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GHAZY S, OKTAY L, DURDAĞI S. A novel algorithm for the virtual screening of extensive small molecule libraries against ERCC1/XPF protein-protein interaction for the identification of resistance-bypassing potential anticancer molecules. Turk J Biol 2024; 48:91-111. [PMID: 39051064 PMCID: PMC11265927 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0152.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Cancer cell's innate chemotherapeutic resistance continues to be an obstacle in molecular oncology. This theory is firmly tied to the cancer cells' integral DNA repair mechanisms continuously neutralizing the effects of chemotherapy. Amidst these mechanisms, the nuclear excision repair pathway is crucial in renovating DNA lesions prompted by agents like Cisplatin. The ERCC1/XPF complex stands center-stage as a structure-specific endonuclease in this repair pathway. Targeting the ERCC1/XPF dimerization brings forth a strategy to augment chemotherapy by eschewing the resistance mechanism integral to cancer cells. This study tracks and identifies small anticancer molecules, with ERCC1/XPF inhibiting potential, within extensive small-molecule compound libraries. Materials and methods A novel hybrid virtual screening algorithm, conjoining ligand- and target-based approaches, was developed. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were then run on the obtained hit molecules to reveal their structural and dynamic contributions within the binding site. MD simulations were followed by MM/GBSA calculations to qualify the change in binding free energies of the protein/ligand complexes throughout MD simulations. Results Conducted analyses highlight new potential inhibitors AN-487/40936989 from the SPECS SC library, K219-1359, and K786-1161 from the ChemDiv Representative Set library as showing better predicted activity than previously discovered ERCC1/XPF inhibitor, CHEMBL3617209. Conclusion The algorithm implemented in this study expands our comprehension of chemotherapeutic resistance and how to overcome it through identifying ERCC1/XPF inhibitors with the aim of enhancing chemotherapeutic impact giving hope for ameliorated cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma GHAZY
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
- Lab for Innovative Drugs (Lab4IND), Computational Drug Design Center (HITMER), Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Lalehan OKTAY
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
- Lab for Innovative Drugs (Lab4IND), Computational Drug Design Center (HITMER), Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Serdar DURDAĞI
- Department of Biophysics, Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
- Lab for Innovative Drugs (Lab4IND), Computational Drug Design Center (HITMER), Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Molecular Therapy Lab, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
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Köberle B, Usanova S, Piee-Staffa A, Heinicke U, Clauss P, Brozovic A, Kaina B. Strong apoptotic response of testis tumor cells following cisplatin treatment. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:1007-1017. [PMID: 37891379 PMCID: PMC10853295 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Most solid metastatic cancers are resistant to chemotherapy. However, metastatic testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are cured in over 80% of patients using cisplatin-based combination therapy. Published data suggest that TGCTs are sensitive to cisplatin due to limited DNA repair and presumably also to a propensity to undergo apoptosis. To further investigate this aspect, cisplatin-induced activation of apoptotic pathways was investigated in cisplatin-sensitive testis tumor cells (TTC) and compared to cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells. Apoptosis induction was investigated using flow cytometry, caspase activation and PARP-1 cleavage. Immunoblotting and RT-PCR were applied to investigate pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Transfections were performed to target p53- and Fas/FasL-mediated apoptotic signaling. Immunoblotting experiments revealed p53 to be induced in TTC, but not bladder cancer cells following cisplatin. Higher levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and Noxa were observed in TTC, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was solely expressed in bladder cancer cells. Cisplatin led to translocation of Bax to the mitochondrial membrane in TTC, resulting in cytochrome C release. Cisplatin increased the expression of FasR mRNA and FasL protein in all tumor cell lines. Targeting the apoptotic pathway via siRNA-mediated knockdown of p53 and FAS reduced death receptor-mediated apoptosis and increased cisplatin resistance in TTC, indicating the involvement of FAS-mediated apoptosis in the cisplatin TTC response. In conclusion, both the death receptor and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway become strongly activated in TTC following cisplatin treatment, explaining, together with attenuated DNA repair, their unique sensitivity toward platinum-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Köberle
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Svetlana Usanova
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Piee-Staffa
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heinicke
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp Clauss
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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3
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He J, Zhou Y, Sun L. Emerging mechanisms of the unfolded protein response in therapeutic resistance: from chemotherapy to Immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:89. [PMID: 38297380 PMCID: PMC10832166 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). As an adaptive cellular response to hostile microenvironments, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, and chemotherapeutic drugs, the UPR is activated in diverse cancer types and functions as a dynamic tumour promoter in cancer development; this role of the UPR indicates that regulation of the UPR can be utilized as a target for tumour treatment. T-cell exhaustion mainly refers to effector T cells losing their effector functions and expressing inhibitory receptors, leading to tumour immune evasion and the loss of tumour control. Emerging evidence suggests that the UPR plays a crucial role in T-cell exhaustion, immune evasion, and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of UPR activation, the effect of the UPR on immune evasion, the emerging mechanisms of the UPR in chemotherapy and immunotherapy resistance, and agents that target the UPR for tumour therapeutics. An understanding of the role of the UPR in immune evasion and therapeutic resistance will be helpful to identify new therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Huan, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Medical College Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Huan, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
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4
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Slyskova J, Muniesa-Vargas A, da Silva I, Drummond R, Park J, Häckes D, Poetsch I, Ribeiro-Silva C, Moretton A, Heffeter P, Schärer O, Vermeulen W, Lans H, Loizou J. Detection of oxaliplatin- and cisplatin-DNA lesions requires different global genome repair mechanisms that affect their clinical efficacy. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad057. [PMID: 38058548 PMCID: PMC10696645 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin and oxaliplatin depends on the balance between the DNA damage induction and the DNA damage response of tumor cells. Based on clinical evidence, oxaliplatin is administered to cisplatin-unresponsive cancers, but the underlying molecular causes for this tumor specificity are not clear. Hence, stratification of patients based on DNA repair profiling is not sufficiently utilized for treatment selection. Using a combination of genetic, transcriptomics and imaging approaches, we identified factors that promote global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) of DNA-platinum adducts induced by oxaliplatin, but not by cisplatin. We show that oxaliplatin-DNA lesions are a poor substrate for GG-NER initiating factor XPC and that DDB2 and HMGA2 are required for efficient binding of XPC to oxaliplatin lesions and subsequent GG-NER initiation. Loss of DDB2 and HMGA2 therefore leads to hypersensitivity to oxaliplatin but not to cisplatin. As a result, low DDB2 levels in different colon cancer cells are associated with GG-NER deficiency and oxaliplatin hypersensitivity. Finally, we show that colon cancer patients with low DDB2 levels have a better prognosis after oxaliplatin treatment than patients with high DDB2 expression. We therefore propose that DDB2 is a promising predictive marker of oxaliplatin treatment efficiency in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Slyskova
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alba Muniesa-Vargas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Israel Tojal da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Drummond
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Jiyeong Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - David Häckes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Poetsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Ribeiro-Silva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amandine Moretton
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna I Loizou
