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Dong TF, Sun WQ, Li XY, Sun L, Li HB, Liu LL, Wang Y, Wang HL, Yang LS, Zha ZQ. Short-term associations between ambient PM 1, PM 2.5, and PM 10 and hospital admissions, length of hospital stays, and hospital expenses for patients with cardiovascular diseases in rural areas of Fuyang, East China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39041841 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2380353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Evidence on the impacts of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 on the hospital admissions, length of hospital stays (LOS), and hospital expenses among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still limited in China, especially in rural areas. This study was performed in eight counties of Fuyang from 1 January 2015 to 30 June 2017. We use a three-stage time-series analysis to explore the effects of short-term exposure to PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 on hospital admissions, LOS, and hospital expenses for CVDs. An increment of 10 ug/m3 in PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 corresponded to an increment of 1.82% (95% CI: 1.34, 2.30), 0.96% (95% CI: 0.44, 1.48), and 0.79% (95% CI: 0.63%, 0.95%) in CVD hospital admissions, respectively. We observed that daily concentrations of PMs were associated with an increase in hospital admissions, LOS, and expenses for CVDs. Sustained endeavors are required to reduce air pollution so as to attenuate disease burdens from CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Dong
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wan-Qi Sun
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xing-Yang Li
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Fuyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuyang, Anhui, China
| | - Huai-Biao Li
- Fuyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuyang, Anhui, China
| | - Ling-Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan- Wang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong-Li Wang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Yang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen-Qiu Zha
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Cho E, Cho Y. Estimating the economic value of ultrafine particle information: a contingent valuation method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:54822-54834. [PMID: 36881235 PMCID: PMC9990581 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global concern regarding ultrafine particles (UFPs), which are particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of less than 100 nm, is increasing. These particles are difficult to measure using the current methods because their characteristics are different from those of other air pollutants. Therefore, a new monitoring system is required to obtain accurate UFP information, which will raise the financial burden of the government and people. In this study, we estimated the economic value of UFP information by evaluating the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the UFP monitoring and reporting system. We used the contingent valuation method (CVM) and the one-and-one-half-bounded dichotomous choice (OOHBDC) spike model. We analyzed how the respondents' socio-economic variables, as well as their cognition level of PM, affected their WTP. Therefore, we collected WTP data of 1040 Korean respondents through an online survey. The estimated mean WTP for building a UFP monitoring and reporting system is KRW 6958.55-7222.55 (USD 6.22-6.45) per household per year. We found that people satisfied with the current air pollutant information, and generally possessing relatively greater knowledge of UFPs, have higher WTP for a UFP monitoring and reporting system. We found that people are willing to pay more than the actual installation and operating costs of current air pollution monitoring systems. If the collected UFP data is disclosed in an easily accessible manner, as is current air pollutant data, it will be possible to secure more public acceptance for expanding the UFP monitoring and reporting system nationwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Cho
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
- Technical Analysis Center, National Institute of Green Technology, 173, Toegye-Ro, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04554 South Korea
| | - Youngsang Cho
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
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3
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Feng S, Huang F, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Wang X. The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of atmospheric PM 2.5 affecting cardiovascular health: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114444. [PMID: 38321663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) is a leading environmental risk factor for global cardiovascular health concern. OBJECTIVE To provide a roadmap for those new to this field, we reviewed the new insights into the pathophysiological and cellular/molecular mechanisms of PM2.5 responsible for cardiovascular health. MAIN FINDINGS PM2.5 is able to disrupt multiple physiological barriers integrity and translocate into the systemic circulation and get access to a range of secondary target organs. An ever-growing body of epidemiological and controlled exposure studies has evidenced a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A variety of cellular and molecular biology mechanisms responsible for the detrimental cardiovascular outcomes attributable to PM2.5 exposure have been described, including metabolic activation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling, disturbance of autophagy, and induction of apoptosis, by which PM2.5 exposure impacts the functions and fates of multiple target cells in cardiovascular system or related organs and further alters a series of pathophysiological processes, such as cardiac autonomic nervous system imbalance, increasing blood pressure, metabolic disorder, accelerated atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability, platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and disruption in cardiac structure and function, ultimately leading to cardiovascular events and death. Therein, oxidative stress and inflammation were suggested to play pivotal roles in those pathophysiological processes. CONCLUSION Those biology mechanisms have deepen insights into the etiology, course, prevention and treatment of this public health concern, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been entirely clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fangfang Huang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yashi Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yunchang Cao
