivo independent of dietary fats with consistent and enhanced levels of tocotrienol isomers. Therefore, a lipid-based formulation technique can provide an additional detailed understanding of the oral bioavailability of tocotrienols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Vaizura Mohamad
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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2
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Fu JY, Meganathan P, Gunasegaran N, Tan DMY. Effect of nano-delivery systems on the bioavailability and tissue biodistribution of vitamin E tocotrienols. Food Res Int 2023; 171:113048. [PMID: 37330852 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is one of the most important essential vitamins to support the regulation of oxidative stress in human body. Tocotrienols are part of the vitamin E family. The potentials of tocotrienols as nutraceutical ingredient are largely understated due to low oral bioavailability, which is a common problem associated with fat-soluble bioactive compounds. Nanoencapsulation technology offers innovative solutions to enhance the delivery mechanisms of these compounds. In this study, the effect of nanoencapsulation on the oral bioavailability and tissue distribution of tocotrienols were investigated using two types of formulations, i.e. nanovesicles (NV-T3) and solid lipid nanoparticles (NP-T3). At least 5-fold increment in maximum plasma concentrations, evident with dual-peak pharmacokinetic profiles, were observed after oral administration of nano-encapsulated tocotrienols. Plasma tocotrienol composition showed a shift from α-tocotrienol dominant in control group (Control-T3) to γ-tocotrienol dominant after nanoencapsulation. Tissue distribution of tocotrienols was found to be strongly influenced by the type of nanoformulation. Both nanovesicles (NV-T3) and nanoparticles (NP-T3) showed elevated accumulation in the kidneys and liver (5-fold) compared to control group while selectivity for α-tocotrienol was evident for NP-T3. In brain and liver of rats given NP-T3, α-tocotrienol emerged as the dominant congener (>80%). Acute oral administration of nanoencapsulated tocotrienols did not show signs of toxicity. The study concluded enhanced bioavailability and selective tissue accumulation of tocotrienol congeners when delivered via nanoencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yen Fu
- Product Development and Advisory Department, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Puvaneswari Meganathan
- Product Development and Advisory Department, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nisanthei Gunasegaran
- Product Development and Advisory Department, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Doryn Meam Yee Tan
- Product Development and Advisory Department, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Arachchige GRP, Pook CJ, Jones B, Coe M, Saffery R, Wake M, Thorstensen EB, O’Sullivan JM. Fat-Soluble Vitamers: Parent-Child Concordance and Population Epidemiology in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234990. [PMID: 36501020 PMCID: PMC9735774 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat-soluble vitamers (FSV) are a class of diverse organic substances important in a wide range of biological processes, including immune function, vision, bone health, and coagulation. Profiling FSV in parents and children enables insights into gene-environment contributions to their circulating levels, but no studies have reported on the population epidemiology of FSV in these groups as of yet. In this study, we report distributions of FSV, their parent-child concordance and variation by key characteristics for 2490 children (aged 11-12 years) and adults (aged 28-71 years) in the Child Health CheckPoint of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Ten A, D, E and K vitamers were quantified using a novel automated LC-MS/MS method. All three K vitamers (i.e., K1, MK-4, MK-7) and 1-α-25(OH)2D3 were below the instrument detection limit and were removed from the present analysis. We observed a strong vitamer-specific parent-child concordance for the six quantifiable A, D and E FSVs. FSV concentrations all varied by age, BMI, and sex. We provide the first cross-sectional population values for multiple FSV. Future studies could examine relative genetic vs. environmental determinants of FSV, how FSV values change longitudinally, and how they contribute to future health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris James Pook
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Beatrix Jones
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Coe
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Richard Saffery
- The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Justin Martin O’Sullivan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.); (J.M.O.)
