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Wang Y, Cao Z, Zhao H, Gu Z. Bisphenol A attenuates the therapeutic effect of the selective G protein-coupled estrogen receptor agonist G-1 on allergic rhinitis inflammation in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113607. [PMID: 35533451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in many plastics widely used in everyday life and affects the immune system. Previous studies found that the selective G protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) agonist G-1 can reduce the inflammation associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). BPA also interferes with the protective effect of estradiol against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE We explored whether BPA attenuates the effect of G-1 on inflammation in a mouse AR model. METHODS The AR model was established by sensitizing and stimulating female BALB/c mice with ovalbumin (OVA) and G-1/BPA. Eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocyte subsets (including T and B cells) in nasal mucosa and Th2 and Treg cells in the spleen were detected by flow cytometry. Cytokines and transcription factors characteristic of Th2 and Treg cells in nasal mucosa were detected using cytometric bead arrays and quantitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS G-1 reduced OVA-induced nasal mucosal inflammation in mice. The proportions of eosinophils, neutrophils, Siglec-F+ neutrophils, lymphocytes, and T cell subsets were reduced by G-1, and this effect was attenuated by BPA. G-1 significantly decreased the Th2 population and levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and GATA-3; these effects were attenuated by BPA. The enhanced Treg response (as evidenced by an increased Treg population and higher IL-10 and Foxp3 levels) mediated by G-1 tended to be reduced by BPA. DISCUSSION We found that G-1 reduced OVA-induced nasal mucosal inflammation and significantly decreased the Th2 response, while increasing the Treg response. These effects were attenuated by BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - He Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhaowei Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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Saraf MK, Jeng YJ, Watson CS. Nongenomic effects of estradiol vs. the birth control estrogen ethinyl estradiol on signaling and cell proliferation in pituitary tumor cells, and differences in the ability of R-equol to neutralize or enhance these effects. Steroids 2021; 168:108411. [PMID: 31132367 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ethinyl estradiol (EE2, the active component of many birth control formulations) persists in treated waste waters and it has become a concerning endocrine-disrupting contaminant throughout the world. Previous studies have not examined the behavior of EE2 in nongenomic signaling pathways and the subsequent functional responses (either alone or in mixtures) or conducted comparisons with the physiological estrogen estradiol (E2). In this study, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), ERK, and JNK were activated in pituitary tumor cells by fM EE2, but p38 activation was insensitive to
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Saraf
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX 77555-0645, United States
| | - Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX 77555-0645, United States
| | - Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX 77555-0645, United States.
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Batista-Silva H, Rodrigues K, Sousa de Moura KR, Van Der Kraak G, Delalande-Lecapitaine C, Mena Barreto Silva FR. Role of bisphenol A on calcium influx and its potential toxicity on the testis of Danio rerio. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110876. [PMID: 32563953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute in vitro effect of low-concentration bisphenol A (BPA) on calcium (45Ca2+) influx in zebrafish (Danio rerio) testis and examined whether intracellular Ca2+ was involved in the effects of BPA on testicular toxicity. In vitro studies on 45Ca2+ influx were performed in the testes after incubation with BPA for 30 min. Inhibitors were added 15 min before the addition of 45Ca2+ and BPA to testes to study the mechanism of action of BPA. The involvement of intracellular calcium from stores on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and on triacylglycerol (TAG) content were carried out after in vitro incubation of testes with BPA for 1 h. Furthermore, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were analyzed in the liver at 1 h after in vitro BPA incubation of D. rerio. Our data show that the acute in vitro treatment of D. rerio testes with BPA at very low concentration activates plasma membrane ionic channels, such as voltage-dependent calcium channels and calcium-dependent chloride channels, and protein kinase C (PKC), which stimulates Ca2+ influx. In addition, BPA increased cytosolic Ca2+ by activating inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and inhibiting sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) at the endoplasmic reticulum, contributing to intracellular Ca2+ overload. The protein kinases, PKC, MEK 1/2 and PI3K, are involved in the mechanism of action of BPA, which may indicate a crosstalk between the non-genomic initiation effects mediated by PLC/PKC/IP3R signaling and genomic responses of BPA mediated by the estrogen receptor (ESR). In vitro exposure to a higher concentration of BPA caused cell damage and plasma membrane injury with increased LDH release and TAG content; both effects were dependent on intracellular Ca2+ and mediated by IP3R. Furthermore, BPA potentially induced liver damage, as demonstrated by increased GGT activity. In conclusion, in vitro effect of BPA in a low concentration triggers cytosolic Ca2+ overload and activates downstream protein kinases pointing to a crosstalk between its non-genomic and genomic effects of BPA mediated by ESR. Moreover, in vitro exposure to a higher concentration of BPA caused intracellular Ca2+-dependent testicular cell damage and plasma membrane injury. This acute toxicity was reinforced by increased testicular LDH release and GGT activity in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemily Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Département Biologie et Sciences de La Terre, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, Normandie, France