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Mansur MB, deSouza NM, Natrajan R, Abegglen LM, Schiffman JD, Greaves M. Evolutionary determinants of curability in cancer. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1761-1770. [PMID: 37620552 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant cells, most of which have a mutated TP53 gene, prevents curative treatment in most advanced and common metastatic cancers of adults. Yet, a few, rarer malignancies, all of which are TP53 wild type, have high cure rates. In this Perspective, we discuss how common features of curable cancers offer insights into the evolutionary and developmental determinants of drug resistance. Acquired loss of TP53 protein function is the most common genetic change in cancer. This probably reflects positive selection in the context of strong ecosystem pressures including microenvironmental hypoxia. Loss of TP53's functions results in multiple fitness benefits and enhanced evolvability of cancer cells. TP53-null cells survive apoptosis, and tolerate potent oncogenic signalling, DNA damage and genetic instability. In addition, critically, they provide an expanded pool of self-renewing, or stem, cells, the primary units of evolutionary selection in cancer, making subsequent adaptation to therapeutic challenge by drug resistance highly probable. The exceptional malignancies that are curable, including the common genetic subtype of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and testicular seminoma, differ from the common adult cancers in originating prenatally from embryonic or fetal cells that are developmentally primed for TP53-dependent apoptosis. Plus, they have other genetic and phenotypic features that enable dissemination without exposure to selective pressures for TP53 loss, retaining their intrinsic drug hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandita M deSouza
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Imaging, The Royal Marsden National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lisa M Abegglen
- Department of Pediatrics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Peel Therapeutics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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6
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Almushawwah S, Almutairi MH, Alamri AM, Semlali A. A Significant Increasing Risk Association between Cigarette Smoking and XPA and XPC Genes Polymorphisms. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1349. [PMID: 37510255 PMCID: PMC10379612 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) is a major cause of various serious diseases due to tobacco chemicals. There is evidence suggesting that CS has been linked with the DNA damage repair system, as it can affect genomic stability, inducing genetic changes in the genes involved in the repair system, specifically the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, affecting the function and/or regulation of these genes. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), along with CS, can affect the work of the NER pathway and, therefore, could lead to different diseases. This study explored the association of four SNPs in both XPA and XPC genes with CS in the Saudi population. The Taq Man genotyping assay was used for 220 healthy non-smokers (control) and 201 healthy smokers to evaluate four SNPs in the XPA gene named rs10817938, rs1800975, rs3176751, and rs3176752 and four SNPs in the XPC gene called rs1870134, rs2228000, rs2228001, and rs2607775. In the XPA gene, SNP rs3176751 showed a high-risk association with CS-induced diseases with all clinical parameters, including CS duration, CS intensity, gender, and age of smokers. On the other hand, SNP rs1800975 showed a statistically significant low-risk association with all clinical parameters. In addition, rs10817938 showed a high-risk association only with long-term smokers and a low-risk association only with younger smokers. A low-risk association was found in SNP rs3176752 with older smokers. In the XPC gene, SNP rs2228001 showed a low-risk association only with female smokers. SNP rs2607775 revealed a statistically significant low-risk association with CS-induced diseases, concerning all parameters, except for male smokers. However, SNP rs2228000 and rs1870134 showed no association with CS. Overall, the study results demonstrated possible significant associations (effector/and protector) between CS and SNPs polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, such as XPA and XPC, except for rs2228000 and rs1870134 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiah Almushawwah
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Alamri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 Rue de la Terrasse, Local 1758, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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7
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Funke K, Einsfelder U, Hansen A, Arévalo L, Schneider S, Nettersheim D, Stein V, Schorle H. Genome-scale CRISPR screen reveals neddylation to contribute to cisplatin resistance of testicular germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:2270-2282. [PMID: 37024667 PMCID: PMC10241889 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type II testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) are the most prevalent tumours in young men. Patients suffering from cisplatin-resistant TGCTs are facing very poor prognosis demanding novel therapeutic options. Neddylation is a known posttranslational modification mediating many important biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Overactivation of the neddylation pathway promotes carcinogenesis and tumour progression in various entities by inducing proteasomal degradation of tumour suppressors (e.g., p21, p27). METHODS We used a genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 activation screen to identify cisplatin resistance factors. TGCT cell lines were treated with the neddylation inhibitor (MLN4924)/cisplatin/combination and investigated for changes in viability (XTT assay), apoptosis/cell cycle (flow cytometry) as well as in the transcriptome (3'mRNA sequencing). RESULTS NAE1 overexpression was detected in cisplatin-resistant colonies from the CRISPR screen. Inhibition of neddylation using MLN4924 increased cisplatin cytotoxicity in TGCT cell lines and sensitised cisplatin-resistant cells towards cisplatin. Apoptosis, G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest, γH2A.X/P27 accumulation and mesoderm/endoderm differentiation were observed in TGCT cells, while fibroblast cells were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS We identified overactivation of neddylation as a factor for cisplatin resistance in TGCTs and highlighted the additive effect of NAE1 inhibition by MLN4924 in combination with cisplatin as a novel treatment option for TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Funke
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulf Einsfelder
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aylin Hansen
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Arévalo
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Schneider
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Valentin Stein
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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8
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Zuo N, Ma L, Liu T, Hu W, Luo Y, Meng H, Ren Q, Deng Y, Wei L, Liu Q. Human papillomavirus associated XPF deficiency increases alternative end joining and cisplatin sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2023; 140:106367. [PMID: 36996606 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human papillomavirus (HPV) positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) showed a considerably better prognosis with greater cisplatin sensitivity compared to their HPV-negative counterparts. Deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms for HPV-induced cisplatin sensitivity is imperative to improve the prognosis of HPV-negative HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway status in HNSCC cells was analysed by detecting the cell cycle and chromosomal aberrations. XPF expression was validated using PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Droplet digital PCR and GFP expressing reporter assay were used to analyse the changes in alternative end-joining (alt-EJ) levels. The cisplatin sensitization was verified by cell proliferation assay, clonogenic cell survival assay, and TUNEL. RESULTS HPV-positive HNSCC cells showed significant prolonged G2-M cell cycle arrest and aberrant chromosome formation under interstrand crosslinker treatment. Both mRNA and protein expression of XPF were considerably decreased in HPV-positive HNSCC, according to the analysis of cellular and clinical data. XPF inhibition upregulated the activity of the alt-EJ pathway in HPV-negative HNSCC cells by 32.02% (P < 0.001) but had little effect on HPV-positive HNSCC. Consistent with this, simultaneous suppression of XPF and alt-EJ enhanced cisplatin sensitivity of HPV-negative HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION HPV-positive HNSCC cells exhibit a profound FA pathway deficiency associated with reduced XPF expression. HNSCC cells with compromised XPF function are more reliant on the alt-EJ pathway for genomic stability. Combining FA and alt-EJ inhibition may be used to cope with the hard-to-treat HPV-negative HNSCC.
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9
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Prognostication of DNA Damage Response Protein Expression Patterns in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065481. [PMID: 36982555 PMCID: PMC10049670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic DNA Damage Repair (DDR) expression patterns in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia were characterized by quantifying and clustering 24 total and phosphorylated DDR proteins. Overall, three protein expression patterns (C1-C3) were identified and were associated as an independent predictor of distinct patient overall survival outcomes. Patients within clusters C1 and C2 had poorer survival outcomes and responses to fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituxan chemotherapy compared to patients within cluster C3. However, DDR protein expression patterns were not prognostic in more modern therapies with BCL2 inhibitors or a BTK/PI3K inhibitor. Individually, nine of the DDR proteins were prognostic for predicting overall survival and/or time to first treatment. When looking for other proteins that may be associated with or influenced by DDR expression patterns, our differential expression analysis found that cell cycle and adhesion proteins were lower in clusters compared to normal CD19 controls. In addition, cluster C3 had a lower expression of MAPK proteins compared to the poor prognostic patient clusters thus implying a potential regulatory connection between adhesion, cell cycle, MAPK, and DDR signaling in CLL. Thus, assessing the proteomic expression of DNA damage proteins in CLL provided novel insights for deciphering influences on patient outcomes and expanded our understanding of the potential complexities and effects of DDR cell signaling.
