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Xu Z, Wang B, Huang R, Guo M, Han D, Yin L, Zhang X, Huang Y, Li X. Efforts to promote osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling for bone tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2801-2830. [PMID: 38683241 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm02017g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Repair of bone defects exceeding a critical size has been always a big challenge in clinical practice. Tissue engineering has exhibited great potential to effectively repair the defects with less adverse effect than traditional bone grafts, during which how to induce vascularized bone formation has been recognized as a critical issue. Therefore, recently many studies have been launched to attempt to promote osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling. This review summarized comprehensively and explored in depth current efforts to ameliorate the coupling of osteogenesis and angiogenesis from four aspects, namely the optimization of scaffold components, modification of scaffold structures, loading strategies for bioactive substances, and employment tricks for appropriate cells. Especially, the advantages and the possible reasons for every strategy, as well as the challenges, were elaborated. Furthermore, some promising research directions were proposed based on an in-depth analysis of the current research. This paper will hopefully spark new ideas and approaches for more efficiently boosting new vascularized bone formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Ruoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Mengyao Guo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Di Han
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Lan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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2
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Cytological Effects of Serum Isolated from Polytraumatized Patients on Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:2612480. [PMID: 34876907 PMCID: PMC8645412 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2612480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative capacity, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are promising in the treatment of patients suffering from polytrauma. However, few studies look at the effects of sera from polytraumatized patients on hBMSCs. The aim of this study was to explore changes in hBMSC properties in response to serum from polytrauma patients taken at different time points after the trauma incident. For this, sera from 84 patients with polytrauma (collected between 2010 and 2020 in our department) were used. In order to test the differential influence on hBMSC, sera from the 1st (D1), 5th (D5), and 10th day (D10) after polytrauma were pooled, respectively. As a control, sera from three healthy donors (HS), matched with respect to age and gender to the polytrauma group, were collected. Furthermore, hBMSCs from four healthy donors were used in the experiments. The pooled sera of HS, D1, D5, and D10 were analyzed by multicytokine array for pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the influence of the different sera on hBMSCs with respect to cell proliferation, colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay, cell viability, cytotoxicity, cell migration, and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation was analyzed. The results showed that D5 serum significantly reduced hBMSC cell proliferation capacity compared with HS and increased the proportion of dead cells compared with D1. However, the frequency of CFU-F was not reduced in polytrauma groups compared with HS, as well as the other parameters. The serological effect of polytrauma on hBMSCs was related to the time after trauma. It is disadvantageous to use BMSCs in polytraumatized patients at least until the fifth day after polytrauma as obvious cytological changes could be found at that time point. However, it is promising to use hBMSCs to treat polytrauma after five days, combined with the concept of “Damage Control Orthopedics” (DCO).
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Shareghi-Oskoue O, Aghebati-Maleki L, Yousefi M. Transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to treat premature ovarian failure. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:454. [PMID: 34380572 PMCID: PMC8359553 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the problems and diseases for women before 40 years, premature ovarian failure (POF) could be characterized by amenorrhea, low estrogen levels, infertility, high gonadotropin levels, and lack of mature follicles. Causes of the disease involve some genetic disorders, autoimmunity diseases, and environmental factors. Various approaches have been employed to treat POF, however with limited success. Today, stem cells are used to treat POF, since they have the potential to self-repair and regenerate, and are effective in treating ovarian failure and infertility. As mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) could simultaneously activate several mechanisms, many researchers consider MSC transplantation to be the best and most effective approach in cell therapy. A good source for mesenchymal stem cells is human umbilical cord (HUCMSC). Animal models with cyclophosphamide are required for stem cell treatment and performance of HUCMSC transplantation. Stem cell therapy could indicate the levels of ovarian markers and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. It also increases ovarian weight, plasma E2 levels, and the amount of standard follicles. Herein, the causes of POF, effective treatment strategies, and the effect of HUCMSC transplantation for the treatment of premature ovarian failure are reviewed. Many studies have been conducted in this field, and the results have shown that stem cell treatment is an effective approach to treat infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldouz Shareghi-Oskoue
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Chen J, Hendriks M, Chatzis A, Ramasamy SK, Kusumbe AP. Bone Vasculature and Bone Marrow Vascular Niches in Health and Disease. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2103-2120. [PMID: 32845550 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone vasculature and bone marrow vascular niches supply oxygen, nutrients, and secrete angiocrine factors required for the survival, maintenance, and self-renewal of stem and progenitor cells. In the skeletal system, vasculature creates nurturing niches for bone and blood-forming stem cells. Blood vessels regulate hematopoiesis and drive bone formation during development, repair, and regeneration. Dysfunctional vascular niches induce skeletal aging, bone diseases, and hematological disorders. Recent cellular and molecular characterization of the bone marrow microenvironment has provided unprecedented insights into the complexity, heterogeneity, and functions of the bone vasculature and vascular niches. The bone vasculature is composed of distinct vessel subtypes that differentially regulate osteogenesis, hematopoiesis, and disease conditions in bones. Further, bone marrow vascular niches supporting stem cells are often complex microenvironments involving multiple different cell populations and vessel subtypes. This review provides an overview of the emerging vascular cell heterogeneity in bone and the new roles of the bone vasculature and associated vascular niches in health and disease. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Hendriks
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandros Chatzis
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saravana K Ramasamy
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments Group, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Shahabipour F, Oskuee RK, Dehghani H, Shokrgozar MA, Aninwene GE, Bonakdar S. Cell-cell interaction in a coculture system consisting of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated GFP knock-in HUVECs and MG-63 cells in alginate-GelMA based nanocomposites hydrogel as a 3D scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1596-1606. [PMID: 32180319 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between osteogenic and angiogenic cells through a coculturing system in biocompatible materials has been considered for successfully engineering vascularized bone tissue equivalents. In this study, we developed a hydrogel-blended scaffold consisted of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and alginate enriched with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP) to model an in vitro prevascularized bone construct. The hydrogel-based scaffold revealed a higher mechanical stiffness than those of pure (GelMA), alginate, and (GelMA+ HAP) hydrogels. In the present study, we generated a green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The GFP was inserted into the human-like ROSA locus of HUVECs genome. HUVECs expressing GFP were cocultured with OB-like cells (MG-63) within three-dimensionally (3D) fabricated hydrogel to investigate the response of cocultured osteoblasts and endothelial cells in a 3D structure. Cell viability under the 3D cocultured gel was higher than the 3D monocultured. Compared to the 3D monocultured condition, the cells were aligned and developed into the vessel-like structures. During 14 days of culture periods, the cells displayed actin protrusions by the formation of spike-like filopodia in the 3D cocultured model. Angiogenic and osteogenic-related genes such as CD31, vWF, and osteocalcin showed higher expression in the cocultured versus the monocultured. These results have collectively indicated that the 3D cocultured hydrogel facilitates interaction among cells, thereby having a greater effect on angiogenic and osteogenic properties in the absence of induction media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza K Oskuee
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - George E Aninwene
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Carvalho MS, Silva JC, Cabral JMS, da Silva CL, Vashishth D. Cultured cell-derived extracellular matrices to enhance the osteogenic differentiation and angiogenic properties of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1544-1558. [PMID: 31151132 DOI: 10.1002/term.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a complex assembly of fibrillary proteins, matrix macromolecules, and associated growth factors that mimic the composition and organization of native ECM micro-environment. Therefore, cultured cell-derived ECM has been used as a scaffold for tissue engineering settings to create a biomimetic micro-environment, providing physical, chemical, and mechanical cues to cells, and support cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here, we present a new strategy to produce different combinations of decellularized cultured cell-derived ECM (dECM) obtained from different cultured cell types, namely, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as the coculture of MSC:HUVEC and investigate the effects of its various compositions on cell metabolic activity, osteogenic differentiation, and angiogenic properties of human bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs, vital features for adult bone tissue regeneration and repair. Our findings demonstrate that dECM presented higher cell metabolic activity compared with tissue culture polystyrene. More importantly, we show that MSC:HUVEC ECM enhanced the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of BM MSCs, as assessed by in vitro assays. Interestingly, MSC:HUVEC (1:3) ECM demonstrated the best angiogenic response of MSCs in the conditions tested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates that dECM derived from a coculture of MSC:HUVEC impacts the osteogenic and angiogenic capabilities of BM MSCs, suggesting the potential use of MSC:HUVEC ECM as a therapeutic product to improve clinical outcomes in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Carvalho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João C Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L da Silva
