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Lykourinas A, Rottenberg X, Catthoor F, Skodras A. Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Inter-Session Re-Calibration of Ultrasound-Based HMIs. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5043. [PMID: 39124090 PMCID: PMC11314926 DOI: 10.3390/s24155043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) have gained popularity as they allow for an effortless and natural interaction between the user and the machine by processing information gathered from a single or multiple sensing modalities and transcribing user intentions to the desired actions. Their operability depends on frequent periodic re-calibration using newly acquired data due to their adaptation needs in dynamic environments, where test-time data continuously change in unforeseen ways, a cause that significantly contributes to their abandonment and remains unexplored by the Ultrasound-based (US-based) HMI community. In this work, we conduct a thorough investigation of Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) algorithms for the re-calibration of US-based HMIs during within-day sessions, which utilize unlabeled data for re-calibration. Our experimentation led us to the proposal of a CNN-based architecture for simultaneous wrist rotation angle and finger gesture prediction that achieves comparable performance with the state-of-the-art while featuring 87.92% less trainable parameters. According to our findings, DANN (a Domain-Adversarial training algorithm), with proper initialization, offers an average 24.99% classification accuracy performance enhancement when compared to no re-calibration setting. However, our results suggest that in cases where the experimental setup and the UDA configuration may differ, observed enhancements would be rather small or even unnoticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Lykourinas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.C.); (X.R.)
| | | | | | - Athanassios Skodras
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
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Kwak M, Succi PJ, Benitez B, Mitchinson C, Samaan MA, Abel MG, Bergstrom HC. Comparison of Force, Neuromuscular, and Metabolic Responses During Sustained, Isometric Handgrip Holds to Failure Anchored to Low and High Perceptual Intensities in Men: An Exploratory Study. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e405-e416. [PMID: 39072661 PMCID: PMC11296493 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kwak, M, Succi, PJ, Benitez, B, Mitchinson, C, Samaan, MA, Abel, MG, and Bergstrom, HC. Comparison of force, neuromuscular, and metabolic responses during sustained, isometric handgrip holds to failure anchored to low and high perceptual intensities in men: An exploratory study. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e405-e416, 2024-This study examined the responses of force alterations, relative to critical force (CF), neuromuscular parameters, and muscle oxygenation (SmO2) for isometric handgrip holds to failure (HTF) anchored to ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of 3 and 7. Twelve men completed pre-maximal voluntary isometric contractions (pre-MVIC), submaximal HTF at 4 percentages of pre-MVIC, HTF at RPE = 3 and 7, and post-MVIC. Mechanomyograpic (MMG) signals and SmO2 were recorded during the RPE HTF. Analyses included paired-samples t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVAs at an alpha level of p ≤ 0.05. Time to task failure was not different between RPE 3 (478.7 ± 196.6 s) and RPE 7 (495.8 ± 173.8 s). Performance fatigability (PF) and MMG amplitude (AMP) were greater for RPE 7 (PF: 37.9 ± 12.9%; MMG AMP: 15.7 ± 7.4% MVIC) than RPE 3 (PF: 30.0 ± 14.5%; MMG AMP: 10.2 ± 6.5% MVIC), but MMG mean power frequency (MPF) was greater for RPE 3 (146.2 ± 31.1% MVIC) than RPE 7 (128.8 ± 23.0% MVIC). There were RPE-dependent decreases in force (p ≤ 0.01) across 3 discernable phases during the HTF. There were decreases in MMG AMP across time for both RPEs, but there were no significant changes in MMG MPF or SmO2. There were overall similar motor unit control strategies and local metabolic demand between RPEs. The majority of the HTF performed below CF at RPE 3 and 7 indicated CF did not reflect the highest sustainable force. When prescribing isometric exercise anchored to RPE, practitioners should be aware of the magnitude of force loss and relative intensity of the task to be sure desired training loads are met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pasquale J. Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brian Benitez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Clara Mitchinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael A. Samaan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mark G. Abel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Haley C. Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Benitez B, Kwak M, Succi PJ, Mitchinson C, Bergstrom HC. No sex differences in time-to-task failure and neuromuscular patterns of response during submaximal, bilateral, isometric leg extensions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05508-0. [PMID: 38772923 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general, it has been suggested that females are more fatigue-resistant than males, with the magnitude of difference being most pronounced during low-intensity sustained contractions. However, the mechanisms for the apparent sex difference have not yet been fully elucidated in the literature. This study aimed to examine sex-related differences in fatigability and patterns of neuromuscular responses for surface electromyographic (sEMG) and mechanomyographic (sMMG) amplitude and frequency (MPF) characteristics during a sustained submaximal bilateral, isometric leg extension muscle action. METHODS A sample of 20 young recreationally active males and females with previous resistance training experience performed a sustained, submaximal, bilateral isometric leg extension until task failure. Time-to-task failure was compared using a nonparametric bootstrap of the 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between males and females. Additionally, patterns of response for sEMG and sMMG amplitude and MPF of the dominant limb were examined using linear mixed effect models. RESULTS There were no differences in time-to-task failure between males and females. Additionally, neuromuscular responses revealed similar patterns of responses between males and females. Interestingly, sEMG amplitude and sMMG amplitude and MPF all revealed non-linear responses, while sEMG MPF demonstrated linear responses. CONCLUSION These data revealed that time-to-task failure was not different between males and females during sustained submaximal bilateral, isometric leg extension. Interestingly, the parallel, non-linear, increases in sEMG and sMMG amplitude may indicate fatigue induced increases in motor unit recruitment, while the parallel decreases in sMMG MPF may be explained by the intrinsic properties of later recruited motor units, which may have inherently lower firing rates than those recruited earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Benitez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Minyoung Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Clara Mitchinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Son J, Shi F, Zev Rymer W. BiLSTM-Based Joint Torque Prediction From Mechanomyogram During Isometric Contractions: A Proof of Concept Study. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2024; 32:1926-1933. [PMID: 38722723 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2024.3399121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Quantifying muscle strength is an important measure in clinical settings; however, there is a lack of practical tools that can be deployed for routine assessment. The purpose of this study is to propose a deep learning model for ankle plantar flexion torque prediction from time-series mechanomyogram (MMG) signals recorded during isometric contractions (i.e., a similar form to manual muscle testing procedure in clinical practice) and to evaluate its performance. Four different deep learning models in terms of model architecture (based on a stacked bidirectional long short-term memory and dense layers) were designed with different combinations of the number of units (from 32 to 512) and dropout ratio (from 0.0 to 0.8), and then evaluated for prediction performance by conducting the leave-one-subject-out cross-validation method from the 10-subject dataset. As a result, the models explained more variance in the untrained test dataset as the error metrics (e.g., root-mean-square error) decreased and as the slope of the relationship between the measured and predicted joint torques became closer to 1.0. Although the slope estimates appear to be sensitive to an individual dataset, >70% of the variance in nine out of 10 datasets was explained by the optimal model. These results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed model as a potential tool to quantify average joint torque during a sustained isometric contraction.