| | - Keyla Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Glen Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CEP: 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Davis TL. Nonclassical actions of estradiol-17beta are not detectable in the alphaT3-1 and LbetaT2 immortalized gonadotrope cell lines†. Biol Reprod 2019; 101:791-799. [PMID: 31290547 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immortalized mouse gonadotrope cell lines alphaT3-1 and LbetaT2 cells have been a substitute model for primary gonadotropes. These cell lines have provided a homogeneous cell population, as compared to the dissociated anterior pituitaries, which contain a heterogeneous population of cells potentially responsive to estradiol-17beta (E2). Nonclassical actions of E2 assumed to occur through the plasma membrane estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1, also known as ERalpha). These actions have included inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced increases in intracellular calcium concentrations and phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-1/2) in ovine pituitaries including primary gonadotropes in vitro. The objective of the present experiment was to determine if alphaT3-1 and LbetaT2 are cell models with limitations to examine the nonclassical actions of E2 occurring in gonadotropes. Experiments were conducted to determine if the cells have ESR1 at the plasma membrane using biotinylation cell and isolation of surface protein and staining with a fluorescently labeled E2 conjugate. The alphaT3-1 cells contain ESR1 associated with but not enriched within lipid rafts of the plasma membrane and do not translocate to lipid rafts upon binding of E2. In contrast, LbetaT2 cells lack ESR1 associated with the plasma membrane. Pretreatment with E2 did not cause inhibition of GnRH-stimulated increases in intracellular concentrations of calcium for either cell type. Phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 was not stimulated by E2 in either cell type. Although these cells lines have been used extensively to study GnRH signaling, in vitro or in vivo effects of nonclassical actions of E2 cannot be replicated in either cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Davis
- Department of Biology, Wingate University, Wingate, North Carolina, USA
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Mao N, Gao Q, Hu H, Zhu T, Hao L. BPA disrupts the cardioprotection by 17β-oestradiol against ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated guinea pig hearts. Steroids 2019; 146:50-56. [PMID: 30904504 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental oestrogen or xenoestrogen (XEs). XEs represent a health risk due to their potential for endocrine disruption and ability to mimic estrogenic activity. The effects of BPA on isolated hearts under normal and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) conditions were investigated for the first time, with a focus on the effects of BPA and 17β-oestradiol (E2) co-administration on I/R injury. Our results indicated that BPA at 10-7 M and 10-5 M did not significantly affect heart rate (HR), coronary flow (CF), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or creatine kinase (CK) release in normal or I/R isolated hearts within the 90 min. However, E2 exerted a protective effect against I/R injury, whereas, BPA inhibited the cardio-protective effects of E2 on HR, CF, and LDH and CK release. Furthermore, BPA in combination with E2 aggravated I/R injury by increasing infarct size and causing a more severe ultrastructural disruption as compared to treatment with E2 alone. Based on our results, we conclude that BPA inhibits the cardio-protective effects of E2 on I/R-injured hearts, despite not significantly affecting normal or I/R isolated hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 8908544, Japan.
| | - Huiyuan Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Liying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Al-Saleh I, Coskun S, Al-Doush I, Al-Rajudi T, Abduljabbar M, Al-Rouqi R, Palawan H, Al-Hassan S. The relationships between urinary phthalate metabolites, reproductive hormones and semen parameters in men attending in vitro fertilization clinic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:982-995. [PMID: 30678022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from previous studies has shown that phthalates may play a role in male reproductive function; however, results are still inconclusive, and the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we first assessed whether exposure to phthalates is associated with altered reproductive hormones and semen parameters in 599 men attending an in vitro fertilization clinic. Secondly, we evaluated whether reproductive hormones could play a mediating role in the association between phthalates and sperm parameters. Eight phthalate metabolites were measured in two different spot urine samples: mono‑n‑butyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate, and four oxidative metabolites of di‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) [i.e., mono‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP)]. Semen parameters (concentration, volume, motility, and morphology) and reproductive hormones, i.e., follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone, estradiol (E2), testosterone (TEST) and prolactin (PROL) were also determined and considered the main study outcomes. Separate multivariate linear regression was used to assess associations between levels of each urinary phthalate metabolite, molar sum of DEHP metabolites (∑DEHP), percentage of MEHP to ∑DEHP (%MEHP), and each outcome (natural log-transformed). Inverse associations were observed between TEST and MiBP (β = -0.099), FSH and MEHHP (β = -0.087), and PROL and MEOHP (β = -0.102), while a positive relationship was seen between E2 and MEP (β = 0.098). %MEHP was associated positively with FSH (β = 0.118) and LH (β = 0.099), but negatively with TEST/LH (β = -0.086) and TEST/E2 (β = -0.109). Sperm concentration was associated positively with MECPP (β = 0.131), MEHHP (β = 0.117), MEOHP (β = 0.107) and ∑DEHP (β = 0.111), but negatively with %MEHP (β = -0.135). All p-values were <0.05. Sobel's test indicated that FSH mediated significantly up to 60% of the positive relationship between sperm concentration and MEHHP, while FSH and LH mediated respectively 15 and 12% of the inverse association between sperm concentration and %MEHP. Further research on this topic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Serdar Coskun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inaam Al-Doush
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahreer Al-Rajudi
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Abduljabbar
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al-Rouqi
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hemraz Palawan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Al-Hassan
