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Gardani CFF, Pedrazza EL, Paz VS, Zanirati GG, da Costa JC, Andrejew R, Ulrich H, Scholl JN, Figueiró F, Rockenbach L, Morrone FB. Exploring CD39 and CD73 Expression as Potential Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1619. [PMID: 38004484 PMCID: PMC10675019 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most diagnosed tumor in males and ranks as the second leading cause of male mortality in the western world. The CD39 and CD73 enzymes play a crucial role in cancer regulation by degrading nucleotides and forming nucleosides. This study aimed to investigate the expression of the CD39 and CD73 enzymes as potential therapeutic targets for PC. The initial part of this study retrospectively analyzed tissue samples from 23 PC patients. Using the TissueFAXSTM cytometry platform, we found significantly higher levels of CD39-labeling its intensity compared to CD73. Additionally, we observed a correlation between the Gleason score and the intensity of CD39 expression. In the prospective arm, blood samples were collected from 25 patients at the time of diagnosis and after six months of treatment to determine the expression of CD39 and CD73 in the serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) and to analyze nucleotide hydrolysis. Notably, the expression of CD39 in the EVs was significantly increased compared to the CD73 and/or combined CD39/CD73 expression levels at initial collection. Furthermore, our results demonstrated positive correlations between ADP hydrolysis and the transurethral resection and Gleason score. Understanding the role of ectonucleotidases is crucial for identifying new biomarkers in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernanda Furtado Gardani
- Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaҫão em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil; (C.F.F.G.); (L.R.)
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil; (E.L.P.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Eduardo Luiz Pedrazza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil; (E.L.P.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Victória Santos Paz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil; (E.L.P.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Gabriele Goulart Zanirati
- Instituto do Cérebro da PUCRS, InsCer, Avenida Ipiranga, 6690, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre 906010-000, RS, Brazil; (G.G.Z.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Instituto do Cérebro da PUCRS, InsCer, Avenida Ipiranga, 6690, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre 906010-000, RS, Brazil; (G.G.Z.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Butantã, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (R.A.); (H.U.)
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Butantã, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (R.A.); (H.U.)
| | - Juliete Nathali Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; (J.N.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil; (J.N.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Liliana Rockenbach
- Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaҫão em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil; (C.F.F.G.); (L.R.)
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil; (E.L.P.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Fernanda Bueno Morrone
- Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduaҫão em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil; (C.F.F.G.); (L.R.)
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil; (E.L.P.); (V.S.P.)
- Instituto do Cérebro da PUCRS, InsCer, Avenida Ipiranga, 6690, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre 906010-000, RS, Brazil; (G.G.Z.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduaҫão em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil
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2
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Fang T, Lu W, Zhang J, Ge K, Chen Z, Wang M, Yao B. Study of Drug Resistance in Chemotherapy Induced by Extracellular Vesicles on a Microchip. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16919-16926. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Wei Lu
- GeneX (Zhejiang) Precision Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Ke Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zhanhong Chen
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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3
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Chulpanova DS, Pukhalskaia TV, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. Contribution of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles to Malignant Transformation of Normal Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060245. [PMID: 35735488 PMCID: PMC9220176 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to carry biologically active molecules of parental cells, which can actively modulate the tumor microenvironment. EVs produced by tumor cells play significant roles in the development and maintenance of tumor growth, metastasis, immune escape, and other important processes. However, the ability of EVs to induce the transformation of normal cells has hardly been investigated. This review discusses studies that describe the ability of tumor-cell-derived EVs to alter the metabolism and morphology of normal cells, causing changes associated with malignant transformation. Additionally, the horizontal transfer of oncogenes through EVs of tumor cells and the induction of epigenetic changes in normal cells, which leads to genomic instability and subsequent oncogenic transformation of normal cells, are also discussed.
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Grimaldi AM, Salvatore M, Cavaliere C. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer drug resistance: A systematic review of the literature. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022:10.1038/s41391-022-00521-w. [PMID: 35264776 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical behavior of prostate cancer is highly heterogeneous, with most patients diagnosed with localized disease that successfully responds to surgery or radiotherapy. However, a fraction of men relapse after initial treatment because they develop drug resistance. The failure of anticancer drugs leaves resistant cancer cells to survive and proliferate, negatively affecting patient survival. Thus, drug resistance remains a significant obstacle to the effective treatment of prostate cancer patients. In this scenario, the involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in intrinsic and acquired resistance have been reported in several tumors, and accumulating data suggests that their differential content can be used as diagnostic or prognostic factors. Thus, we propose a systematic study of literature to provide a snapshot of the current scenario regarding EVs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers resource in resistant prostate cancer. METHODS We performed the current systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines and comprehensively explored PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases to achieve the article search. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included and investigated. Among all systematically reviewed EV biomarkers, we found mainly molecules with prognostic significance (61%), molecules with diagnostic relevance (18%), and molecules that serve both purposes (21%). Moreover, among all analyzed molecules isolated from EVs, proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs emerged to be the most investigated and proposed as potential tools to diagnose or predict resistance/sensitivity to advanced PCa treatments. DISCUSSION Our analysis provides a snapshot of the current scenario regarding EVs as potential clinical biomarkers in resistant PCa. Nevertheless, despite many efforts, the use of EV biomarkers in PCa is currently at an early stage: none of the selected EV biomarkers goes beyond preclinical studies, and their translatability is yet far from clinical settings.