- The Department of Molecular Biology, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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de Bont J, Jaganathan S, Dahlquist M, Persson Å, Stafoggia M, Ljungman P. Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Intern Med 2022; 291:779-800. [PMID: 35138681 PMCID: PMC9310863 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The available evidence on the effects of ambient air pollution on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has increased substantially. In this umbrella review, we summarized the current epidemiological evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses linking ambient air pollution and CVDs, with a focus on geographical differences and vulnerable subpopulations. We performed a search strategy through multiple databases including articles between 2010 and 31 January 2021. We performed a quality assessment and evaluated the strength of evidence. Of the 56 included reviews, the most studied outcomes were stroke (22 reviews), all-cause CVD mortality, and morbidity (19). The strongest evidence was found between higher short- and long-term ambient air pollution exposure and all-cause CVD mortality and morbidity, stroke, blood pressure, and ischemic heart diseases (IHD). Short-term exposures to particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5 ), <10 μm (PM10 ), and nitrogen oxides (NOx ) were consistently associated with increased risks of hypertension and triggering of myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke (fatal and nonfatal). Long-term exposures of PM2.5 were largely associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, incident MI, hypertension, and incident stroke and stroke mortality. Few reviews evaluated other CVD outcomes including arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, or heart failure but they generally reported positive statistical associations. Stronger associations were found in Asian countries and vulnerable subpopulations, especially among the elderly, cardiac patients, and people with higher weight status. Consistent with experimental data, this comprehensive umbrella review found strong evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollution increase the risk of CVDs, especially all-cause CVD mortality, stroke, and IHD. These results emphasize the importance of reducing the alarming levels of air pollution across the globe, especially in Asia, and among vulnerable subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Bont
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suganthi Jaganathan
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Environmental Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi-NCR, India.,Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Marcus Dahlquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Persson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
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5
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Cho E, Kang Y, Cho Y. Effects of Fine Particulate Matter on Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity: A Study on Seven Metropolitan Cities in South Korea. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604389. [PMID: 35652123 PMCID: PMC9149776 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The primary purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the first occurrence of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) exposure, considering average PM2.5 concentration and the frequency of high PM2.5 concentration simultaneously. Methods: We used large-scale cohort data from seven metropolitan cities in South Korea. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox proportional-hazards model, including annual average PM2.5 and annual hours of PM2.5 concentration exceeding 55.5 μg/m3 (FH55). Results: We found that the risk was elevated by 11.6% (95% CI, 9.7–13.6) for all CVD per 2.9 μg/m3 increase of average PM2.5. In addition, a 94-h increase in FH55 increased the risk of all CVD by 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8–4.7). Regarding stroke, we found that people who were older and had a history of hypertension were more vulnerable to PM2.5 exposure. Conclusion: Based on the findings, we conclude that accurate forecasting, information dissemination, and timely warning of high concentrations of PM2.5 at the national level may reduce the risk of CVD occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Cho
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Youngsang Cho
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Youngsang Cho,
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New Homogeneous Spatial Areas Identified Using Case-Crossover Spatial Lag Grid Differences between Aerosol Optical Depth-PM2.5 and Respiratory-Cardiovascular Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations. ATMOSPHERE 2022; 13:1-33. [PMID: 36003277 PMCID: PMC9393882 DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optimal use of Hierarchical Bayesian Model (HBM)-assembled aerosol optical depth (AOD)-PM2.5 fused surfaces in epidemiologic studies requires homogeneous temporal and spatial fused surfaces. No analytical method is available to evaluate spatial heterogeneity. The temporal case-crossover design was modified to assess the spatial association between four experimental AOD-PM2.5 fused surfaces and four respiratory–cardiovascular hospital events in 12 km2 grids. The maximum number of adjacent lag grids with significant odds ratios (ORs) identified homogeneous spatial areas (HOSAs). The largest HOSA included five grids (lag grids 04; 720 km2) and the smallest HOSA contained two grids (lag grids 01; 288 km2). Emergency department asthma and inpatient asthma, myocardial infarction, and heart failure ORs were significantly higher in rural grids without air monitors than in urban grids with air monitors at lag grids 0, 1, and 01. Rural grids had higher AOD-PM2.5 concentration levels, population density, and poverty percentages than urban grids. Warm season ORs were significantly higher than cold season ORs for all health outcomes at lag grids 0, 1, 01, and 04. The possibility of elevated fine and ultrafine PM and other demographic and environmental risk factors synergistically contributing to elevated respiratory–cardiovascular chronic diseases in persons residing in rural areas was discussed.
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Nirel R, Levy I, Adar SD, Vakulenko-Lagun B, Peretz A, Golovner M, Dayan U. Concentration-response relationships between hourly particulate matter and ischemic events: A case-crossover analysis of effect modification by season and air-mass origin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143407. [PMID: 33199016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Most studies linking cardiovascular disease with particulate matter (PM) exposures have focused on total mass concentrations, regardless of their origin. However, the origin of an air mass is inherently linked to particle composition and possible toxicity. We examine how the concentration-response relation between hourly PM exposure and ischemic events is modified by air-mass origin and season. Using telemedicine data, we conducted a case-crossover study of 1855 confirmed ischemic cardiac events in Israel (2005-2013). Based on measurements at three fixed-sites in Tel Aviv and Haifa, ambient PM with diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 2.5-10 μm (PM10-2.5) concentrations during the hours before event onset were compared with matched control periods using conditional logistic regression that allowed for non-linearity. We also examined effect modification of these associations based on the geographical origin of each air mass by season. Independent of the geographical origin of the air mass, we observed concentration-response curves that were supralinear. For example, the overall odds ratios (ORs) of ischemic events for an increase of 10-μg/m3 in the 2-h average of PM10-2.5 were 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.14) and 1.00 (0.99-1.01) at the median (17.8 μg/m3) and 95th percentile (82.3 μg/m3) values, respectively. Associations were strongest at low levels of PM10-2.5 when air comes from central Europe in the summer (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.52). Our study demonstrates that hourly associations between PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 and ischemic cardiac events are supralinear during diverse pollution conditions in a single population that experiences a wide range of exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Nirel
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ilan Levy
- Air quality and Climate Change Division, Israel Ministry for Environment Protection, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Sara D Adar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Bella Vakulenko-Lagun
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Alon Peretz
- Occupational Medicine Clinic, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqua, Israel.