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Yu L, Das P, Vall AJ, Yan Y, Gao X, Sifre MI, Bortner CD, Castro L, Kissling GE, Moore AB, Dixon D. Bisphenol A induces human uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation through membrane-associated ERα36 via nongenomic signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:59-68. [PMID: 30615907 PMCID: PMC6450385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of ERα36 in regulating BPA's effects and its potential as a risk factor for human uterine fibroids were evaluated. BPA at low concentrations (10-6 μM - 10 μM) increased proliferation by facilitating progression of hormonally regulated, immortalized human uterine leiomyoma (ht-UtLM; fibroid) cells from G0-G1 into S phase of the cell cycle; whereas, higher concentrations (100 μM-200 μM) decreased growth. BPA upregulated ERα36 gene and protein expression, and induced increased SOS1 and Grb2 protein expression, both of which are mediators of the MAPKp44/42/ERK1/2 pathway. EGFR (pEGFR), Ras, and MAPKp44/42 were phosphorylated with concurrent Src activation in ht-UtLM cells within 10 min of BPA exposure. BPA enhanced colocalization of phosphorylated Src (pSrc) to ERα36 and coimmunoprecipitation of pSrc with pEGFR. Silencing ERα36 with siERα36 abolished the above effects. BPA induced proliferation in ht-UtLM cells through membrane-associated ERα36 with activation of Src, EGFR, Ras, and MAPK nongenomic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP (DNTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Parikshit Das
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP (DNTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Alejandra J Vall
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP (DNTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yitang Yan
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP (DNTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xioahua Gao
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP (DNTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Maria I Sifre
- Flow Cytometry Center, Signal Transduction Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Flow Cytometry Center, Signal Transduction Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lysandra Castro
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP (DNTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Alicia B Moore
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP (DNTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), Division of the NTP (DNTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Watson CS, Koong L, Jeng YJ, Vinas R. Xenoestrogen interference with nongenomic signaling actions of physiological estrogens in endocrine cancer cells. Steroids 2019; 142:84-93. [PMID: 30012504 PMCID: PMC6339598 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid nongenomic signaling by estrogens (Es), initiated near the cell membrane, provides new explanations for the potent actions of environmental chemicals that imperfectly mimic physiological Es. These pathways can affect tumor growth, stabilization, or shrinkage via a number of signaling streams such as activation/inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspases, generation of second messengers, and phospho-triggering of cyclin instability. Though prostate cancers are better known for their responsiveness to androgen deprivation, ∼17% of late stage tumors regress in response to high dose natural or pharmaceutical Es; however, the mechanisms at the cellular level are not understood. More accurate recent measurements show that estradiol (E2) levels decline in aging men, leading to the hypothesis that maintaining young male levels of E2 may prevent the growth of prostate cancers. Major contributions to reducing prostate cancer cell numbers included low E2 concentrations producing sustained ERK phospho-activation correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species causing cancer cell death, and phospho-activation of cyclin D1 triggering its rapid degradation by interrupting cell cycle progression. These therapeutic actions were stronger in early stage tumor cells (with higher membrane estrogen receptor levels), and E2 was far more effective compared to diethylstilbestrol (the most frequently prescribed E treatment). Xenoestrogens (XEs) exacerbated the growth of prostate cancer cells, and as we know from previous studies in pituitary cancer cells, can interfere with the nongenomic signaling actions of endogenous Es. Therefore, nongenomic actions of physiological levels of E2 may be important deterrents to the growth of prostate cancers, which could be undermined by the actions of XEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Luke Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rene Vinas
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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Mendes Garrido Abregú F, Gobetto MN, Juriol LV, Caniffi C, Elesgaray R, Tomat AL, Arranz C. Developmental programming of vascular dysfunction by prenatal and postnatal zinc deficiency in male and female rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018. [PMID: 29525532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrient malnutrition during intrauterine and postnatal growth may program cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. We examined whether moderate zinc restriction in male and female rats throughout fetal life, lactation and/or postweaning growth induces alterations that can predispose to the onset of vascular dysfunction in adulthood. Female Wistar rats were fed low- or control zinc diets from pregnancy to offspring weaning. After weaning, offspring were fed either a low- or a control zinc diet until 81 days. We evaluated systolic blood pressure (SBP), thoracic aorta morphology, nitric oxide (NO) system and vascular reactivity in 6- and/or 81-day-old offspring. At day 6, zinc-deficient male and female offspring showed a decrease in aortic NO synthase (NOS) activity accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress. Zinc-deficient 81-day-old male rats exhibited an increase in collagen deposition in tunica media, as well as lower activity of endothelial NOS (eNOS) that could not be reversed with an adequate zinc diet during postweaning life. Zinc deficiency programmed a reduction in eNOS protein expression and higher SBP only in males. Adult zinc-deficient rats of both sexes showed reduced vasodilator response dependent on eNOS activity and impaired aortic vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin-II associated with alterations in intracellular calcium mobilization. Female rats were less sensitive to the effects of zinc deficiency and exhibited higher eNOS activity and/or expression than males, without alterations in SBP or aortic histology. This work strengthens the importance of a balanced intake of micronutrients during perinatal growth to ensure adequate vascular function in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Mendes Garrido Abregú