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Zhang Y, Kim JS, Wang TZ, Newton RU, Galvão DA, Gardiner RA, Hill MM, Taaffe DR. Potential Role of Exercise Induced Extracellular Vesicles in Prostate Cancer Suppression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:746040. [PMID: 34595123 PMCID: PMC8476889 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.746040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is increasingly recognized as a valuable treatment strategy in managing prostate cancer, not only enhancing supportive care but potentially influencing disease outcomes. However, there are limited studies investigating mechanisms of the tumor-suppressive effect of exercise. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as a therapeutic target for cancer as tumor-derived EVs have the potential to promote metastatic capacity by transferring oncogenic proteins, integrins, and microRNAs to other cells and EVs are also involved in developing drug resistance. Skeletal muscle has been identified as an endocrine organ, releasing EVs into the circulation, and levels of EV-containing factors have been shown to increase in response to exercise. Moreover, preclinical studies have demonstrated the tumor-suppressive effect of protein and microRNA contents in skeletal muscle-derived EVs in various cancers, including prostate cancer. Here we review current knowledge of the tumor-derived EVs in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, the role of exercise in skeletal muscle-derived EVs circulating levels and the alteration of their contents, and the potential tumor-suppressive effect of skeletal muscle-derived EV contents in prostate cancer. In addition, we review the proposed mechanism of exercise in the uptake of skeletal muscle-derived EVs in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Tian-Zhen Wang
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Robert A Gardiner
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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6
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Exosomes and prostate cancer management. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:101-111. [PMID: 34384877 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (and other extracellular vesicles) are now part of the cancer research landscape, involved both as players in pathophysiological mechanisms, as biomarkers of the cancer process and as therapeutic tools. One step they have yet to take is to move into routine clinical practice and management of prostate cancer is an example of this necessary maturation. More than for many other cancers and because a possible alternative is active surveillance (neither removal nor destruction), the diagnosis of prostate cancer does not only involve the detection of cancerous cells but also the determination of its true aggressiveness. By measuring TRMPRSS2:ERG fusion and PCA3 transcripts in urine exosomes, the EPI assay seems able to help prostate biopsy decision. Results from clinical studies showed that it can reduce the proportion of unnecessary biopsies while missing only a minimal proportion of clinically significant cancers. In metastatic prostate cancer, after failure of a first step androgen deprivation therapy, when a choice has to be made between a second-generation androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitor and taxane-based chemotherapy, detection of the AR splicing variant AR-V7 in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has appeared promising. Whether exosomes could be a better material (simpler to isolate from the bloodstream than CTCs?) to detect AR-V7 has been suggested by some studies and remains to be confirmed. At last, a couple of exploratory studies either targeted or used exosomes to treat prostate cancer, by respectively inhibiting their secretion (to prevent exosome-mediated transfer of biologically active oncogenic actors), or loading them with immunogenic cancer-specific proteins (to generate anticancer vaccine) or with pharmacologic agents. Overall efforts are however still needed to confirm these results and generalize exosome-based diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic strategies in prostate cancer management.
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7
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Saldana C, Majidipur A, Beaumont E, Huet E, de la Taille A, Vacherot F, Firlej V, Destouches D. Extracellular Vesicles in Advanced Prostate Cancer: Tools to Predict and Thwart Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153791. [PMID: 34359692 PMCID: PMC8345194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. At first, advanced PCa is treated by androgen deprivation therapy with a good initial response. Nevertheless, recurrences occur, leading to Castrate-Resistance Prostate Cancer (CRPC). During the last decade, new therapies based on inhibition of the androgen receptor pathway or taxane chemotherapies have been used to treat CRPC patients leading to an increase in overall survival, but the occurrence of resistances limits their benefits. Numerous studies have demonstrated the implication of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in different cancer cellular mechanisms. Thus, the possibility to isolate and explore EVs produced by tumor cells in plasma/sera represents an important opportunity for the deciphering of those mechanisms and the discovery of biomarkers. Herein, we summarized the role of EVs in therapeutic resistance of advanced prostate cancer and their use to find biomarkers able to predict these resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Saldana
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, TRePCa, F-94010 Creteil, France; (C.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (E.H.); (A.d.l.T.); (F.V.); (V.F.)
- AP-HP, Hopital Henri-Mondor, Service Oncologie, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Amene Majidipur
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, TRePCa, F-94010 Creteil, France; (C.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (E.H.); (A.d.l.T.); (F.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Emma Beaumont
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, TRePCa, F-94010 Creteil, France; (C.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (E.H.); (A.d.l.T.); (F.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Eric Huet
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, TRePCa, F-94010 Creteil, France; (C.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (E.H.); (A.d.l.T.); (F.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Alexandre de la Taille
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, TRePCa, F-94010 Creteil, France; (C.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (E.H.); (A.d.l.T.); (F.V.); (V.F.)