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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7
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Eswaramoorthy SD, Dhiman N, Korra G, Oranges CM, Schaefer DJ, Rath SN, Madduri S. Isogenic-induced endothelial cells enhance osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on silk fibroin scaffold. Regen Med 2019; 14:647-661. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the role of induced endothelial cells (iECs) in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)/iECs co-culture and assessed their osteogenic ability on silk fibroin nanofiber scaffolds. Methods: The osteogenic differentiation was assessed by the ALP assay, calcium assay and gene expression studies. Results: The osteogenic differentiation of the iECs co-cultures was found to be higher than the MSCs group and proximal to endothelial cells (ECs) co-cultures. Furthermore, the usage of isogenic iECs for co-culture increased the osteogenic and endothelial gene expression. Conclusion: These findings suggest that iECs mimic endothelial cells when co-cultured with MSCs and that one MSCs source can be used to give rise to both MSCs and iECs. The isogenic MSCs/iECs co-culture provides a new option for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhuja D Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285 Telangana, India
| | - Nandini Dhiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285 Telangana, India
| | - Gayathri Korra
- Sri Sai Krishna Multi Specialty Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sangareddy 502001, Medak, Telangana, India
| | - Carlo M Oranges
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic & Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic & Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Subha N Rath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285 Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic & Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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8
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Simunovic F, Winninger O, Strassburg S, Koch HG, Finkenzeller G, Stark GB, Lampert FM. Increased differentiation and production of extracellular matrix components of primary human osteoblasts after cocultivation with endothelial cells: A quantitative proteomics approach. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:396-404. [PMID: 30126049 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coculturing of bone-forming and blood vessel-forming cells is a strategy aimed at increasing vascularity of implanted bone constructs in tissue-engineering applications. We previously described that the coculture of primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) improves the differentiation of both cell types, leading to the formation of functional blood vessels and enhanced bone regeneration. The objective of this study was to further delineate the multifaceted interactions between both cell types. To investigate the proteome of hOBs after cocultivation with HUVECs we used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, revealing 49 significantly upregulated, and 54 significantly downregulated proteins. Amongst the highest regulated proteins, we found the proteins important for osteoblast differentiation, cellular adhesion, and extracellular matrix function, notably: connective tissue growth factor, desmoplakin, galectin-3, and cyclin-dependent kinase 6. The findings were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We also investigated whether the mRNA transcripts correlate with the changes in protein levels by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the data was compared to our previous microarray analysis of hOB transcriptome. Taken together, this in-depth analysis delivers reliable data suggesting the importance of coculturing of hOBs and HUVECs in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simunovic
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Winninger
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Strassburg
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H G Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Finkenzeller
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G B Stark
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - F M Lampert
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Shi R, Huang Y, Ma C, Wu C, Tian W. Current advances for bone regeneration based on tissue engineering strategies. Front Med 2018; 13:160-188. [PMID: 30047029 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a rapidly developing strategy for repairing critical-sized bone defects to address the unmet need for bone augmentation and skeletal repair. Effective therapies for bone regeneration primarily require the coordinated combination of innovative scaffolds, seed cells, and biological factors. However, current techniques in bone tissue engineering have not yet reached valid translation into clinical applications because of several limitations, such as weaker osteogenic differentiation, inadequate vascularization of scaffolds, and inefficient growth factor delivery. Therefore, further standardized protocols and innovative measures are required to overcome these shortcomings and facilitate the clinical application of these techniques to enhance bone regeneration. Given the deficiency of comprehensive studies in the development in BTE, our review systematically introduces the new types of biomimetic and bifunctional scaffolds. We describe the cell sources, biology of seed cells, growth factors, vascular development, and the interactions of relevant molecules. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and perspectives that may propel the direction of future clinical delivery in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chengai Wu
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China. .,Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China.
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10
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Hu H, Tang Y, Pang L, Lin C, Huang W, Wang D, Jia W. Angiogenesis and Full-Thickness Wound Healing Efficiency of a Copper-Doped Borate Bioactive Glass/Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Dressing Loaded with Vitamin E in Vivo and in Vitro. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22939-22950. [PMID: 29924595 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent demand for wound healing biomaterials because of the increasing frequency of traffic accidents, industrial contingencies, and natural disasters. Borate bioactive glass has potential applications in bone tissue engineering and wound healing; however, its uncontrolled release runs a high risk of rapid degradation and transient biotoxicity. In this study, a novel organic-inorganic dressing of copper-doped borate bioactive glass/poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) loaded with vitamin E (0-3.0 wt % vitamin E) was fabricated to evaluate its efficiency for angiogenesis in cells and full-thickness skin wounds healing in rodents. In vitro results showed the dressing was an ideal interface for the organic-inorganic mixture and a controlled release system for Cu2+ and vitamin E. Cell culture suggested the ionic dissolution product of the copper-doped and vitamin E-loaded dressing showed the best migration, tubule formation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and higher expression levels of angiogenesis-related genes in fibroblasts in vitro. Furthermore, this dressing also suggested a significant improvement in the epithelialization of wound closure and an obvious enhancement in vessel sprouting and collagen remodeling in vivo. These results indicate that the copper-doped borate bioactive glass/poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) dressing loaded with vitamin E is effective in stimulating angiogenesis and healing full-thickness skin defects and is a promising wound dressing in the reconstruction of full-thickness skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Yue Tang
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road , Shanghai 201800 , China
| | - Libin Pang
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road , Shanghai 201800 , China
| | - Cunlong Lin
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road , Shanghai 201800 , China
| | - Wenhai Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road , Shanghai 201800 , China
| | - Deping Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Caoan Road , Shanghai 201800 , China
| | - Weitao Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200233 , China
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11
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Enhanced Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of Stem-Cell Spheroids Created From a Coculture of Stem Cells and Endothelial Cells. IMPLANT DENT 2017; 26:922-928. [PMID: 29111993 DOI: 10.1097/id.0000000000000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was performed to fabricate stem-cell spheroids formed with human gingiva-derived stem cells and endothelial cells and to evaluate their viability and osteogenic differentiation potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingiva-derived stem cells were isolated, and stem cells and endothelial cells with a total of 6 × 10 cells were seeded into concave micromolds with different ratios of 6:0 (group 1), 4:2 (group 2), 3:3 (group 3), and 2:4 (group 4). RESULTS Gingiva-derived stem cells and/or endothelia cells formed spheroids in concave microwells. There was a decreasing trend in the diameter of spheroids with increasing amounts of endothelial cells, but there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. The secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor from the spheroids was noted. The results of the alkaline phosphatase activity assays showed significantly higher values for groups 2, 3, and 4 when compared with the value of group 1. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, stem-cell spheroids formed with human gingiva-derived stem cells and endothelial cells using concave microwells enhanced osteogenic differentiation potential, and multicell spheroid-based cell delivery could be a simple and effective strategy for improving stem-cell therapy.