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Turnsek G, Paravlic AH. Electromechanical efficiency index of skeletal muscle and its applicability: a systematic review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1398047. [PMID: 38784764 PMCID: PMC11111854 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1398047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The electromechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle represents the dissociation between electrical and mechanical events within a muscle. It has been widely studied, with varying methods for its measurement and calculation. For this reason, the purpose of this literature review was to integrate the available research to date and provide more insights about this measure. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was performed across three online databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SPORTDiscus. This yielded 1284 reports, of which 10 met the inclusion criteria. Included studies have used different methods to measure the electromechanical efficiency (EME) index, including electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography and tensiomyography (TMG). Results: The EME index was used to assess muscle conditions such as muscle atrophy, pain syndromes, or to monitor rehabilitation in patients with knee problems, fatigue and the effects of exercise and rehabilitation. TMG has been shown to be one of the most reliable methods to obtain the EME index, but its use precludes obtaining the index during voluntary muscle contractions. Conclusion: Standardizing the EME index is crucial for its diverse applications in clinical, sport, and rehabilitation contexts. Future research should prioritize standardization of measurement protocols for establishing the most repeatable, and reliable approach that can be used for inter-individual comparisons or for assessing an individual for multiple times over a longer period. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023440333 Identifier: CRD42023440333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gasper Turnsek
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Armin Huso Paravlic
- Institute of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Hill EC, Proppe CE, Rivera PM, Lubiak SM, Gonzalez Rojas DH, Lawson JE, Choi H, Mansy H, Keller JL. Blood flow restriction attenuates surface mechanomyography lateral and longitudinal, but not transverse oscillations during fatiguing exercise. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:045002. [PMID: 38507792 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Surface mechanomyography (sMMG) can measure oscillations of the activated muscle fibers in three axes (i.e.X,Y, andZ-axes) and has been used to describe motor unit activation patterns (X-axis). The application of blood flow restriction (BFR) is common in exercise studies, but the cuff may restrict muscle fiber oscillations. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effects of submaximal, fatiguing exercise with and without BFR on sMMG amplitude in theX,Y, andZ-axes among female participants.Approach. Sixteen females (21 ± 1 years) performed two separate exercise bouts to volitional exhaustion that consisted of unilateral, submaximal (50% maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) intermittent, isometric, leg extensions with and without BFR. sMMG was recorded and examined across percent time to exhaustion (%TTE) in 20% increments. Separate 2-way repeated measures ANOVA models were constructed: (condition [BFR, non-BFR]) × (time [20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% TTE]) to examine absolute (m·s-2) and normalized (% of pretest MVIC) sMMG amplitude in theX-(sMMG-X),Y-(sMMG-Y), andZ-(sMMG-Z) axes.Main results. The absolute sMMG-X amplitude responses were attenuated with the application of BFR (mean ± SD = 0.236 ± 0.138 m·s-2) relative to non-BFR (0.366 ± 0.199 m·s-2, collapsed across time) and for sMMG-Y amplitude at 60%-100% of TTE (BFR range = 0.213-0.232 m·s-2versus non-BFR = 0.313-0.445 m·s-2). Normalizing sMMG to pretest MVIC removed most, but not all the attenuation which was still evident for sMMG-Y amplitude at 100% of TTE between BFR (72.9 ± 47.2%) and non-BFR (98.9 ± 53.1%). Interestingly, sMMG-Z amplitude was not affected by the application of BFR and progressively decreased across %TTE (0.332 ± 0.167 m·s-2to 0.219 ± 0.104 m·s-2, collapsed across condition.)Significance. The application of BFR attenuated sMMG-X and sMMG-Y amplitude, although normalizing sMMG removed most of this attenuation. Unlike theXandY-axes, sMMG-Z amplitude was not affected by BFR and progressively decreased across each exercise bout potentially tracking the development of muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America
- Florida Space Institute, Partnership I, Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, United States of America
- College of Medicine, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, United States of America
| | - Chris E Proppe
- School of Kinesiology & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America
| | - Paola M Rivera
- School of Kinesiology & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America
| | - Sean M Lubiak
- School of Kinesiology & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America
| | - David H Gonzalez Rojas
- School of Kinesiology & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America
| | - John E Lawson
- School of Kinesiology & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America
| | - Hwan Choi
- College of Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace, 4328 Scorpius St, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America
| | - Hansen Mansy
- College of Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace, 4328 Scorpius St, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America
| | - Joshua L Keller
- College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36618, United States of America
- College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36618, United States of America
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Suo J, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen M, Wang K, Yang X, Yao K, Roy VAL, Yu X, Daoud WA, Liu N, Wang J, Wang Z, Li WJ. AI-Enabled Soft Sensing Array for Simultaneous Detection of Muscle Deformation and Mechanomyography for Metaverse Somatosensory Interaction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305025. [PMID: 38376001 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Motion recognition (MR)-based somatosensory interaction technology, which interprets user movements as input instructions, presents a natural approach for promoting human-computer interaction, a critical element for advancing metaverse applications. Herein, this work introduces a non-intrusive muscle-sensing wearable device, that in conjunction with machine learning, enables motion-control-based somatosensory interaction with metaverse avatars. To facilitate MR, the proposed device simultaneously detects muscle mechanical activities, including dynamic muscle shape changes and vibrational mechanomyogram signals, utilizing a flexible 16-channel pressure sensor array (weighing ≈0.38 g). Leveraging the rich information from multiple channels, a recognition accuracy of ≈96.06% is achieved by classifying ten lower-limb motions executed by ten human subjects. In addition, this work demonstrates the practical application of muscle-sensing-based somatosensory interaction, using the proposed wearable device, for enabling the real-time control of avatars in a virtual space. This study provides an alternative approach to traditional rigid inertial measurement units and electromyography-based methods for achieving accurate human motion capture, which can further broaden the applications of motion-interactive wearable devices for the coming metaverse age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Suo
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, MI, 48840, USA
| | - Jianfei Wang
- The Int. Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Keer Wang
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Vellaisamy A L Roy
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Xinge Yu
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Walid A Daoud
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Na Liu
- Sch. of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Dept. of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zuobin Wang
- The Int. Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Wen Jung Li
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Succi PJ, Dinyer-McNeely TK, Voskuil CC, Abel MG, Clasey JL, Bergstrom HC. Responses to Exercise at the Critical Heart Rate vs. the Power Output Associated With the Critical Heart Rate. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2362-2372. [PMID: 37369084 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Succi, PJ, Dinyer-McNeely, TK, Voskuil, CC, Abel, MG, Clasey, JL, and Bergstrom, HC. Responses to exercise at the critical heart rate vs. the power output associated with the critical heart rate. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2362-2372, 2023-This study examined the physiological (volume of oxygen consumption [V̇ o2 ], heart rate [HR], power output [PO], respiration rate [RR], muscle oxygen saturation [%SmO 2 ]), neuromuscular (electromyographic and mechanomyographic amplitude [EMG AMP and MMG AMP] and mean power frequency [EMG MPF and MMG MPF]), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) responses during exercise anchored at the critical heart rate (CHR) vs. the PO associated with CHR (PCHR). Nine subjects (mean ± SD ; age = 26 ± 3 years) performed a graded exercise test and 4 constant PO trials to exhaustion at 85-100% of peak PO (PP) to derive CHR and PCHR on a cycle ergometer. Responses were recorded during trials at CHR (173 ± 9 b·min -1 , time to exhaustion [T Lim ] = 45.5 ± 20.2 minutes) and PCHR (198 ± 58 W, T Lim = 21.0 ± 17.8 minutes) and normalized to their respective values at PP in 10% intervals. There were significant ( p ≤ 0.05) mode (CHR vs. PCHR) × time (10%-100% T Lim ) interactions for all variables ( p < 0.001-0.036) except MMG AMP ( p > 0.05). Post hoc analyses indicated differences across time for CHR V̇ o2 (%change = -22 ± 16%), PCHR V̇ o2 (19 ± 5%), CHR RR (24 ± 23%), PCHR RR (45 ± 14%), CHR PO (-33 ± 11%), PCHR HR (22 ± 5%), CHR RPE (22 ± 14%), PCHR RPE (39 ± 6%), CHR %SmO 2 (41 ± 33%), PCHR %SmO 2 (-18 ± 40%), CHR EMG AMP (-13 ± 15%), PCHR EMG AMP (13 ± 13%), CHR EMG MPF (9 ± 8%), CHR MMG MPF (7 ± 11%), and PCHR MMG MPF (-3 ± 14%). The critical heart rate was more sustainable than PCHR but required adjustments in PO which traversed intensity domains and caused dissociations of the responses previously observed in exercise anchored to PO. These dissociations indicated the demands to exercise varied with anchoring scheme and provides an important consideration for practitioners prescribing endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Taylor K Dinyer-McNeely
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health & Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and
| | - Caleb C Voskuil
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Mark G Abel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jody L Clasey
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Kimoto A, Oishi Y, Machida M. A Wireless 2-Channel Layered EMG/NIRS Sensor System for Local Muscular Activity Evaluation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8394. [PMID: 37896488 PMCID: PMC10610620 DOI: 10.3390/s23208394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A wireless 2-channel layered sensor system that enables electromyography (EMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements at two local positions was developed. The layered sensor consists of a thin silver electrode and a photosensor consisting of a photoemitting diode (LED) or photodiode (PD). The EMG and NIRS signals were simultaneously measured using a pair of electrodes and photosensors for the LED and PD, respectively. Two local muscular activities are presented in detail using layered sensors. In the experiments, EMG and NIRS signals were measured for isometric constant and ramp contractions at each forearm using layered sensors. The results showed that local muscle activity analysis is possible using simultaneous EMG and NIRS signals at each local position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kimoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan (M.M.)
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Uwamahoro R, Sundaraj K, Feroz FS. Effect of Forearm Postures and Elbow Joint Angles on Elbow Flexion Torque and Mechanomyography in Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of the Biceps Brachii. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8165. [PMID: 37836995 PMCID: PMC10575078 DOI: 10.3390/s23198165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation plays a pivotal role in rehabilitating muscle function among individuals with neurological impairment. However, there remains uncertainty regarding whether the muscle's response to electrical excitation is affected by forearm posture, joint angle, or a combination of both factors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of forearm postures and elbow joint angles on the muscle torque and MMG signals. Measurements of the torque around the elbow and MMG of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle were conducted in 36 healthy subjects (age, 22.24 ± 2.94 years; height, 172 ± 0.5 cm; and weight, 67.01 ± 7.22 kg) using an in-house elbow flexion testbed and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the BB muscle. The BB muscle was stimulated while the forearm was positioned in the neutral, pronation, or supination positions. The elbow was flexed at angles of 10°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The study analyzed the impact of the forearm posture(s) and elbow joint angle(s) on the root-mean-square value of the torque (TQRMS). Subsequently, various MMG parameters, such as the root-mean-square value (MMGRMS), the mean power frequency (MMGMPF), and the median frequency (MMGMDF), were analyzed along the longitudinal, lateral, and transverse axes of the BB muscle fibers. The test-retest interclass correlation coefficient (ICC21) for the torque and MMG ranged from 0.522 to 0.828. Repeated-measure ANOVAs showed that the forearm posture and elbow flexion angle significantly influenced the TQRMS (p < 0.05). Similarly, the MMGRMS, MMGMPF, and MMGMDF showed significant differences among all the postures and angles (p < 0.05). However, the combined main effect of the forearm posture and elbow joint angle was insignificant along the longitudinal axis (p > 0.05). The study also found that the MMGRMS and TQRMS increased with increases in the joint angle from 10° to 60° and decreased at greater angles. However, during this investigation, the MMGMPF and MMGMDF exhibited a consistent decrease in response to increases in the joint angle for the lateral and transverse axes of the BB muscle. These findings suggest that the muscle contraction evoked by NMES may be influenced by the interplay between actin and myosin filaments, which are responsible for muscle contraction and are, in turn, influenced by the muscle length. Because restoring the function of limbs is a common goal in rehabilitation services, the use of MMG in the development of methods that may enable the real-time tracking of exact muscle dimensional changes and activation levels is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Uwamahoro
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.U.); (F.S.F.)