- AP-HP, Hopital Henri-Mondor, Service Urologie, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Francis Vacherot
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, TRePCa, F-94010 Creteil, France; (C.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (E.H.); (A.d.l.T.); (F.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Virginie Firlej
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, TRePCa, F-94010 Creteil, France; (C.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (E.H.); (A.d.l.T.); (F.V.); (V.F.)
| | - Damien Destouches
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, TRePCa, F-94010 Creteil, France; (C.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (E.H.); (A.d.l.T.); (F.V.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-49-81-36-14; Fax: +33-(0)1-49-81-39-00
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8
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Yekula A, Taylor A, Beecroft A, Kang KM, Small JL, Muralidharan K, Rosh Z, Carter BS, Balaj L. The role of extracellular vesicles in acquisition of resistance to therapy in glioblastomas. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:1-16. [PMID: 35582008 PMCID: PMC9019190 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor with a median survival of 15 months despite standard care therapy consisting of maximal surgical debulking, followed by radiation therapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide treatment. The natural history of GBM is characterized by inevitable recurrence with patients dying from increasingly resistant tumor regrowth after therapy. Several mechanisms including inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, the evolution of therapy-resistant clonal subpopulations, reacquisition of stemness in glioblastoma stem cells, multiple drug efflux mechanisms, the tumor-promoting microenvironment, metabolic adaptations, and enhanced repair of drug-induced DNA damage have been implicated in therapy failure. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as crucial mediators in the maintenance and establishment of GBM. Multiple seminal studies have uncovered the multi-dynamic role of EVs in the acquisition of drug resistance. Mechanisms include EV-mediated cargo transfer and EVs functioning as drug efflux channels and decoys for antibody-based therapies. In this review, we discuss the various mechanisms of therapy resistance in GBM, highlighting the emerging role of EV-orchestrated drug resistance. Understanding the landscape of GBM resistance is critical in devising novel therapeutic approaches to fight this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anudeep Yekula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | - Keiko M. Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Julia L. Small
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Koushik Muralidharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zachary Rosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bob S. Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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9
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Pezzicoli G, Tucci M, Lovero D, Silvestris F, Porta C, Mannavola F. Large Extracellular Vesicles-A New Frontier of Liquid Biopsy in Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186543. [PMID: 32906787 PMCID: PMC7555129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are emerging as pivotal elements in cancer. Many studies have focused on the role of Small- (S)-EVs but in recent years Large-(L)-EVs have progressively gained increasing interest due to their peculiar content and functions. Tumor-derived L-EVs carry a lot of oncogenic proteins, nucleic acids and lipids to recipient cells and are involved in the reshaping of the tumor microenvironment as well as in the metabolic rewiring and the promotion of the pro-metastatic attitude of cancer cells. Several techniques have been developed for the isolation of L-EVs and commercial kits are also available for efficient and easy recovery of these vesicles. Also, the improvement in DNA sequencing and “omics sciences” profoundly changed the way to analyze and explore the molecular content of L-EVs, thus providing novel and potentially useful cancer biomarkers. Herein, we review the most recent findings concerning the role of L-EVs in cancer and discuss their possible use in oncology as “liquid biopsy” tools as compared to the other classes of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Pezzicoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
- National Cancer Center, Tumori Institute Giovanni Paolo II, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Lovero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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de Oliveira MC, Caires HR, Oliveira MJ, Fraga A, Vasconcelos MH, Ribeiro R. Urinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1400. [PMID: 32485907 PMCID: PMC7352974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released by all cells and involved in intercellular communication. Importantly, EVs cargo includes nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins constantly transferred between different cell types, contributing to autocrine and paracrine signaling. In recent years, they have been shown to play vital roles, not only in normal biological functions, but also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In the multistep process of cancer progression, EVs act at different levels, from stimulation of neoplastic transformation, proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and formation of metastatic niches in distant organs, to immune escape and therapy resistance. Moreover, as products of their parental cells, reflecting their genetic signatures and phenotypes, EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Importantly, their potential to overcome the current limitations or the present diagnostic procedures has created interest in bladder cancer (BCa). Indeed, cystoscopy is an invasive and costly technique, whereas cytology has poor sensitivity for early staged and low-grade disease. Several urine-based biomarkers for BCa were found to overcome these limitations. Here, we review their potential advantages and downfalls. In addition, recent literature on the potential of EVs to improve BCa management was reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castanheira de Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo R. Caires
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Avelino Fraga