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10
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Testis-expressed gene 11 inhibits cisplatin-induced DNA damage and contributes to chemoresistance in testicular germ cell tumor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18423. [PMID: 36319719 PMCID: PMC9626550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is a rare cancer but the most common tumor among adolescent and young adult males. Patients with advanced TGCT often exhibit a worse prognosis due to the acquisition of therapeutic resistance. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is a standard treatment for advanced TGCTs initially sensitive to cisplatin, as exemplified by embryonal carcinoma. The acquisition of cisplatin resistance, however, could be a fatal obstacle for TGCT management. To identify cisplatin resistance-related genes, we performed transcriptome analysis for cisplatin-resistant TGCT cells compared to parental cells. In two types of cisplatin-resistant TGCT cell models that we established from patient-derived TGCT cells, and from the NEC8 cell line, we found that mRNA levels of the high-mobility-group nucleosome-binding gene HMGN5 and meiosis-related gene TEX11 were remarkably upregulated compared to those in the corresponding parental cells. We showed that either HMGN5 or TEX11 knockdown substantially reduced the viability of cisplatin-resistant TGCT cells in the presence of cisplatin. Notably, TEX11 silencing in cisplatin-resistant TGCT cells increased the level of cleaved PARP1 protein, and the percentage of double-strand break marker γH2AX-positive cells. We further demonstrated the therapeutic efficiency of TEX11-specific siRNA on in vivo xenograft models derived from cisplatin-resistant patient-derived TGCT cells. Taken together, the present study provides a potential insight into a mechanism of cisplatin resistance via TEX11-dependent pathways that inhibit apoptosis and DNA damage. We expect that our findings can be applied to the improvement of cisplatin-based chemotherapy for TGCT, particularly for TEX11-overexpressing tumor.
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11
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Chafik SG, Michel HE, El-Demerdash E. The Cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist, 1-phenylisatin, protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Life Sci 2022; 308:120928. [PMID: 36058263 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study investigated the potential protective effect of a selective Cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptor agonist, 1-phenylisatin, in acute nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals were arranged into 5 groups. Group I; normal saline, group II; 1-phenylisatin for 7 days, group III: received a single injection of cisplatin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) on day 5, group IV: 1-phenylisatin for 7 days and cisplatin on day 5 and group V: AM630, CB2 antagonist, 15 min before 1-phenylisatin for 7 days and a single injection of cisplatin on day 5. Mice were sacrificed 72 h after cisplatin injection. Kidneys were isolated for histopathological and biochemical analyses. Nephrotoxicity parameters including serum creatinine and urea were assessed as well as histopathological examination was done. Also, Oxidative stress markers; MDA and GSH, inflammatory markers; TNF-α, NF-κB (p65), MCP-1, MIP-2, and ICAM-1, along with apoptotic markers, Bax, Bcl2, and caspase-3 were studied. Further, CB2 receptor expression was investigated. KEY FINDINGS Cisplatin injection increased serum creatinine and urea levels, and increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione level and increased the renal expression of pro-inflammatory markers, TNF-α, NF-κB, MCP-1, MIP-2, and ICAM-1, along with increased apoptotic markers and significantly reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl2. Pretreatment with 1-phenylisatin significantly counteracted these effects. The CB2 receptor antagonist; AM630, increased the renal expression of caspase-3 and Bax whereas Bcl2 expression decreased. SIGNIFICANCE 1-Phenylisatin protected against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity owing to its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. These actions were mostly mediated through CB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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Lugones Y, Loren P, Salazar LA. Cisplatin Resistance: Genetic and Epigenetic Factors Involved. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101365. [PMID: 36291573 PMCID: PMC9599500 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is the drug of choice against different types of cancer. However, tumor cells can acquire resistance to the damage caused by cisplatin, generating genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to the generation of resistance and the activation of intrinsic resistance mechanisms in cancer cells. Among them, we can find mutations, alternative splicing, epigenetic-driven expression changes, and even post-translational modifications of proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CDDP resistance develops are not clear but are believed to be multi-factorial. This article highlights a description of cisplatin, which includes action mechanism, resistance, and epigenetic factors involved in cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliannis Lugones
- Doctoral Programme in Sciences with Major in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Pía Loren
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Luis A. Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-452-596-724
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13
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Ali R, Aouida M, Alhaj Sulaiman A, Madhusudan S, Ramotar D. Can Cisplatin Therapy Be Improved? Pathways That Can Be Targeted. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137241. [PMID: 35806243 PMCID: PMC9266583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)) is the oldest known chemotherapeutic agent. Since the identification of its anti-tumour activity, it earned a remarkable place as a treatment of choice for several cancer types. It remains effective against testicular, bladder, lung, head and neck, ovarian, and other cancers. Cisplatin treatment triggers different cellular responses. However, it exerts its cytotoxic effects by generating inter-strand and intra-strand crosslinks in DNA. Tumour cells often develop tolerance mechanisms by effectively repairing cisplatin-induced DNA lesions or tolerate the damage by adopting translesion DNA synthesis. Cisplatin-associated nephrotoxicity is also a huge challenge for effective therapy. Several preclinical and clinical studies attempted to understand the major limitations associated with cisplatin therapy, and so far, there is no definitive solution. As such, a more comprehensive molecular and genetic profiling of patients is needed to identify those individuals that can benefit from platinum therapy. Additionally, the treatment regimen can be improved by combining cisplatin with certain molecular targeted therapies to achieve a balance between tumour toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the importance of various biological processes that contribute to the resistance of cisplatin and its derivatives. We aim to highlight the processes that can be modulated to suppress cisplatin resistance and provide an insight into the role of uptake transporters in enhancing drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ali
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Mustapha Aouida
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Abdallah Alhaj Sulaiman
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 3RD, UK;
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (D.R.)
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14
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Országhová Z, Kalavska K, Mego M, Chovanec M. Overcoming Chemotherapy Resistance in Germ Cell Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050972. [PMID: 35625709 PMCID: PMC9139090 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are highly curable malignancies. Excellent survival rates in patients with metastatic disease can be attributed to the exceptional sensitivity of GCTs to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. This hypersensitivity is probably related to alterations in the DNA repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage, and an excessive apoptotic response. However, chemotherapy fails due to the development of cisplatin resistance in a proportion of patients. The molecular basis of this resistance appears to be multifactorial. Tracking the mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in GCTs, multiple molecules have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. A variety of therapeutic agents have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. These include different chemotherapeutics, targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, CDK inhibitors, and anti-CD30 therapy, as well as immune-checkpoint inhibitors, epigenetic therapy, and others. These therapeutics have been used as single agents or in combination with cisplatin. Some of them have shown promising in vitro activity in overcoming cisplatin resistance, but have not been effective in clinical trials in refractory GCT patients. This review provides a summary of current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of cisplatin sensitivity and resistance in GCTs and outlines possible therapeutic approaches that seek to overcome this chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Országhová
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.O.); (M.M.)