- Regional Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Engineering and e-Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 4285, Rwanda
| | - Kenneth Sundaraj
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.U.); (F.S.F.)
| | - Farah Shahnaz Feroz
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.U.); (F.S.F.)
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Li LL, Chen FC. Effects of kinesio taping on static balance performance and muscle activity in children with developmental coordination disorder: a single-group pretest-posttest study. J Rehabil Med 2023; 55:jrm13403. [PMID: 37622347 PMCID: PMC10469226 DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v55.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of various kinesio tape applications on static balance and muscle activity in children with developmental coordination disorder. Methods: Four taping conditions were applied to 48 children with developmental coordination disorder: no taping, gastrocnemius taping, tibialis anterior taping; and peroneus longus taping. Postural sway and electromyographic data were assessed, with eyes closed (30 s), standing still in 2-leg stance, dominant-leg stance, and non-dominant-leg stance. RESULTS Kinesio taping significantly reduced postural sway in both anteroposterior and mediolateral directions for dominant-leg stance and non-dominant-leg stance, but not 2-leg stance. During single-leg stances, anteroposterior sway was significantly lower for the gastrocnemius taping condition than for the no taping, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus taping conditions, and significantly lower in the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus taping conditions than in the no taping condition (gastrocnemius < tibialis anterior = peroneus longus < no taping). In addition, mediolateral sway was significantly lower in the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus taping conditions than in the no taping and gastrocnemius taping conditions, and significantly lower in the gastrocnemius taping condition than in the no taping condition (tibialis anterior = peroneus longus < gastrocnemius < no taping). Electromyographic data showed that muscle activity was significantly greater only for muscles where kinesio tape was applied. CONCLUSION Various kinesio tape applications can differentially reduce postural sway and increase muscle activity during single-leg stances in children with developmental coordination disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Liang Li
- Physical Education and Health Center, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, 116, Heping 1st Rd., Lingya Dist., Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan.
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12
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Cogliati M, Cudicio A, Benedini M, Cabral HV, Negro F, Reggiani C, Orizio C. Influence of age on force and re-lengthening dynamics after tetanic stimulation withdrawal in the tibialis anterior muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1825-1836. [PMID: 37071199 PMCID: PMC10363076 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE During alternate movements across a joint, the changeover from one direction of rotation to the opposite may be influenced by the delay and rate of tension reduction and the compliance to re-lengthening of the previously active muscle group. Given the aging process may affect the above-mentioned factors, this work aimed to compare the dynamics of both the ankle torque decline and muscle re-lengthening, mirrored by mechanomyogram (MMG), in the tibialis anterior because of its important role in gait. METHODS During the relaxation phase, after a supramaximal 35 Hz stimulation applied at the superficial motor point, in 20 young (Y) and 20 old (O) subjects, the torque (T) and MMG dynamics characteristics were measured. RESULTS The T and MMG analysis provided: (I) the beginning of the decay after cessation of stimulation (T: 22.51 ± 5.92 ms [Y] and 51.35 ± 15.21 ms [O]; MMG: 27.38 ± 6.93 ms [Y] and 61.41 ± 18.42 ms [O]); (II) the maximum rate of reduction (T: - 110.4 ± 45.56 Nm/s [Y] and - 52.72 ± 32.12 Nm/s [O]; MMG: - 24.47 ± 10.95 mm/s [Y] and - 13.76 ± 6.54 mm/s [O]); (III) the muscle compliance, measuring the MMG reduction of every 10% reduction of torque (bin 20-10%: 15.69 ± 7.5[Y] and 10.8 ± 3.3 [O]; bin 10-0%: 22.12 ± 10.3 [Y] and 17.58 ± 5.6 [O]). CONCLUSION Muscle relaxation results are different in Y and O and can be monitored by a non-invasive method measuring physiological variables of torque and re-lengthening dynamics at the end of the electromechanical coupling previously induced by the neuromuscular stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cogliati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Cudicio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - M. Benedini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - H. V. Cabral
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - F. Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Centre of Research on the Neuromuscular Function and the Adapted Motor Activity, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - C. Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Science and Research Center, ZRS, Koper, Slovenia
| | - C. Orizio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Centre of Research on the Neuromuscular Function and the Adapted Motor Activity, University of Brescia Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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13
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Salmon OF, Housh TJ, Hill EC, Keller JL, Anders JPV, Johnson GO, Schmidt RJ, Smith CM. Changes in Neuromuscular Response Patterns After 4 Weeks of Leg Press Training During Isokinetic Leg Extensions. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e405-e412. [PMID: 36525527 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmon, OF, Housh, TJ, Hill, EC, Keller, JL, Anders, JPV, Johnson, GO, Schmidt, RJ, and Smith, CM. Changes in neuromuscular response patterns after 4 weeks of leg press training during isokinetic leg extensions. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): e405-e412, 2023-The purpose of this study was to identify velocity-specific changes in electromyographic root mean square (EMG RMS), EMG frequency (EMG MPF), mechanomyographic RMS (MMG RMS), and MMG MPF during maximal unilateral isokinetic muscle actions performed at 60° and 240°·s -1 velocities within the right and left vastus lateralis (VL) after 4 weeks of dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) bilateral leg press training. Twelve resistance-trained men (age: mean ± SD = 21.4 ± 3.6 years) visited the laboratory 3d·wk -1 to perform resistance training consisting of 3 sets of 10 DCER leg presses. Four, three-way analysis of variance were performed to evaluate changes in neuromuscular responses (EMG RMS, EMG MPF, MMG RMS, and MMG MPF) from the right and left VL during 1 single-leg maximal isokinetic leg extension performed at 60° and 240°·s -1 before and after 4 weeks of DCER leg press training ( p < 0.05). The results indicated a 36% increase in EMG RMS for the right leg, as well as a 23% increase in MMG RMS and 10% decrease in MMG MPF after training, collapsed across velocity and leg. In addition, EMG RMS was 65% greater in the right leg than the left leg following training, whereas EMG MPF was 11% greater for the left leg than the right leg throughout training. Thus, 4 weeks of DCER leg press training provides sufficient stimuli to alter the neuromuscular activation process of the VL but not velocity-specific neuromuscular adaptations in trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen F Salmon
- Robbins College of Health and Human SciencesHuman & Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation Baylor University Waco, Texas
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; and
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrated Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - John Paul V Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Cory M Smith
- Robbins College of Health and Human SciencesHuman & Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation Baylor University Waco, Texas
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14
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Benitez B, Kwak M, Succi PJ, Weir JP, Bergstrom HC. Unilaterally Induced Quadriceps Fatigue during Sustained Submaximal Isometric Exercise Does Not Alter Contralateral Leg Extensor Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:85. [PMID: 37367249 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fatiguing unilateral exercise on the ipsilateral, exercised, and contralateral, non-exercised limb's post-exercise performance in males and females. Ten males and ten females performed a fatiguing, unilateral isometric leg extension at 50% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force. Prior to and immediately after the fatiguing tasks, MVICs were performed for the exercised and non-exercised limb, with surface electromyographic (sEMG) and mechanomyography (sMMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) recorded from each limb's vastus lateralis. There were no fatigue-induced, sex-dependent, differences in time to task failure (p = 0.265) or ipsilateral performance fatigability (p = 0.437). However, there was a limb by time interaction (p < 0.001) which indicated decreases in MVIC force of the ipsilateral, exercised (p < 0.001), but not the contralateral, non-exercised limb (p = 0.962). There were no sex-dependent, fatigue-induced differences in neurophysiological outcomes between the limbs (p > 0.05), but there was a fatigue-induced difference in sEMG MPF (p = 0.005). To summarize, there were no differences in fatigability between males and females. Moreover, there was insufficient evidence to support the presence of a general crossover effect following submaximal unilateral isometric exercise. However, independent of sex, the neurophysiological outcomes suggested that competing inputs from the nervous system may influence the performance of both limbs following unilateral fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Benitez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Minyoung Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joseph P Weir
- Department of Health, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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15
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Brandenberger KJ, Rawdon CL, Armstrong E, Lonowski J, Cooper L. A non-volitional skeletal muscle endurance test measures functional changes associated with impaired blood flow. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2023; 10:20556683231164339. [PMID: 37035543 PMCID: PMC10074637 DOI: 10.1177/20556683231164339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: An electrically stimulated intermittent fatigue test using mechanomyography was recently proposed as a possible tool for detecting clinically relevant changes in muscle function. This study was designed to determine whether the proposed test can detect additional fatigue when it should be present. Methods: Subjects (n = 10) underwent two trials each (occluded and normal blood flow) with a standardized fatigue protocol on the Ankle Dorsiflexors (AD) and Wrist Extensors (WE) using a clinical electrical stimulator. Results: Mean normalized twitch acceleration was strongly predictive of mean normalized torque (R 2 = 0.828). The WE experienced lower twitch magnitudes throughout the tourniquet trial (10.81 ± 1.25 m/s2) compared to normal blood flow (18.05 ± 1.06 m/s2). The AD twitches were overall reduced in the tourniquet trial (3.87 ± 0.48 m/s2) compared with the control trial (8.57 ± 0.91 m/s2). Conclusion: Occluding blood flow to a muscle should cause greater muscle fatigue. The ability to detect reduced contraction magnitudes during an electrically stimulated fatigue protocol resulting from low blood flow suggests the proposed test may be capable of detecting clinically relevant muscle deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Brandenberger
- Departments of Respiratory Therapy &
Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chris L Rawdon
- Department of Exercise Science, Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA
- Chris L Rawdon, Department of Exercise Science,
Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
| | - Erica Armstrong
- Departments of Respiratory Therapy &
Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob Lonowski
- Departments of Respiratory Therapy &
Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lakee’dra Cooper
- Departments of Respiratory Therapy &
Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Neťuková S, Bejtic M, Malá C, Horáková L, Kutílek P, Kauler J, Krupička R. Lower Limb Exoskeleton Sensors: State-of-the-Art. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9091. [PMID: 36501804 PMCID: PMC9738474 DOI: 10.3390/s22239091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ever-increasing proportion of older people in the total population and the growing awareness of the importance of protecting workers against physical overload during long-time hard work, the idea of supporting exoskeletons progressed from high-tech fiction to almost commercialized products within the last six decades. Sensors, as part of the perception layer, play a crucial role in enhancing the functionality of exoskeletons by providing as accurate real-time data as possible to generate reliable input data for the control layer. The result of the processed sensor data is the information about current limb position, movement intension, and needed support. With the help of this review article, we want to clarify which criteria for sensors used in exoskeletons are important and how standard sensor types, such as kinematic and kinetic sensors, are used in lower limb exoskeletons. We also want to outline the possibilities and limitations of special medical signal sensors detecting, e.g., brain or muscle signals to improve data perception at the human-machine interface. A topic-based literature and product research was done to gain the best possible overview of the newest developments, research results, and products in the field. The paper provides an extensive overview of sensor criteria that need to be considered for the use of sensors in exoskeletons, as well as a collection of sensors and their placement used in current exoskeleton products. Additionally, the article points out several types of sensors detecting physiological or environmental signals that might be beneficial for future exoskeleton developments.
