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Dorak SJ, Varga C, Ruder MG, Gronemeyer P, Rivera NA, Dufford DR, Skinner DJ, Roca AL, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE. Spatial epidemiology of hemorrhagic disease in Illinois wild white-tailed deer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6888. [PMID: 35477968 PMCID: PMC9046210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue (BT) are vector-borne viral diseases that affect wild and domestic ruminants. Clinical signs of EHD and BT are similar; thus, the syndrome is referred to as hemorrhagic disease (HD). Syndromic surveillance and virus detection in North America reveal a northern expansion of HD. High mortalities at northern latitudes suggest recent incursions of HD viruses into northern geographic areas. We evaluated the occurrence of HD in wild Illinois white-tailed deer from 1982 to 2019. Our retrospective space-time analysis identified high-rate clusters of HD cases from 2006 to 2019. The pattern of northward expansion indicates changes in virus-host-vector interactions. Serological evidence from harvested deer revealed prior infection with BTV. However, BTV was not detected from virus isolation in dead deer sampled during outbreaks. Our findings suggest the value of capturing the precise geographic location of outbreaks, the importance of virus isolation to confirm the cause of an outbreak, and the importance of expanding HD surveillance to hunter-harvested wild white-tailed deer. Similarly, it assists in predicting future outbreaks, allowing for targeted disease and vector surveillance, helping wildlife agencies communicate with the public the cause of mortality events and viral hemorrhagic disease outcomes at local and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena J Dorak
- Illinois Natural History Survey - Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Peg Gronemeyer
- Illinois Natural History Survey - Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Nelda A Rivera
- Illinois Natural History Survey - Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Douglas R Dufford
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Daniel J Skinner
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Alfred L Roca
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jan Novakofski
- Illinois Natural History Survey - Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nohra E Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey - Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Equine Encephalosis Virus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030337. [PMID: 35158658 PMCID: PMC8833465 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine encephalosis (EE) is a febrile disease of horses caused by EE virus (EEV) and transmitted by Culicoides midges. This virus was first isolated from a horse in South Africa in 1967 and until 2008 was believed to be restricted to southern Africa. In 2008–2009, isolation of EEV in an outbreak reported from Israel demonstrated the emergence of this pathogen into new niches. Indeed, further testing revealed that EEV had already spread outside of South Africa since 2001. Although EEV normally does not cause severe clinical disease, it should be considered important since it may indicate the possible spread of other related, much more pathogenic viruses, such as African horse sickness virus (AHSV). The spread of EEV from South Africa to central Africa, the Middle East, and India is an example of the possible emergence of new pathogens in new niches and should be a reminder not to limit the differential diagnoses list when facing a possible outbreak or a cluster of undiagnosed clinical cases. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding EEV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology. Abstract Equine encephalosis (EE) is an arthropod-borne, noncontagious, febrile disease of horses. It is caused by EE virus (EEV), an Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family transmitted by Culicoides. Within the EEV serogroup, seven serotypes (EEV-1–7) have been identified to date. This virus was first isolated from a horse in South Africa in 1967 and until 2008 was believed to be restricted to southern Africa. In 2008–2009, isolation of EEV in an outbreak reported from Israel demonstrated the emergence of this pathogen into new niches. Indeed, testing in retrospect sera samples revealed that EEV had already been circulating outside of South Africa since 2001. Although EEV normally does not cause severe clinical disease, it should be considered important since it may indicate the possible spread of other related, much more pathogenic viruses, such as African horse sickness virus (AHSV). The spread of EEV from South Africa to central Africa, the Middle East and India is an example of the possible emergence of new pathogens in new niches, as was seen in the case of West Nile virus, and should be a reminder not to limit the differential list when facing a possible outbreak or a cluster of clinical cases. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding EEV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