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Natalia Gobetto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Vanesa Juriol
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Caniffi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Elesgaray
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Lorena Tomat
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cristina Arranz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cho SH, Choi Y, Kim SH, Kim SJ, Chang J. Urinary bisphenol A versus serum bisphenol A concentration and ovarian reproductive outcomes among IVF patients: Which is a better biomarker of BPA exposure? Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Saraf MK, Jeng YJ, Watson CS. R-equol, a synthetic metabolite of the dietary estrogen daidzein, modulates the nongenomic estrogenic effects of 17β-estradiol in pituitary tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23273747.2016.1226697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Kow LM, Pfaff DW. Rapid estrogen actions on ion channels: A survey in search for mechanisms. Steroids 2016; 111:46-53. [PMID: 26939826 PMCID: PMC4929851 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A survey of nearly two hundred reports shows that rapid estrogenic actions can be detected across a range of kinds of estrogens, a range of doses, on a wide range of tissue, cell and ion channel types. Striking is the fact that preparations of estrogenic agents that do not permeate the cell membrane almost always mimic the actions of the estrogenic agents that do permeate the membrane. All kinds of estrogens, ranging from natural ones, through receptor modulators, endocrine disruptors, phytoestrogens, agonists, and antagonists to novel G-1 and STX, have been reported to be effective. For actions on specific types of ion channels, the possibility of opposing actions, in different cases, is the rule, not the exception. With this variety there is no single, specific action mechanism for estrogens per se, although in some cases estrogens can act directly or via some signaling pathways to affect ion channels. We infer that estrogens can bind a large number of substrates/receptors at the membrane surface. As against the variety of subsequent routes of action, this initial step of the estrogen's binding action is the key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Ming Kow
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:E1-E150. [PMID: 26544531 PMCID: PMC4702494 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1262] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, a substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding of plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions and how exposures in animals and humans-especially during development-may lay the foundations for disease later in life. At this point in history, we have much stronger knowledge about how EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, and epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects in exposed individuals as well as their descendants. Causal links between exposure and manifestation of disease are substantiated by experimental animal models and are consistent with correlative epidemiological data in humans. There are several caveats because differences in how experimental animal work is conducted can lead to difficulties in drawing broad conclusions, and we must continue to be cautious about inferring causality in humans. In this second Scientific Statement, we reviewed the literature on a subset of topics for which the translational evidence is strongest: 1) obesity and diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male reproduction; 4) hormone-sensitive cancers in females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; and 7) neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria for studies were those conducted predominantly in the past 5 years deemed to be of high quality based on appropriate negative and positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size and experimental design, and mammalian animal studies with exposure levels in a range that was relevant to humans. We also focused on studies using the developmental origins of health and disease model. No report was excluded based on a positive or negative effect of the EDC exposure. The bulk of the results across the board strengthen the evidence for endocrine health-related actions of EDCs. Based on this much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, these findings can be much better translated to human health. Armed with this information, researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers can guide regulators and policymakers as they make responsible decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gore
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - V A Chappell
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S E Fenton
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J A Flaws
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - A Nadal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - G S Prins
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J Toppari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R T Zoeller
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Suvorov A, Waxman DJ. Early programing of uterine tissue by bisphenol A: Critical evaluation of evidence from animal exposure studies. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:59-72. [PMID: 26028543 PMCID: PMC4550532 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) during the critical window of uterine development has been proposed to program the uterus for increased disease susceptibility based on well-documented effects of the potent xenoestrogen diethylstilbestrol. To investigate this proposal, we reviewed 37 studies of prenatal and/or perinatal BPA exposure in animal models and evaluated evidence for: molecular signatures of early BPA exposure; the development of adverse uterine health effects; and epigenetic changes linked to long-term dysregulation of uterine gene expression and health effects. We found substantial evidence for adult uterine effects of early BPA exposure. In contrast, experimental support for epigenetic actions of early BPA exposure is very limited, and largely consists of effects on Hoxa gene DNA methylation. Critical knowledge gaps were identified, including the need to fully characterize short-term and long-term uterine gene responses, interactions with estrogens and other endogenous hormones, and any long-lasting epigenetic signatures that impact adult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 686-North Pleasant Str., Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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15