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17
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Suba Rao HR, Hamzaid NA, Ahmad MY, Hamzah N. Physiological factors affecting the mechanical performance of peripheral muscles: A perspective for long COVID patients through a systematic literature review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:958333. [PMID: 36324314 PMCID: PMC9621086 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.958333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Peripheral muscle weakness can be measured quantitatively in long COVID patients. Mechanomyography (MMG) is an alternative tool to measure muscle strength non-invasively. Objective: This literature review aims to provide evidence on the efficacy of MMG in measuring muscle strength for long COVID patients and to determine the physiological factors that may affect the use of MMG in assessing muscle performance. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using EBSCO’s MEDLINE Complete. A total of five out of 2,249 potential publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results: The selected studies addressed muscle performance based on the physiological effects of age, gender, and physical activity level. MMG is sensitive in measuring muscle strength for long COVID patients due to its higher signal-to-noise ratio and lightweight accelerometers. Its neglectable skin impedance and low risk of influences during the recording of surface motions make MMG a reliable tool. Conclusion: Muscle performance is affected by age, gender, and physical activity level. Sensors, such as MMG, as well as the length of the muscle and the characteristics of the muscle activity, are important considerations when choosing a sensor for diagnostic evaluation. The efficacy of MMG in measuring muscle strength for long COVID patients and the physiological factors that may affect the use of MMG in assessing muscle performance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinivas Rao Suba Rao
- Biomechatronics and Neuroprosthetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Harinivas Rao Suba Rao, ; Nur Azah Hamzaid,
| | - Nur Azah Hamzaid
- Biomechatronics and Neuroprosthetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinic for Robotic Rehabilitation, Exercise and Advanced Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Harinivas Rao Suba Rao, ; Nur Azah Hamzaid,
| | - Mohd Yazed Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Biosensor and Embedded Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhamizan Hamzah
- Clinic for Robotic Rehabilitation, Exercise and Advanced Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Alvarez JT, Gerez LF, Araromi OA, Hunter JG, Choe DK, Payne CJ, Wood RJ, Walsh CJ. Toward Soft Wearable Strain Sensors for Muscle Activity Monitoring. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:2198-2206. [PMID: 35925858 PMCID: PMC9421605 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3196501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The force-generating capacity of skeletal muscle is an important metric in the evaluation and diagnosis of musculoskeletal health. Measuring changes in muscle force exertion is essential for tracking the progress of athletes during training, for evaluating patients’ recovery after muscle injury, and also for assisting the diagnosis of conditions such as muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease. Traditional hardware for strength evaluation requires technical training for operation, generates discrete time points for muscle assessment, and is implemented in controlled settings. The ability to continuously monitor muscle force without restricting the range of motion or adapting the exercise protocol to suit specific hardware would allow for a richer dataset that can help unlock critical features of muscle health and strength evaluation. In this paper, we employ wearable, ultra-sensitive soft strain sensors for tracking changes in muscle deformation during contractions. We demonstrate the sensors’ sensitivity to isometric contractions, as well as the sensors’ capacity to track changes in peak torque over the course of an isokinetic fatiguing protocol for the knee extensors. The wearable soft system was able to efficiently estimate peak joint torque reduction caused by muscle fatigue (mean NRMSE = 0.15±0.03).
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19
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Effects of Endurance Cycling on Mechanomyographic Median Power Frequency of the Vastus Lateralis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of cycling training on mechanomyographic median power frequency (MMGMDF)–torque relationships of the vastus lateralis (VL). Ten males (Age ± SD; 20.20 ± 1.87 years) and 14 females (21.93 ± 5.33 years) performed isometric trapezoidal muscle actions with the knee extensors at 40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) before (PRE) and following 10 weeks of cycling training at the same absolute submaximal torque as pre-training (POSTABS). MMGMDF–torque relationships (increasing and decreasing segment) were log-transformed and b terms (slopes) were calculated. MMGMDF was averaged during steady torque. For POSTABS, the b terms for the females (0.133 ± 0.190) were greater than for the males (−0.083 ± 0.200; p = 0.013) and compared to PRE (0.008 ± 0.161; p = 0.036). At PRE, the b terms for the linearly increasing-muscle action (0.123 ± 0.192) were greater compared to the linearly decreasing-muscle action (−0.061 ± 0.188; p < 0.001), whereas no differences existed between muscle actions for POSTABS (p > 0.05). In conclusion, 10 weeks of cycling training resulted in different motor unit (MU) control strategies between sexes and altered MU control strategies between muscle actions for the VL during a moderate-intensity contraction.
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Szumilas M, Władziński M, Wildner K. A Coupled Piezoelectric Sensor for MMG-Based Human-Machine Interfaces. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248380. [PMID: 34960465 PMCID: PMC8705252 DOI: 10.3390/s21248380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanomyography (MMG) is a technique of recording muscles activity that may be considered a suitable choice for human–machine interfaces (HMI). The design of sensors used for MMG and their spatial distribution are among the deciding factors behind their successful implementation to HMI. We present a new design of a MMG sensor, which consists of two coupled piezoelectric discs in a single housing. The sensor’s functionality was verified in two experimental setups related to typical MMG applications: an estimation of the force/MMG relationship under static conditions and a neural network-based gesture classification. The results showed exponential relationships between acquired MMG and exerted force (for up to 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction) alongside good classification accuracy (94.3%) of eight hand motions based on MMG from a single-site acquisition at the forearm. The simplification of the MMG-based HMI interface in terms of spatial arrangement is rendered possible with the designed sensor.
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21
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Hallock LA, Sud B, Mitchell C, Hu E, Ahamed F, Velu A, Schwartz A, Bajcsy R. Toward Real-Time Muscle Force Inference and Device Control via Optical-Flow-Tracked Muscle Deformation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:2625-2634. [PMID: 34874866 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3133813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the utility of musculoskeletal dynamics modeling, there exists no safe, noninvasive method of measuring in vivo muscle output force in real time - limiting both biomechanical insight into dexterous motion and intuitive control of assistive devices. In this paper, we demonstrate that muscle deformation constitutes a promising, yet unexplored signal from which to 1) infer such forces and 2) build novel device control schemes. Through a case study of the elbow joint on a preliminary cohort of 10 subjects, we show that muscle deformation (specifically, thickness change of the brachioradialis, as measured via ultrasound and tracked via optical flow) correlates well with elbow output force to an extent comparable with standard surface electromyography (sEMG) activation during varied isometric elbow contraction. We then show that, given real-time visual feedback, subjects can readily perform a trajectory tracking task using this deformation signal, and that they largely prefer this method to a comparable sEMG-based control scheme and perform the tracking task with similar accuracy. Together, these contributions illustrate muscle deformation's potential utility for both biomechanical study of individual muscle dynamics and device control, in a manner that - thanks to, unlike sEMG, the localized nature of the signal and its tight mechanistic coupling to output force - is readily extensible to multiple muscles and device degrees of freedom. To enable such future extensions, all modeling, tracking, and visualization software described in this paper, as well as all raw and processed data, have been made available on SimTK as part of the Open-Arm project (https://simtk.org/projects/openarm) for general research use.