| | | | - Uri Dayan
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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8
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Benka-Coker ML, Peel JL, Volckens J, Good N, Bilsback KR, L'Orange C, Quinn C, Young BN, Rajkumar S, Wilson A, Tryner J, Africano S, Osorto AB, Clark ML. Kitchen concentrations of fine particulate matter and particle number concentration in households using biomass cookstoves in rural Honduras. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113697. [PMID: 31875572 PMCID: PMC7068841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cooking and heating with solid fuels results in high levels of household air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM); however, limited data exist for size fractions smaller than PM2.5 (diameter less than 2.5 μm). We collected 24-h time-resolved measurements of PM2.5 (n = 27) and particle number concentrations (PNC, average diameter 10-700 nm) (n = 44; 24 with paired PM2.5 and PNC) in homes with wood-burning traditional and Justa (i.e., with an engineered combustion chamber and chimney) cookstoves in rural Honduras. The median 24-h PM2.5 concentration (n = 27) was 79 μg/m3 (interquartile range [IQR]: 44-174 μg/m3); traditional (n = 15): 130 μg/m3 (IQR: 48-250 μg/m3); Justa (n = 12): 66 μg/m3 (IQR: 44-97 μg/m3). The median 24-h PNC (n = 44) was 8.5 × 104 particles (pt)/cm3 (IQR: 3.8 × 104-1.8 × 105 pt/cm3); traditional (n = 27): 1.3 × 105 pt/cm3 (IQR: 3.3 × 104-2.0 × 105 pt/cm3); Justa (n = 17): 6.3 × 104 pt/cm3 (IQR: 4.0 × 104-1.2 × 105 pt/cm3). The 24-h average PM2.5 and particle number concentrations were correlated for the full sample of cookstoves (n = 24, Spearman ρ: 0.83); correlations between PM2.5 and PNC were higher in traditional stove kitchens (n = 12, ρ: 0.93) than in Justa stove kitchens (n = 12, ρ: 0.67). The 24-h average concentrations of PM2.5 and PNC were also correlated with the maximum average concentrations during shorter-term averaging windows of one-, five-, 15-, and 60-min, respectively (Spearman ρ: PM2.5 [0.65, 0.85, 0.82, 0.71], PNC [0.74, 0.86, 0.88, 0.86]). Given the moderate correlations observed between 24-h PM2.5 and PNC and between 24-h and the shorter-term averaging windows within size fractions, investigators may need to consider cost-effectiveness and information gained by measuring both size fractions for the study objective. Further evaluations of other stove and fuel combinations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Benka-Coker
- Department of Health Sciences, Gettysburg College, 300 North Washington Street, Campus Box 432, Gettysburg, PA, 17325, USA; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Nicholas Good
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kelsey R Bilsback
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Christian L'Orange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Bonnie N Young
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ander Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica Tryner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sebastian Africano
- Trees, Water & People, 633 Remington Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80524, USA
| | - Anibal B Osorto
- Asociación Hondureña para el Desarrollo, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Maggie L Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Tian Y, Liu H, Wu Y, Si Y, Song J, Cao Y, Li M, Wu Y, Wang X, Chen L, Wei C, Gao P, Hu Y. Association between ambient fine particulate pollution and hospital admissions for cause specific cardiovascular disease: time series study in 184 major Chinese cities. BMJ 2019; 367:l6572. [PMID: 31888884 PMCID: PMC7190041 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l6572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the risks of daily hospital admissions for cause specific major cardiovascular diseases associated with short term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm; PM2.5) pollution in China. DESIGN National time series study. SETTING 184 major cities in China. POPULATION 8 834 533 hospital admissions for cardiovascular causes in 184 Chinese cities recorded by the national database of Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Daily counts of city specific hospital admissions for primary diagnoses of ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, heart rhythm disturbances, ischaemic stroke, and haemorrhagic stroke among different demographic groups were used to estimate the associations between PM2.5 and morbidity. An overdispersed generalised additive model was used to estimate city specific associations between PM2.5 and cardiovascular admissions, and random effects meta-analysis used to combine the city specific estimates. RESULTS Over the study period, a mean of 47 hospital admissions per day (standard deviation 74) occurred for cardiovascular disease, 26 (53) for ischaemic heart disease, one (five) for heart failure, two (four) for heart rhythm disturbances, 14 (28) for ischaemic stroke, and two (four) for haemorrhagic stroke. At the national average level, an increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with a 0.26% (95% confidence interval 0.17% to 0.35%) increase in hospital admissions on the same day for cardiovascular disease, 0.31% (0.22% to 0.40%) for ischaemic heart disease, 0.27% (0.04% to 0.51%) for heart failure, 0.29% (0.12% to 0.46%) for heart rhythm disturbances, and 0.29% (0.18% to 0.40%) for ischaemic stroke, but not with haemorrhagic stroke (-0.02% (-0.23% to 0.19%)). The national average association of PM2.5 with cardiovascular disease was slightly non-linear, with a sharp slope at PM2.5 levels below 50 μg/m3, a moderate slope at 50-250 μg/m3, and a plateau at concentrations higher than 250 μg/m3. Compared with days with PM2.5 up to 15 μg/m3, days with PM2.5 of 15-25, 25-35, 35-75, and 75 μg/m3 or more were significantly associated with increases in cardiovascular admissions of 1.1% (0 to 2.2%), 1.9% (0.6% to 3.2%), 2.6% (1.3% to 3.9%), and 3.8% (2.1% to 5.5%), respectively.According to projections, achieving the Chinese grade 2 (35 μg/m3), Chinese grade 1 (15 μg/m3), and World Health Organization (10 μg/m3) regulatory limits for annual mean PM2.5 concentrations would reduce the annual number of admissions for cardiovascular disease in China. Assuming causality, which should be done with caution, this reduction would translate into an estimated 36 448 (95% confidence interval 24 441 to 48 471), 85 270 (57 129 to 113 494), and 97 516 (65 320 to 129 820), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in China, short term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with increased hospital admissions for all major cardiovascular diseases except for haemorrhagic stroke, even for exposure levels not exceeding the current regulatory limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Tian
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
- Medical Informatics Centre, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Si
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
- Beijing HealthCom Data Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yaying Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Libo Chen
- Beijing HealthCom Data Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Beijing HealthCom Data Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191 Beijing, China
- Medical Informatics Centre, Peking University, Beijing, China
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10
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Yao J, Stieb DM, Taylor E, Henderson SB. Assessment of the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) and four alternate AQHI-Plus amendments for wildfire seasons in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2019; 111:96-106. [PMID: 31286460 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wildfire smoke is an important source of air pollution associated with a range of cardiopulmonary health conditions. The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is the most widely used tool in Canada to communicate with the public about air pollution, but it may not adequately reflect health risks from wildfire smoke. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the AQHI and four alternate AQHI-Plus amendments to predict adverse population health effects from wildfire smoke. METHODS The maximum 1-h values of the AQHI and the four amendments were calculated for each 48-h period of the wildfire seasons from 2010 to 2017 for 32 health units in British Columbia. Generalized Poisson models were used to estimate the association between these values and daily counts of five health outcomes: all-cause mortality; physician visits for all circulatory causes; visits for all respiratory causes, including asthma; asthma-specific visits; and dispensations of salbutamol sulfate (i.e., Ventolin®). Model fit was evaluated with the Akaike information criterion. RESULTS The AQHI and the four amendments were all associated with all five health outcomes. The AQHI exhibited best fit to the all-cause mortality and circulatory physician visits during all wildfire seasons, while the 1-h PM2.5Only AQHI-Plus exhibited best fit to the asthma-related outcomes during all wildfire seasons. CONCLUSION Individuals with common respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are particularly susceptible to wildfire smoke. As such, the 1-h PM2.5Only AQHI-Plus amendment was recommended for communicating about potential health effects of air quality during wildfire seasons in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Yao
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Dave M Stieb
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 420-757 West Hastings St. - Federal Tower, Vancouver, BC, V6C 1A1, Canada
| | - Eric Taylor
- BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, 525 Superior St., Victoria, BC, V8V 1T7, Canada
| | - Sarah B Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada.