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4
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Zhang Y, Ding J, Guo H, Liu Z, Liu Q, Li Y, Zhang D, Liang J. Associations of Dietary and Circulating Vitamin E Level With Metabolic Syndrome. A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front Nutr 2021; 8:783990. [PMID: 34957185 PMCID: PMC8692835 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.783990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The associations of dietary and circulating vitamin E level with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains conflicting. This meta-analysis of observational study was therefore employed to investigate the issue above. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science and Embase database were searched up to April 2021. The observational studies on the associations of dietary and circulating vitamin E level with MetS were specified. The pooled relative risk (RR) of MetS for the highest vs. lowest dietary and circulating vitamin E level, and the standard mean difference (SMD) of dietary and circulating vitamin E level for MetS vs. control subjects, were calculated. Results: A total of 25 observational studies with 51,276 participants, were included in this meta-analysis. The overall multi-variable adjusted RR demonstrated that the dietary vitamin E level was inversely associated with MetS (RR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.85–1.00; P = 0.044). In addition, the dietary vitamin E level in MetS was also lower than that in control subjects according to the overall combined SMD (SMD = −0.08, 95%CI: −0.14 to −0.02; P = 0.024). On the other hand, the overall multi-variable adjusted RR showed no significant relationship between the circulating vitamin E level and MetS (RR = 1.46, 95%CI: 0.85–2.48; P = 0.17). However, the circulating vitamin E level in MetS was lower than that in control subjects according to the overall combined SMD (SMD = −0.58, 95%CI: −1.04 to −0.13; P = 0.013). Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the dietary vitamin E level is inversely associated with MetS. On the other hand, current evidence is still insufficient to conclude a relationship between the circulating vitamin E level and MetS. More well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed to address the issues further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Changsha Social Work College, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dianzhong Zhang
- Center for Teaching and Research of Advanced Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieyu Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Goon DE, Ab-Rahim S, Mohd Sakri AH, Mazlan M, Tan JK, Abdul Aziz M, Mohd Noor N, Ibrahim E, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH. Untargeted serum metabolites profiling in high-fat diet mice supplemented with enhanced palm tocotrienol-rich fraction using UHPLC-MS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21001. [PMID: 34697380 PMCID: PMC8546078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive high fat dietary intake promotes risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and predisposed with oxidative stress. Palm based tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) has been reported able to ameliorate oxidative stress but exhibited poor bioavailability. Thus, we investigated whether an enhanced formulation of TRF in combination with palm kernel oil (medium-chain triglycerides) (ETRF) could ameliorate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) on leptin-deficient male mice. All the animals were divided into HFD only (HFD group), HFD supplemented with ETRF (ETRF group) and HFD supplemented with TRF (TRF group) and HFD supplemented with PKO (PKO group). After 6 weeks, sera were collected for untargeted metabolite profiling using UHPLC-Orbitrap MS. Univariate analysis unveiled alternation in metabolites for bile acids, amino acids, fatty acids, sphingolipids, and alkaloids. Bile acids, lysine, arachidonic acid, and sphingolipids were downregulated while xanthine and hypoxanthine were upregulated in TRF and ETRF group. The regulation of these metabolites suggests that ETRF may promote better fatty acid oxidation, reduce oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory metabolites and acts as anti-inflammatory in fatty liver compared to TRF. Metabolites regulated by ETRF also provide insight of its role in fatty liver. However, further investigation is warranted to identify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Efendy Goon
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharaniza Ab-Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Amir Hakimi Mohd Sakri
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Musalmah Mazlan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jen Kit Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Abdul Aziz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norizal Mohd Noor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Effendi Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
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6
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Bergin P, Leggett A, Cardwell CR, Woodside JV, Thakkinstian A, Maxwell AP, McKay GJ. The effects of vitamin E supplementation on malondialdehyde as a biomarker of oxidative stress in haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:126. [PMID: 33832458 PMCID: PMC8034191 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemodialysis (HD) patients tend to have higher levels of oxidative stress (OS), associated with increased morbidity and premature mortality, compared to the general population. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of OS, are reduced by the antioxidant properties of vitamin E (VE) but outcomes from randomised control trials of VE supplementation on MDA in HD patients have been inconsistent. Methods We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of adult HD patients from VE supplementation studies with measures of MDA. The following search criteria of MEDLINE and EMBASE were considered from inception to January 2020: ‘dialysis’ AND ‘Vitamin E OR tocopherol’ AND ‘malondialdehyde OR MDA’. Two reviewers independently extracted study data and assessed risk of bias. Mean MDA levels and standard deviation were determined before and after VE supplementation. Standardised mean difference (SMD) and standard error were calculated as the within person difference and units of measure were not consistently recorded across all studies. The SMD were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Results The SMD of MDA levels from 18 comparisons was significantly lower in HD patients following VE supplementation (− 1.55; confidence interval: − 2.17 to − 0.94, P < 0.00001). There were significant levels of heterogeneity between studies (I2 value = 91%; P < 0.00001) with evidence of potential publication bias toward smaller studies. Conclusions Our findings support the use of VE to reduce the effects of OS in HD patients although high levels of heterogeneity and variation in the methodological approaches used by some studies highlight the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bergin
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aoife Leggett
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Chris R Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jayne V Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ammarin Thakkinstian
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Gareth J McKay
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK. .,Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, BT12 6BA, UK.