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12
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Natural and synthetic polymers/bioceramics/bioactive compounds-mediated cell signalling in bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 110:88-96. [PMID: 28917940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a highly integrative and dynamic tissue of the human body. It is continually remodeled by bone cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts. When a fraction of a bone is damaged or deformed, stem cells and bone cells under the influence of several signaling pathways regulate bone regeneration at the particular locale. Effective therapies for bone defects can be met via bone tissue engineering which employs drug delivery systems with biomaterials to enhance cellular functions by acting on signaling pathways such as Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, and Notch. This review provides the current understanding of polymers/bioceramics/bioactive compounds as scaffolds in activation of signaling pathways for the formation of bone.
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13
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Strassburg S, Nabar N, Lampert F, Goerke SM, Pfeifer D, Finkenzeller G, Stark GB, Simunovic F. Calmodulin Regulated Spectrin Associated Protein 1 mRNA is Directly Regulated by miR-126 in Primary Human Osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1756-1763. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Strassburg
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Nikita Nabar
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Florian Lampert
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Goerke
- Department of Radiology; Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg-Gengenbach; Offenburg Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Freiburg University Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Günter Finkenzeller
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Gerhard B. Stark
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Filip Simunovic
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
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Ratheesh G, Venugopal JR, Chinappan A, Ezhilarasu H, Sadiq A, Ramakrishna S. 3D Fabrication of Polymeric Scaffolds for Regenerative Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1175-1194. [PMID: 33440508 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in bioprinting technology have been used to precisely dispense cell-laden biomaterials for the construction of complex 3D functional living tissues or artificial organs. Organ printing and biofabrication provides great potential for the freeform fabrication of 3D living organs using cellular spheroids, biocomposite nanofibers, or bioinks as building blocks for regenerative therapy. Vascularization is often identified as a main technological barrier for building 3D organs in tissue engineering. 3D printing of living tissues starts with potential support of biomaterials to maintain structural integrity and degradation of certain time periods after printing of the scaffolds. Biofabrication is the production of complex living and nonliving biological products from raw materials such as cells, molecules, ECM, and biomaterials. Generally, two basic methods are used for the fabrication of scaffolds such as conventional/traditional fabrication processes and advance fabrication processes for engineering organs. A wide range of polymers and biomaterials are used for the fabrication of scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. 3D additive manufacturing is advancing day-by-day; however, there are various critical challenging factors used for fabricating 3D scaffolds. This review is aimed at understanding the various scaffold fabrication techniques, types of polymers and biomaterials used for the fabrication processes, various fields of applications, and different challenges faced in their fabrication of scaffolds in regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greeshma Ratheesh
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jayarama Reddy Venugopal
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Amutha Chinappan
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Hariharan Ezhilarasu
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Asif Sadiq
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576.,Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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16
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García JR, García AJ. Biomaterial-mediated strategies targeting vascularization for bone repair. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2016; 6:77-95. [PMID: 26014967 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Repair of non-healing bone defects through tissue engineering strategies remains a challenging feat in the clinic due to the aversive microenvironment surrounding the injured tissue. The vascular damage that occurs following a bone injury causes extreme ischemia and a loss of circulating cells that contribute to regeneration. Tissue-engineered constructs aimed at regenerating the injured bone suffer from complications based on the slow progression of endogenous vascular repair and often fail at bridging the bone defect. To that end, various strategies have been explored to increase blood vessel regeneration within defects to facilitate both tissue-engineered and natural repair processes. Developments that induce robust vascularization will need to consolidate various parameters including optimization of embedded therapeutics, scaffold characteristics, and successful integration between the construct and the biological tissue. This review provides an overview of current strategies as well as new developments in engineering biomaterials to induce reparation of a functional vascular supply in the context of bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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17
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Freeman FE, McNamara LM. Endochondral Priming: A Developmental Engineering Strategy for Bone Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:128-141. [PMID: 27758156 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have significant potential to treat bone pathologies by exploiting the capacity for bone progenitors to grow and produce tissue constituents under specific biochemical and physical conditions. However, conventional tissue engineering approaches, which combine stem cells with biomaterial scaffolds, are limited as the constructs often degrade, due to a lack of vascularization, and lack the mechanical integrity to fulfill load bearing functions, and as such are not yet widely used for clinical treatment of large bone defects. Recent studies have proposed that in vitro tissue engineering approaches should strive to simulate in vivo bone developmental processes and, thereby, imitate natural factors governing cell differentiation and matrix production, following the paradigm recently defined as "developmental engineering." Although developmental engineering strategies have been recently developed that mimic specific aspects of the endochondral ossification bone formation process, these findings are not widely understood. Moreover, a critical comparison of these approaches to standard biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering has not yet been undertaken. For that reason, this article presents noteworthy experimental findings from researchers focusing on developing an endochondral-based developmental engineering strategy for bone tissue regeneration. These studies have established that in vitro approaches, which mimic certain aspects of the endochondral ossification process, namely the formation of the cartilage template and the vascularization of the cartilage template, can promote mineralization and vascularization to a certain extent both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, this article outlines specific experimental challenges that must be overcome to further exploit the biology of endochondral ossification and provide a tissue engineering construct for clinical treatment of large bone/nonunion defects and obviate the need for bone tissue graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