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22
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Jenkins ND, Miramonti AA, Hill EC, Smith CM, Cochrane-Snyman KC, Housh TJ, Cramer JT. Mechanomyographic Amplitude Is Sensitive to Load-Dependent Neuromuscular Adaptations in Response to Resistance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3265-3269. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Fukuhara S, Kawashima T, Oka H. Indices reflecting muscle contraction performance during exercise based on a combined electromyography and mechanomyography approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21208. [PMID: 34707172 PMCID: PMC8551164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromyography (EMG) and mechanomyography (MMG) have been used to directly evaluate muscle function through the electromechanical aspect of muscle contraction. The purpose of this study was to establish new absolute indices to describe muscle contraction performance during dynamic exercise by combining EMG and displacement MMG (dMMG) measured simultaneously using our previously developed MMG/EMG hybrid transducer system. Study participants were eight healthy male non-athletes (controls) and eight male athletes. EMG and dMMG of the vastus medialis were measured for 30 s during four cycles of recumbent bicycle pedaling (30, 60, 90, and 120 W) and on passive joint movement. Total powers were calculated based on the time domain waveforms of both signals. Muscle contraction performance was verified with the slope of regression line (SRL) and the residual sum of squares (RSS) obtained from EMG and dMMG correlation. EMG and dMMG has increased with the work rate. Force and EMG were similar between groups, but dMMG showed a significant difference with load increase. Athletes had significantly higher SRL and significantly lower RSS than controls. The average value divided by SRL and RSS was higher in athletes than in controls. The indices presented by the combined approach of EMG and dMMG showed a clear contrast between the investigated groups and may be parameters that reflect muscle contraction performance during dynamic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Fukuhara
- Department of Medical Engineering, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan.
| | - Takaki Kawashima
- Department of Physical Therapist, Kawasaki Junior College of Rehabilitation, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hisao Oka
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering of Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-0082, Japan
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Esposito D, Centracchio J, Andreozzi E, Gargiulo GD, Naik GR, Bifulco P. Biosignal-Based Human-Machine Interfaces for Assistance and Rehabilitation: A Survey. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206863. [PMID: 34696076 PMCID: PMC8540117 DOI: 10.3390/s21206863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
As a definition, Human–Machine Interface (HMI) enables a person to interact with a device. Starting from elementary equipment, the recent development of novel techniques and unobtrusive devices for biosignals monitoring paved the way for a new class of HMIs, which take such biosignals as inputs to control various applications. The current survey aims to review the large literature of the last two decades regarding biosignal-based HMIs for assistance and rehabilitation to outline state-of-the-art and identify emerging technologies and potential future research trends. PubMed and other databases were surveyed by using specific keywords. The found studies were further screened in three levels (title, abstract, full-text), and eventually, 144 journal papers and 37 conference papers were included. Four macrocategories were considered to classify the different biosignals used for HMI control: biopotential, muscle mechanical motion, body motion, and their combinations (hybrid systems). The HMIs were also classified according to their target application by considering six categories: prosthetic control, robotic control, virtual reality control, gesture recognition, communication, and smart environment control. An ever-growing number of publications has been observed over the last years. Most of the studies (about 67%) pertain to the assistive field, while 20% relate to rehabilitation and 13% to assistance and rehabilitation. A moderate increase can be observed in studies focusing on robotic control, prosthetic control, and gesture recognition in the last decade. In contrast, studies on the other targets experienced only a small increase. Biopotentials are no longer the leading control signals, and the use of muscle mechanical motion signals has experienced a considerable rise, especially in prosthetic control. Hybrid technologies are promising, as they could lead to higher performances. However, they also increase HMIs’ complexity, so their usefulness should be carefully evaluated for the specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Esposito
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Polytechnic and Basic Sciences School, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.E.); (J.C.); (E.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Jessica Centracchio
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Polytechnic and Basic Sciences School, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.E.); (J.C.); (E.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Emilio Andreozzi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Polytechnic and Basic Sciences School, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.E.); (J.C.); (E.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Gaetano D. Gargiulo
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2747, Australia;
- The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ganesh R. Naik
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2747, Australia;
- The Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Bifulco
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Polytechnic and Basic Sciences School, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80125 Naples, Italy; (D.E.); (J.C.); (E.A.); (P.B.)
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Shi F, Rymer WZ, Son J. Mechanomyogram amplitude vs. isometric ankle plantarflexion torque of human medial gastrocnemius muscle at different ankle joint angles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 61:102609. [PMID: 34689116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of changes in ankle joint angle on the mechanomyogram (MMG) amplitude of the human medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle during voluntary isometric plantarflexion contractions. Ten healthy individuals were asked to perform voluntary isometric contractions at six different contraction intensities (from 10% to 100%) and at three different ankle joint angles (plantarflexion of 26°; plantarflexion of 10°; dorsiflexion of 3°). MMG signals were recorded from the surface over the MG muscle, using a 3-axis accelerometer. The relations between root mean square (RMS) MMG and isometric plantarflexion torque at different ankle joint angles were characterized to evaluate the effects of altered muscle mechanical properties on RMS MMG. We found that the relation between RMS MMG and plantarflexion torque is changed at different ankle joint angles: RMS MMG increases monotonically with increasing the plantarflexion torque but decreases as the ankle joint became dorsiflexed. Moreover, RMS MMG shows a negative correlation with muscle length, with passive torque, and with maximum voluntary torque, which were all changed significantly at different ankle joint angles. Our findings demonstrate the potential effects of changing muscle mechanical properties on muscle vibration amplitude. Future studies are required to explore the major sources of this muscle vibration from the perspective of muscle mechanics and muscle activation level, attributable to changes in the neural command.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fandi Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, United States
| | - William Zev Rymer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jongsang Son
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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He Z, Qi Z, Liu H, Wang K, Roberts L, Liu JZ, Liu Y, Wang SJ, Cook MJ, Simon GP, Qiu L, Li D. Detecting subtle yet fast skeletal muscle contractions with ultrasoft and durable graphene-based cellular materials. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 9:nwab184. [PMID: 35401990 PMCID: PMC8986457 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bodily movements are primarily controlled by the contractions of skeletal muscles. Unlike joint or skeletal movements that are generally performed in the large displacement range, the contractions of the skeletal muscles that underpin these movements are subtle in intensity yet high in frequency. This subtlety of movement makes it a formidable challenge to develop wearable and durable soft materials to electrically monitor such motions with high fidelity for the purpose of, for example, muscle/neuromuscular disease diagnosis. Here we report that an intrinsically fragile ultralow-density graphene-based cellular monolith sandwiched between silicone rubbers can exhibit a highly effective stress and strain transfer mechanism at its interface with the rubber, with a remarkable improvement in stretchability (>100%). In particular, this hybrid also exhibits a highly sensitive, broadband-frequency electrical response (up to 180 Hz) for a wide range of strains. By correlating the mechanical signal of muscle movements obtained from this hybrid material with electromyography, we demonstrate that the strain sensor based on this hybrid material may provide a new, soft and wearable mechanomyography approach for real-time monitoring of complex neuromuscular–skeletal interactions in a broad range of healthcare and human–machine interface applications. This work also provides a new architecture-enabled functional soft material platform for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Zheng Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Huichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Kangyan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Leslie Roberts
- Neurophysiology Department, Department of Neurology and Neurological Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Jefferson Z Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Yilun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Stephen J Wang
- Department of Design, Monash University, Melbourne 3145, Australia
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Mark J Cook
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - George P Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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Santos E, Fernandes Vara MDF, Ranciaro M, Strasse W, Nunes Nogueira Neto G, Nohama P. Influence of sensor mass and adipose tissue on the mechanomyography signal of elbow flexor muscles. J Biomech 2021; 122:110456. [PMID: 33962326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanomyography (MMG) is a non-invasive technique that records muscle contraction using sensors positioned on the skin's surface. Therefore, it can have its signal attenuated due to the adipose tissue, directly influencing the results. This study evaluates the influence of different mass added to a sensor's assembly and the adipose tissue on MMG signals of elbow flexor muscles. Test protocol consisted of skinfold thickness measurement of 22 volunteers, followed by applying 2-3 s electrical stimulation for muscle contraction during the acquisition of MMG signals. MMG signals were processed in the time domain, using the average of the absolute amplitude, and expressed in gravity values (G), termed here as MMG(G). Tests occurred four times with different sensor masses. MMG data were processed and analyzed statistically using Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests to determine the differences between the MMG signals measured with different sensor masses. The Mann-Whitney analysis indicated differences in the MMG signals between groups with different skinfold thickness. MMG(G) signals suffered attenuation with increasing sensor mass (0.4416 G to 0.94 g; 0.3902 G to 2.64 g; 0.3762 G to 5.44 g; 0.3762 G to 7.14 g) and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elgison Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Technology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PPGTS/PUCPR), Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Maira Ranciaro
- Graduate Program in Health Technology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PPGTS/PUCPR), Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wally Strasse
- Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná UTFPR - Curitiba-Paraná/ Brazil.
| | | | - Percy Nohama
- Graduate Program in Health Technology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PPGTS/PUCPR), Paraná, Brazil; Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná UTFPR - Curitiba-Paraná/ Brazil.
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Similar performance fatigability and neuromuscular responses following sustained bilateral tasks above and below critical force. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1111-1124. [PMID: 33484333 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study examined the magnitude of performance fatigability as well as the associated limb- and intensity-specific neuromuscular patterns of responses during sustained, bilateral, isometric, leg extensions above and below critical force (CF). METHODS Twelve women completed three sustained leg extensions (1 below and 2 above CF) anchored to forces corresponding to RPE = 1, 5, and 8 (10-point scale). During each sustained leg extension, electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) were assessed from each vastus lateralis in 5% of time-to-exhaustion (TTE) segments. Before and after each sustained leg extension, the subjects completed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), and the percent decline was defined as performance fatigability. Polynomial regression was used to define the individual and composite neuromuscular and force values versus time relationships. Repeated-measures ANOVAs assessed differences in performance fatigability and TTE. RESULTS The grand mean for performance fatigability was 10.1 ± 7.6%. For TTE, the repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that there was a significant (p < 0.05) effect for Intensity, such that RPE = 1 > 5 > 8. There were similar neuromuscular patterns of response between limbs as well as above and below CF. EMG MPF, however, exhibited decreases only above CF. CONCLUSIONS Performance fatigability was unvarying above and below CF as well as between limbs. In addition, there were similar fatigue-induced motor unit activation strategies above and below CF, but peripheral fatigue likely contributed to a greater extent above CF.