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Nirel R, Adar SD, Dayan U, Vakulenko-Lagun B, Golovner M, Levy I, Alon Z, Peretz A. Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter Exposures and Associations with Acute Cardiac Events among Participants in a Telemedicine Service: A Case-Crossover Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:97003. [PMID: 30203992 PMCID: PMC6375393 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical cardiovascular changes have been associated with ambient particulate matter (PM) exposures within hours. Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency continues to look for additional evidence of effects associated with sub-daily PM exposure, this information is still limited because most studies of clinical events have lacked data on the onset time of symptoms to assess rapid increased risk. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate associations between sub-daily exposures to PM and acute cardiac events using telemedicine data. METHODS We conducted a case-crossover study among telemedicine participants [Formula: see text] of age who called a service center for cardiac-related symptoms and were transferred to a hospital in Tel Aviv and Haifa, Israel (2002-2013). Ambient [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] measured by monitors located in each city during the hours before the patient called with symptoms were compared with matched control periods. We investigated the sensitivity of these associations to more accurate symptom onset time and greater certainty of diagnosis. RESULTS We captured 12,661 calls from 7,617 subscribers experiencing ischemic (19%), arrhythmic (31%), or nonspecific (49%) cardiac events. PM concentrations were associated with small increases in the odds of cardiac events. For example, odds ratios for any cardiac event in association with a [Formula: see text] increase in 6-h and 24-h average [Formula: see text] were 1.008 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.998, 1.018] and 1.006 (95% CI: 0.995, 1.018), respectively, and for [Formula: see text] were 1.003 (95% CI: 1.001, 1.006) and 1.003 (95% CI: 1.000, 1.007), respectively. Associations were stronger when using exposures matched to the call time rather than calendar date and for events with higher certainty of the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of telemedicine data suggests that risks of cardiac events in telemedicine participants [Formula: see text] of age may increase within hours of PM exposures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2596.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Nirel
- 1 Department of Statistics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara D Adar
- 2 Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Uri Dayan
- 3 Department of Geography, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Ilan Levy
- 5 Center of Excellence in Exposure Science and Environmental Health, Technion , Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvi Alon
- 1 Department of Statistics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Peretz
- 6 Occupational Medicine Clinic, Rabin Medical Center , Petah Tiqua, Israel
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Effects of Fine Particulate Matter on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adhesion and Biofilm Formation In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6287932. [PMID: 30069474 PMCID: PMC6057421 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6287932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a major cause of mortality and morbidity for hospitalized patients. Fine particulate matter (FPM) is known to have interactions with some bacterial infection in the respiratory system. In this report, we investigate the effect of different concentration of FPM on P. aeruginosa attachment and biofilm formation using in vitro cell culture systems. P. aeruginosa were cultured to form mature biofilms on hydroxyapatite-coated peg and the number of bacteria in the biofilms was enumerated. Morphology of biofilm was imaged with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bacterial affinity change to the cell membrane was evaluated with attached colony counting and fluorescence microscopy images. Alteration of bacterial surface hydrophobicity and S100A4 protein concentration were explored as mechanisms of P. aeruginosa adhesion to human cells. There were a concentration-dependent increase of thickness and surface roughness of biofilm mass. P. aeruginosa adherence to respiratory epithelial cells was increased after FPM treatment. Bacterial surface hydrophobicity and S1000A4 protein concentration were increased with proportionally the dose of FPM in media. FPM in the airway could enhance both the adhesion of P. aeruginosa to epithelial cells and biofilm formation. Bacterial surface hydrophobicity and human cell plasma membrane injury are associated with binding of P. aeruginosa on airway epithelial cells and biofilm formation.
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Pan L, Dong W, Li H, Miller MR, Chen Y, Loh M, Wu S, Xu J, Yang X, Shima M, Deng F, Guo X. Association patterns for size-fractioned indoor particulate matter and black carbon and autonomic function differ between patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their healthy spouses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:40-48. [PMID: 29414364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of health status on the relationship between particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) and cardiac autonomic function has not been examined sufficiently directly comparing patients with healthy participants. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association patterns between size-fractioned indoor PM and BC and cardiac autonomic function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and their healthy spouses. METHODS Twenty-four-hour heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate (HR) was measured in eight pairs of stable COPD patients and their healthy spouses. Real-time size-fractioned indoor PM and BC levels were monitored on the same, and preceding, days. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the changes in health indices and pollutants after controlling for potential confounding variables. RESULTS Increases in size-fractioned PM and BC were associated with alterations in cardiac autonomic function in both COPD patients and their healthy spouses. However, the association patterns differed between the two groups. In COPD group, an IQR (13.65 μg/m3) increase in PM0.5 at 12-h moving average was associated with reductions of 14.62% (95% CI: -21.74%, -6.86%) in total power (TP) and 10.14% (95% CI: -16.11%, -3.76%) in high frequency (HF) power. In healthy volunteers, however, TP and HF declined immediately upon exposure to PM and then returned to normal levels gradually. In this group, an IQR increase in PM0.5 at 5 min moving average was associated a 20.30% (95% CI: -25.49%, -14.73%) reduction in TP and a 31.79% (95% CI: -36.48%, -26.72%) reduction in HF. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to indoor PM and BC was associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction in COPD patients and their healthy spouses. Exposure had a greater lagged effect on HRV in COPD patients than in healthy participants. These findings will aid the formulation of targeted measures to prevent the adverse effects of indoor air pollution for individuals with different health statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mark R Miller
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yahong Chen
- Respiratory Department, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 North Garden Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Miranda Loh