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7
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Hidalgo M, Rodríguez V, Kreindl C, Porras O. Biological Redox Impact of Tocopherol Isomers Is Mediated by Fast Cytosolic Calcium Increases in Living Caco-2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020155. [PMID: 32075011 PMCID: PMC7070868 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the biological impacts of Vitamin E, including the redox effects, have been raised from studies with α-tocopherol only, despite the fact that tocopherol-containing foods carry mixed tocopherol isomers. Here, we investigated the cellular mechanisms involved in the immediate antioxidant responses evoked by α-, γ- and δ-tocopherol in Caco-2 cells. In order to track the cytosolic redox impact, we performed imaging on cells expressing HyPer, a fluorescent redox biosensor, while cytosolic calcium fluctuations were monitored by means of Fura-2 dye and imaging. With this approach, we could observe fast cellular responses evoked by the addition of α-, γ- and δ-tocopherol at concentrations as low as 2.5 μM. Each isomer induced rapid and consistent increases in cytosolic calcium with fast kinetics, which were affected by chelation of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that tocopherols promoted a calcium entry upon the contact with the plasma membrane. In terms of redox effects, δ-tocopherol was the only isomer that evoked a significant change in the HyPer signal at 5 μM. By mimicking Ca2+ entry with ionomycin and monensin, a decline in the HyPer signal was induced as well. Finally, by silencing calcium with 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, none of the isomers were able to induce redox changes. Altogether, our data indicate that an elevation in cytoplasmic Ca2+ is necessary for the development of a tocopherol-induced antioxidant impact on the cytoplasm of Caco-2 cells reported by HyPer biosensor.
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8
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Antioxidant status following postprandial challenge of two different doses of tocopherols and tocotrienols. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 18:68-79. [PMID: 31812339 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tocotrienols (T3s) have been hypothesized to have greater antioxidant capacity than tocopherols (Ts) due to differences in biokinetics that affect their absorption and function. The present trial compares the antioxidant effectiveness following postprandial challenge of two different doses of α-T or palm T3-rich fraction (TRF) treatments and evaluates their dose-response effects on antioxidant status. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers were given four different doses of vitamin E formulations (268 mg α-T, 537 mg α-T, 263 mg TRF or 526 mg TRF) in a cross-over postprandial trial. Blood was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8 hours after meal consumption and plasma antioxidant status including total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde (MDA), ferric reducing antioxidant potential and trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity, was analyzed. RESULTS Supplementation with the different doses of either α-T or TRF did not significantly improve overall antioxidant status. There was no significant difference in overall antioxidant status among treatments at the different doses compared. However, a significant dose-response effect was observed for plasma MDA throughout the 8-hour postprandial period. MDA was significantly lower after the 537 mg α-T treatment, compared to the 268 mg α-T treatment; it was also lower after the 526 mg TRF treatment compared to the 263 mg TRF treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION T3 and α-T demonstrated similar antioxidant capacity, despite markedly lower levels of T3 in blood and lipoproteins, compared to α-T.