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Freeman FE, Stevens HY, Owens P, Guldberg RE, McNamara LM. Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Mimicking the Cellular Niche of the Endochondral Template. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1176-1190. [PMID: 27604384 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro bone regeneration strategies that prime mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with chondrogenic factors, to mimic aspects of the endochondral ossification process, have been shown to promote mineralization and vascularization by MSCs both in vitro and when implanted in vivo. However, these approaches required the use of osteogenic supplements, namely dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and β-glycerophosphate, none of which are endogenous mediators of bone formation in vivo. Rather MSCs, endothelial progenitor cells, and chondrocytes all reside in proximity within the cartilage template and might paracrineally regulate osteogenic differentiation. Thus, this study tests the hypothesis that an in vitro bone regeneration approach that mimics the cellular niche existing during endochondral ossification, through coculture of MSCs, endothelial cells, and chondrocytes, will obviate the need for extraneous osteogenic supplements and provide an alternative strategy to elicit osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and mineral production. The specific objectives of this study were to (1) mimic the cellular niche existing during endochondral ossification and (2) investigate whether osteogenic differentiation could be induced without the use of any external growth factors. To test the hypothesis, we evaluated the mineralization and vessel formation potential of (a) a novel methodology involving both chondrogenic priming and the coculture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and MSCs compared with (b) chondrogenic priming of MSCs alone, (c) addition of HUVECs to chondrogenically primed MSC aggregates, (d-f) the same experimental groups cultured in the presence of osteogenic supplements and (g) a noncoculture group cultured in the presence of osteogenic growth factors alone. Biochemical (DNA, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], calcium, CD31+, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]), histological (alcian blue, alizarin red), and immunohistological (CD31+) analyses were conducted to investigate osteogenic differentiation and vascularization at various time points (1, 2, and 3 weeks). The coculture methodology enhanced both osteogenesis and vasculogenesis compared with osteogenic differentiation alone, whereas osteogenic supplements inhibited the osteogenesis and vascularization (ALP, calcium, and VEGF) induced through coculture alone. Taken together, these results suggest that chondrogenic and vascular priming can obviate the need for osteogenic supplements to induce osteogenesis of human MSCs in vitro, while allowing for the formation of rudimentary vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- 1 Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Hazel Y Stevens
- 2 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter Owens
- 3 Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland , Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- 2 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- 1 Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
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Khojasteh A, Fahimipour F, Jafarian M, Sharifi D, Jahangir S, Khayyatan F, Baghaban Eslaminejad M. Bone engineering in dog mandible: Coculturing mesenchymal stem cells with endothelial progenitor cells in a composite scaffold containing vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:1767-1777. [PMID: 27186846 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We sought to assess the effects of coculturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the repair of dog mandible bone defects. The cells were delivered in β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds coated with poly lactic co-glycolic acid microspheres that gradually release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The complete scaffold and five partial scaffolds were implanted in bilateral mandibular body defects in eight beagles. The scaffolds were examined histologically and morphometrically 8 weeks after implantation. Histologic staining of the decalcified scaffolds demonstrated that bone formation was greatest in the VEGF/MSC scaffold (63.42 ± 1.67), followed by the VEGF/MSC/EPC (47.8 ± 1.87) and MSC/EPC (45.21 ± 1.6) scaffolds, the MSC scaffold (34.59 ± 1.49), the VEGF scaffold (20.03 ± 1.29), and the untreated scaffold (7.24 ± 0.08). Hence, the rate of new bone regeneration was highest in scaffolds containing MSC, either mixed with EPC or incorporating VEGF. Adding both EPC and VEGF with the MSC was not necessary. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1767-1777, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Khojasteh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Farahnaz Fahimipour
- Department of Dental Biomaterial, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafarian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Sharifi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrbanoo Jahangir
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Khayyatan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Freeman FE, Allen AB, Stevens HY, Guldberg RE, McNamara LM. Effects of in vitro endochondral priming and pre-vascularisation of human MSC cellular aggregates in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:218. [PMID: 26541817 PMCID: PMC4635553 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During endochondral ossification, both the production of a cartilage template and the subsequent vascularisation of that template are essential precursors to bone tissue formation. Recent studies have found the application of both chondrogenic and vascular priming of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhanced the mineralisation potential of MSCs in vitro whilst also allowing for immature vessel formation. However, the in vivo viability, vascularisation and mineralisation potential of MSC aggregates that have been pre-conditioned in vitro by a combination of chondrogenic and vascular priming, has yet to be established. In this study, we test the hypothesis that a tissue regeneration approach that incorporates both chondrogenic priming of MSCs, to first form a cartilage template, and subsequent pre-vascularisation of the cartilage constructs, by co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, will improve vessel infiltration and thus mineral formation once implanted in vivo. Methods Human MSCs were chondrogenically primed for 21 days, after which they were co-cultured with MSCs and HUVECs and cultured in endothelial growth medium for another 21 days. These aggregates were then implanted subcutaneously in nude rats for 4 weeks. We used a combination of bioluminescent imaging, microcomputed tomography, histology (Masson’s trichrome and Alizarin Red) and immunohistochemistry (CD31, CD146, and α-smooth actin) to assess the vascularisation and mineralisation potential of these MSC aggregates in vivo. Results Pre-vascularised cartilaginous aggregates were found to have mature endogenous vessels (indicated by α-smooth muscle actin walls and erythrocytes) after 4 weeks subcutaneous implantation, and also viable human MSCs (detected by bioluminescent imaging) 21 days after subcutaneous implantation. In contrast, aggregates that were not pre-vascularised had no vessels within the aggregate interior and human MSCs did not remain viable beyond 14 days. Interestingly, the pre-vascularised cartilaginous aggregates were also the only group to have mineralised nodules within the cellular aggregates, whereas mineralisation occurred in the alginate surrounding the aggregates for all other groups. Conclusions Taken together these results indicate that a combined chondrogenic priming and pre-vascularisation approach for in vitro culture of MSC aggregates shows enhanced vessel formation and increased mineralisation within the cellular aggregate when implanted subcutaneously in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Ashley B Allen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Hazel Y Stevens
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Schmidt Y, Simunovic F, Strassburg S, Pfeifer D, Stark GB, Finkenzeller G. miR-126 regulates platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α expression and migration of primary human osteoblasts. Biol Chem 2015; 396:61-70. [PMID: 25205714 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adequate vascularization is an essential requirement for bone development, fracture healing and bone tissue engineering. We have previously described the coculture of primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) and human endothelial cells (HUVECs), designed to investigate the interactions between these cells. In this system, we showed that cocultivation of these two cell types leads to a downregulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α) in hOBs, which was a consequence of reduced mRNA stability. In the current study we investigated the possible involvement of microRNAs in this process. Firstly, we performed a microarray analysis of osteoblastic miRNAs following cocultivation with HUVECs, revealing an upregulation of miR-126. This result was confirmed by RT-qPCR, and we observed that the increase is dependent on direct cell-to-cell contacts. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments showed that miR-126 is a negative regulator of PDGFR-α mRNA. Additionally, migration of hOBs was inhibited by miR-126 overexpression and stimulated by miR-126 inhibition. Addition of PDGFR-α blocking antibody to hOB culture also inhibited hOB migration. There was no effect of miR-126 modulation on osteoblast proliferation, apoptosis rate or differentiation. In conclusion, we report that the miR-126/PDGFR-α system regulates the migratory behavior of human osteoblasts, without exerting effects on cell survival and differentiation.