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhui Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Lyu Y, Liu L, Guo L, Yang Y, Qu Z, Hu X, Zhang G. Deposited atmospheric dust as influenced by anthropogenic emissions in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:390. [PMID: 28699119 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) from multinatural and anthropogenic sources poses serious risk to human health and contaminates soil and water resources as it settles back to ground environment and ecosystem. In this study, dust deposition flux (DDF), pollution load index (PLI) of heavy metals, enrichment factor (EF), and settling flux (SF) of eighteen chemical elements were investigated in comparison with crustal composition to assess the influence of anthropogenic emission on PM in major northern Chinese cities. The annual DDF in Lanzhou, Huhhot, Beijing, Zhengzhou, and Harbin was 134.7, 240.6, 103.7, 124.7, and 196.7 g m-2, respectively. The annual EF of Zn in Harbin, Cd in Lanzhou, and Cd in Beijing was 736.4, 248.6, and 166.3, respectively. Most of the inspected elements were enriched during winter in Lanzhou. Annual PLI showed that deposited dust in Beijing had the highest concentration of heavy metals. Seasonal PLI exhibited obvious changes in different cities. The annual SF of crustal elements was 1-5 orders higher than that of heavy metals. The highest annual SF of elements was identified mainly in Lanzhou and Huhhot. Sulfur, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the dustfall of most urban areas were from human activities. Fossil fuel burning, metal smelting, mining, construction, and vehicle exhaust are the major sources of enriched elements in dustfall in urban areas of northern China. Toxic pollutants with dustfall are widespread and persistent, which deserves public concern in future sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lianyou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lanlan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Qu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010011, China
| | - Xia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Association between Air Pollution and Emergency Room Visits for Atrial Fibrillation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28632149 PMCID: PMC5486347 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the large prevalence in the population, possible factors responsible for the induction of atrial fibrillation (AF) events in susceptible individuals remain incompletely understood. We investigated the association between air pollution levels and emergency department admissions for AF in Rome. We conducted a 14 years’ time-series study to evaluate the association between the daily levels of air pollution (particulate matter, PM10 and PM2.5, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2) and the daily count of emergency accesses for AF (ICD-9 code: 427.31). We applied an over-dispersed conditional Poisson model to analyze the associations at different lags after controlling for time, influenza epidemics, holiday periods, temperature, and relative humidity. Additionally, we evaluated bi-pollutant models by including the other pollutant and the influence of several effect modifiers such as personal characteristics and pre-existing medical conditions. In the period of study, 79,892 individuals were admitted to the emergency departments of Rome hospitals because of AF (on average, 15.6 patients per day: min = 1, max = 36). Air pollution levels were associated with increased AF emergency visits within 24 h of exposure. Effect estimates ranged between 1.4% (0.7–2.3) for a 10 µg/m3 increase of PM10 to 3% (1.4–4.7) for a 10 µg/m3 increase of PM2.5 at lag 0–1 day. Those effects were higher in patients ≥75 years for all pollutants, male patients for PM10, and female patients for NO2. The presence of previous cardiovascular conditions, but not other effect modifiers, increase the pollution effects by 5–8% depending on the lag. This study found evidence that air pollution is associated with AF emergency visits in the short term.
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Vencloviene J, Babarskiene RM, Dobozinskas P, Dedele A, Lopatiene K, Ragaisyte N. The short-term associations of weather and air pollution with emergency ambulance calls for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15031-15043. [PMID: 28493187 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A circadian variation in the cardiovascular parameters has been detected. It is plausible that the influence of the environment varies during different periods of the day. We investigated the association between daily emergency ambulance calls (EC) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) that occurred during the time intervals of 8:00-13:59, 14:00-21:59, and 22:00-7:59, and weather conditions and exposure to CO and PM10. We used Poisson regression to explore the association between the risk of EC for AF and environmental variables, adjusting for seasonal variation. Before noon, the risk was associated with an IQR (0.333 mg/m3) increase in CO at lag 2-6 days above the median (RR = 1.15, P = 0.002); a protective impact of CO on previous day was observed (RR = 0.91, P = 0.018). During 14:00-21:59, a negative effect of air temperature below 1.9 °C (lag 2-3 days) was detected (per 10 °C decrease: RR = 1.17, P = 0.044). At night, the elevated risk was associated with wind speed above the median (lag 2-4 days) (per 1-kt increase: RR = 1.07, P = 0.001) and with PM10 at lag 2-5 days below the median (per IQR (7.31 μg/m3) increase: RR = 1.21, P = 0.002). Individuals over 65 years of age were more sensitive to air pollution, especially at night (CO lag 2-3 days < median, per IQR (0.12 mg/m3) increase: RR = 1.14, P = 0.045; PM10 lag 2-5 days < median, per IQR increase: RR = 1.32, P = 0.001). The associations of air pollution and other environmental variables with acute events may be analyzed depending on the time of the event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Vencloviene
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Ruta Marija Babarskiene
- Department of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, 50028, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Dobozinskas
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, 50028, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Dedele
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Lopatiene
- Department of Orthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Luksos-Daumanto str. 6, 50106, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nijole Ragaisyte
- Department of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, 50028, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kollanus V, Tiittanen P, Niemi JV, Lanki T. Effects of long-range transported air pollution from vegetation fires on daily mortality and hospital admissions in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:351-358. [PMID: 27525668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions from vegetation fires can be transported over long distances and may cause significant air pollution episodes far from the fires. However, epidemiological evidence on health effects of vegetation-fire originated air pollution is limited, particularly for mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. OBJECTIVE We examined association between short-term exposure to long-range transported PM2.5 from vegetation fires and daily mortality due to non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory causes and daily hospital admissions due to cardiovascular and respiratory causes in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. METHODS Days significantly affected by smoke from vegetation fires between 2001 and 2010 were identified using air quality measurements at an urban background and a regional background monitoring station, and modelled data on surface concentrations of vegetation-fire smoke. Associations between daily PM2.5 concentration and health outcomes on i) smoke-affected days and ii) all other days (i.e. non-smoke days) were analysed using Poisson time series regression. All statistical models were adjusted for daily temperature and relative humidity, influenza, pollen, and public holidays. RESULTS On smoke-affected days, 10µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with a borderline statistically significant increase in cardiovascular mortality among total population at a lag of three days (12.4%, 95% CI -0.2% to 26.5%), and among the elderly (≥65 years) following same-day exposure (13.8%, 95% CI -0.6% to 30.4%) and at a lag of three days (11.8%, 95% CI -2.2% to 27.7%). Smoke day PM2.5 was not associated with non-accidental mortality or hospital admissions due to cardiovascular causes. However, there was an indication of a positive association with hospital admissions due to respiratory causes among the elderly, and admissions due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma among the total population. In contrast, on non-smoke days PM2.5 was generally not associated with the health outcomes, apart from suggestive small positive effects on non-accidental mortality at a lag of one day among the elderly and hospital admissions due to all respiratory causes following same-day exposure among the total population. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides suggestive evidence for an association of exposure to long-range transported PM2.5 from vegetation fires with increased cardiovascular mortality, and to a lesser extent with increased hospital admissions due to respiratory causes. Hence, vegetation-fire originated air pollution may have adverse effects on public health over a distance of hundreds to thousands of kilometres from the fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Kollanus