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Tosa MI, Springer MT, Schauber EM, Nielsen CK. Increased overwinter mortalities of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) fawns during a drought year. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mortality rates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) fawns have been quantified throughout North America. Few studies, however, have assessed cause-specific mortality of fawns after the first 3 months of life or during a severe weather event. During 2010–2014, we captured and radio-tracked 93 fawns in southern and central Illinois and recorded 18 mortality events. In order of importance, survival rates were affected by days since capture, year of drought, age at capture, week after capture (1 or 0 indicator), and region. Estimated overwinter (fall through spring) survival rate (±SE) of fawns in both regions during 2010–2014 was 0.83 ± 0.04. However, estimated overwinter survival rates were depressed during 2012–2013, following the severe drought of 2012 (0.63 ± 0.11 or 0.66 ± 0.11 depending on the model). Main causes of mortality were capture-related and predation, though some dead deer also showed signs of hemorrhagic disease. We suspect that the extreme drought of 2012 created favorable conditions for fall–spring mortality of fawns, due to elevated disease transmission and lower forage quality and quantity for deer. In addition, drought may have contributed to predation by reducing abundance of alternative prey. Our results suggest that severe weather conditions during summer can substantially impact overwinter fawn survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie I. Tosa
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Matthew T. Springer
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Forestry, and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Eric M. Schauber
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Clayton K. Nielsen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Pérez S, Laperrière V, Borderon M, Padilla C, Maignant G, Oliveau S. Evolution of research in health geographics through the International Journal of Health Geographics (2002-2015). Int J Health Geogr 2016; 15:3. [PMID: 26790403 PMCID: PMC4719657 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-016-0032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Health geographics is a fast-developing research area. Subjects broached in scientific literature are most varied, ranging from vectorial diseases to access to healthcare, with a recent revival of themes such as the implication of health in the Smart City, or a predominantly individual-centered approach. Far beyond standard meta-analyses, the present study deliberately adopts the standpoint of questioning space in its foundations, through various authors of the International Journal of Health Geographics, a highly influential journal in that field. The idea is to find space as the common denominator in this specialized literature, as well as its relation to spatial analysis, without for all that trying to tend towards exhaustive approaches. 660 articles have being published in the journal since launch, but 359 articles were selected based on the presence of the word “Space” in either the title, or the abstract or the text over 13 years of the journal’s existence. From that database, a lexical analysis (tag cloud) reveals the perception of space in literature, and shows how approaches are evolving, thus underlining that the scope of health geographics is far from narrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pérez
- UMR ESPACE 7300, University of Nice Sophia, Nice, France.
| | | | - Marion Borderon
- UMR ESPACE 7300, University of Aix-Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | | | | | - Sébastien Oliveau
- UMR ESPACE 7300, University of Aix-Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, France.
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Aharonson-Raz K, Steinman A, Kavkovsky A, Bumbarov V, Berlin D, Lichter-Peled A, Berke O, Klement E. Analysis of the Association of Climate, Weather and Herd Immunity with the Spread of Equine Encephalosis Virus in Horses in Israel. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:593-602. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Aharonson-Raz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - A. Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - A. Kavkovsky
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - V. Bumbarov
- Department of Virology; Kimron Veterinary Institute; Bet Dagan Israel
| | - D. Berlin
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - A. Lichter-Peled
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - O. Berke
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - E. Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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APPARENT INCREASE OF REPORTED HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN THE MIDWESTERN AND NORTHEASTERN USA. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:348-61. [DOI: 10.7589/2013-12-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ellis SA, Hammond JA. The functional significance of cattle major histocompatibility complex class I genetic diversity. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 2:285-306. [PMID: 25384144 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Current concerns about food security highlight the importance of maintaining productive and disease-resistant livestock populations. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes have a central role in immunity. A high level of diversity in these genes allows populations to survive despite exposure to rapidly evolving pathogens. This review aims to describe the key features of MHC class I genetic diversity in cattle and to discuss their role in disease resistance. Discussion centers on data derived from the cattle genome sequence and studies addressing MHC class I gene expression and function. The impact of intensive selection on MHC diversity is also considered. A high level of complexity in MHC class I genes and functionally related gene families is revealed. This highlights the need for increased efforts to determine key genetic components that govern cattle immune responses to disease, which is increasingly important in the face of changing human and environmental demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley A Ellis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; ,
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