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Anders JPV, Keller JL, Neltner TJ, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Task-specific performance fatigability and the bilateral deficit during isokinetic leg extensions. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2021; 21:4-12. [PMID: 33657751 PMCID: PMC8020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to compare the fatigue-induced changes in performance fatigability, bilateral deficit, and patterns of responses for the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF), during unilateral and bilateral maximal, fatiguing leg extensions. METHODS Nine men (Mean±SD; age =21.9±2.4 yrs; height =181.8±11.9 cm; body mass =85.8±6.2 kg) volunteered to perform 50 consecutive maximal, bilateral (BL), unilateral dominant (DL), and unilateral non-dominant (NL) isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·s-1, on 3 separate days. Electromyographic and MMG signals from both vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were recorded. Repeated measures ANOVAs were utilized to examine mean differences in normalized force, EMG AMP, EMG MPF, MMG AMP, MMG MPF and the bilateral deficit. RESULTS The results demonstrated a Condition × Repetition interaction for normalized force (p=0.004, η2p=0.222) and EMG MPF (p=0.034, η2p=0.214) and main effects for Repetition for EMG AMP (p=0.019, η2p=0.231), MMG AMP (p<0.001, η2p=0.8550), MMG MPF (p=0.009, η2p=0.252), and the bilateral deficit (p<0.001, η2p=0.366). CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated less performance fatigability during the BL than the unilateral tasks, likely due to a reduced relative intensity via interhemispheric inhibition that attenuated the development of excitation-contraction coupling failure during the BL task.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul V. Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA,Corresponding author: John Paul V. Anders, Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA E-mail:
| | - Joshua L. Keller
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, USA
| | - Tyler J. Neltner
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Terry J. Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Richard J. Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Glen O. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
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INFLUENCE OF AN ACUTE BOUT OF SELF-MYOFASCIAL RELEASE ON KNEE EXTENSION FORCE OUTPUT AND ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ACTIVATION OF THE QUADRICEPS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:732-743. [PMID: 33110692 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20200732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to static stretching (SS), previous research has demonstrated increases in flexibility after an acute bout of self-myofascial release (SMR) without any subsequent decreases in force output. Previous research has utilized measures of surface electromyography (sEMG) and mechanomyography (MMG) to examine the influence of SS on the electrical and mechanical processes of muscle activation, respectively. However, there is a lack of research examining the potential changes in electro-mechanical muscle activation post-SMR. Purpose To examine the influence of SMR, via an acute bout of foam rolling (FR) to the vastus lateralis (VL), on the expression of knee extension force output and the inter-muscular electro-mechanical activation of the quadriceps musculature. Study Design Randomized crossover trial. Methods Twenty (10 males, 10 females) recreationally-active participants with prior FR experience completed both SMR and control (CON) testing protocols during separate testing sessions that were conducted in a randomized order 48 hours apart. During the SMR protocol, participants performed 3 sets of 60 seconds of FR over the VL portion of their quadriceps musculature, with 60 seconds of rest between sets. During the CON protocol, participants quietly sat upright for 10 minutes. Peak knee extension force output -(Forcepeak) data, as well as sEMG and MMG data from the VL and the rectus femoris (RF) were collected during maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) before and after both testing protocols. Root mean square sEMG and MMG amplitudes were calculated to represent electro-mechanical muscle activation of the VL (VL-sEMGRMS, VL-MMGRMS) and RF (RF-sEMGRMS, RF-MMGRMS) musculature. Results Repeated measures analyses of variance (RM ANOVAs) identified a significant (p < 0.05) increase in Forcepeak within the SMR protocol among males, but no change among females. No statistically significant changes in any electro-mechanical muscle activation measures were identified pre-to-post-SMR within either sex. Conclusion In contrast to the SS literature body, these results suggest that SMR does not influence the electro-mechanical aspects of muscle activation during MVICs. These results provide support for the absence of decreases in force output post-SMR, but further examination regarding the potential muscle mass influence of SMR on electro-mechanical muscle function remains warranted. Level of Evidence 2c.
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Interlimb Neuromuscular Responses During Fatiguing, Bilateral, Leg Extension Exercise at a Moderate Versus High Load. Motor Control 2020; 25:59-74. [PMID: 33059330 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the load- and limb-dependent neuromuscular responses to fatiguing, bilateral, leg extension exercise performed at a moderate (50% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and high load (80% 1RM). Twelve subjects completed 1RM testing for the bilateral leg extension, followed by repetitions to failure at 50% and 80% 1RM, on separate days. During all visits, the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG), amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) signals were recorded from the vastus lateralis of both limbs. There were no limb-dependent responses for any of the neuromuscular signals and no load-dependent responses for EMG AMP, MMG AMP, or MMG MPF (p = .301-.757), but there were main effects for time that indicated increases in EMG and MMG AMP and decreases in MMG MPF. There was a load-dependent decrease in EMG MPF over time (p = .032) that suggested variability in the mechanism responsible for metabolite accumulation at moderate versus high loads. These findings suggested that common drive from the central nervous system was used to modulate force during bilateral leg extension performed at moderate and high loads.
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Abd Aziz M, Hamzaid NA, Hasnan N, Dzulkifli MA. Mechanomyography-based assessment during repetitive sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit in two incomplete spinal cord-injured individuals. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2020; 65:175-181. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2018-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStanding up and sitting down movements are important prerequisites to achieve functional independence in everyday life of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Thus, mechanomyography (MMG) was proposed as a safe monitoring tool to evaluate muscle function performance of these activities. Two incomplete SCI participants performed repetitive sit-to-stand (SitTS) and stand-to-sit (StandTS) until fatigued challenge. Three sets of these activities were completed with MMG sensors attached over the quadriceps muscles of both legs. A 5-min rest was allocated between each set, totalling 399 trials of SitTS and StandTS activities. There was a significant difference between MMG’s mean root mean square maximum (RMSmax) in SitTS and StandTS activities (p = 0.014). The mean values of RMSmax and root mean square average (RMSave) on the right leg were detected to be significantly higher compared to those of the left leg during these activities (p < 0.05). In the frequency domain, MMG’s mean power frequency (MPF) proved to be significantly higher at the beginning compared to the end of the three sets of both activities (p = 0.000). These muscle performances during both activities can be verified based on the analysis of MMG behaviour in time and frequency domains. Furthermore, this study indicated that MMG can be used as a monitoring tool to identify muscle fatigue throughout a prolonged event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musfirah Abd Aziz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azah Hamzaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Hasnan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Afiq Dzulkifli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ibitoye MO, Hamzaid NA, Abdul Wahab AK, Hasnan N, Davis GM. Quadriceps mechanomyography reflects muscle fatigue during electrical stimulus-sustained standing in adults with spinal cord injury - a proof of concept. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2020; 65:165-174. [PMID: 31539346 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether mechanomyography (MMG) produced from contracting muscles as a measure of their performance could be a proxy of muscle fatigue during a sustained functional electrical stimulation (FES)-supported standing-to-failure task. Bilateral FES-evoked contractions of quadriceps and glutei muscles, of four adults with motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI), were used to maintain upright stance using two different FES frequencies: high frequency (HF - 35 Hz) and low frequency (LF - 20 Hz). The time at 30° knee angle reduction was taken as the point of critical "fatigue failure", while the generated MMG characteristics were used to track the pattern of force development during stance. Quadriceps fatigue, which was primarily responsible for the knee buckle, was characterized using MMG-root mean square (RMS) amplitude. A double exponential decay model fitted the MMG fatigue data with good accuracy [R2 = 0.85-0.99; root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.12-8.10] implying changes in the mechanical activity performance of the muscle's motor units. Although the standing duration was generally longer for the LF strategy (31-246 s), except in one participant, when compared to the HF strategy, such differences were not significant (p > 0.05) but suggested a faster muscle fatigue onset during HF stimulation. As MMG could discriminate between different stimulation frequencies, we speculate that this signal can quantify muscle fatigue characteristics during prolonged FES applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morufu Olusola Ibitoye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Nur Azah Hamzaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Hasnan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Glen M Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Unit, Discipline of Exercise and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Meagher C, Franco E, Turk R, Wilson S, Steadman N, McNicholas L, Vaidyanathan R, Burridge J, Stokes M. New advances in mechanomyography sensor technology and signal processing: Validity and intrarater reliability of recordings from muscle. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2020; 7:2055668320916116. [PMID: 32313684 PMCID: PMC7153181 DOI: 10.1177/2055668320916116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Mechanical Muscle Activity with Real-time Kinematics project aims to develop a device incorporating wearable sensors for arm rehabilitation following stroke. These will record kinematic activity using inertial measurement units and mechanical muscle activity. The gold standard for measuring muscle activity is electromyography; however, mechanomyography offers an appropriate alterative for our home-based rehabilitation device. We have patent filed a new laboratory-tested device that combines an inertial measurement unit with mechanomyography. We report on the validity and reliability of the mechanomyography against electromyography sensors. Methods In 18 healthy adults (27–82 years), mechanomyography and electromyography recordings were taken from the forearm flexor and extensor muscles during voluntary contractions. Isometric contractions were performed at different percentages of maximal force to examine the validity of mechanomyography. Root-mean-square of mechanomyography and electromyography was measured during 1 s epocs of isometric flexion and extension. Dynamic contractions were recorded during a tracking task on two days, one week apart, to examine reliability of muscle onset timing. Results Reliability of mechanomyography onset was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.78) and was comparable with electromyography (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.79). The correlation between force and mechanomyography was high (R2 = 0.94). Conclusion The mechanomyography device records valid and reliable signals of mechanical muscle activity on different days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Meagher