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Salgado R, Pereiro N, López-Doval S, Lafuente A. Initial study on the possible mechanisms involved in the effects of high doses of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on prolactin secretion. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Koong LY, Watson CS. Rapid, nongenomic signaling effects of several xenoestrogens involved in early- vs. late-stage prostate cancer cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4161/23273747.2014.995003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX USA
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Lagarde F, Beausoleil C, Belcher SM, Belzunces LP, Emond C, Guerbet M, Rousselle C. Non-monotonic dose-response relationships and endocrine disruptors: a qualitative method of assessment. Environ Health 2015; 14:13. [PMID: 25971433 PMCID: PMC4429934 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies investigating the effects of endocrine disruptors frequently identify potential unconventional dose-response relationships called non-monotonic dose-response (NMDR) relationships. Standardized approaches for investigating NMDR relationships in a risk assessment context are missing. The aim of this work was to develop criteria for assessing the strength of NMDR relationships. A literature search was conducted to identify published studies that report NMDR relationships with endocrine disruptors. Fifty-one experimental studies that investigated various effects associated with endocrine disruption elicited by many substances were selected. Scoring criteria were applied by adaptation of an approach previously used for identification of hormesis-type dose-response relationships. Out of the 148 NMDR relationships analyzed, 82 were categorized with this method as having a "moderate" to "high" level of plausibility for various effects. Numerous modes of action described in the literature can explain such phenomena. NMDR can arise from numerous molecular mechanisms such as opposing effects induced by multiple receptors differing by their affinity, receptor desensitization, negative feedback with increasing dose, or dose-dependent metabolism modulation. A stepwise decision tree was developed as a tool to standardize the analysis of NMDR relationships observed in the literature with the final aim to use these results in a Risk Assessment purpose. This decision tree was finally applied to studies focused on the effects of bisphenol A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lagarde
- />Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Claire Beausoleil
- />Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Scott M Belcher
- />Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Luc P Belzunces
- />INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Michel Guerbet
- />Université de Rouen, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, UR 4651 ABTE, 76183 Rouen Cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- />Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Vandenberg LN, Ehrlich S, Belcher SM, Ben-Jonathan N, Dolinoy DC, Hugo ER, Hunt PA, Newbold RR, Rubin BS, Saili KS, Soto AM, Wang HS, vom Saal FS. Low dose effects of bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/endo.26490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Viñas R, Goldblum RM, Watson CS. Rapid estrogenic signaling activities of the modified (chlorinated, sulfonated, and glucuronidated) endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/endo.25411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Bulayeva NN, Finnerty CC, Koong LY, Zivadinovic D, Alyea RA, Midoro-Horiuti T, Goldblum RM, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Seitz PK, Smith TD. Multi-well plate immunoassays for measuring signaling protein activations/deactivations and membrane vs. intracellular receptor levels. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1204:123-133. [PMID: 25182766 PMCID: PMC9159966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1346-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed fixed-cell multi-well plate immunoassays that increase the throughput and ease of quantification for questions formerly assessed by immunoblot scanning. The assays make use of the now abundant antibodies designed to recognize receptor subtypes and posttranslationally modified signaling proteins. By optimizing permeabilization and fixation conditions, mainly based on specific cell types, the assay can be adapted to the study of many different antigens of importance to hormonal and neurotransmitter signaling scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 0645 312 Basic Science Building, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA,
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A systematic review of Bisphenol A "low dose" studies in the context of human exposure: a case for establishing standards for reporting "low-dose" effects of chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:935-48. [PMID: 23867546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to the chemical Bisphenol A is almost ubiquitous in surveyed industrialized societies. Structural features similar to estrogen confer the ability of Bisphenol A (BPA) to bind estrogen receptors, giving BPA membership in the group of environmental pollutants called endocrine disruptors. References by scientists, the media, political entities, and non-governmental organizations to many toxicity studies as "low dose" has led to the belief that exposure levels in these studies are similar to humans, implying that BPA is toxic to humans at current exposures. Through systematic, objective comparison of our current, and a previous compilation of the "low-dose" literature to multiple estimates of human external and internal exposure levels, we found that the "low-dose" moniker describes exposures covering 8-12 orders of magnitude, the majority (91-99% of exposures) being greater than the upper bound of human exposure in the general infant, child and adult U.S. Population. "low dose" is therefore a descriptor without specific meaning regarding human exposure. Where human exposure data are available, for BPA and other environmental chemicals, reference to toxicity study exposures by direct comparison to human exposure would be more informative, more objective, and less susceptible to misunderstanding.