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP—Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Saber SH, Ali HEA, Gaballa R, Gaballah M, Ali HI, Zerfaoui M, Abd Elmageed ZY. Exosomes are the Driving Force in Preparing the Soil for the Metastatic Seeds: Lessons from the Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E564. [PMID: 32121073 PMCID: PMC7140426 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-membrane vesicles that various cell types secrete during physiological and pathophysiological conditions. By shuttling bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to target cells, exosomes serve as key regulators for multiple cellular processes, including cancer metastasis. Recently, microvesicles have emerged as a challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), encountered either when the number of vesicles increases or when the vesicles move into circulation, potentially with an ability to induce drug resistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Notably, the exosomal cargo can induce the desmoplastic response of PCa-associated cells in a tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote PCa metastasis. However, the crosstalk between PCa-derived exosomes and the TME remains only partially understood. In this review, we provide new insights into the metabolic and molecular signatures of PCa-associated exosomes in reprogramming the TME, and the subsequent promotion of aggressive phenotypes of PCa cells. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of TME reprogramming by exosomes draws more practical and universal conclusions for the development of new therapeutic interventions when considering TME in the treatment of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber H. Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Hamdy E. A. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Rofaida Gaballa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Mohamed Gaballah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Hamed I. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Mourad Zerfaoui
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
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12
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Borgovan T, Crawford L, Nwizu C, Quesenberry P. Stem cells and extracellular vesicles: biological regulators of physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C155-C166. [PMID: 30917031 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00017.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many different subpopulations of subcellular extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described. EVs are released from all cell types and have been shown to regulate normal physiological homeostasis, as well as pathological states by influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, organ homing, injury and recovery, as well as disease progression. In this review, we focus on the bidirectional actions of vesicles from normal and diseased cells on normal or leukemic target cells; and on the leukemic microenvironment as a whole. EVs from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can have a healing effect, reversing the malignant phenotype in prostate and colorectal cancer, as well as mitigating radiation damage to marrow. The role of EVs in leukemia and their bimodal cross talk with the encompassing microenvironment remains to be fully characterized. This may provide insight for clinical advances via the application of EVs as potential therapy and the employment of statistical and machine learning models to capture the pleiotropic effects EVs endow to a dynamic microenvironment, possibly allowing for precise therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Borgovan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lorin Crawford
- School of Public Health, Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Chibuikem Nwizu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
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13
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Lu KC, Zhang Y, Song E. Extracellular RNA: mechanisms of it’s transporting into target cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41544-019-0020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Dong L, Zieren RC, Wang Y, de Reijke TM, Xue W, Pienta KJ. Recent advances in extracellular vesicle research for urological cancers: From technology to application. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:342-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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15
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Namee NM, O'Driscoll L. Extracellular vesicles and anti-cancer drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:123-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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A New Stem Cell Biology: Transplantation and Baseline, Cell Cycle and Exosomes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1056:3-9. [PMID: 29754171 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74470-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell biology has focused on stem cell purification and the definition of the regulation of purified stem cells in a hierarchical system. Work on the whole unpurified murine marrow cell population has indicated that a significant number of hematopoietic stem cells, rather than being dormant, are actively cycling, always changing phenotype and therefore resistant to purification efforts by current approaches. The bulk of cycling marrow stem cells are discarded with the standard lineage negative, stem cell marker positive separations. Therefore, the purified stem cells do not appear to be representative of the total hematopoietic stem cell population. In addition, baseline hematopoiesis does not appear to be determined by the transplantable stem cells but rather by many short-lived clones of varying differentiation potential. These systems appear to be impacted by tissue derived extracellular vesicles and a number of other variables. Thus hematopoietic stem cell biology is now at a fascinating new beginning with great promise.
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17
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Liu YR, Ortiz-Bonilla CJ, Lee YF. Extracellular Vesicles in Bladder Cancer: Biomarkers and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2822. [PMID: 30231589 PMCID: PMC6165150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are membrane-bound, nanosized vesicles released by cancer cells and taken up by cells in the tumor microenvironment to modulate the molecular makeup and behavior of recipient cells. In this report, we summarize the pivotal roles of TEVs involved in bladder cancer (BC) development, progression and treatment resistance through transferring their bioactive cargos, including proteins and nucleic acids. We also report on the molecular profiling of TEV cargos derived from urine and blood of BC patients as non-invasive disease biomarkers. The current hurdles in EV research and plausible solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Carlos J Ortiz-Bonilla
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Yi-Fen Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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18