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Claire Meagher, School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Enrico Franco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Turk
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Samuel Wilson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan Steadman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren McNicholas
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ravi Vaidyanathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jane Burridge
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria Stokes
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Versus Arthritis, Nottingham, UK
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Dinyer TK, Byrd MT, Succi PJ, Bergstrom HC. The Time Course of Changes in Neuromuscular Responses During the Performance of Leg Extension Repetitions to Failure Below and Above Critical Resistance in Women. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:608-614. [PMID: 32084106 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dinyer, TK, Byrd, MT, Succi, PJ, and Bergstrom, HC. The time course of changes in neuromuscular responses during the performance of leg extension repetitions to failure below and above critical resistance in women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Critical resistance (CR) is the highest sustainable resistance that can be completed for an extended number of repetitions. Exercise performed below (CR-15%) and above (CR+15%) CR may represent 2 distinct intensities that demonstrate separate mechanisms of fatigue. Electromyography (EMG) and mechanomyography (MMG) have been used to examine the mechanism of fatigue during resistance exercise. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to (a) compare the patterns of responses and time course of changes in neuromuscular parameters (EMG and MMG amplitude [AMP] and mean power frequency [MPF]) during the performance of repetitions to failure at CR-15% and CR+15% and (b) identify the motor unit activation strategy that best describes the fatigue-induced changes in the EMG and MMG signals at CR-15% and CR+15%. Ten women completed one repetition maximum (1RM) testing and repetitions to failure at 50, 60, 70, and 80% 1RM (to determine CR), and at CR-15% and CR+15% on the leg extension. During all visits, EMG and MMG signals were measured from the vastus lateralis. There were similar patterns of responses in the neuromuscular parameters, and time-dependent changes in EMG AMP and EMG MPF, but not MMG AMP or MMG MPF, during resistance exercise performed at CR-15% and CR+15% (p < 0.05). The onset of fatigue occurred earlier for EMG AMP, but later for EMG MPF, during repetitions performed at CR+15% compared with those performed at CR-15%. Thus, resistance exercise performed below and above CR represented 2 distinct intensities that were defined by different neuromuscular fatigue mechanisms but followed similar motor unit activation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor K Dinyer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Siddiqui N, Chan RHM. Multimodal hand gesture recognition using single IMU and acoustic measurements at wrist. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227039. [PMID: 31929544 PMCID: PMC6957149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate hand gesture recognition, we investigated the use of acoustic signals with an accelerometer and gyroscope at the human wrist. As a proof-of-concept, the prototype consisted of 10 microphone units in contact with the skin placed around the wrist along with an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The gesture recognition performance was evaluated through the identification of 13 gestures used in daily life. The optimal area for acoustic sensor placement at the wrist was examined using the minimum redundancy and maximum relevance feature selection algorithm. We recruited 10 subjects to perform over 10 trials for each set of hand gestures. The accuracy was 75% for a general model with the top 25 features selected, and the intra-subject average classification accuracy was over 80% with the same features using one microphone unit at the mid-anterior wrist and an IMU. These results indicate that acoustic signatures from the human wrist can aid IMU sensing for hand gesture recognition, and the selection of a few common features for all subjects could help with building a general model. The proposed multimodal framework helps address the single IMU sensing bottleneck for hand gestures during arm movement and/or locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Siddiqui
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rosa H. M. Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Anders JPV, Keller JL, Smith CM, Hill EC, Neltner TJ, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Performance fatigability and neuromuscular responses for bilateral and unilateral leg extensions in men. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2020; 20:325-331. [PMID: 32877969 PMCID: PMC7493446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined performance fatigability and the patterns of neuromuscular responses for electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) during bilateral (BL) and unilateral (UL) maximal, isokinetic leg extensions. METHODS Peak torque for each repetition and EMG and MMG signals from the non-dominant vastus lateralis were recorded in 11 men during 50 BL and UL maximal, concentric, isokinetic leg extensions at 60o·s-1 that were performed on separate days. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs were performed to examine the normalized isokinetic torque and neuromuscular parameters. RESULTS Normalized isokinetic peak torque demonstrated a significant Conditions by Repetition interaction (p<0.001, η2p= 0.594). There were no interactions, but significant main effects for Repetition with increases in EMG AMP (p<0.001; η2p=0.255) and decreases in EMG MPF (p<0.001; η2p=0.650), MMG AMP (p<0.001; η2p=0.402), and MMG MPF (p<0.001; η2p=0.796). In addition, EMG MPF and MMG AMP demonstrated main effects for Condition (p=0.031; η2p=0.387 and p=0.002; η2p=0.64, respectively) with the BL exhibiting greater values than UL leg extensions for both parameters. CONCLUSIONS The current findings indicated greater performance fatigability during UL versus BL leg extensions, but similar patterns of neuromuscular responses consistent with the Muscle Wisdom Hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul V. Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Joshua L. Keller
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Cory M. Smith
- College of Health Sciences, Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
| | - Ethan C. Hill
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Tyler J. Neltner
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Terry J. Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Richard J. Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
| | - Glen O. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
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Low-load blood flow restriction elicits greater concentric strength than non-blood flow restriction resistance training but similar isometric strength and muscle size. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:425-441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Anders JPV, Keller JL, Smith CM, Hill EC, Neltner TJ, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Performance fatigability and neuromuscular responses for bilateral versus unilateral leg extensions in women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 50:102367. [PMID: 31711012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare isokinetic peak torque and the patterns of responses for electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG), amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) for bilateral (BL) versus unilateral (UL), maximal, isokinetic leg extensions. Eleven recreationally trained women (Mean ± SD: age 22.9 ± 0.9 yrs; body mass 60.5 ± 10.1 kg; height 167.2 ± 6.4 cm) performed 50 maximal, BL and UL isokinetic leg extensions at 60° s-1 on separate days. Electromyographic and MMG signals from the vastus lateralis of the nondominant leg were recorded. Five separate 2 (Condition [BL and UL]) × 10 (Repetitions [5-50]) repeated measures ANOVAs were performed to examine normalized EMG AMP, EMG MPF, MMG AMP, MMG MPF, and isokinetic torque. The results indicated no significant interactions or main effects for EMG AMP and MMG AMP. There were significant interactions for normalized isokinetic peak torque (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.493) and MMG MPF (p = 0.003, η2p = 0.234). For EMG MPF, there was no significant interaction, but significant main effects for Condition (p = 0.003, η2p = 0.607) and Repetitions (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.805). The current findings demonstrated greater performance fatigability for UL than BL leg extensions. Both modalities exhibited similar patterns of neuromuscular responses that were consistent with the Muscular Wisdom hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul V Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA.
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Cory M Smith
- College of Health Sciences, Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 39968, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Tyler J Neltner
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
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Meglič A, Uršič M, Škorjanc A, Đorđević S, Belušič G. The Piezo-resistive MC Sensor is a Fast and Accurate Sensor for the Measurement of Mechanical Muscle Activity. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19092108. [PMID: 31067754 PMCID: PMC6539344 DOI: 10.3390/s19092108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A piezo-resistive muscle contraction (MC) sensor was used to assess the contractile properties of seven human skeletal muscles (vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris, erector spinae) during electrically stimulated isometric contraction. The sensor was affixed to the skin directly above the muscle centre. The length of the adjustable sensor tip (3, 4.5 and 6 mm) determined the depth of the tip in the tissue and thus the initial pressure on the skin, fatty and muscle tissue. The depth of the tip increased the signal amplitude and slightly sped up the time course of the signal by shortening the delay time. The MC sensor readings were compared to tensiomyographic (TMG) measurements. The signals obtained by MC only partially matched the TMG measurements, largely due to the faster response time of the MC sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Meglič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mojca Uršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Aleš Škorjanc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Srđan Đorđević
- TMG-BMC Ltd., Štihova ulica 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Belušič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hill EC, Housh TJ, Keller JL, Smith CM, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. The validity of the EMG and MMG techniques to examine muscle hypertrophy. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:025009. [PMID: 30736032 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab057e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to examine the ability of the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude versus torque relationships to track group and individual changes in muscle hypertrophy as a result of resistance training. APPROACH Twelve women performed four weeks of forearm flexion blood flow restriction (BFR) resistance training at a frequency of three times per week. The training was performed at an isokinetic velocity of 120° · s-1 with a training load that corresponded to 30% of concentric peak torque. Muscle hypertrophy was determined using ultrasound-based assessments of muscle cross-sectional area from the biceps brachii. Training-induced changes in the slope coefficients of the EMG amplitude and MMG amplitude versus torque relationships were determined from the biceps brachii during incremental (10%-100% of maximum) isometric muscle actions. MAIN RESULTS There was a significant (p < 0.001; d = 2.15) mean training-induced increase in muscle cross-sectional area from 0 week (mean ± SD = 5.86 ± 0.65 cm2) to 4 weeks (7.42 ± 0.80 cm2), a significant (p = 0.023; d = 0.36) decrease in the EMG amplitude versus torque relationship (50.70 ± 20.41 to 43.82 ± 17.76 µV · Nm-1), but no significant (p = 0.192; d = 0.17) change in the MMG amplitude versus torque relationship (0.018 ± 0.009 to 0.020 ± 0.009 m · s-2 · Nm-1). There was, however, great variability for the individual responses for the EMG and MMG amplitude versus torque relationships. SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study indicated that the EMG amplitude, but not the MMG amplitude versus torque relationship was sensitive to mean changes in muscle cross-sectional area during the early-phase of resistance training. There was, however, great variability for the individual EMG amplitude versus torque relationships that limits its application for identifying individual changes in muscle hypertrophy as a result of BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Hill