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.O.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hill P, Zellmann F, Vukova T, Marini F, Kolmar S, Kaina B, Hofmann TG, Nikolova T. Dose response to methylating agents in the γH2AX, SCE and colony formation assays: Effect of MGMT and MPG overexpression. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503462. [PMID: 35483785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells have developed diverse protective mechanisms that enable them to tolerate low doses of genotoxic compounds. DNA repair processes attenuate the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of alkylating agents, and multiple studies indicate a key role of specific DNA repair factors and pathways in establishing non-linear dose response relationships. Using an overexpression approach, we investigated the impact of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), which repairs O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) in a damage reversal reaction, and N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which acts as an apical enzyme in the BER pathway, on the DNA damage response to the alkylating agents MNNG and MMS. Our data indicate a clear protective effect of MGMT against MNNG-induced nuclear γH2AX foci formation, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cytotoxicity, as determined in the colony formation assay. MGMT protected with similar efficiency against MMS-induced cytotoxicity and γH2AX foci formation, but suppressed SCE induction only weakly, which indicates that recombination events induced by MMS result from other lesions than O6MeG. In contrast, overexpression of MPG had only a very mild protective effect on the cellular defense against MMS and MNNG. Collectively, our data indicate that overexpression of MGMT results in non-linear DNA damage responses to O6MeG inducers. In contrast, MPG overexpression has only minor impact on the DNA damage response to alkylating drugs, indicating that other downstream enzymes in the BER pathway are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hill
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Zellmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tsvetomira Vukova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Kolmar
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Nasrallah NA, Zhou H, Smith PA, Sears CR. DNA Repair Capacity for Personalizing Risk and Treatment Response - Assay Development and Optimization in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 111:103274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Housh K, Gates KS. Synthesis of DNA Duplexes Containing Site-Specific Interstrand Cross-Links via Sequential Reductive Amination Reactions Involving Diamine Linkers and Abasic Sites on Complementary Oligodeoxynucleotides. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2384-2391. [PMID: 34694787 PMCID: PMC8650211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interstrand DNA cross-links are important in biology, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Accordingly, methods for the targeted installation of interstrand cross-links in DNA duplexes may be useful in diverse fields. Here, a simple procedure is reported for the preparation of DNA duplexes containing site-specific, chemically defined interstrand cross-links. The approach involves sequential reductive amination reactions between diamine linkers and two abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic, AP) sites on complementary oligodeoxynucleotides. Use of the symmetrical triamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, in this reaction sequence enabled the preparation of a cross-linked DNA duplex bearing a derivatizable aminoethyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Housh
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Kent S. Gates
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
- University of Missouri, Department of Biochemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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18
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Marchal L, Hamsanathan S, Karthikappallil R, Han S, Shinglot H, Gurkar AU. Analysis of representative mutants for key DNA repair pathways on healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 200:111573. [PMID: 34562508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the link between DNA damage and aging is well accepted, the role of different DNA repair proteins on functional/physiological aging is not well-defined. Here, using Caenorhabditis elegans, we systematically examined the effect of three DNA repair genes involved in key genome stability pathways. We assayed multiple health proxies including molecular, functional and resilience measures to define healthspan. Loss of XPF-1/ERCC-1, a protein involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), homologous recombination (HR) and interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair, showed the highest impairment of functional and stress resilience measures along with a shortened lifespan. brc-1 mutants, with a well-defined role in HR and ICL are short-lived and highly sensitive to acute stressors, specifically oxidative stress. In contrast, ICL mutant, fcd-2 did not impact lifespan or most healthspan measures. Our efforts also uncover that DNA repair mutants show high sensitivity to oxidative stress with age, suggesting that this measure could act as a primary proxy for healthspan. Together, these data suggest that impairment of multiple DNA repair genes can drive functional/physiological aging. Further studies to examine specific DNA repair genes in a tissue specific manner will help dissect the importance and mechanistic role of these repair systems in biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Marchal
- Aging Institute of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Shruthi Hamsanathan
- Aging Institute of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Roshan Karthikappallil
- Aging Institute of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suhao Han
- Aging Institute of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Himaly Shinglot
- Aging Institute of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Aditi U Gurkar
- Aging Institute of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Kaufmann Medical Building Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Centre, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA.
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19
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Xin C, Huang F, Wang J, Li J, Chen Q. Roles of circRNAs in cancer chemoresistance (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:225. [PMID: 34468007 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of endogenous, high‑stability, noncoding RNA. circRNAs exhibit various biological functions, and are involved in physiological and pathological processes occurring in various diseases, including cancers. They can not only act as microRNA and protein sponges, but also interact with proteins, translated peptides, and transcriptional and translational regulators, and compete with pre‑mRNA splicing. Chemotherapy is one of the most important types of cancer treatment. However, the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy is a leading reason for the failure of chemotherapy. It has been reported that circRNAs play important roles in cancer resistance via a number of mechanisms. The functions of the circRNAs provide insight into their roles in chemoresistance pathways. In addition, some circRNAs may serve as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer resistance. Obtaining improved understanding of the molecular regulatory networks featuring circRNAs in tumors and searching for markers for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer resistance are leading issues in circRNA research. The present review introduced the functions of circRNAs, illustrated the mechanisms underlying drug resistance in cancer, described the contributions of circRNAs to this resistance and discussed the potential application of circRNAs in the treatment of drug‑resistant cancer. In particular, the review aimed to reveal the main mechanisms of circRNAs in cancer drug resistance, including mechanisms involving drug transport and metabolism, alterations of drug targets, DNA damage repair, downstream resistance mechanisms, adaptive responses and the tumor microenvironment. The findings may provide novel therapeutic targets for clinical treatment of cancer chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiongke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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20
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity of Benzothiazole Aniline Derivatives and Their Platinum (II) Complexes as New Chemotherapy Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080832. [PMID: 34451928 PMCID: PMC8399196 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis, characterization, molecular modeling, and in vitro anticancer activity of three benzothiazole aniline (BTA) ligands and their corresponding platinum (II) complexes. We designed the compounds based on the selective antitumor properties of BTA, along with three types of metallic centers, aiming to take advantage of the distinctive and synergistic activity of the complexes to develop anticancer agents. The compounds were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and tested for antiproliferative activity against multiple normal and cancerous cell lines. L1, L2, and L1Pt had better cytotoxicity in the liver, breast, lung, prostate, kidney, and brain cells than clinically used cisplatin. Especially, L1 and L1Pt demonstrated selective inhibitory activities against liver cancer cells. Therefore, these compounds can be a promising alternative to the present chemotherapy drugs.