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Zhang Z, Xie Q, He D, Ling Y, Li Y, Li J, Zhang H. Circular RNA: new star, new hope in cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:834. [PMID: 30126353 PMCID: PMC6102867 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs are a new class of endogenous non-coding RNA that can function as crucial regulators of diverse cellular processes. The diverse types of circular RNAs with varying cytogenetics in cancer have also been reported. Circular RNAs can act as a microRNA sponge or through other mechanisms to regulate gene expression as either tumor inhibitors or accelerators, suggesting that circular RNAs can serve as newly developed biomarkers with clinic implications. Here, we summerized recent advances on circular RNAs in cancer and described a circular RNA network associated with tumorigenesis. The clinical implications of circular RNAs in cancer were also discussed in this paper. SHORT CONCLUSION Growing evidence has revealed the crucial regulatory roles of circular RNAs in cancer and the elucidation of functional mechanisms involving circular RNAs would be helpful to construct a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Moreover, circular RNAs can be easily detected due to their relative stability, widespread expression, and abundance in exosomes, blood and saliva; thus, circular RNAs have potential as new and ideal clinical biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Qing Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Dongmei He
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Huizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, 516000 China
| | - Yuan Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Yuchao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Jiangbin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808 China
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19
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Systems pharmacology using mass spectrometry identifies critical response nodes in prostate cancer. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 4:26. [PMID: 29977602 PMCID: PMC6026592 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States alone one in five newly diagnosed cancers in men are prostate carcinomas (PCa). Androgen receptor (AR) status and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction pathway are critical in PCa. After initial response to single drugs targeting these pathways resistance often emerges, indicating the need for combination therapy. Here, we address the question of efficacy of drug combinations and development of resistance mechanisms to targeted therapy by a systems pharmacology approach. We combine targeted perturbation with detailed observation of the molecular response by mass spectrometry. We hypothesize that the molecular short-term (24 h) response reveals details of how PCa cells adapt to counter the anti-proliferative drug effect. With focus on six drugs currently used in PCa treatment or targeting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction pathway, we perturbed the LNCaP clone FGC cell line by a total of 21 treatment conditions using single and paired drug combinations. The molecular response was analyzed by the mass spectrometric quantification of 52 proteins. Analysis of the data revealed a pattern of strong responders, i.e., proteins that were consistently downregulated or upregulated across many of the perturbation conditions. The downregulated proteins, HN1, PAK1, and SPAG5, are potential early indicators of drug efficacy and point to previously less well-characterized response pathways in PCa cells. Some of the upregulated proteins such as 14-3-3 proteins and KLK2 may be useful early markers of adaptive response and indicate potential resistance pathways targetable as part of combination therapy to overcome drug resistance. The potential of 14-3-3ζ (YWHAZ) as a target is underscored by the independent observation, based on cancer genomics of surgical specimens, that its DNA copy number and transcript levels tend to increase with PCa disease progression. The combination of systematic drug perturbation combined with detailed observation of short-term molecular response using mass spectrometry is a potentially powerful tool to discover response markers and anti-resistance targets. Metastatic prostate cancer is often treated with pharmacological agents to prevent the tumor from expanding; however, despite advances in drug development patients often die of the disease. An international research team lead by Ruedi Aebersold (ETH Zürich, Switzerland) and Chris Sander (Dana Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA) asked how prostate cancer cells adapt to pharmacological treatment on the molecular protein level and find a general response in their prostate cancer model. Next, they asked if similar changes are found in prostate cancer patients. Indeed, the same proteins upregulated in prostate cancer models are also upregulated in prostate cancer patients. Immediately, this has implications for patient treatment stratification and opens new avenues for drug developments in metastatic prostate cancer.
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20
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Vlaeminck-Guillem V. Extracellular Vesicles in Prostate Cancer Carcinogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. Front Oncol 2018; 8:222. [PMID: 29951375 PMCID: PMC6008571 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, are now well recognized as major ways by which cancer cells interact with each other and stromal cells. The meaningful messages transmitted by the EVs are carried by all components of the EVs, i.e., the membrane lipids and the cargo (DNAs, RNAs, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, proteins). They are clearly part of the armed arsenal by which cancer cells obtain and share more and more advantages to grow and conquer new spaces. Identification of these messages offers a significant opportunity to better understand how a cancer occurs and then develops both locally and distantly. But it also provides a powerful means by which cancer progression can be detected and monitored. In the last few years, significant research efforts have been made to precisely identify how the EV trafficking is modified in cancer cells as compared to normal cells and how this trafficking is altered during cancer progression. Prostate cancer has not escaped this trend. The aim of this review is to describe the results obtained when assessing the meaningful content of prostate cancer- and stromal-derived EVs in terms of a better comprehension of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer occurrence and development. This review also deals with the use of EVs as powerful tools to diagnose non-indolent prostate cancer as early as possible and to accurately define, in a personalized approach, its present and potential aggressiveness, its response to treatment (androgen deprivation, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery), and the overall patients’ prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
- Medical Unit of Molecular Oncology and Transfer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, CNRS 5286, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Léon Bérard Centre, Lyon, France
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21