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Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S. The Role of Tocotrienol in Preventing Male Osteoporosis-A Review of Current Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1355. [PMID: 30889819 PMCID: PMC6471446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Male osteoporosis is a significant but undetermined healthcare problem. Men suffer from a higher mortality rate post-fracture than women and they are marginalized in osteoporosis treatment. The current prophylactic agents for osteoporosis are limited. Functional food components such as tocotrienol may be an alternative option for osteoporosis prevention in men. This paper aims to review the current evidence regarding the skeletal effects of tocotrienol in animal models of male osteoporosis and its potential antiosteoporotic mechanism. The efficacy of tocotrienol of various sources (single isoform, palm and annatto vitamin E mixture) had been tested in animal models of bone loss induced by testosterone deficiency (orchidectomy and buserelin), metabolic syndrome, nicotine, alcoholism, and glucocorticoid. The treated animals showed improvements ranging from bone microstructural indices, histomorphometric indices, calcium content, and mechanical strength. The bone-sparing effects of tocotrienol may be exerted through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mevalonate-suppressive pathways. However, information pertaining to its mechanism of actions is superficial and warrants further studies. As a conclusion, tocotrienol could serve as a functional food component to prevent male osteoporosis, but its application requires validation from a clinical trial in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia.
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Malaysia.
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10
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Miyazawa T, Burdeos GC, Itaya M, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. Vitamin E: Regulatory Redox Interactions. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:430-441. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Miyazawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Gregor C. Burdeos
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Metabolic Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Mayuko Itaya
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Miyagi Japan
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe); Tohoku University; Sendai Miyagi Japan
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11
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Jaafar F, Abdullah A, Makpol S. Cellular Uptake and Bioavailability of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in SIRT1-Inhibited Human Diploid Fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10471. [PMID: 29992988 PMCID: PMC6041292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) is palm vitamin E that consists of tocopherol and tocotrienol. TRF is involved in important cellular regulation including delaying cellular senescence. A key regulator of cellular senescence, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is involved in lipid metabolism. Thus, SIRT1 may regulate vitamin E transportation and bioavailability at cellular level. This study aimed to determine the role of SIRT1 on cellular uptake and bioavailability of TRF in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). SIRT1 gene in young HDFs was silenced by small interference RNA (siRNA) while SIRT1 activity was inhibited by sirtinol. TRF treatment was given for 24 h before or after SIRT1 inhibition. Cellular concentration of TRF isomers was determined according to the time points of before and after TRF treatment at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Our results showed that all tocotrienol isomers were significantly taken up by HDFs after 24 h of TRF treatment and decreased 24 h after TRF treatment was terminated but remained in the cell up to 72 h. The uptake of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and β-tocotrienol was significantly higher in senescent cells as compared to young HDFs indicating higher requirement for vitamin E in senescent cells. Inhibition of SIRT1 gene increased the uptake of all tocotrienol isomers but not α-tocopherol. However, SIRT1 inhibition at protein level decreased tocotrienol concentration. In conclusion, SIRT1 may regulate the cellular uptake and bioavailability of tocotrienol isomers in human diploid fibroblast cells while a similar regulation was not shown for α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Jaafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asmaa Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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12
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Calvo-Castro LA, Sus N, Schiborr C, Bosy-Westphal A, Duran ML, Fesenmeyer D, Fesenmeyer G, Frank J. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin E, γ-oryzanol, and ferulic acid in healthy humans after the ingestion of a rice bran-enriched porridge prepared with water or with milk. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:2099-2110. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Nukala U, Thakkar S, Krager KJ, Breen PJ, Compadre CM, Aykin-Burns N. Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans). Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7020033. [PMID: 29473853 PMCID: PMC5836023 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation countermeasures fall under three categories, radiation protectors, radiation mitigators, and radiation therapeutics. Radiation protectors are agents that are administered before radiation exposure to protect from radiation-induced injuries by numerous mechanisms, including scavenging free radicals that are generated by initial radiochemical events. Radiation mitigators are agents that are administered after the exposure of radiation but before the onset of symptoms by accelerating the recovery and repair from radiation-induced injuries. Whereas radiation therapeutic agents administered after the onset of symptoms act by regenerating the tissues that are injured by radiation. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals generated by radiation exposure by donating H atoms. The vitamin E family consists of eight different vitamers, including four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Though alpha-tocopherol was extensively studied in the past, tocotrienols have recently gained attention as radiation countermeasures. Despite several studies performed on tocotrienols, there is no clear evidence on the factors that are responsible for their superior radiation protection properties over tocopherols. Their absorption and bioavailability are also not well understood. In this review, we discuss tocopherol’s and tocotrienol’s efficacy as radiation countermeasures and identify the challenges to be addressed to develop them into radiation countermeasures for human use in the event of radiological emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujwani Nukala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Philip J Breen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
| | - Cesar M Compadre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
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14
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Comitato R, Ambra R, Virgili F. Tocotrienols: A Family of Molecules with Specific Biological Activities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040093. [PMID: 29156559 PMCID: PMC5745503 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is a generic term frequently used to group together eight different molecules, namely: α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherol and the corresponding tocotrienols. The term tocopherol and eventually Vitamin E and its related activity was originally based on the capacity of countering foetal re-absorption in deficient rodents or the development of encephalomalacia in chickens. In humans, Vitamin E activity is generally considered to be solely related to the antioxidant properties of the tocolic chemical structure. In recent years, several reports have shown that specific activities exist for each different tocotrienol form. In this short review, tocotrienol ability to inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis thanks to specific mechanisms, not shared by tocopherols, such as the binding to Estrogen Receptor-β (ERβ) and the triggering of endoplasmic reticulum (EndoR) stress will be described. The neuroprotective activity will also be presented and discussed. We propose that available studies strongly indicate that specific forms of tocotrienols have a distinct mechanism and biological activity, significantly different from tocopherol and more specifically from α-tocopherol. We therefore suggest not pooling them together within the broad term “Vitamin E” on solely the basis of their putative antioxidant properties. This option implies obvious consequences in the assessment of dietary Vitamin E adequacy and, probably more importantly, on the possibility of evaluating a separate biological variable, determinant in the relationship between diet and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Comitato
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition (CREA-AN) via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ambra
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition (CREA-AN) via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabio Virgili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition (CREA-AN) via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
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15
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Grimm MOW, Regner L, Mett J, Stahlmann CP, Schorr P, Nelke C, Streidenberger O, Stoetzel H, Winkler J, Zaidan SR, Thiel A, Endres K, Grimm HS, Volmer DA, Hartmann T. Tocotrienol Affects Oxidative Stress, Cholesterol Homeostasis and the Amyloidogenic Pathway in Neuroblastoma Cells: Consequences for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111809. [PMID: 27801864 PMCID: PMC5133810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristics of Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is an increased amyloid load and an enhanced level of reactive oxidative species (ROS). Vitamin E has known beneficial neuroprotective effects, and previously, some studies suggested that vitamin E is associated with a reduced risk of AD due to its antioxidative properties. However, epidemiological studies and nutritional approaches of vitamin E treatment are controversial. Here, we investigate the effect of α-tocotrienol, which belongs to the group of vitamin E, on AD-relevant processes in neuronal cell lines. In line with the literature, α-tocotrienol reduced the ROS level in SH-SY5Y cells. In the presence of tocotrienols, cholesterol and cholesterol esters, which have been shown to be risk factors in AD, were decreased. Besides the unambiguous positive effects of tocotrienol, amyloid-β (Aβ) levels were increased accompanied by an increase in the activity of enzymes responsible for Aβ production. Proteins and gene expression of the secretases and their components remained unchanged, whereas tocotrienol accelerates enzyme activity in cell-free assays. Besides enhanced Aβ production, tocotrienols inhibited Aβ degradation in neuro 2a (N2a)-cells. Our results might help to understand the controversial findings of vitamin E studies and demonstrate that besides the known positive neuroprotective properties, tocotrienols also have negative characteristics with respect to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O W Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Liesa Regner
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Janine Mett
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Christoph P Stahlmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Olga Streidenberger
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Hannah Stoetzel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Jakob Winkler
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Shatha R Zaidan