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21
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Schoch S, Sen V, Brenner W, Hartwig A, Köberle B. In Vitro Nephrotoxicity Studies of Established and Experimental Platinum-Based Compounds. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081033. [PMID: 34440237 PMCID: PMC8394219 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of various solid cancers. However, its efficacy is restricted by severe side effects, especially dose-limiting nephrotoxicity. New platinum-based compounds are designed to overcome this limitation. Previous investigations showed that the platinum(IV)–nitroxyl complex PN149 is highly cytotoxic in various tumor cell lines. In the present study, investigations with PN149 were extended to normal human kidney tubule epithelia. Coincident with higher intracellular platinum accumulation, the cytotoxicity of PN149 in the proximal tubule epithelial cell line ciPTEC was more pronounced compared to the established platinum chemotherapeutics cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin. Quantitative gene expression profiling revealed the induction of ROS-inducible and anti-oxidative genes, suggesting an oxidative stress response by PN149. However, in contrast to cisplatin, no pro-inflammatory response was observed. Genes coding for distinct DNA damage response factors and genes related to apoptosis were up-regulated, indicating the activation of the DNA damage response system and induction of the apoptotic cascade by PN149. Altogether, a comparable transcriptional response was observed for PN149 and the platinum chemotherapeutics. However, the lack of inflammatory activity, which is a possible cause contributing to toxicity in human renal proximal tubule epithelia, might indicate the reduced nephrotoxic potential of PN149.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schoch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Vasily Sen
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women’s Health, Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstreet 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Beate Köberle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-721-608-42933
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22
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Piett CG, Pecen TJ, Laverty DJ, Nagel ZD. Large-scale preparation of fluorescence multiplex host cell reactivation (FM-HCR) reporters. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4265-4298. [PMID: 34363069 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Repair of DNA damage is a critical survival mechanism that affects susceptibility to various human diseases and represents a key target for cancer therapy. A major barrier to applying this knowledge in research and clinical translation has been the lack of efficient, quantitative functional assays for measuring DNA repair capacity in living primary cells. To overcome this barrier, we recently developed a technology termed 'fluorescence multiplex host cell reactivation' (FM-HCR). We describe a method for using standard molecular biology techniques to generate large quantities of FM-HCR reporter plasmids containing site-specific DNA lesions and using these reporters to assess DNA repair capacity in at least six major DNA repair pathways in live cells. We improve upon previous methodologies by (i) providing a universal workflow for generating reporter plasmids, (ii) improving yield and purity to enable large-scale studies that demand milligram quantities and (iii) reducing preparation time >ten-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Piett
- Department of Environmental Health, JBL Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T J Pecen
- Department of Environmental Health, JBL Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D J Laverty
- Department of Environmental Health, JBL Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z D Nagel
- Department of Environmental Health, JBL Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Gemcitabine, carboplatin and veliparib in multiple relapsed/refractory germ cell tumours: The GCT-SK-004 phase II trial. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:1664-1670. [PMID: 34052929 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with multiple relapsed/refractory germ cell tumours (GCTs) have an extremely poor prognosis. PARP (poly-ADP-ribose polymerase) is overexpressed in GCTs compared to normal testes, and PARP overexpression is an early event in GCT development. This study aimed to determine the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine, carboplatin and the PARP inhibitor veliparib in patients with multiple relapsed/refractory GCTs. Methods Fifteen patients with multiple relapsed/refractory GCTs were enrolled in this phase II study from October 2016 to October 2020. Gemcitabine was administered at a dose of 800 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks; carboplatin at a target AUC of 4 on day 1 every 3 weeks; and veliparib at a dose of 250 mg b.i.d. throughout. The primary end point was 12-month progression-free survival (PFS). Results The median number of treatment cycles was 4 (range 2-8). Twelve-month PFS was achieved in 1 (6.7 %) patient. The median PFS was 3.1 months (95 % CI 2.2-3.9), and the median overall survival was 10.5 months (95 % CI 8.9-11.1). Partial remission was achieved in 4 (26.7 %) patients, and disease stabilization was observed in 5 (33.3 %) patients. A favourable response was achieved in 3 (20.0 %) patients. Treatment was well tolerated; however, 11 (73.3 %) patients experienced grade 3/4 neutropenia, 10 (66.7 %) experienced thrombocytopenia, 5 (33.3 %) anaemia and 2 (13.3 %) febrile neutropenia. Conclusions This study failed to achieve its primary endpoint, and our data suggest limited efficacy of gemcitabine, carboplatin and veliparib for multiple relapsed/refractory GCTs. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02860819, registered August 9, 2016.
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Wenmaekers S, Viergever BJ, Kumar G, Kranenburg O, Black PC, Daugaard M, Meijer RP. A Potential Role for HUWE1 in Modulating Cisplatin Sensitivity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051262. [PMID: 34065298 PMCID: PMC8160634 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic agent, whose efficacy is limited by primary and acquired therapeutic resistance. Recently, a bladder cancer genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out screen correlated cisplatin sensitivity to multiple genetic biomarkers. Among the screen’s top hits was the HECT domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase (HUWE1). In this review, HUWE1 is postulated as a therapeutic response modulator, affecting the collision between platinum-DNA adducts and the replication fork, the primary cytotoxic action of platins. HUWE1 can alter the cytotoxic response to platins by targeting essential components of the DNA damage response including BRCA1, p53, and Mcl-1. Deficiency of HUWE1 could lead to enhanced DNA damage repair and a dysfunctional apoptotic apparatus, thereby inducing resistance to platins. Future research on the relationship between HUWE1 and platins could generate new mechanistic insights into therapy resistance. Ultimately, HUWE1 might serve as a clinical biomarker to tailor cancer treatment strategies, thereby improving cancer care and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Wenmaekers
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.W.); (B.J.V.); (O.K.)
- Department of Oncological Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. Viergever
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.W.); (B.J.V.); (O.K.)
- Department of Oncological Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunjan Kumar
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (G.K.); (P.C.B.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.W.); (B.J.V.); (O.K.)
| | - Peter C. Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (G.K.); (P.C.B.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (G.K.); (P.C.B.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (R.P.M.)
| | - Richard P. Meijer
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.W.); (B.J.V.); (O.K.)
- Department of Oncological Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (R.P.M.)
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Vasistha A, Kothari R, Mishra A, De Andrés F, LLerena A, Nair S. Current Insights into Interethnic Variability in Testicular Cancers: Population Pharmacogenetics, Clinical Trials, Genetic Basis of Chemotherapy- Induced Toxicities and Molecular Signal Transduction. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1824-1838. [PMID: 32552648 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200618112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Testicular cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a rising incidence rate across the globe. Testicular germ cell tumors are the most commonly diagnosed cancers, and surgical removal of the testes is often a radical necessity along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While seminomas are receptive to radiotherapy as well as chemotherapy, non-seminomatous germ cell tumors respond to chemotherapy only. Due to the singular nature of testicular cancers with associated orchiectomy and mortality, it is important to study the molecular basis and genetic underpinnings of this group of cancers across male populations globally. In this review, we shed light on the population pharmacogenetics of testicular cancer, pediatric and adult tumors, current clinical trials, genetic determinants of chemotherapy-induced toxicity in testicular cancer, as well as the molecular signal transduction pathways operating in this malignancy. Taken together, our discussions will help in enhancing our understanding of genetic factors in testicular carcinogenesis and chemotherapy-induced toxicity, augment our knowledge of this aggressive cancer at the cellular and molecular level, as well as improve precision medicine approaches to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Vasistha
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 056, India
| | - Rishi Kothari
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 056, India
| | - Adarsh Mishra
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 056, India
| | - Fernando De Andrés
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre at Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Adrián LLerena
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre at Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sujit Nair
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 056, India