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Viñas R, Watson CS. Mixtures of xenoestrogens disrupt estradiol-induced non-genomic signaling and downstream functions in pituitary cells. Environ Health 2013; 12:26. [PMID: 23530988 PMCID: PMC3643824 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study examines the effects of xenoestrogen mixtures on estradiol-induced non-genomic signaling and associated functional responses. Bisphenol-A, used to manufacture plastic consumer products, and nonylphenol, a surfactant, are estrogenic by a variety of assays, including altering many intracellular signaling pathways; bisphenol-S is now used as a bisphenol-A substitute. All three compounds contaminate the environment globally. We previously showed that bisphenol-S, bisphenol-A, and nonylphenol alone rapidly activated several kinases at very low concentrations in the GH3/B6/F10 rat pituitary cell line. METHODS For each assay we compared the response of individual xenoestrogens at environmentally relevant concentrations (10-15 -10-7 M), to their mixture effects on 10-9 M estradiol-induced responses. We used a medium-throughput plate immunoassay to quantify phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Cell numbers were assessed by crystal violet assay to compare the proliferative effects. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring caspase 8 and 9 activities via the release of the fluorescent product 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin. Prolactin release was measured by radio-immunoassay after a 1 min exposure to all individual and combinations of estrogens. RESULTS Individual xenoestrogens elicited phospho-activation of ERK in a non-monotonic dose- (fM-nM) and mostly oscillating time-dependent (2.5-60 min) manner. When multiple xenoestrogens were combined with nM estradiol, the physiologic estrogen's response was attenuated. Individual bisphenol compounds did not activate JNK, while nonylphenol did; however, the combination of two or three xenoestrogens with estradiol generated an enhanced non-monotonic JNK dose-response. Estradiol and all xenoestrogen compounds induced cell proliferation individually, while the mixtures of these compounds with estradiol suppressed proliferation below that of the vehicle control, suggesting a possible apoptotic response. Extrinsic caspase 8 activity was suppressed by estradiol, elevated by bisphenol S, and unaffected by mixtures. Intrinsic caspase 9 activity was inhibited by estradiol, and by xenoestrogen combinations (at 10-14 and 10-8 M). Mixtures of xenoestrogens impeded the estradiol-induced release of prolactin. CONCLUSIONS In mixtures expected to be found in contaminated environments, xenoestrogens can have dramatic disrupting effects on hormonal mechanisms of cell regulation and their downstream functional responses, altering cellular responses to physiologic estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0645, USA
| | - Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0645, USA
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Viñas R, Watson CS. Bisphenol S disrupts estradiol-induced nongenomic signaling in a rat pituitary cell line: effects on cell functions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:352-8. [PMID: 23458715 PMCID: PMC3621186 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor that imperfectly mimics the effects of physiologic estrogens via membrane-bound estrogen receptors (mERα, mERβ, and GPER/GPR30), thereby initiating nongenomic signaling. Bisphenol S (BPS) is an alternative to BPA in plastic consumer products and thermal paper. OBJECTIVE To characterize the nongenomic activities of BPS, we examined signaling pathways it evoked in GH3/B6/F10 rat pituitary cells alone and together with the physiologic estrogen estradiol (E2). Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)- and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-specific phosphorylations were examined for their correlation to three functional responses: proliferation, caspase activation, and prolactin (PRL) release. METHODS We detected ERK and JNK phosphorylations by fixed-cell immunoassays, identified the predominant mER initiating the signaling with selective inhibitors, estimated cell numbers by crystal violet assays, measured caspase activity by cleavage of fluorescent caspase substrates, and measured PRL release by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS BPS phosphoactivated ERK within 2.5 min in a nonmonotonic dose-dependent manner (10-15 to 10-7 M). When combined with 10-9 M E2, the physiologic estrogen's ERK response was attenuated. BPS could not activate JNK, but it greatly enhanced E2-induced JNK activity. BPS induced cell proliferation at low concentrations (femtomolar to nanomolar), similar to E2. Combinations of both estrogens reduced cell numbers below those of the vehicle control and also activated caspases. Earlier activation of caspase 8 versus caspase 9 demonstrated that BPS initiates apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway, consistent with activation via a membrane receptor. BPS also inhibited rapid (≤ 1 min) E2-induced PRL release. CONCLUSION BPS, once considered a safe substitute for BPA, disrupts membrane-initiated E2-induced cell signaling, leading to altered cell proliferation, cell death, and PRL release.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77555-0645, USA
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Wang Y, Hu H, Zhao M, Zhao J, Yin D, Sun X, Liu S, Gao Q, Yu L, Hao L. Nonylphenol disrupts the cardio-protective effects of 17β-estradiol on ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts of guinea pig. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:731-40. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beihai People’s Hospital, China
| | - Huiyuan Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
| | - Meimi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
| | - Dandan Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
| | - Xuefei Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, China
| | - Lifeng Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
| | - Liying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, China
- Cardiovascular Institute of China Medical University, China
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25