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Najdanović JG, Cvetković VJ, Stojanović S, Vukelić-Nikolić MĐ, Stanisavljević MN, Živković JM, Najman SJ. The Influence of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Induced into Endothelial Cells on Ectopic Vasculogenesis and Osteogenesis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Freeman FE, Haugh MG, McNamara LM. An in vitro bone tissue regeneration strategy combining chondrogenic and vascular priming enhances the mineralization potential of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro while also allowing for vessel formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1320-32. [PMID: 25588588 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic priming (CP) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and coculture of MSCs with human umbilical vein endothelial stem cells (HUVECs) both have been shown to significantly increase the potential for MSCs to undergo osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in vitro and in vivo. Such strategies mimic cartilage template formation or vascularization that occur during endochondral ossification during early fetal development. However, although both chondrogenesis and vascularization are crucial precursors for bone formation by endochondral ossification, no in vitro bone tissue regeneration strategy has sought to incorporate both events simultaneously. The objective of this study is to develop an in vitro bone regeneration strategy that mimics critical aspects of the endochondral ossification process, specifically (1) the formation of a cartilage template and (2) subsequent vascularization of this template. We initially prime the MSCs with chondrogenic growth factors, to ensure the production of a cartilage template, and subsequently implement a coculture strategy involving MSC and HUVECs. Three experimental groups were compared; (1) CP for 21 days with no addition of cells; (2) CP for 21 days followed by coculture of HUVECs (250,000 cells); (3) CP for 21 days followed by coculture of HUVECs and MSCs (250,000 cells) at a ratio of 1:1. Each group was cultured for a further 21 days in osteogenic media after the initial CP period. Biochemical (DNA, Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, Calcium, and Vessel Endothelial Growth Factor) and histological analyses (Alcian blue, alizarin red, CD31(+), and collagen type X) were performed 1, 2, and 3 weeks after the media switch. The results of this study show that CP provides a cartilage-like template that provides a suitable platform for HUVEC and MSC cells to attach, proliferate, and infiltrate for up to 3 weeks. More importantly we show that the use of the coculture methodology, rudimentary vessels are formed within this cartilage template and enhanced the mineralization potential of MSCs. Taken together these results indicate for the first time that the application of both chondrogenic and vascular priming of MSCs enhances the mineralization potential of MSCs in vitro while also allowing the formation of immature vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- 1 Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering , NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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24
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Osteoblastic alkaline phosphatase mRNA is stabilized by binding to vimentin intermediary filaments. Biol Chem 2015; 396:253-60. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vascularization is essential in bone tissue engineering and recent research has focused on interactions between osteoblasts (hOBs) and endothelial cells (ECs). It was shown that cocultivation increases the stability of osteoblastic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA. We investigated the mechanisms behind this observation, focusing on mRNA binding proteins. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we found that the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of ALP mRNA is necessary for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)-mediated stabilization of osteoblastic ALP mRNA. Using pulldown experiments and nanoflow-HPLC mass spectrometry, vimentin was identified to bind to the 3′-UTR of ALP mRNA. Validation was performed by Western blotting. Functional experiments inhibiting intermediate filaments with iminodipropionitrile and specific inhibition of vimentin by siRNA transfection showed reduced levels of ALP mRNA and protein. Therefore, ALP mRNA binds to and is stabilized by vimentin. This data add to the understanding of intracellular trafficking of ALP mRNA, its function, and have possible implications in tissue engineering applications.
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25
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Neoflavonoids as potential osteogenic agents from Dalbergia sissoo heartwood. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2664-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tiruvannamalai-Annamalai R, Armant DR, Matthew HWT. A glycosaminoglycan based, modular tissue scaffold system for rapid assembly of perfusable, high cell density, engineered tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84287. [PMID: 24465401 PMCID: PMC3896358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited ability to vascularize and perfuse thick, cell-laden tissue constructs has hindered efforts to engineer complex tissues and organs, including liver, heart and kidney. The emerging field of modular tissue engineering aims to address this limitation by fabricating constructs from the bottom up, with the objective of recreating native tissue architecture and promoting extensive vascularization. In this paper, we report the elements of a simple yet efficient method for fabricating vascularized tissue constructs by fusing biodegradable microcapsules with tunable interior environments. Parenchymal cells of various types, (i.e. trophoblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, hepatocytes) were suspended in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) solutions (4%/1.5% chondroitin sulfate/carboxymethyl cellulose, or 1.5 wt% hyaluronan) and encapsulated by forming chitosan-GAG polyelectrolyte complex membranes around droplets of the cell suspension. The interior capsule environment could be further tuned by blending collagen with or suspending microcarriers in the GAG solution These capsule modules were seeded externally with vascular endothelial cells (VEC), and subsequently fused into tissue constructs possessing VEC-lined, inter-capsule channels. The microcapsules supported high density growth achieving clinically significant cell densities. Fusion of the endothelialized, capsules generated three dimensional constructs with an embedded network of interconnected channels that enabled long-term perfusion culture of the construct. A prototype, engineered liver tissue, formed by fusion of hepatocyte-containing capsules exhibited urea synthesis rates and albumin synthesis rates comparable to standard collagen sandwich hepatocyte cultures. The capsule based, modular approach described here has the potential to allow rapid assembly of tissue constructs with clinically significant cell densities, uniform cell distribution, and endothelialized, perfusable channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Randall Armant
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Reproductive & Adult Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Howard W. T. Matthew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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Dahl M, Jørgensen NR, Hørberg M, Pinholt EM. Carriers in mesenchymal stem cell osteoblast mineralization—State-of-the-art. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2013.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Rossi F, Santoro M, Perale G. Polymeric scaffolds as stem cell carriers in bone repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:1093-119. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering; 'Giulio Natta' Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Marco Santoro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; Houston TX USA
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering; 'Giulio Natta' Politecnico di Milano; Milan Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies; University of Southern Switzerland; Manno Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Taverne Switzerland
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Simunovic F, Steiner D, Pfeifer D, Stark GB, Finkenzeller G, Lampert F. Increased extracellular matrix and proangiogenic factor transcription in endothelial cells after cocultivation with primary human osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1584-94. [PMID: 23334902 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most promising strategies in bone engineering have concentrated on providing sufficient vascularization to support the newly forming tissue. In this context, recent research in the field has focused on studying the complex interactions between bone forming and endothelial cells. Our previous work has demonstrated that direct contact cocultivation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) induces the osteogenic phenotype and survival of hOBs. In order to investigate the mechanisms that lead to this effect, we performed microarray gene expression profiling on HUVECs following cocultivation with hOBs. Our data reveal profound transcriptomic changes that are dependent on direct cell contact between these cell populations. Pathway analysis using the MetaCore™ platform and literature research suggested a striking upregulation of transcripts related to extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Upregulation of a number of major angiogenetic factors confirms previous observations that HUVECs enter a proangiogenic state upon cocultivation with osteoblasts. Interestingly, the downregulated transcripts clustered predominantly around cell cycle-related processes. The microarray data were confirmed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR on selected genes. Taken together, this study provides a platform for further inquiries in complex interactions between endothelial cells and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simunovic