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Köberle B, Schoch S. Platinum Complexes in Colorectal Cancer and Other Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092073. [PMID: 33922989 PMCID: PMC8123298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cisplatin is successfully used for the treatment of various solid cancers. Unfortunately, it shows no activity in colorectal cancer. The resistance phenotype of colorectal cancer cells is mainly caused by alterations in p53-controlled DNA damage signaling and/or defects in the cellular mismatch repair pathway. Improvement of platinum-based chemotherapy in cisplatin-unresponsive cancers, such as colorectal cancer, might be achieved by newly designed cisplatin analogues, which retain activity in unresponsive tumor cells. Moreover, a combination of cisplatin with biochemical modulators of DNA damage signaling might sensitize cisplatin-resistant tumor cells to the drug, thus providing another strategy to improve cancer therapy. Abstract Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of various solid neoplasms, including testicular, lung, ovarian, head and neck, and bladder cancers. Unfortunately, the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin against colorectal cancer is poor. Various mechanisms appear to contribute to cisplatin resistance in cancer cells, including reduced drug accumulation, enhanced drug detoxification, modulation of DNA repair mechanisms, and finally alterations in cisplatin DNA damage signaling preventing apoptosis in cancer cells. Regarding colorectal cancer, defects in mismatch repair and altered p53-mediated DNA damage signaling are the main factors controlling the resistance phenotype. In particular, p53 inactivation appears to be associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis. To overcome resistance in cancers, several strategies can be envisaged. Improved cisplatin analogues, which retain activity in resistant cancer, might be applied. Targeting p53-mediated DNA damage signaling provides another therapeutic strategy to circumvent cisplatin resistance. This review provides an overview on the DNA repair pathways involved in the processing of cisplatin damage and will describe signal transduction from cisplatin DNA lesions, with special attention given to colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, examples for improved platinum compounds and biochemical modulators of cisplatin DNA damage signaling will be presented in the context of colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Köberle
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Schoch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
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Buzon B, Grainger RA, Rzadki C, Huang SYM, Junop M. Identification of Bioactive SNM1A Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9352-9361. [PMID: 33869915 PMCID: PMC8047731 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SNM1A is a nuclease required to repair DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) caused by some anticancer compounds, including cisplatin. Unlike other nucleases involved in ICL repair, SNM1A is not needed to restore other forms of DNA damage. As such, SNM1A is an attractive target for selectively increasing the efficacy of ICL-based chemotherapy. Using a fluorescence-based exonuclease assay, we screened a bioactive library of compounds for inhibition of SNM1A. Of the 52 compounds initially identified as hits, 22 compounds showed dose-response inhibition of SNM1A. An orthogonal gel-based assay further confirmed nine small molecules as SNM1A nuclease activity inhibitors with IC50 values in the mid-nanomolar to low micromolar range. Finally, three compounds showed no toxicity at concentrations able to significantly potentiate the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. These compounds represent potential leads for further optimization to sensitize cells toward chemotherapeutic agents inducing ICL damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverlee Buzon
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ryan A. Grainger
- Department
of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Cameron Rzadki
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Simon York Ming Huang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Murray Junop
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Between a Rock and a Hard Place: An Epigenetic-Centric View of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071506. [PMID: 33805941 PMCID: PMC8036638 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This minireview focuses on the role of epigenetics in testicular cancer. A working model is developed that postulates that epigenetic features that drive testicular cancer malignancy also enable these tumors to be cured at a high rate with chemotherapy. Chemoresistance may occur by epigenetic uncoupling of malignancy and chemosensitivity, a scenario that may be amenable to epigenetic-based therapies. Abstract Compared to many common solid tumors, the main genetic drivers of most testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are unknown. Decades of focus on genomic alterations in TGCTs including awareness of a near universal increase in copies of chromosome 12p have failed to uncover exceptional driver genes, especially in genes that can be targeted therapeutically. Thus far, TGCT patients have missed out on the benefits of targeted therapies available to treat most other malignancies. In the past decade there has been a greater appreciation that epigenetics may play an especially prominent role in TGCT etiology, progression, and hypersensitivity to conventional chemotherapy. While genetics undoubtedly plays a role in TGCT biology, this mini-review will focus on the epigenetic “states” or features of testicular cancer, with an emphasis on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs associated with TGCT susceptibility, initiation, progression, and response to chemotherapy. In addition, we comment on the current status of epigenetic-based therapy and epigenetic biomarker development for TGCTs. Finally, we suggest a unifying “rock and a hard place” or “differentiate or die” model where the tumorigenicity and curability of TGCTs are both dependent on common but still ill-defined epigenetic states.
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Chen J, Wang X, Yuan Y, Chen H, Zhang L, Xiao H, Chen J, Zhao Y, Chang J, Guo W, Liang XJ. Exploiting the acquired vulnerability of cisplatin-resistant tumors with a hypoxia-amplifying DNA repair-inhibiting (HYDRI) nanomedicine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabc5267. [PMID: 33771859 PMCID: PMC7997498 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Various cancers treated with cisplatin almost invariably develop drug resistance that is frequently caused by substantial DNA repair. We searched for acquired vulnerabilities of cisplatin-resistant cancers to identify undiscovered therapy. We herein found that cisplatin resistance of cancer cells comes at a fitness cost of increased intracellular hypoxia. Then, we conceived an inspired strategy to combat the tumor drug resistance by exploiting the increased intracellular hypoxia that occurs as the cells develop drug resistance. Here, we constructed a hypoxia-amplifying DNA repair-inhibiting liposomal nanomedicine (denoted as HYDRI NM), which is formulated from a platinum(IV) prodrug as a building block and payloads of glucose oxidase (GOx) and hypoxia-activatable tirapazamine (TPZ). In studies on clinically relevant models, including patient-derived organoids and patient-derived xenograft tumors, the HYDRI NM is able to effectively suppress the growth of cisplatin-resistant tumors. Thus, this study provides clinical proof of concept for the therapy identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro Nano Biomaterials and Detection Treatment Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, P. R. China
| | - Haoting Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, P. R. China
| | - Lingpu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumour Theranostics and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University and Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro Nano Biomaterials and Detection Treatment Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Weisheng Guo
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, P. R. China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Translational Medicine Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, P. R. China
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Monofunctional Platinum(II) Anticancer Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020133. [PMID: 33562293 PMCID: PMC7915149 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs represented by cisplatin play important roles in the treatment of various solid tumors. However, their applications are largely compromised by drug resistance and side effects. Much effort has been made to circumvent the drug resistance and general toxicity of these drugs. Among multifarious designs, monofunctional platinum(II) complexes with a general formula of [Pt(3A)Cl]+ (A: Ammonia or amine) stand out as a class of "non-traditional" anticancer agents hopeful to overcome the defects of current platinum drugs. This review aims to summarize the development of monofunctional platinum(II) complexes in recent years. They are classified into four categories: fluorescent complexes, photoactive complexes, targeted complexes, and miscellaneous complexes. The intention behind the designs is either to visualize the cellular distribution, or to reduce the side effects, or to improve the tumor selectivity, or inhibit the cancer cells through non-DNA targets. The information provided by this review may inspire researchers to conceive more innovative complexes with potent efficacy to shake off the drawbacks of platinum anticancer drugs.
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Skowron MA, Hoffmann MJ, Watolla MM, Nettersheim D. Evaluation of Chemotherapeutic Drugs for Treatment of (Cisplatin-Resistant) Germ Cell Cancer Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2195:99-111. [PMID: 32852760 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0860-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance still remains a major obstacle in the standard chemotherapeutic approach in late-stage and metastatic testicular germ cell cancer (GCC) patients. This multifactorial and complex phenomenon arises (concomitantly) on several levels due to impaired transport, decreased adduct formation, increased DNA-repair, decreased apoptosis, or compensating pathways. Evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches and pharmacological inhibitors still remains necessary to treat cisplatin-resistant GCCs. In this chapter, we present in vitro techniques to measure cytotoxic impacts of chemotherapeutic drugs on GCC cell lines. Specifically, we will discuss the measurement of relative cell viability by XTT assay, as well as cell cycle distribution and apoptosis assay by Nicoletti- and Annexin V/PI apoptosis assay with subsequent flow cytometry, respectively, to evaluate the effects of cytotoxic treatment in GCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meike M Watolla
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Koutsoukos K, Andrikopoulou A, Dedes N, Zagouri F, Bamias A, Dimopoulos MA. Clinical Perspectives of ERCC1 in Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8829. [PMID: 33266377 PMCID: PMC7700570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ERCC1 is a key regulator of nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway that repairs bulky DNA adducts, including intrastrand DNA adducts and interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Overexpression of ERCC1 has been linked to increased DNA repair capacity and platinum resistance in solid tumors. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been detected in ERCC1 gene that may affect ERCC1 protein expression. Platinum-based treatment remains the cornerstone of urothelial cancer treatment. Given the expanding application of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced bladder cancer, there is an emerging need for biomarkers that could distinguish potential responders to cisplatin treatment. Extensive research has been done regarding the prognostic and predictive role of ERCC1 gene expression and polymorphisms in bladder cancer. Moreover, novel compounds have been recently developed to target ERCC1 protein function in order to maximize sensitivity to cisplatin. We aim to review all the existing literature regarding the role of the ERCC1 gene in bladder cancer and address future perspectives for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Koutsoukos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (A.A.); (N.D.); (F.Z.)
| | - Angeliki Andrikopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (A.A.); (N.D.); (F.Z.)
| | - Nikos Dedes
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (A.A.); (N.D.); (F.Z.)
| | - Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (A.A.); (N.D.); (F.Z.)