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pekka Tiittanen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 HSY, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Lanki
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland; Unit of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Buteau S, Goldberg MS. A structured review of panel studies used to investigate associations between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:207-247. [PMID: 27085495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is one of the postulated pathways linking short-term exposure to air pollution to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. A hypothesis is that exposure to air pollution decreases heart rate variability, a recognized independent predictor of poorer cardiovascular prognosis. METHODS We conducted a structured review of panel studies published between 1946 and July 2015 of the association between ambient air pollution and parameters of heart rate variability reflecting autonomic nervous function. We focused on exposure to mass concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3), and four commonly used indices of heart rate variability (HRV): standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN); root mean square of successive differences in adjacent normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD); high frequency power (HF); and low frequency power (LF). We searched bibliographic databases and references of identified articles and abstracted characteristics of their design and conduct, and synthesized the quantitative findings in graphic form according to health condition of the study population and the functional form of the HRV indices used in the regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 33 panel studies were included: 31, 12, and 13 studies were used to investigate ambient exposure to PM2.5, NO2 and O3, respectively. We found substantial variation across studies in terms of design characteristics and statistical methodologies, and we identified some studies that may have had methodological and statistical issues. Because many panel studies were not comparable to each other, meta-analyses were not generally possible, although we were able to pool the results obtained amongst older adults who had cardiovascular disease for the 24-h average concentrations of PM2.5 prior to the heart rate variability measurements. In studies of PM2.5 among older adults with cardiovascular disease, logarithmic transformations of the HRV indices were used in ten studies. Negative associations across all HRV indices were found in 60-86% of these studies for periods of exposures ranging from 5-min to 5-days. The pooled percent changes for an increase of 10μg/m(3) in the 24-h prior to the measurements of HRV were: -2.11% for SDNN (95% confidence interval (95%CI): -4.00, -0.23%), -3.29% for RMSSD (95%CI: -6.32, -0.25%), -4.76% for LF (95%CI: -12.10, 2.58%), and -1.74% for HF (95%CI: -7.79, 4.31%). No transformations were used in seven studies of PM2.5 among older adults with cardiovascular disease, and we found for absolute differences pooled changes in the HRV indices, for an increase of 10μg/m(3), of -0.31ms for SDNN (95%CI: -1.02, 0.41ms) and -1.22ms for RMSSD (95%CI: -2.37; -0.07ms). For gaseous pollutants, negative associations over periods of exposure ranging from 5-min or to 5-days prior to the heart rate variability measurements were reported in 71-83% of studies of NO2 and 57-100% of studies of O3, depending of the indices of heart rate variability. However, many of these studies had statistical or methodological issues, and in the few studies without these issues the confidence intervals were relatively wide and mostly included the null. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION We were not persuaded by the results that there was an association between PM2.5 and any of the four indices of heart rate variability. For NO2 and O3 the number of high-quality studies was insufficient to draw any definite conclusions. Further panel studies with improved design and methodologies are needed to help establish or refute an association between ambient exposure to air pollution and heart rate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Buteau
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut national de sante publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Maurer MM, Donohoe GC, Maleki H, Yi J, McBride C, Nurkiewicz TR, Valentine SJ. Comparative plasma proteomic studies of pulmonary TiO2 nanoparticle exposure in rats using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2015; 130:85-93. [PMID: 26375203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) has a toxic effect on biological systems. A number of studies have shown that exposure to NPs result in systemic inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and leukocyte adhesion. However, significant knowledge gaps exist for understanding the key molecular mechanisms responsible for altered microvasculature function. Utilizing comprehensive LC-MS/MS and comparative proteomic analysis strategies, important proteins related to TiO2 NP exposure in rat plasma have been identified. Molecular pathway analysis of these proteins revealed 13 canonical pathways as being significant (p ≤ 0.05), but none were found to be significantly up or down-regulated (z>|2|). This work lays the foundation for future research that will monitor relative changes in protein abundance in plasma and tissue as a function of post-exposure time and TiO2 NP dosage to further elucidate mechanisms of pathway activation as well as to decipher other affected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Maurer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Gregory C Donohoe
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Hossein Maleki
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Jinghai Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Carroll McBride
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Timothy R Nurkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
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Orru H, Lövenheim B, Johansson C, Forsberg B. Potential health impacts of changes in air pollution exposure associated with moving traffic into a road tunnel. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:524-531. [PMID: 25921080 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A planned 21 km bypass (18 km within a tunnel) in Stockholm is expected to reduce ambient air exposure to traffic emissions, but same time tunnel users could be exposed to high concentrations of pollutants. For the health impacts calculations in 2030, the change in annual ambient NOX and PM10 exposure of the general population was modelled in 100 × 100 m(2) grids for Greater Stockholm area. The tunnel exposure was estimated based on calculated annual average NOX concentrations, time spent in tunnel and number of tunnel users. For the general population, we estimate annually 23.7 (95% CI: 17.7-32.3) fewer premature deaths as ambient concentrations are reduced. At the same time, tunnel users will be exposed to NOX levels up to 2000 μg/m(-3). Passing through the whole tunnel two times on working days would correspond to an additional annual NOX exposure of 9.6 μg/m(3). Assuming that there will be ~55,000 vehicles daily each way and 1.3 persons of 30-74 years of age in each vehicle, we estimate the tunnel exposure to result in 20.6 (95% CI: 14.1-25.6) premature deaths annually. If there were more persons per vehicle, or older and vulnerable people travelling, or tunnel dispersion conditions worsen, the adverse effect would become larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Orru