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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Sustained release of platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor from silk/calcium phosphate/PLGA based nanocomposite scaffold. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:216-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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McKenzie KP, Mayer DC, Aubin JE. Osteogenesis and expression of the bone marrow niche in endothelial cell-depleted HipOPs. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1066-73. [PMID: 23161750 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification and purification of murine multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been difficult due to their low frequency, the presence of contaminating cell types and lack of unambiguous markers. Using a magnetic micro-beads negative selection technique to remove hematopoietic cells from mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), our lab recently isolated a highly purified osteoprogenitor (HipOP) population that was also enriched for other mesenchymal precursors, including MSCs [Itoh and Aubin, 2009]. We now report that HipOPs are also highly enriched in vascular endothelial cells (VECs), which we hypothesized were an accessory cell type regulating osteogenesis. However, when VECs were immunodepleted from HipOPs with anti-CD31 antibodies, the resulting CD31(-) HipOP population had equal osteogenic capacity to the HipOPs in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of gene expression of Ncad, Pth1r, Ang1, Cxcl12, Jag1, Pdgfr-β, α-sma, Desmin, and Ng2 suggested that both HipOPs and CD31(-) HipOPs are hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche populations. However, the data support the view that osteoblast differentiation and depletion of VECs modulate the HSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P McKenzie
- Department of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4245, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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Differentiation of Rabbit Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Endothelial Cells In Vitro and Promotion of Defective Bone Regeneration In Vivo. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 68:479-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schumann P, Lindhorst D, von See C, Menzel N, Kampmann A, Tavassol F, Kokemüller H, Rana M, Gellrich NC, Rücker M. Accelerating the early angiogenesis of tissue engineering constructs in vivo by the use of stem cells cultured in matrigel. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1652-62. [PMID: 23776037 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering research, generating constructs with an adequate extent of clinical applications remains a major challenge. In this context, rapid blood vessel ingrowth in the transplanted tissue engineering constructs is the key factor for successful incorporation. To accelerate the microvascular development in engineered tissues, we preincubated osteoblast-like cells as well as mesenchymal stem cells or a combination of both cell types in Matrigel-filled PLGA scaffolds before transplantation into the dorsal skinfold chambers of balb/c mice. By the use of preincubated mesenchymal stem cells, a significantly accelerated angiogenesis was achieved. Compared with previous studies that showed a decisive increase of vascularization on day 6 after the implantation, we were able to halve this period and achieve explicitly denser microvascular networks 3 days after transplantation of the tissue engineering constructs. Thereby, the inflammatory host tissue response was acceptable and low, comparable with former investigations. A co-incubation of osteoblast-like cells and stem cells showed no additive effect on the density of the newly formed microvascular network. Preincubation of mesenchymal stem cells in Matrigel is a promising approach to develop rapid microvascular growth into tissue engineering constructs. After the implantation into the host organism, scaffolds comprising stem cells generate microvascular capillary-like structures exceptionally fast. Thereby, transplanted stem cells likely differentiate into vessel-associated cells. For this reason, preincubation of mesenchymal stem cells in nutrient solutions supporting different steps of angiogenesis provides a technique to promote the routine use of tissue engineering in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schumann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Dedifferentiated follicular granulosa cells derived from pig ovary can transdifferentiate into osteoblasts. Biochem J 2012; 447:239-48. [PMID: 22839299 PMCID: PMC3459222 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation is the conversion of cells from one differentiated cell type into another. How functionally differentiated cells already committed to a specific cell lineage can transdifferentiate into other cell types is a key question in cell biology and regenerative medicine. In the present study we show that porcine ovarian follicular GCs (granulosa cells) can transdifferentiate into osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo. Pure GCs isolated and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 20% FBS (fetal bovine serum) proliferated and dedifferentiated into fibroblast-like cells. We referred to these cells as DFOG (dedifferentiated follicular granulosa) cells. Microarray analysis showed that DFOG cells lost expression of GC-specific marker genes, but gained the expression of osteogenic marker genes during dedifferentiation. After osteogenic induction, DFOG cells underwent terminal osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization in vitro. Furthermore, when DFOG cells were transplanted subcutaneously into SCID mice, these cells formed ectopic osteoid tissue. These results indicate that DFOG cells derived from GCs can differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo. We suggest that GCs provide a useful model for studying the mechanisms of transdifferentiation into other cell lineages in functionally differentiated cells.
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Leszczynska J, Zyzynska-Granica B, Koziak K, Ruminski S, Lewandowska-Szumiel M. Contribution of endothelial cells to human bone-derived cells expansion in coculture. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:393-402. [PMID: 22924666 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a functional vascularized bone tissue remains one of the main goals of bone tissue engineering. Recently, a growing interest in the crosstalk between endothelial cells (EC) and osteoblasts (OB), the two main players in a new bone formation, has been observed. However, only a few reports have addressed a mutual influence of OB and EC on cell proliferation. Our study focuses on this issue by investigating cocultures of human bone-derived cells (HBDC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Three various proportions of cells have been used that is, HBDC:HUVEC 1:1, 1:4, and 4:1 and the cocultures were investigated on day 1, 4, and 7, while HUVEC and HBDC monocultures served as reference. We have detected enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in a direct HBDC-HUVEC coculture. This effect was not observed when cells were separated by an insert, which is consistent with other reports on various OB-EC lineages. The appearance of gap-junctions in coculture was confirmed by a positive staining for connexin 43. The number of cells of both phenotypes has been determined by flow cytometry: CD-31-positive cells have been considered EC, while CD-31-negative have been counted as OB. We have observed an over 14-fold increase in OB number after a week in the 1:4 HBDC:HUVEC coculture as compared with less than fourfold in monoculture. The increase in HBDC number in 1:1 coculture has been less pronounced and has reached the value of about sevenfold. These results correspond well with the cell proliferation rate, which has been measured by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation. Moreover, at day 7 EC have been still present in the coculture, which is inconsistent with some other reports. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis has revealed the upregulation of ALP and collagen type I genes, but not osteocalcin gene, in all the cocultures grown without pro-osteogenic additives. Our study indicates that HUVEC significantly promote HBDC expansion and upregulate collagen I gene expression in these cells. We believe that these findings have application potency in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Leszczynska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Steiner D, Lampert F, Stark GB, Finkenzeller G. Effects of endothelial cells on proliferation and survival of human mesenchymal stem cells and primary osteoblasts. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1682-9. [PMID: 22508550 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a fundamental process in bone formation, remodeling, and regeneration. Moreover, for the regeneration of bone in tissue engineering applications, it is essential to support neovascularization. This can be achieved by cell-based therapies using primary endothelial cells, which are able to form functional blood vessels upon implantation. In bone composite grafts, coimplanted endothelial cells do not only support neovascularization but also support osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of endothelial cells on proliferation and cell survival of human primary osteoblasts (hOBs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated hOB and MSC proliferation, whereas proliferation of HUVECs was unaffected by cocultured hOBs or MSCs. The effect of HUVEC cocultivation on hOB and MSC proliferation was more pronounced in direct cocultures than in indirect cocultures, indicating that this effect is at least partially dependent on the formation of heterotypic cell contacts between HUVECs and hOBs or MSCs. Furthermore, HUVEC cocultivation reduced low-serum induced apotosis of hOBs and MSCs by a mechanism involving increased phosphorylation and inactivation of the proapoptotic protein Bad. In summary, our experiments have shown that cocultured HUVECs increase the proliferation and reduce low-serum induced apoptosis of hOBs and MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Steiner