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Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Neuvonen M, Takatalo M, Thanigai Arasu U, Capasso C, Cerullo V, Rhim JS, Rilla K, Yliperttula M, Siljander PRM. Metastatic state of parent cells influences the uptake and functionality of prostate cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1354645. [PMID: 28819549 PMCID: PMC5556667 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1354645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, mediate intercellular signalling which has a profound role in cancer progression and in the development of metastasis. Internalisation of EVs can prompt functional changes in the recipient cells, the nature of which depends on the molecular composition and the cargo of the EVs. We hypothesised that the metastatic stage of cancerous parent cells would determine the uptake efficacy and the subsequent functional effects of the respective cancer cell-derived EVs. To address this question, we compared the internalisation of EVs derived from two metastatic site-derived prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP), human telomerase reverse transcriptase immortalised primary malignant prostate epithelial cells (RC92a/hTERT), and a benign epithelial prostate cell line (PNT2). EVs isolated from the metastatic site-derived PC-3 and LNCaP cells were more efficiently internalised by the PC-3 and PNT2 cells compared to the EVs from the primary malignant RC92a/hTERT cells or the benign PNT2 cells, as determined by high content microscopy, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. EV uptake was also influenced by the phase of the cell cycle, so that an increased EV-derived fluorescence signal was observed in the cells at the G2/M phase compared to the G0/G1 or S phases. Finally, differences were also observed in the functions of the recipient cells based on the EV source. Proliferation of PNT2 cells and to a lesser extent also PC-3 cells was enhanced particularly by the EVs from the metastatic-site-derived prostate cancer cells in comparison to the EVs from the benign cells or primary cancer cells, whereas migration of PC-3 cells was enhanced by all cancerous EVs. RESPONSIBLE EDITOR Takahiro Ochiya, National Cancer Center, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Neuvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Takatalo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Uma Thanigai Arasu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cristian Capasso
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johng S Rhim
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia R-M Siljander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ye Y, Shen D, Zhang H, Huang H, Li S, Wang S, Ren J. Quantitative proteome analysis of colorectal cancer-related differential proteins. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 143:233-241. [PMID: 27659785 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a new strategy for profiling proteomic changes in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODES We used laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain cells from 20 CRC and paired normal mucosal tissues. The differential proteins between the microdissected tumor cells and normal mucosa epithelia were analyzed by acetylation stable isotopic labeling coupled with L linear ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LTQ-FT MS). Western blotting was used to assess the differential expression of proteins. We used bioinformatics tools for cluster and ingenuity pathway analysis of the differential proteins. RESULTS In total, 798 confident proteins were quantified and 137 proteins were differentially expressed by at least twofold, including 67 that were upregulated and 70 that were downregulated in cancer. Two differential proteins, solute carrier family 12 member 2 (SLC12A2) and Ras-related protein Rab-10, were validated by Western blotting, and the results were consistent with acetylation stable isotopic labeling analysis. According to gene ontology analysis, CRC-related differential proteins covered a wide range of subcellular locations and were involved in many biological processes. According to ingenuity pathway analysis of the differential proteins, the most relevant canonical pathway associated with CRC was the 14-3-3-mediated signaling pathway, and seven reliable functional networks including cellular growth and proliferation, amino acid metabolism, inflammatory response, embryonic development, carbohydrate metabolism, cellular assembly and organization, and cell morphology were obtained. CONCLUSIONS Combination of LCM, acetylation stable isotopic labeling analysis and LTQ-FT MS is effective for profiling proteomic changes in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjiang Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Danhua Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Beijing Key Lab for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Beijing Key Lab for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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23
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Role of HLA-G and extracellular vesicles in renal cancer stem cell-induced inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1009. [PMID: 26704308 PMCID: PMC4690241 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor immune-escape has been related to the ability of cancer cells to inhibit T cell activation and dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. We previously identified a tumor initiating population, expressing the mesenchymal marker CD105, which fulfills the criteria for definition as cancer stem cells (CD105(+) CSCs) able to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that favor tumor progression and metastases. The aim of the present study was to compare the ability of renal CSCs and derived EVs to modulate the behavior of monocyte-derived DCs with a non-tumor initiating renal cancer cell population (CD105(-) TCs) and their EVs. METHODS Maturation of monocyte-derived DCs was studied in presence of CD105(+) CSCs and CD105(-) TCs and their derived EVs. DC differentiation experiments were evaluated by cytofluorimetric analysis. T cell proliferation and ELISA assays were performed. Monocytes and T cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy donors. RESULTS The results obtained demonstrate that both CD105(+) CSCs and CD105(-) TCs impaired the differentiation process of DCs from monocytes. However, the immune-modulatory effect of CD105(+) CSCs was significantly greater than that of CD105(-) TCs. EVs derived from CD105(+) CSCs and in less extent, those derived from CD105(-) TCs retained the ability to impair monocyte maturation and T cell activation. The mechanism has been mainly related to the expression of HLA-G by tumor cells and to its release in a form associated to EVs. HLA-G blockade significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of EVs on DC differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that renal cancer cells and in particular CSCs and derived EVs impair maturation of DCs and T cell immune response by a mechanism involving HLA-G.