- 1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden [2] Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Boel Lövenheim
- Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- 1] Stockholm Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Department of Applied Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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21
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Gandhi SK, Rich DQ, Ohman-Strickland PA, Kipen HM, Gow A. Plasma nitrite is an indicator of acute changes in ambient air pollutant concentrations. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:426-34. [PMID: 24862977 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.913216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endothelial dysfunction has been suggested as a potential mechanism by which ambient air pollution may cause acute cardiovascular events. Recently, plasma nitrite has been developed as a marker of endothelial dysfunction. OBJECTIVES We examined the changes in plasma nitrite concentration associated with increases in ambient air pollutant concentrations in the previous 7 d. MATERIALS AND METHODS We linked up to three measurements of plasma nitrite concentrations obtained from 49 students to 24-h average concentrations of five criteria air pollutants [particle mass < 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃)] measured at two monitoring sites closest to Rutgers University campus (6-15 miles) in New Jersey during the years 2006-2009. We examined the change in plasma nitrite associated with each interquartile-range (IQR) increase in pollutant concentration in the previous 24 h and six preceding 24- h periods, using linear mixed models. RESULTS IQR increases in mean PM(2.5) (7.0 µg/m³) and CO (161.7 parts per billion) concentrations in the first 24 h before the plasma nitrite measurement were associated with increased plasma nitrite concentrations (PM(2.5): 15.5 nanomolar; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4, 28.5; CO: 15.6 nanomolar; 95% CI: 2.4, 28.9). Increased plasma nitrite associated with IQR increases in O₃ and SO₂ concentrations over longer lags were observed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Rapid increases in plasma nitrite following exposure to ambient air pollutants support the hypothesis that ambient air pollution is associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated systemic inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada K Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway, NJ , USA
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22
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Independent and combined interaction of fine particulate matter in atmospheric air and the frequency of acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations in Varna, Bulgaria. Open Med (Wars) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-013-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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23
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Cardiovascular health, traffic-related air pollution and noise: are associations mutually confounded? A systematic review. Int J Public Health 2013; 58:649-66. [PMID: 23887610 PMCID: PMC3907786 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-013-0489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This review assessed the confounding effect of one traffic-related exposure (noise or air pollutants) on the association between the other exposure and cardiovascular outcomes. Methods A systematic review was conducted with the databases Medline and Embase. The confounding effects in studies were assessed by using change in the estimate with a 10 % cutoff point. The influence on the change in the estimate of the quality of the studies, the exposure assessment methods and the correlation between road noise and air pollutions were also assessed. Results Nine publications were identified. For most studies, the specified confounders produced changes in estimates <10 %. The correlation between noise and pollutants, the quality of the study and of the exposure assessment do not seem to influence the confounding effects. Conclusions Results from this review suggest that confounding of cardiovascular effects by noise or air pollutants is low, though with further improvements in exposure assessment, the situation may change. More studies using pollution indicators specific to road traffic are needed to properly assess if noise and air pollution are subjected to confounding.
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Miragoli M, Novak P, Ruenraroengsak P, Shevchuk AI, Korchev YE, Lab MJ, Tetley TD, Gorelik J. Functional interaction between charged nanoparticles and cardiac tissue: a new paradigm for cardiac arrhythmia? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:725-737. [PMID: 23140503 PMCID: PMC4890656 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of surface charge of therapeutic nanoparticles on sarcolemmal ionic homeostasis and the initiation of arrhythmias. MATERIALS & METHODS Cultured neonatal rat myocytes were exposed to 50 nm-charged polystyrene latex nanoparticles and examined using a combination of hopping probe scanning ion conductance microscopy, optical recording of action potential characteristics and patch clamp. RESULTS Positively charged, amine-modified polystyrene latex nanoparticles showed cytotoxic effects and induced large-scale damage to cardiomyocyte membranes leading to calcium alternans and cell death. By contrast, negatively charged, carboxyl-modified polystyrene latex nanoparticles (NegNPs) were not overtly cytotoxic but triggered formation of 50-250-nm nanopores in the membrane. Cells exposed to NegNPs revealed pro-arrhythmic events, such as delayed afterdepolarizations, reduction in conduction velocity and pathological increment of action potential duration together with an increase in ionic current throughout the membrane, carried by the nanopores. CONCLUSION The utilization of charged nanoparticles is a novel concept for targeting cardiac excitability. However, this unique nanoscopic investigation reveals an altered electrophysiological substrate, which sensitized the heart cells towards arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Miragoli
- Myocardial Function Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 4th floor, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre of Excellence for Toxicological Research, exISPESL- INAIL, Dept of Evolution & Functional Biology, Section of Physiology, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Pavel Novak
- Myocardial Function Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 4th floor, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Andrew I Shevchuk
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton 3046, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Max J Lab