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Nguyen LH, Annabi N, Nikkhah M, Bae H, Binan L, Park S, Kang Y, Yang Y, Khademhosseini A. Vascularized bone tissue engineering: approaches for potential improvement. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:363-82. [PMID: 22765012 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in bone tissue engineering (TE) in the past decade. However, classical bone TE strategies have been hampered mainly due to the lack of vascularization within the engineered bone constructs, resulting in poor implant survival and integration. In an effort toward clinical success of engineered constructs, new TE concepts have arisen to develop bone substitutes that potentially mimic native bone tissue structure and function. Large tissue replacements have failed in the past due to the slow penetration of the host vasculature, leading to necrosis at the central region of the engineered tissues. For this reason, multiple microscale strategies have been developed to induce and incorporate vascular networks within engineered bone constructs before implantation in order to achieve successful integration with the host tissue. Previous attempts to engineer vascularized bone tissue only focused on the effect of a single component among the three main components of TE (scaffold, cells, or signaling cues) and have only achieved limited success. However, with efforts to improve the engineered bone tissue substitutes, bone TE approaches have become more complex by combining multiple strategies simultaneously. The driving force behind combining various TE strategies is to produce bone replacements that more closely recapitulate human physiology. Here, we review and discuss the limitations of current bone TE approaches and possible strategies to improve vascularization in bone tissue substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnissa H Nguyen
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Vo TN, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Strategies for controlled delivery of growth factors and cells for bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1292-309. [PMID: 22342771 PMCID: PMC3358582 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The controlled delivery of growth factors and cells within biomaterial carriers can enhance and accelerate functional bone formation. The carrier system can be designed with pre-programmed release kinetics to deliver bioactive molecules in a localized, spatiotemporal manner most similar to the natural wound healing process. The carrier can also act as an extracellular matrix-mimicking substrate for promoting osteoprogenitor cellular infiltration and proliferation for integrative tissue repair. This review discusses the role of various regenerative factors involved in bone healing and their appropriate combinations with different delivery systems for augmenting bone regeneration. The general requirements of protein, cell and gene therapy are described, with elaboration on how the selection of materials, configurations and processing affects growth factor and cell delivery and regenerative efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo applications for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N. Vo
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - F. Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS 142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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Tian L, George SC. Biomaterials to prevascularize engineered tissues. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:685-98. [PMID: 21892744 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering promises to restore tissue and organ function following injury or failure by creating functional and transplantable artificial tissues. The development of artificial tissues with dimensions that exceed the diffusion limit (1-2 mm) will require nutrients and oxygen to be delivered via perfusion (or convection) rather than diffusion alone. One strategy of perfusion is to prevascularize tissues; that is, a network of blood vessels is created within the tissue construct prior to implantation, which has the potential to significantly shorten the time of functional vascular perfusion from the host. The prevascularized network of vessels requires an extracellular matrix or scaffold for 3D support, which can be either natural or synthetic. This review surveys the commonly used biomaterials for prevascularizing 3D tissue engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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42
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Schumann P, von See C, Kampmann A, Lindhorst D, Tavassol F, Kokemüller H, Bormann KH, Gellrich NC, Rücker M. Comparably accelerated vascularization by preincorporation of aortic fragments and mesenchymal stem cells in implanted tissue engineering constructs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:383-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ma J, van den Beucken JJJP, Yang F, Both SK, Cui FZ, Pan J, Jansen JA. Coculture of osteoblasts and endothelial cells: optimization of culture medium and cell ratio. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 17:349-57. [PMID: 20932081 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularization strategies in cell-based bone tissue engineering depend on optimal culture conditions. The present study aimed to determine optimal cell culture medium and cell ratio for cocultures of human marrow stromal cells (HMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in view of both osteogenic and angiogenic outcome parameters upon two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture conditions. Cultures were performed in four different media: osteoblastic cell proliferation medium, osteogenic medium (OM), endothelial medium, and a 1:1 mixture of the latter two media. Mineralization within the cocultures was observed only in OM. Subsequent experiments in OM showed that alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and CD31(+) staining were highest for cocultures at a 50:50 HMSC/HUVEC ratio. Therefore, the results from the present study show that a HMSC/HUVEC coculture ratio of 50:50 in OM is the best combination to obtain both osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Ma
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Schedle A, Matejka M, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. The proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells: An improved analysis using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2010; 15:517-29. [PMID: 20585887 PMCID: PMC6275724 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-010-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of osteoblasts and endothelial cells plays a pivotal role in osteogenesis. This interaction has been extensively studied using their direct co-culture in vitro. However, co-culture experiments require clear discrimination between the two different cell types in the mixture, but this was rarely achieved. This study is the first to use fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for the separation and quantitative analysis of the proliferation and differentiation of MG-63 cells grown in direct co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The cells of the MG-63 cell line have properties consistent with the characteristics of normal osteoblasts. We labeled HUVECs with fluorescent antibody against CD31 and used FACS to measure the proportions of each cell type and to separate them based on their different fluorescence intensities. The rate of proliferation of the MG-63 cells was estimated based on a count of the total viable cells and the proportion of MG-63 cells in the mixture. The mRNA expression levels of the osteoblast differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type 1 (Coll-1) and osteocalcin (OC) in the MG-63 cells were measured via real-time PCR after the separation via FACS. We found that HUVECs stimulated the proliferation of the MG-63 cells after 72 h of co-culture, and inhibited it after 120 h of co-culture. The mRNA expression levels of ALP and Coll-1 significantly increased, whereas that of OC significantly decreased in MG-63 after co-culture with HUVECs. Using FACS for the quantitative analysis of the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts directly interacting with endothelial cells could have merit for further co-culture research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 25a, Vienna, 1090 Austria
- Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081 China
- Central Research Unit, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Andreas Schedle
- Central Research Unit, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Michael Matejka
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 25a, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 25a, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 25a, Vienna, 1090 Austria