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24
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Lindoso RS, Sandim V, Collino F, Carvalho AB, Dias J, da Costa MR, Zingali RB, Vieyra A. Proteomics of cell-cell interactions in health and disease. Proteomics 2015; 16:328-44. [PMID: 26552723 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of cell-cell communications are now under intense study by proteomic approaches. Proteomics has unraveled changes in protein profiling as the result of cell interactions mediated by ligand/receptor, hormones, soluble factors, and the content of extracellular vesicles. Besides being a brief overview of the main and profitable methodologies now available (evaluating theory behind the methods, their usefulness, and pitfalls), this review focuses on-from a proteome perspective-some signaling pathways and post-translational modifications (PTMs), which are essential for understanding ischemic lesions and their recovery in two vital organs in mammals, the heart, and the kidney. Knowledge of misdirection of the proteome during tissue recovery, such as represented by the convergence between fibrosis and cancer, emerges as an important tool in prognosis. Proteomics of cell-cell interaction is also especially useful for understanding how stem cells interact in injured tissues, anticipating clues for rational therapeutic interventions. In the effervescent field of induced pluripotency and cell reprogramming, proteomic studies have shown what proteins from specialized cells contribute to the recovery of infarcted tissues. Overall, we conclude that proteomics is at the forefront in helping us to understand the mechanisms that underpin prevalent pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Sandim
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Federica Collino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Translational Center of Regenerative Medicine, University of Turin/Fresenius Medical Care, Turin, Italy
| | - Adriana B Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dias
- National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milene R da Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Russolina B Zingali
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Proteomic Network of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Translational Biomedicine Graduate Program, Grand Rio University, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
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25
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Kwon B, Gamache T, Lee HK, Querfurth HW. Synergistic effects of β-amyloid and ceramide-induced insulin resistance on mitochondrial metabolism in neuronal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1810-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Mulvey HE, Chang A, Adler J, Del Tatto M, Perez K, Quesenberry PJ, Chatterjee D. Extracellular vesicle-mediated phenotype switching in malignant and non-malignant colon cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:571. [PMID: 26231887 PMCID: PMC4522096 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from many cells, carrying cargoes including proteins and nucleic acids. Research has shown that EVs play a role in a variety of biological processes including immunity, bone formation and recently they have been implicated in promotion of a metastatic phenotype. METHODS EVs were isolated from HCT116 colon cancer cells, 1459 non-malignant colon fibroblast cells, and tumor and normal colon tissue from a patient sample. Co-cultures were performed with 1459 cells and malignant vesicles, as well as HCT116 cells and non-malignant vesicles. Malignant phenotype was measured using soft agar colony formation assay. Co-cultures were also analyzed for protein levels using mass spectrometry. The importance of 14-3-3 zeta/delta in transfer of malignant phenotype was explored using siRNA. Additionally, luciferase reporter assay was used to measure the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. RESULTS This study demonstrates the ability of EVs derived from malignant colon cancer cell line and malignant patient tissue to induce the malignant phenotype in non-malignant colon cells. Similarly, EVs derived from non-malignant colon cell lines and normal patient tissue reversed the malignant phenotype of HCT116 cells. Cells expressing an EV-induced malignant phenotype showed increased transcriptional activity of NF-κB which was inhibited by the NF--κB inhibitor, BAY117082. We also demonstrate that knock down of 14-3-3 zeta/delta reduced anchorage-independent growth of HCT116 cells and 1459 cells co-cultured with HCT derived EVs. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of EV-mediated induction of malignant phenotype, and reversal of malignant phenotype, provides rational basis for further study of the role of EVs in tumorigenesis. Identification of 14-3-3 zeta/delta as up-regulated in malignancy suggests its potential as a putative drug target for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary E Mulvey
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Audrey Chang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Jason Adler
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Michael Del Tatto
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Kimberly Perez
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Coro West, Suite 5.01, One Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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27
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Tompkins AJ, Chatterjee D, Maddox M, Wang J, Arciero E, Camussi G, Quesenberry PJ, Renzulli JF. The emergence of extracellular vesicles in urology: fertility, cancer, biomarkers and targeted pharmacotherapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:23815. [PMID: 26134460 PMCID: PMC4488336 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.23815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small membrane-bound vesicles enriched in a selective repertoire of mRNA, miRNA, proteins and cell surface receptors from parental cells and are actively involved in the transmission of inter and intracellular signals. Cancer cells produce EV that contain cargo including DNA, mRNA, miRNA and proteins that allow EV to create epigenetic changes in target cells both locally and systemically. Cancer-derived EV play critical roles in tumorigenesis, cancer cell migration, metastasis, evasion of host immune defense, chemoresistance, and they promote a premetastatic niche favourable to micrometastatic seeding. Their unique molecular profiles acquired from originator cells and their presence in numerous body fluids, including blood and urine, make them promising candidates as biomarkers for prostate, renal and bladder cancers. EV may ultimately serve as targets for therapy and as platforms for personalized medicine in urology. As urologic malignancy comprises 28% of new solid tumour diagnoses and 15% of cancer-related deaths, EV-related research is rapidly emerging and providing unique insights into disease progression. In this report, we review the current literature on EV in the setting of genitourinary fertility and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Tompkins
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Miriam Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;
| | - Michael Maddox
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Miriam Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Justin Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emily Arciero
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and School of Biotechnology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joseph F Renzulli
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Miriam Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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28