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Chaidari, Greece;
| | - Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece; (K.K.); (A.A.); (N.D.); (F.Z.)
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Kubicek P, Fenouil T, Jacquemus J, Chapuis O, Fléchon A, Dumesnil C, Faure-Conter C. Could Aberrant Migration Explain Metachronous Germ Cell Tumors? Cancer Invest 2020; 39:195-201. [PMID: 33017201 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1828447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) are thought to arise as a result of local transformation of primordial gonadal cells (PGCs) that become misplaced during embryogenesis. With the exception of bilateral testis tumors, metachronous GCT (i.e., occurring at a site classically described for primary GCTs) are rare events. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinical, radiological, and molecular data (if available) of patients with metachronous GCT were analyzed. RESULTS Three Caucasian males were identified: case 1 presented with a pineal germinoma 19 years after a mediastinal seminoma that had been treated with chemotherapy, case 2 presented with a pineal non-seminomatous GCT (NSGCT) that occurred three years after a mediastinal seminoma treated with chemotherapy, and case 3 presented with a mediastinal seminoma concomitant with a suprasellar germinoma that occurred two years after a stage I testicular NSGCT treated exclusively with surgery. None of these patients had a positive family history or disorder of sex development. Molecular data were available for cases 2 and 3. In case 2, a CHEK2 gene biallelic inactivation in the second tumor suggested chemoresistance to cisplatin. This was further confirmed by tumor progression during second-line treatment. In case 3, the molecular analysis revealed different profiles in the three tumors, thus suggesting distinct tumor cell origins. CONCLUSION These rare cases should alert clinicians of the possibility of multiple GCTs that should not be considered to be relapses. The underlying physiopathology is unknown, but multiple PGC mismigrations is a likely cause. Initial treatment with cisplatin may select chemo-resistant clones, thereby making the subsequent treatment more of a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Kubicek
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Pathology, Lyon, France
| | | | - Olivia Chapuis
- Department of Pathology, Mont-Blanc Pathologie, Argonay, France
| | | | - Cécile Dumesnil
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rouen, France
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de Vries G, Rosas-Plaza X, van Vugt MATM, Gietema JA, de Jong S. Testicular cancer: Determinants of cisplatin sensitivity and novel therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102054. [PMID: 32593915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common solid tumor among men aged between 15 and 40 years. TCs are highly aneuploid and the 12p isochromosome is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality. The mutation rate is of TC is low, with recurrent mutations in KIT and KRAS observed only at low frequency in seminomas. Overall cure rates are high, even in a metastatic setting, resulting from excellent cisplatin sensitivity of TCs. Factors contributing to the observed cisplatin sensitivity include defective DNA damage repair and a hypersensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage. Nonetheless, around 10-20% of TC patients with metastatic disease cannot be cured by cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Resistance mechanisms include downregulation of OCT4 and failure to induce PUMA and NOXA, elevated levels of MDM2, and hyperactivity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Several pre-clinical approaches have proven successful in overcoming cisplatin resistance, including specific targeting of PARP, MDM2 or AKT/mTOR combined with cisplatin. Finally, patient-derived xenograft models hold potential for mechanistic studies and pre-clinical validation of novel therapeutic strategies in TC. While clinical trials investigating targeted drugs have been disappointing, pre-clinical successes with chemotherapy and targeted drug combinations fuel the need for further investigation in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ximena Rosas-Plaza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Assaraf YG, Brozovic A, Gonçalves AC, Jurkovicova D, Linē A, Machuqueiro M, Saponara S, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Xavier CP, Vasconcelos MH. The multi-factorial nature of clinical multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 46:100645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kawale AS, Povirk LF. Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases: rescuing the genome from the risks of relaxation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:520-537. [PMID: 29216365 PMCID: PMC5778467 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosyl–DNA Phosphodiesterases 1 (TDP1) and 2 (TDP2) are eukaryotic enzymes that clean-up after aberrant topoisomerase activity. While TDP1 hydrolyzes phosphotyrosyl peptides emanating from trapped topoisomerase I (Top I) from the 3′ DNA ends, topoisomerase 2 (Top II)-induced 5′-phosphotyrosyl residues are processed by TDP2. Even though the canonical functions of TDP1 and TDP2 are complementary, they exhibit little structural or sequence similarity. Homozygous mutations in genes encoding these enzymes lead to the development of severe neurodegenerative conditions due to the accumulation of transcription-dependent topoisomerase cleavage complexes underscoring the biological significance of these enzymes in the repair of topoisomerase–DNA lesions in the nervous system. TDP1 can promiscuously process several blocked 3′ ends generated by DNA damaging agents and nucleoside analogs in addition to hydrolyzing 3′-phosphotyrosyl residues. In addition, deficiency of these enzymes causes hypersensitivity to anti-tumor topoisomerase poisons. Thus, TDP1 and TDP2 are promising therapeutic targets and their inhibitors are expected to significantly synergize the effects of current anti-tumor therapies including topoisomerase poisons and other DNA damaging agents. This review covers the structural aspects, biology and regulation of these enzymes, along with ongoing developments in the process of discovering safe and effective TDP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya S Kawale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lawrence F Povirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Kumar S, Kushwaha PP, Gupta S. Emerging targets in cancer drug resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:161-177. [PMID: 35582722 PMCID: PMC8992633 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2018.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a complex phenomenon that frequently develops as a failure to chemotherapy during cancer treatment. Malignant cells increasingly generate resistance to various chemotherapeutic drugs through distinct mechanisms and pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in drug resistance remains an important area of research for identification of precise targets and drug discovery to improve therapeutic outcomes. This review highlights the role of some recent emerging targets and pathways which play critical role in driving drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Prem Prakash Kushwaha
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Divison of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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38
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Chang WH, Lai AG. Transcriptional landscape of DNA repair genes underpins a pan-cancer prognostic signature associated with cell cycle dysregulation and tumor hypoxia. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:142-153. [PMID: 31054516 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Overactive DNA repair contributes to therapeutic resistance in cancer. However, pan-cancer comparative studies investigating the contribution of all DNA repair genes in cancer progression employing an integrated approach have remained limited. We performed a multi-cohort retrospective analysis to determine the prognostic significance of 138 DNA repair genes in 16 cancer types (n = 16,225). Cox proportional hazards analyses revealed a significant variation in the number of prognostic genes between cancers; 81 genes were prognostic in clear cell renal cell carcinoma while only two genes were prognostic in glioblastoma. We reasoned that genes that were commonly prognostic in highly correlated cancers revealed by Spearman's correlation analysis could be harnessed as a molecular signature for risk assessment. A 10-gene signature, uniting prognostic genes that were common in highly correlated cancers, was significantly associated with overall survival in patients with clear cell renal cell (P < 0.0001), papillary renal cell (P = 0.0007), liver (P = 0.002), lung (P = 0.028), pancreas (P = 0.00013) or endometrial (P = 0.00063) cancers. Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed that a combined model of the 10-gene signature and tumor staging outperformed either classifier when considered alone. Multivariate Cox regression models incorporating additional clinicopathological features showed that the signature was an independent predictor of overall survival. Tumor hypoxia is associated with adverse outcomes. Consistent across all six cancers, patients with high 10-gene and high hypoxia scores had significantly higher mortality rates compared to those with low 10-gene and low hypoxia scores. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that high mortality rates in patients with high 10-gene scores were attributable to an overproliferation phenotype. Death risk in these patients was further exacerbated by concurrent mutations of a cell cycle checkpoint protein, TP53. The 10-gene signature identified tumors with heightened DNA repair ability. This information has the potential to radically change prognosis through the use of adjuvant DNA repair inhibitors with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hoong Chang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alvina G Lai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom.