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Andrea Thiel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Research Group, University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heike S Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Research Group, University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Meganathan P, Fu JY. Biological Properties of Tocotrienols: Evidence in Human Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111682. [PMID: 27792171 PMCID: PMC5133770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E has been recognized as an essential vitamin since their discovery in 1922. Although the functions of tocopherols are well established, tocotrienols have been the unsung heroes of vitamin E. Due to their structural differences, tocotrienols were reported to exert distinctive properties compared to tocopherols. While most vegetable oils contain higher amount of tocopherols, tocotrienols were found abundantly in palm oil. Nature has made palm vitamin E to contain up to 70% of total tocotrienols, among which alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols are the major constituents. Recent advancements have shown their biological properties in conferring protection against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and immune regulation. Preclinical results of these physiological functions were translated into clinical trials gaining global attention. This review will discuss in detail the evidence in human studies to date in terms of efficacy, population, disease state and bioavailability. The review will serve as a platform to pave the future direction for tocotrienols in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puvaneswari Meganathan
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ju-Yen Fu
- Nutrition Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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17
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Acute effects of a single dose of tocotrienols on insulinemic and inflammatory responses in metabolic syndrome subjects after a high-fat challenge. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:107-114. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Mahipal A, Klapman J, Vignesh S, Yang CS, Neuger A, Chen DT, Malafa MP. Pharmacokinetics and safety of vitamin E δ-tocotrienol after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects with measurement of vitamin E metabolites. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:157-65. [PMID: 27278668 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol (VEDT) has demonstrated chemopreventive and antineoplastic activity in preclinical models. The aim of our study was to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of VEDT and its metabolites after single- and multiple-dose administrations in healthy subjects. METHODS Thirty-six subjects received from 100 to 1600 mg of oral VEDT as a single dose or twice daily for 14 consecutive days. A 3 + 3 dose escalation design was utilized. Pharmacokinetic data were derived from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays. Serial blood and urine samples were collected before and during VEDT administration, with serum and urine metabolites assessed using HPLC. RESULTS No drug-related adverse events were observed. Pharmacokinetic parameters for single and multiple doses were, respectively, as follows (shown as range): time to maximum concentration of 4-9.3 and 4.7-7.3 h, maximum concentration of 795.6-3742.6 and 493.3-3746 ng/mL, half-life of 1.7-5.9 and 2.3-6.9 h, and 0-12 h area under the curve of 4518.7-20,781.4 and 1987.7-22,171.2 ng h/mL. Plasma tocotrienols were significantly increased after VEDT administration, indicating oral bioavailability of VEDT in humans. Plasma and urine levels of metabolites, δ-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman, and δ-carboxymethylbutyl hydroxychroman were elevated after VEDT administration in a dose-dependent manner and were 30-60 times significantly higher than δ-tocotrienol levels. VEDT can be safely administered at doses up to 1600 mg twice daily. Plasma VEDT concentrations were comparable to those obtained in VEDT-treated mice in which tumor growth was delayed. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that VEDT can be safely consumed by healthy subjects and achieve bioactive levels, supporting the investigation of VEDT for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahipal
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive FOB-2, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jason Klapman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive FOB-2, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shivakumar Vignesh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SUNY Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony Neuger
- Translational Research Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dung-Tsa Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mokenge P Malafa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive FOB-2, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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19
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Wong WY, Ward LC, Fong CW, Yap WN, Brown L. Anti-inflammatory γ- and δ-tocotrienols improve cardiovascular, liver and metabolic function in diet-induced obese rats. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:133-150. [PMID: 26446095 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested the hypothesis that γ- and δ-tocotrienols are more effective than α-tocotrienol and α-tocopherol in attenuating the signs of diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. METHODS Five groups of rats were fed a corn starch-rich (C) diet containing 68 % carbohydrates as polysaccharides, while the other five groups were fed a diet (H) high in simple carbohydrates (fructose and sucrose in food, 25 % fructose in drinking water, total 68 %) and fats (beef tallow, total 24 %) for 16 weeks. Separate groups from each diet were supplemented with either α-, γ-, δ-tocotrienol or α-tocopherol (85 mg/kg/day) for the final 8 of the 16 weeks. RESULTS H rats developed visceral obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular remodelling and fatty liver. α-Tocopherol, α-, γ- and δ-tocotrienols reduced collagen deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in the heart. Only γ- and δ-tocotrienols improved cardiovascular function and normalised systolic blood pressure compared to H rats. Further, δ-tocotrienol improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and abdominal adiposity. In the liver, these interventions reduced lipid accumulation, inflammatory infiltrates and plasma liver enzyme activities. Tocotrienols were measured in heart, liver and adipose tissue showing that chronic oral dosage delivered tocotrienols to these organs despite low or no detection of tocotrienols in plasma. CONCLUSION In rats, δ-tocotrienol improved inflammation, heart structure and function, and liver structure and function, while γ-tocotrienol produced more modest improvements, with minimal changes with α-tocotrienol and α-tocopherol. The most important mechanism of action is likely to be reduction in organ inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Yew Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Signalling, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Chee Wai Fong
- Davos Life Science Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19 Synapse, Singapore, 138623, Singapore
| | - Wei Ney Yap
- Davos Life Science Pte Ltd, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19 Synapse, Singapore, 138623, Singapore
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
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Meganathan P, Jabir RS, Fuang HG, Bhoo-Pathy N, Choudhury RB, Taib NA, Nesaretnam K, Chik Z. A new formulation of Gamma Delta Tocotrienol has superior bioavailability compared to existing Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in healthy human subjects. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13550. [PMID: 26323969 PMCID: PMC4555096 DOI: 10.1038/srep13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma and delta tocotrienols are isomers of Vitamin E with established potency in pre-clinical anti-cancer research. This single-dose, randomized, crossover study aimed to compare the safety and bioavailability of a new formulation of Gamma Delta Tocotrienol (GDT) in comparison with the existing Tocotrienol-rich Fraction (TRF) in terms of gamma and delta isomers in healthy volunteers. Subjects were given either two 300 mg GDT (450 mg γ-T3 and 150 mg δ-T3) capsules or four 200 mg TRF (451.2 mg γ-T3 & 102.72 mg δ-T3) capsules and blood samples were taken at several time points over 24 hours. Plasma tocotrienol concentrations were determined using HPLC method. The 90% CI for gamma and delta tocotrienols for the ratio of log-transformation of GDT/TRF for Cmax and AUC0–∞ (values were anti-logged and expressed as a percentage) were beyond the bioequivalence limits (106.21–195.46, 154.11–195.93 and 52.35–99.66, 74.82–89.44 respectively). The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Tmax did not show any significant difference between GDT and TRF for both isomers (p > 0.05). No adverse events were reported during the entire period of study. GDT was found not bioequivalent to TRF, in terms of AUC and Cmax. Gamma tocotrienol in GDT showed superior bioavailability whilst delta tocotrienol showed less bioavailability compared to TRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puvaneswari Meganathan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rafid Salim Jabir
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ho Gwo Fuang
- Oncology Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (SPM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roma Basu Choudhury
- Clinical Investigation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Aishah Taib
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kalanithi Nesaretnam
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Chik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bioavailability of tocotrienols: evidence in human studies. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11:5. [PMID: 24410975 PMCID: PMC3895660 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a minor component of vitamin E, tocotrienols were evident in exhibiting biological activities such as neuroprotection, radio-protection, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and lipid lowering properties which are not shared by tocopherols. However, available data on the therapeutic window of tocotrienols remains controversial. It is important to understand the absorption and bioavailability mechanisms before conducting in-depth investigations into the therapeutic efficacy of tocotrienols in humans. In this review, we updated current evidence on the bioavailability of tocotrienols from human studies. Available data from five studies suggested that tocotrienols may reach its target destination through an alternative pathway despite its low affinity for α-tocopherol transfer protein. This was evident when studies reported considerable amount of tocotrienols detected in HDL particles and adipose tissues after oral consumption. Besides, plasma concentrations of tocotrienols were shown to be higher when administered with food while self-emulsifying preparation of tocotrienols was shown to enhance the absorption of tocotrienols. Nevertheless, mixed results were observed based on the outcome from 24 clinical studies, focusing on the dosages, study populations and formulations used. This may be due to the variation of compositions and dosages of tocotrienols used, suggesting a need to understand the formulation of tocotrienols in the study design. Essentially, implementation of a control diet such as AHA Step 1 diet may influence the study outcomes, especially in hypercholesterolemic subjects when lipid profile might be modified due to synergistic interaction between tocotrienols and control diet. We also found that the bioavailability of tocotrienols were inconsistent in different target populations, from healthy subjects to smokers and diseased patients. In this review, the effect of dosage, composition and formulation of tocotrienols as well as study populations on the bioavailability of tocotrienols will be discussed.