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Wang JQ, DeChalus A, Chatterjee DN, Keller ET, Mizokami A, Camussi G, Mendelsohn AR, Renzulli JF, Quesenberry PJ, Chatterjee D. Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Reversal of Paclitaxel Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 20:407-17. [PMID: 27279238 PMCID: PMC5331882 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v20.i5-6.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid tumor in males and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males in the United States. The current first line therapy for metastatic PCa is androgen deprivation therapy and is initially effective against the disease. However, castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) develops in many men within 18-36 months, rendering this treatment ineffective. Chemotherapy, with a class of drugs known as taxanes is the standard-of-care cytotoxic option in metastatic castrate resistant PCa (mCRPC). However, the overall survival advantage for chemotherapy in mCRPC is only 2.2 months and the cancer cells often become resistant to these drugs as well. Once patients fail chemotherapy the progression to death is inevitable. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in cell signaling and play a role in cancer progression. Previous work has demonstrated that EVs are involved in the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. We report the reversal of taxane resistance and tumorigenic phenotype in PCa cells after EVs treatment. This study suggests that EVs represent a potentially novel therapeutic treatment option for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Q. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Austin DeChalus
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | | | - Evan T. Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Joseph F. Renzulli
- Department of Urology, Miriam Hospital, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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29
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Quesenberry PJ, Goldberg LR, Aliotta JM, Dooner MS, Pereira MG, Wen S, Camussi G. Cellular phenotype and extracellular vesicles: basic and clinical considerations. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1429-36. [PMID: 24564699 PMCID: PMC4066231 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early work on platelet and erythrocyte vesicles interpreted the phenomena as a discard of material from cells. Subsequently, vesicles were studied as possible vaccines and, most recently, there has been a focus on the effects of vesicles on cell fate. Recent studies have indicated that extracellular vesicles, previously referred to as microvesicles or exosomes, have the capacity to change the phenotype of neighboring cells. Extensive work has shown that vesicles derived from either the lung or liver can enter bone marrow cells (this is a prerequisite) and alter their fate toward that of the originating liver and lung tissue. Lung vesicles interacted with bone marrow cells result in the bone marrow cells expressing surfactants A-D, Clara cell protein, and aquaporin-5 mRNA. In a similar vein, liver-derived vesicles induce albumin mRNA in target marrow cells. The vesicles contain protein, mRNA, microRNA, and noncoding RNA and variably some DNA. This genetic package is delivered to cells and alters the phenotype. Further studies have shown that initially the altered phenotype is due to the transfer of mRNA and a transcriptional modulator, but long-term epigenetic changes are induced through transfer of a transcriptional factor, and the mRNA is rapidly degraded in the cell. Studies on the capacity of vesicles to restore injured tissue have been quite informative. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived vesicles are able to reverse the injury to the damaged liver and kidney. Other studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell-derived vesicles can reverse radiation toxicity of bone marrow stem cells. Extracellular vesicles offer an intriguing strategy for treating a number of diseases characterized by tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medical Oncology Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Laura R. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Medical Oncology Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jason M. Aliotta
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mark S. Dooner
- Department of Medical Oncology Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mandy G. Pereira
- Department of Medical Oncology Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sicheng Wen
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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30
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Extracellular RNA mediates and marks cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 28:14-23. [PMID: 24783980 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Different types of RNAs identified thus far represent a diverse group of macromolecules that are involved in the regulation of different biological processes. RNA is generally thought to be localized primarily in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, some types of RNA have been detected in the extracellular milieu. These extracellular RNA (exRNA) molecules are protected from degradation and it is now widely accepted that extracellular vesicles and ribonucleoprotein particles serve as transport vehicles for exRNA among cells. The functional consequence of this transfer of genetic information probably encompasses a broad range of normal developmental and physiologic processes in many organisms. This review will focus on the role of exRNA communication in cancer. We will focus on different types of RNA species identified and characterized within tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Further, we will describe the role of exRNAs in cancer progression, as well as their potential for use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for monitoring and treating cancer, respectively.
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31
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Extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer: new future clinical strategies? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:561571. [PMID: 24707491 PMCID: PMC3950949 DOI: 10.1155/2014/561571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer—excluding skin tumors—in men older than 50 years of age. Over time, the ability to diagnose PCa has improved considerably, mainly due to the introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the clinical routine. However, it is important to take into account that although PSA is a highly organ-specific marker, it is not cancer-specific. This shortcoming suggests the need to find new and more specific molecular markers. Several emerging PCa biomarkers have been evaluated or are being assessed for their potential use. There is increasing interest in the prospective use of extracellular vesicles as specific markers; it is well known that the content of vesicles is dependent on their cellular origin and is strongly related to the stimulus that triggers the release of the vesicles. Consequently, the identification of a disease-specific molecule (protein, lipid or RNA) associated with vesicles could facilitate their use as novel biological markers. The present review describes several in vitro studies that demonstrate the role of vesicles in PCa progression and several in vivo studies that highlight the potential use of vesicles as PCa biomarkers.
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32
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Abstract
The role of extracellular vesicles as an important mediator of cell-to-cell communication has been well established by many studies that have shown their capability for exchanging proteins, bioactive lipids and nucleic acids. Extracellular vesicles have been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes according to the cell of origin. Identification of the innate properties of extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells and from immune cells has led to the possibility of their exploitation in regenerative medicine and immune therapies. As extracellular vesicles are able to cross biological barriers, express surface receptors and contain defined cargoes able to target specific cells/tissues, they may represent a biocompatible and effective tool for drug delivery. Herein, we review and discuss the perspectives related to the therapeutic opportunities of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Camussi
- Department Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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