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, United States of America. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Dinyer TK, Byrd MT, Cochrane-Snyman KC, Jenkins ND, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Bergstrom HC. Time course of changes in neuromuscular responses during rides to exhaustion above and below critical power. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2019; 19:266-275. [PMID: 31475933 PMCID: PMC6737559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the time course of changes in electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) responses during cycle ergometry to exhaustion performed above (CP+10%) and below (CP-10%) critical power (CP) to infer motor unit activation strategies used to maintain power output. METHODS Participants performed a 3-min all out test to determine CP, and 2 randomly ordered, continuous rides to exhaustion at CP+10% and CP-10%·V̇O2, EMG AMP, EMG MPF, MMG AMP, MMG MPF, and time to exhaustion (Tlim) were recorded. Responses at CP-10% and CP+10% were analyzed separately. RESULTS At CP-10%, EMG and MMG AMP were significantly greater than the initial 5% timepoint at 100% Tlim. EMG MPF and MMG MPF reflected a downward trend that resulted in no significant difference between timepoints. At CP+10%, EMG AMP was significantly greater than the initial 5% timepoint from 60% to 100% Tlim. MMG AMP was less than the initial 5% timepoint at only 50% Tlim. EMG and MMG MPF were significantly less than the initial 5% timepoint at 20% Tlim and 100% Tlim, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The timecourse of changes in EMG and MMG signals were different at CP-10% and CP+10%, but responses observed indicated cycle ergometry to exhaustion relies on similar motor unit activation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor K. Dinyer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40502, USA,Corresponding author: Taylor K. Dinyer, 1210 University Drive, Seaton Building Rm 220, Lexington, KY 40502 E-mail:
| | - M. Travis Byrd
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Terry J. Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Richard J. Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Glen O. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Haley C. Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
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Talib I, Sundaraj K, Lam CK, Sundaraj S. A systematic review of muscle activity assessment of the biceps brachii muscle using mechanomyography. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2018; 18:446-462. [PMID: 30511949 DOI: pmid/30511949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to categorically analyses the literature on the assessment of biceps brachii (BB) muscle activity through mechanomyography (MMG). The application of our search criteria to five different databases identified 319 studies. A critical review of the 48 finally selected records, revealed the diversity of protocols and parameters that are employed in MMG-based assessments of BB muscle activity. The observations were categorized into the following: muscle torque, fatigue, strength and physiology. The available information on the muscle contraction protocol, sensor(s), MMG signal parameters and obtained results were then tabulated based on these categories for further analysis. The review affirms that - 1) MMG is suitable for skeletal muscle activity assessment and can be employed potentially for further investigation of the BB muscle activity and condition (e.g., force, torque, fatigue, and contractile properties), 2) a majority of the records focused on static contractions of the BB, and the analysis of dynamic muscle contractions using MMG is thus a research gap, and 3) very few studies have focused on the analysis of BB muscle activity under externally stimulated contractions. Taken together, the findings of this review on BB activity assessment using MMG affirm the potential of MMG as an alternative tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irsa Talib
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia
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Chavers JC, Allen AK, Ahmed W, Fuglsang-Damgaard LH, Harrison AP. The Equine Hindlimb Proximal Suspensory Ligament: an Assessment of Health and Function by Means of Its Damping Harmonic Oscillator Properties, Measured Using an Acoustic Myography System: a New Modality Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Byrd MT, Dinyer TK, Bergstrom HC. Sex Comparisons for Very Short-Term Dynamic Constant External Resistance Training. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018; 3:jfmk3040050. [PMID: 33466979 PMCID: PMC7739250 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared sex responses for strength and barbell velocity from very short-term resistance training (VST, consisting of 2-3 training sessions) for an upper body dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) exercise (bench press [BP]). Ten females (mean ± standard deviation (SD) age: 21.3 ± 3 years, height: 166.2 ± 6 cm, body mass: 71.4 ± 10.7 kg) and 10 males (mean ± SD age: 24.6 ± 4 years, height: 179.5 ± 8 cm, body mass: 88.6 ± 11 kg) completed a pre-test visit to determine the BP 1 repetition maximum (1RM) as well as the mean (BPMV) and peak (BPPV) barbell velocities from the BP 1RM. The VST involved three training visits where the participants performed 5 sets of 6 repetitions, at 65% of the 1RM. The post-test followed the same procedures as the pre-test visit. There were significant increases in 1RM strength for both the males (5.1%) and females (5.4%) between pre-test and post-test. There were no significance differences between sex for mean (BPMV) and peak (BPPV); however, overall there was a 32.7% increase in BPMV and a 29.8% increase in BPPV. These findings indicated an increase in strength and barbell velocity for both males and females as a result of VST upper body DCER exercise in untrained subjects.
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Islam MA, Hamzaid NA, Ibitoye MO, Hasnan N, Wahab AKA, Davis GM. Mechanomyography responses characterize altered muscle function during electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2018; 58:21-27. [PMID: 30005423 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigation of muscle fatigue during functional electrical stimulation (FES)-evoked exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury using dynamometry has limited capability to characterize the fatigue state of individual muscles. Mechanomyography has the potential to represent the state of muscle function at the muscle level. This study sought to investigate surface mechanomyographic responses evoked from quadriceps muscles during FES-cycling, and to quantify its changes between pre- and post-fatiguing conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury. METHODS Six individuals with chronic motor-complete spinal cord injury performed 30-min of sustained FES-leg cycling exercise on two days to induce muscle fatigue. Each participant performed maximum FES-evoked isometric knee extensions before and after the 30-min cycling to determine pre- and post- extension peak torque concomitant with mechanomyography changes. FINDINGS Similar to extension peak torque, normalized root mean squared (RMS) and mean power frequency (MPF) of the mechanomyography signal significantly differed in muscle activities between pre- and post-FES-cycling for each quadriceps muscle (extension peak torque up to 69%; RMS up to 80%, and MPF up to 19%). Mechanomyographic-RMS showed significant reduction during cycling with acceptable between-days consistency (intra-class correlation coefficients, ICC = 0.51-0.91). The normalized MPF showed a weak association with FES-cycling duration (ICC = 0.08-0.23). During FES-cycling, the mechanomyographic-RMS revealed greater fatigue rate for rectus femoris and greater fatigue resistance for vastus medialis in spinal cord injured individuals. INTERPRETATION Mechanomyographic-RMS may be a useful tool for examining real time muscle function of specific muscles during FES-evoked cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anamul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York 10314, USA
| | - Nur Azah Hamzaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Morufu Olusola Ibitoye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Hasnan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Glen M Davis
- Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Unit, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Keller JL, Housh TJ, Hill EC, Smith CM, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Neuromuscular responses of recreationally active women during a sustained, submaximal isometric leg extension muscle action at a constant perception of effort. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2499-2508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A Piezoresistive Sensor to Measure Muscle Contraction and Mechanomyography. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082553. [PMID: 30081541 PMCID: PMC6111775 DOI: 10.3390/s18082553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of muscle contraction is mainly achieved through electromyography (EMG) and is an area of interest for many biomedical applications, including prosthesis control and human machine interface. However, EMG has some drawbacks, and there are also alternative methods for measuring muscle activity, such as by monitoring the mechanical variations that occur during contraction. In this study, a new, simple, non-invasive sensor based on a force-sensitive resistor (FSR) which is able to measure muscle contraction is presented. The sensor, applied on the skin through a rigid dome, senses the mechanical force exerted by the underlying contracting muscles. Although FSR creep causes output drift, it was found that appropriate FSR conditioning reduces the drift by fixing the voltage across the FSR and provides voltage output proportional to force. In addition to the larger contraction signal, the sensor was able to detect the mechanomyogram (MMG), i.e., the little vibrations which occur during muscle contraction. The frequency response of the FSR sensor was found to be large enough to correctly measure the MMG. Simultaneous recordings from flexor carpi ulnaris showed a high correlation (Pearson's r > 0.9) between the FSR output and the EMG linear envelope. Preliminary validation tests on healthy subjects showed the ability of the FSR sensor, used instead of the EMG, to proportionally control a hand prosthesis, achieving comparable performances.
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Plewa K, Samadani A, Orlandi S, Chau T. A novel approach to automatically quantify the level of coincident activity between EMG and MMG signals. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 41:34-40. [PMID: 29738937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have highlighted both similarities and differences between the timing of electromyography (EMG) and mechanomyography (MMG) activities of muscles, there is no method to systematically quantify the temporal alignment between corresponding EMG and MMG signals. We proposed a novel method to determine the level of coincident activity in quasi-periodic MMG and EMG signals. The method optimizes 3 muscle-specific parameters: amplitude threshold, window size and minimum percent of EMG and MMG overlap using a particle swarm optimization algorithm to maximize the agreement (balanced accuracy) between electrical and mechanical muscle activity. The method was applied to bilaterally recorded EMG and MMG signals from 4 lower limb muscles per side of 25 pediatric participants during self-paced gait. Mean balanced accuracy exceeded 75% for all muscles except the lateral gastrocnemius, where EMG and MMG misalignment was notable (56% balanced accuracy). The proposed method can be applied to the criterion-driven comparison of simultaneously recorded myographic signals from two different measurement modalities during a motor task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Plewa
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ali Samadani
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Silvia Orlandi
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom Chau
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Reliability of the twitch evoked skeletal muscle electromechanical efficiency: A ratio between tensiomyogram and M-wave amplitudes. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 37:108-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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