- Myocardial Function Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 4th floor, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Myocardial Function Unit, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 4th floor, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Son JY, Bell ML. The relationships between short-term exposure to particulate matter and mortality in Korea: Impact of particulate matter exposure metrics for sub-daily exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS : ERL [WEB SITE] 2013; 8:014015. [PMID: 25580157 PMCID: PMC4288032 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of short-term particulate matter (PM) exposure use 24-hour averages. However, other pollutants have stronger effects at shorter timeframes, which has influenced policy (e.g., ozone 8-hour maximum). Selecting appropriate exposure timeframes is important for effective regulation. The U.S. EPA identified health effects for sub-daily PM exposures as a critical research need. Unlike most areas, Seoul, Korea has hourly measurements of PM10, although not PM2.5. We investigated PM10 and mortality (total, cardiovascular, respiratory) in Seoul (1999-2009) considering sub-daily exposures: 24-hour, daytime (7am-8pm), morning (7-10am), nighttime (8pm-7am), and 1-hour daily maximum. We applied Poisson generalized linear modeling adjusting for temporal trends and meteorology. All PM10 metrics were significantly associated with total mortality. Compared to other exposure timeframes, morning exposure had the most certain effect with total mortality (based on statistical significance). A 10µg/m3 increase in 24-hour, daytime, morning, nighttime, and 1-hour maximum PM10 was associated with a 0.15% (95% confidence interval 0.02-0.28%), 0.14% (0.01-0.27%), 0.10% (0.03-0.18%), 0.12% (0.03-0.22%), and 0.10% (0.00-0.21%) increase in total mortality, respectively. PM10 was significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality for 24-hour, morning, and nighttime exposures. We did not identify significant associations with respiratory mortality. Results support use of a 24-hour averaging time as an appropriate metric for health studies and regulation, particularly for PM10 and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Son
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, CT, USA
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, CT, USA
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Wolkoff P. Indoor air pollutants in office environments: assessment of comfort, health, and performance. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 216:371-94. [PMID: 22954455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in office environments are generally too low to cause sensory irritation in the eyes and airways on the basis of estimated thresholds for sensory irritation. Furthermore, effects in the lungs, e.g. inflammatory effects, have not been substantiated at indoor relevant concentrations. Some VOCs, including formaldehyde, in combination may under certain environmental and occupational conditions result in reported sensory irritation. The odour thresholds of several VOCs are low enough to influence the perceived air quality that result in a number of acute effects from reported sensory irritation in eyes and airways and deterioration of performance. The odour perception (air quality) depends on a number of factors that may influence the odour impact. There is neither clear indication that office dust particles may cause sensory effects, even not particles spiked with glucans, aldehydes or phthalates, nor lung effects; some inflammatory effects may be observed among asthmatics. Ozone-initiated terpene reaction products may be of concern in ozone-enriched environments (≥0.1mg/m(3)) and elevated limonene concentrations, partly due to the production of formaldehyde. Ambient particles may cause cardio-pulmonary effects, especially in susceptible people (e.g. elderly and sick people); even, short-term effects, e.g. from traffic emission and candle smoke may possibly have modulating and delayed effects on the heart, but otherwise adverse effects in the airways and lung functions have not been observed. Secondary organic aerosols generated in indoor ozone-initiated terpene reactions appear not to cause adverse effects in the airways; rather the gaseous products are relevant. Combined exposure to particles and ozone may evoke effects in subgroups of asthmatics. Based on an analysis of thresholds for odour and sensory irritation selected compounds are recommended for measurements to assess the indoor air quality and to minimize reports of irritation symptoms, deteriorated performance, and cardiovascular and pulmonary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zuurbier M, Hoek G, Oldenwening M, Meliefste K, Krop E, van den Hazel P, Brunekreef B. In-traffic air pollution exposure and CC16, blood coagulation, and inflammation markers in healthy adults. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1384-9. [PMID: 21665568 PMCID: PMC3230432 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traffic-related air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular events, probably involving mechanisms of inflammation and coagulation. Little is known about effects of the short exposures encountered while participating in traffic. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to examine effects of exposure of commuters to air pollution on cardiovascular biomarkers. METHODS Thirty-four healthy adult volunteers commuted for 2 hr by bus, car, or bicycle during the morning rush hour. During the commute, exposure to particle number, particulate matter (PM) ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), PM ≤ 10 µm in diameter (PM10), and soot was measured. We estimated inhaled doses based on heart rate monitoring. Shortly before exposure and 6 hr after exposure, blood samples were taken and analyzed for CC16 (Clara cell protein 16), blood cell count, coagulation markers, and inflammation markers. Between June 2007 and June 2008, 352 pre- and postexposure blood samples were collected on 47 test days. We used mixed models to analyze the associations between exposure and changes in health parameters. RESULTS We observed no consistent associations between the air pollution exposures and doses and the various biomarkers that we investigated. CONCLUSIONS Air pollution exposure during commuting was not consistently associated with acute changes in inflammation markers, blood cell counts, or blood coagulation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Zuurbier
- Public Health Services Gelderland Midden, Arnhem, the Netherlands.
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Bhaskaran K, Hajat S, Armstrong B, Haines A, Herrett E, Wilkinson P, Smeeth L. The effects of hourly differences in air pollution on the risk of myocardial infarction: case crossover analysis of the MINAP database. BMJ 2011; 343:d5531. [PMID: 21933824 PMCID: PMC3176903 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between air pollution levels and myocardial infarction (MI) on short timescales, with data at an hourly temporal resolution. DESIGN Time stratified case crossover study linking clinical data from the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) with PM(10), ozone, CO, NO(2), and SO(2) data from the UK National Air Quality Archive. Pollution effects were investigated with delays (lags) of 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-24, and 25-72 hours in both single and multi-pollutant models, adjusted for ambient temperature, relative humidity, circulating levels of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, day of week, holidays, and residual seasonality within calendar month strata. SETTING Population based study in 15 conurbations in England and Wales. SUBJECTS 79,288 diagnoses of myocardial infarction recorded over the period 2003-6. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Excess risk of myocardial infarction per 10 µg/m(3) increase in pollutant level. RESULTS In single pollutant models, PM(10) and NO(2) levels were associated with a very short term increase in risk of myocardial infarction 1-6 hours later (excess risks 1.2% (95% confidence interval 0.3 to 2.1) and 1.1% (0.3 to 1.8) respectively per 10 μg/m(3) increase); the effects persisted in multi-pollutant models, though with only weak evidence of an independent PM(10) effect (P = 0.05). The immediate risk increases were followed by reductions in risk at longer lags: we found no evidence of any net excess risk associated with the five pollutants studied over a 72 hour period after exposure. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of PM(10) and NO(2), which are typically markers of traffic related pollution, seem to be associated with transiently increased risk of myocardial infarction 1-6 hours after exposure, but later reductions in risk suggest that air pollution may be associated with bringing events forward in time ("short-term displacement") rather than increasing overall risk. The well established effect of air pollution on cardiorespiratory mortality may not be mediated through increasing the acute risk of myocardial infarction, but through another mechanism.
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