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Daud ZAM, Tubie B, Sheyman M, Osia R, Adams J, Tubie S, Khosla P. Vitamin E tocotrienol supplementation improves lipid profiles in chronic hemodialysis patients. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2013; 9:747-61. [PMID: 24348043 PMCID: PMC3849001 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s51710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic hemodialysis patients experience accelerated atherosclerosis contributed to by dyslipidemia, inflammation, and an impaired antioxidant system. Vitamin E tocotrienols possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the impact of dietary intervention with Vitamin E tocotrienols is unknown in this population. PATIENTS AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial was conducted in 81 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Subjects were provided daily with capsules containing either vitamin E tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) (180 mg tocotrienols, 40 mg tocopherols) or placebo (0.48 mg tocotrienols, 0.88 mg tocopherols). Endpoints included measurements of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and interleukin 6), oxidative status (total antioxidant power and malondialdehyde), lipid profiles (plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), as well as cholesteryl-ester transfer protein activity and apolipoprotein A1. RESULTS TRF supplementation did not impact any nutritional, inflammatory, or oxidative status biomarkers over time when compared with the baseline within the group (one-way repeated measures analysis of variance) or when compared with the placebo group at a particular time point (independent t-test). However, the TRF supplemented group showed improvement in lipid profiles after 12 and 16 weeks of intervention when compared with placebo at the respective time points. Normalized plasma triacylglycerols (cf baseline) in the TRF group were reduced by 33 mg/dL (P=0.032) and 36 mg/dL (P=0.072) after 12 and 16 weeks of intervention but no significant improvement was seen in the placebo group. Similarly, normalized plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher (P<0.05) in the TRF group as compared with placebo at both week 12 and week 16. The changes in the TRF group at week 12 and week 16 were associated with higher plasma apolipoprotein A1 concentration (P<0.02) and lower cholesteryl-ester transfer protein activity (P<0.001). CONCLUSION TRF supplementation improved lipid profiles in this study of maintenance hemodialysis patients. A multi-centered trial is warranted to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfitri A Mat Daud
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Osia
- Great Lake Dialysis Clinic, LLC, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Judy Adams
- Great Lake Dialysis Clinic, LLC, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sharon Tubie
- Great Lake Dialysis Clinic, LLC, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pramod Khosla
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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23
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Traber MG. Mechanisms for the prevention of vitamin E excess. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2295-306. [PMID: 23505319 PMCID: PMC3735929 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r032946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is at the nexus of the regulation of lipoprotein uptake, synthesis, and secretion, and it is the site of xenobiotic detoxification by cytochrome P450 oxidation systems (phase I), conjugation systems (phase II), and transporters (phase III). These two major liver systems control vitamin E status. The mechanisms for the preference for α-tocopherol relative to the eight naturally occurring vitamin E forms largely depend upon the liver and include both a preferential secretion of α-tocopherol from the liver into the plasma for its transport in circulating lipoproteins for subsequent uptake by tissues, as well as the preferential hepatic metabolism of non-α-tocopherol forms. These mechanisms are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Jufri M, Azmi N, Shamsuddin AF. Effects of intravenous palm oil–based lipid nanoemulsion on fat metabolism in rabbits. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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