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Thibault RA, Scott Baggett L, Mikos AG, Kasper FK. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on pregenerated extracellular matrix scaffolds in the absence of osteogenic cell culture supplements. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:431-40. [PMID: 19863274 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study utilized a full-factorial design to investigate the effect of four factors: presence of whole bone marrow cells, presence of in vitro-generated mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM), presence of dexamethasone, and variations in culture duration, on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on a polymer scaffold. Electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) fiber mesh scaffolds were seeded with rat MSCs and cultured in complete osteogenic medium for 12 days to generate constructs containing mineralized ECM. MSCs or MSCs and whole bone marrow cells were seeded onto decellularized ECM constructs (PCL/ECM) or plain PCL scaffolds and cultured statically for 4, 8, and 16 days in medium either with or without dexamethasone. After each culture period, the cell number was determined by DNA analysis, and the osteogenic differentiation state of the cells was determined by alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium assays. MSCs seeded onto PCL/ECM constructs and cultured in medium either with or without dexamethasone demonstrated similar amounts of calcium deposition after 16 days. A significant increase in cell number over time compared with all other groups was observed when whole bone marrow cells were cocultured with MSCs on PCL scaffolds in medium without dexamethasone. This study establishes that the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs seeded onto ECM-containing constructs is maintained even in the absence of dexamethasone and that the coculture of MSCs and whole bone marrow cells without dexamethasone and ECM enhances the proliferation of a cell population (or populations) present in the whole bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Thibault
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77521-1892, USA
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46
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Santos MI, Reis RL. Vascularization in bone tissue engineering: physiology, current strategies, major hurdles and future challenges. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:12-27. [PMID: 19688722 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a functional vascular supply has, to a large extent, hampered the whole range of clinical applications of 'successful' laboratory-based bone tissue engineering strategies. To the present, grafts have been dependent on post-implant vascularization, which jeopardizes graft integration and often leads to its failure. For this reason, the development of strategies that could effectively induce the establishment of a microcirculation in the engineered constructs has become a major goal for the tissue engineering research community. This review addresses the role and importance of the development of a vascular network in bone tissue engineering and provides an overview of the most up to date research efforts to develop such a network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Santos
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Henrich D, Seebach C, Kaehling C, Scherzed A, Wilhelm K, Tewksbury R, Powerski M, Marzi I. Simultaneous cultivation of human endothelial-like differentiated precursor cells and human marrow stromal cells on beta-tricalcium phosphate. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 15:551-60. [PMID: 19199563 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The size of a bone defect limits the ingrowth of bone-forming cells. Endothelial cell-like differentiated precursor cells (endothelial progenitor cells, EPC) enhance the neovascularization, while marrow stromal cells (MSC) promote the repair of bone defects. Our aim was to evaluate if both types of cells can be cocultivated on a beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) matrix and maintain their differentiation capacity as well as to analyze the biologic activity of these cell constructs in vivo. METHODS MSC from human bone marrow and EPC from buffy coat were used. EPC and MSC, alone or in combination, were seeded on fibronectin-coated beta-TCP. After 2, 6, and 10 days the metabolic activity and the endothelial differentiation were tested. On day 10 real-time RT-PCRs for endothelial genes (von Willebrandt factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor 2), osteogenic genes (osteocalcin, cbfa-1, and collagen-1alpha), and the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were performed. Cell-containing constructs were implanted into the critical-size defect of the femur of the nude rat. Bone formation and vascularization was determined after 1 week. RESULTS MSC and EPC on beta-TCP remain metabolically active over 10 days. They maintain their differentiation as measured by means of Dil-ac-LDL uptake (EPC) and gene expression of lineage typical genes (EPC + MSC). Although a potential osteogenic differentiation of MSC was maybe affected negatively, constructs loaded with MSC resulted in an increase of new bone mass. Constructs containing EPC resulted in an improved vasculogenesis in vivo. DISCUSSION MSC and EPC can be cultivated in combination on a fibronectin-coated beta-TCP, thereby partly maintaining their lineage typical gene expression. The results of the in vivo examinations suggest that beta-TCP combined with EPC and MSC can used as a suitable tool to foster bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University , Frankfurt/Main, Germany .
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48
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Hager S, Lampert FM, Orimo H, Stark GB, Finkenzeller G. Up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase expression in human primary osteoblasts by cocultivation with primary endothelial cells is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mRNA stabilization. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 15:3437-47. [PMID: 19409035 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the regeneration of bone in tissue engineering applications, it is essential to provide cues that support neovascularization. This can be achieved by cell-based therapies using mature endothelial cells (ECs) or endothelial progenitor cells. In this context, ECs were used in various in vivo studies in combination with primary osteoblasts to enhance neovascularization of bone grafts. In a previous study, we have shown that cocultivation of human primary ECs and human primary osteoblasts (hOBs) leads to a cell contact-dependent up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in osteoblasts, indicating that cocultivated ECs may support osteogenic differentiation and osteoblastic cell functions. In the present study, we investigated this effect in more detail, revealing a time and cell number dependency of EC-mediated up-regulation of the early osteoblastic marker ALP, whereas osteocalcin, a late marker of osteogenesis, was down-regulated. The effect on ALP expression was bidirectional specific for both cell types. Functional inhibition of gap junctional communication between ECs and hOBs by 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid had only a weak suppressive effect on EC-mediated ALP up-regulation. In contrast, inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase nearly completely prevented the EC-mediated stimulation of osteoblastic ALP expression. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the ALP up-regulation, we examined the effect of EC cocultivation on osteoblastic ALP promoter activity as well as mRNA stability. Cocultivation of ECs with hOBs significantly elevated the half-life of osteoblastic ALP mRNA without affecting its promoter activity. In summary, our data show that EC-mediated up-regulation of osteoblastic ALP expression is cell-type specific and is posttranscriptionally regulated via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mRNA turn-over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hager
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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Indirect co-culture with tenocytes promotes proliferation and mRNA expression of tendon/ligament related genes in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotechnology 2009; 61:1-10. [PMID: 19842053 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences have suggested that humoral factors released from the appropriate co-cultured cells influenced the expansion and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, little is known about the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs subjected to co-culture condition with tenocytes. In this study, we aimed to establish a co-culture system of MSCs and tenocytes and investigate the proliferation and tendon/ligament related gene expression of MSCs. MTT assay was used to detect the expansion of MSCs. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed to investigate the expression of proliferation associated c-fos gene and tendon/ligament related genes, including type I collagen (Col I), type III collagen (Col III), tenascin C and scleraxis. Significant increase in MSCs expansion was observed after 3 days of co-culture with tenocytes. The c-fos gene expression was found distinctly higher than for control group on day 4 and day 7 of co-culture. The mRNA expression of four tendon/ligament related genes was significantly up-regulated after 14 days of co-culture with tenocytes. Thus, our research indicates that indirect co-culture with tenocytes promotes the proliferation and mRNA expression of tendon/ligament related genes in MSCs, which suggests a directed differentiation of MSCs into tendon/ligament.
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