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Schug T, Abagyan R, Blumberg B, Collins T, Crews D, DeFur P, Dickerson S, Edwards T, Gore A, Guillette L, Hayes T, Heindel J, Moores A, Patisaul H, Tal T, Thayer K, Vandenberg L, Warner J, Watson C, Saal FV, Zoeller R, O’Brien K, Myers J. Designing Endocrine Disruption Out of the Next Generation of Chemicals. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2013; 15:181-198. [PMID: 25110461 PMCID: PMC4125359 DOI: 10.1039/c2gc35055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A central goal of green chemistry is to avoid hazard in the design of new chemicals. This objective is best achieved when information about a chemical's potential hazardous effects is obtained as early in the design process as feasible. Endocrine disruption is a type of hazard that to date has been inadequately addressed by both industrial and regulatory science. To aid chemists in avoiding this hazard, we propose an endocrine disruption testing protocol for use by chemists in the design of new chemicals. The Tiered Protocol for Endocrine Disruption (TiPED) has been created under the oversight of a scientific advisory committee composed of leading representatives from both green chemistry and the environmental health sciences. TiPED is conceived as a tool for new chemical design, thus it starts with a chemist theoretically at "the drawing board." It consists of five testing tiers ranging from broad in silico evaluation up through specific cell- and whole organism-based assays. To be effective at detecting endocrine disruption, a testing protocol must be able to measure potential hormone-like or hormone-inhibiting effects of chemicals, as well as the many possible interactions and signaling sequellae such chemicals may have with cell-based receptors. Accordingly, we have designed this protocol to broadly interrogate the endocrine system. The proposed protocol will not detect all possible mechanisms of endocrine disruption, because scientific understanding of these phenomena is advancing rapidly. To ensure that the protocol remains current, we have established a plan for incorporating new assays into the protocol as the science advances. In this paper we present the principles that should guide the science of testing new chemicals for endocrine disruption, as well as principles by which to evaluate individual assays for applicability, and laboratories for reliability. In a 'proof-of-principle' test, we ran 6 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that act via different endocrinological mechanisms through the protocol using published literature. Each was identified as endocrine active by one or more tiers. We believe that this voluntary testing protocol will be a dynamic tool to facilitate efficient and early identification of potentially problematic chemicals, while ultimately reducing the risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.T Schug
- Corresponding authors: T.T. Schug, . K.P. O’Brien, . J.P. Myers,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - K.P. O’Brien
- Corresponding authors: T.T. Schug, . K.P. O’Brien, . J.P. Myers,
| | - J.P. Myers
- Corresponding authors: T.T. Schug, . K.P. O’Brien, . J.P. Myers,
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Gertz J, Reddy TE, Varley KE, Garabedian MJ, Myers RM. Genistein and bisphenol A exposure cause estrogen receptor 1 to bind thousands of sites in a cell type-specific manner. Genome Res 2012; 22:2153-62. [PMID: 23019147 PMCID: PMC3483545 DOI: 10.1101/gr.135681.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogens that are synthesized in the body impact gene regulation by activating estrogen receptors in diverse cell types. Exogenous compounds that have estrogenic properties can also be found circulating in the blood in both children and adults. The genome-wide impact of these environmental estrogens on gene regulation is unclear. To obtain an integrated view of gene regulation in response to environmental and endogenous estrogens on a genome-wide scale, we performed ChIP-seq to identify estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1; previously estrogen receptor α) binding sites, and RNA-seq in endometrial cancer cells exposed to bisphenol A (BPA; found in plastics), genistein (GEN; found in soybean), or 17β-estradiol (E2; an endogenous estrogen). GEN and BPA treatment induces thousands of ESR1 binding sites and >50 gene expression changes, representing a subset of E2-induced gene regulation changes. Genes affected by E2 were highly enriched for ribosome-associated proteins; however, GEN and BPA failed to regulate most ribosome-associated proteins and instead enriched for transporters of carboxylic acids. Treatment-dependent changes in gene expression were associated with treatment-dependent ESR1 binding sites, with the exception that many genes up-regulated by E2 harbored a BPA-induced ESR1 binding site but failed to show any expression change after BPA treatment. GEN and BPA exhibited a similar relationship to E2 in the breast cancer line T-47D, where cell type specificity played a much larger role than treatment specificity. Overall, both environmental estrogens clearly regulate gene expression through ESR1 on a genome-wide scale, although with lower potency resulting in less ESR1 binding sites and less gene expression changes compared to the endogenous estrogen, E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gertz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
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Viñas R, Jeng YJ, Watson CS. Non-genomic effects of xenoestrogen mixtures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2694-714. [PMID: 23066391 PMCID: PMC3447581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9082694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenoestrogens (XEs) are chemicals derived from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources that can interfere with endogenous estrogens by either mimicking or blocking their responses via non-genomic and/or genomic signaling mechanisms. Disruption of estrogens' actions through the less-studied non-genomic pathway can alter such functional end points as cell proliferation, peptide hormone release, catecholamine transport, and apoptosis, among others. Studies of potentially adverse effects due to mixtures and to low doses of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have recently become more feasible, though few so far have included actions via the non-genomic pathway. Physiologic estrogens and XEs evoke non-monotonic dose responses, with different compounds having different patterns of actions dependent on concentration and time, making mixture assessments all the more challenging. In order to understand the spectrum of toxicities and their mechanisms, future work should focus on carefully studying individual and mixture components across a range of concentrations and cellular pathways in a variety of tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Zárate S, Jaita G, Ferraris J, Eijo G, Magri ML, Pisera D, Seilicovich A. Estrogens induce expression of membrane-associated estrogen receptor α isoforms in lactotropes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41299. [PMID: 22844453 PMCID: PMC3402499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are key to anterior pituitary function, stimulating hormone release and controlling cell fate to achieve pituitary dynamic adaptation to changing physiological conditions. In addition to their classical mechanism of action through intracellular estrogen receptors (ERs), estrogens exert rapid actions via cell membrane-localized ERs (mERs). We previously showed that E2 exerts a rapid pro-apoptotic action in anterior pituitary cells, especially in lactotropes and somatotropes, through activation of mERs. In the present study, we examined the involvement of mERα in the rapid pro-apoptotic action of estradiol by TUNEL in primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized rats using a cell-impermeable E2 conjugate (E2-BSA) and an ERα selective antagonist (MPP dihydrochloride). We studied mERα expression during the estrous cycle and its regulation by gonadal steroids in vivo by flow cytometry. We identified ERα variants in the plasma membrane of anterior pituitary cells during the estrous cycle and studied E2 regulation of these mERα variants in vitro by surface biotinylation and Western Blot. E2-BSA-induced apoptosis was abrogated by MPP in total anterior pituitary cells and lactotropes. In cycling rats, we detected a higher number of lactotropes and a lower number of somatotropes expressing mERα at proestrus than at diestrus. Acute E2 treatment increased the percentage of mERα-expressing lactotropes whereas it decreased the percentage of mERα-expressing somatotropes. We detected three mERα isoforms of 66, 39 and 22 kDa. Expression of mERα66 and mERα39 was higher at proestrus than at diestrus, and short-term E2 incubation increased expression of these two mERα variants. Our results indicate that the rapid apoptotic action exerted by E2 in lactotropes depends on mERα, probably full-length ERα and/or a 39 kDa ERα variant. Expression and activation of mERα variants in lactotropes could be one of the mechanisms through which E2 participates in anterior pituitary cell renewal during the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Jaita
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Ferraris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Eijo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L. Magri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Pisera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Hu G, Wozniak A, Bulayeva N, Guptarak J. Estrogen- and xenoestrogen-induced ERK signaling in pituitary tumor cells involves estrogen receptor-α interactions with G protein-αi and caveolin I. Steroids 2012; 77:424-32. [PMID: 22230296 PMCID: PMC3304022 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple physiologic estrogens (estradiol, estriol, and estrone), as well as xenoestrogenic compounds (including alkylphenols and bisphenol A), can act via nongenomic signaling initiated by liganding of the plasma membrane estrogen receptor-α (mERα). We examined heterotrimeric G protein involvement leading to extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in GH3/B6/F10 rat anterior pituitary tumor cells that express abundant mERα, and smaller amounts of mERβ and GPR30. A combination of microarrays, immunoblots, and quantitative immunoassays demonstrated the expression of members of all α, β, and γ G protein classes in these cells. Use of selective inhibitors showed that the G(αi) subtype was the primary initiator of downstream ERK signaling. Using antibodies against the GTP-bound form of G(α) protein subtypes i and s, we showed that xenoestrogens (bisphenol A, nonylphenol) activated G(αi) at 15-30s; all alkylphenols examined subsequently suppressed activation by 5min. GTP-activation of G(αi) for all estrogens was enhanced by irreversible cumulative binding to GTPγS. In contrast, G(αs) was neither activated nor deactivated by these treatments with estrogens. ERα and G(αi) co-localized outside nuclei and could be immuno-captured together. Interactions of ERα with G(αi) and caveolin I were demonstrated by epitope proximity ligation assays. An ERα/β antagonist (ICI182780) and a selective disruptor of caveolar structures (nystatin) blocked estrogen-induced ERK activation. CONCLUSIONS Xenoestrogens, like physiologic estrogens, can evoke downstream kinase signaling involving selective interactions of ERα with G(αi) and caveolin I, but with some different characteristics, which could explain their disruptive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0645, USA.
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Bisphenol-A suppresses neurite extension due to inhibition of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in PC12 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 194:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Guptarak J. Endocrine disruption via estrogen receptors that participate in nongenomic signaling pathways. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:44-50. [PMID: 21300151 PMCID: PMC3106143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When inappropriate (non-physiologic) estrogens affect organisms at critical times of estrogen sensitivity, disruption of normal endocrine functions can result. Non-physiologic estrogen mimetics (environmental, dietary, and pharmaceutical) can signal rapidly and potently via the membrane versions of estrogen receptors, as can physiologic estrogens. Both physiologic and non-physiologic estrogens activate multiple signaling pathways, leading to altered cellular functions (e.g. peptide release, cell proliferation or death, transport). Xenoestrogens' mimicry of physiologic estrogens is imperfect. When superimposed, xenoestrogens can alter endogenous estrogens' signaling and thereby disrupt normal signaling pathways, leading to malfunctions in many tissue types. Though these xenoestrogen actions occur rapidly via nongenomic signaling pathways, they can be sustained with continuing ligand stimulation, combinations of ligands, and signaling that perpetuates downstream, eventually also impinging on genomic regulation by controlling the activation state of transcription factors. Because via these pathways estrogens and xenoestrogens cause nonmonotonic stimulation patterns, they must be carefully tested for activity and toxicity over wide dose ranges. Nongenomic actions of xenoestrogens in combination with each other, and with physiologic estrogens, are still largely unexplored from these mechanistic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| | - Yow-Juin Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| | - Jutatip Guptarak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
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