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Ghosh S. Cisplatin: The first metal based anticancer drug. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102925. [PMID: 31003078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin or (SP-4-2)-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) is one of the most potential and widely used drugs for the treatment of various solid cancers such as testicular, ovarian, head and neck, bladder, lung, cervical cancer, melanoma, lymphomas and several others. Cisplatin exerts anticancer activity via multiple mechanisms but its most acceptable mechanism involves generation of DNA lesions by interacting with purine bases on DNA followed by activation of several signal transduction pathways which finally lead to apoptosis. However, side effects and drug resistance are the two inherent challenges of cisplatin which limit its application and effectiveness. Reduction of drug accumulation inside cancer cells, inactivation of drug by reacting with glutathione and metallothioneins and faster repairing of DNA lesions are responsible for cisplatin resistance. To minimize cisplatin side effects and resistance, combination therapies are used and have proven more effective to defect cancers. This article highlights a systematic description on cisplatin which includes a brief history, synthesis, action mechanism, resistance, uses, side effects and modulation of side effects. It also briefly describes development of platinum drugs from very small cisplatin complex to very large next generation nanocarriers conjugated platinum complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
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40
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JMJD2 promotes acquired cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:5643-5657. [PMID: 30967636 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs such as cisplatin (CP) are the first-line chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Unfortunately, NSCLC has a low response rate to CP and acquired resistance always occurs. Histone methylation regulates chromatin structure and is implicated in DNA repair. We hypothesize histone methylation regulators are involved in CP resistance. We therefore screened gene expression of known histone methyltransferases and demethylases in three NSCLC cell lines with or without acquired resistance to CP. JMJD2s are a family of histone demethylases that remove tri-methyl groups from H3K9 and H3K36. We found expression of several JMJD2 family genes upregulated in CP-resistant cells, with JMJD2B expression being upregulated in all three CP-resistant NSCLC cell lines. Further analysis showed increased JMJD2 protein expression coincided with decreased H3K9me3 and H3K36me3. Chemical inhibitors of JMJD2-family proteins increased H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 levels and sensitized resistant cells to CP. Mechanistic studies showed that JMJD2 inhibition decreased chromatin association of ATR and Chk1 and inhibited the ATR-Chk1 replication checkpoint. Our results reveal that JMJD2 demethylases are potential therapeutic targets to overcome CP resistance in NSCLC.
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Shin JI, Jeon YJ, Lee S, Lee YG, Kim JB, Lee K. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 120 Mediates DHA-Induced Apoptosis by Regulating IP3R, ROS and, ER Stress Levels in Cisplatin-Resistant Cancer Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:252-261. [PMID: 30764601 PMCID: PMC6449711 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in many types of cancers. However, the roles of DHA in drug-resistant cancer cells have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of DHA in cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer SNU-601/cis2 cells. DHA was found to induce ROS-dependent apoptosis in these cells. The inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) blocker 2-aminoethyl diphenylboninate (2-APB) reduced DHA-induced ROS production, consequently reducing apoptosis. We also found that G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), a receptor of long-chain fatty acids, is expressed in SNU-601/cis2 cells, and the knockdown of GPR120 using specific shRNAs alleviated DHA-mediated ROS production and apoptosis. GPR120 knockdown reduced the expression of ER stress response genes, similar to the case for the pre-treatment of the cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger, or 2-APB. Indeed, the knockdown of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), a transcription factor that functions under ER stress conditions, markedly reduced DHA-mediated apoptosis, indicating that CHOP plays an essential role in the anti-cancer activity of DHA. These results suggest that GPR120 mediates DHA-induced apoptosis by regulating IP3R, ROS, and ER stress levels in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells, and that GPR120 is an effective chemotherapeutic target for cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Sol Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Yoon Gyeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Ji Beom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Kyungho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Research Center for Coupled Human and Natural System for Ecowelfare, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
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Chieffi P, De Martino M, Esposito F. New Anti-Cancer Strategies in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:53-59. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190111120023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The most common solid malignancy of young men aged 20 to 34 years is testicular germ cell tumor. In addition, the incidence of these tumors has significantly increased throughout the last years. Testicular germ cell tumors are classified into seminoma and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, which take in yolk sac tumor, embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma. There are noteworthy differences about therapy and prognosis of seminomas and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, even though both share characteristics of the primordial germ cells. </P><P> Objectives: The study is focused on different molecular mechanisms strongly involved in testicular germ cell line tumors underlying new strategies to treat this human neoplasia.Methods:Bibliographic data from peer-reviewed research, patent and clinical trial literature, and around eighty papers and patents have been included in this review.Results:Our study reveals that several biomarkers are usefully utilized to discriminate among different histotypes. Moreover, we found new patents regarding testicular germ cell tumor treatments such as the expression of claudin 6, monoclonal antibody (Brentuximab Vedotin), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with the FDA-approved drugs pembrolizumab and nivolumab or the oncolytic virus Pelareorep, the combination of selective inhibitors of Aurora kinase.Conclusion:Finally, the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumor needs to be deeply understood so that it will improve data on stem cells, tumorigenesis and disease tumor management by more selective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Chieffi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco De Martino
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of the CNR c / o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Surgery of Naples, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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ERCC1-XPF deficiency is a predictor of olaparib induced synthetic lethality and platinum sensitivity in epithelial ovarian cancers. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 153:416-424. [PMID: 30797591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PARP inhibitor maintenance therapy in platinum sensitive sporadic ovarian cancers improves progression free survival. However, biomarker for synthetic lethality in platinum sensitive sporadic disease is yet to be defined. ERCC1-XPF heterodimer is a key player in nucleotide excision repair (NER) involved in the repair of platinum induced DNA damage. In the current study, we tested whether ERCC1-XPF deficiency would predict synthetic lethality to the PARP inhibitor Olaparib and platinum sensitivity in ovarian cancers. METHODS ERCC1, XPF and PARP1 protein expression was evaluated in tumors from a cohort of 331 patients treated at Nottingham University Hospitals and correlated to clinicopathological features and survival. Pre-clinically, ERCC1 and XPF was depleted in A2780 (platinum sensitive) and A2780cis (platinum resistant) ovarian cancer cell lines and tested for platinum sensitivity as well as for Olaparib induced synthetic lethality. RESULTS Low ERCC1 was significantly associated with improved progression free survival (PFS) in patients with ovarian cancers in univariate (p = 0.001) and multivariate (p = 0.002) analysis. In addition, low ERCC1/low XPF (p = 0.003) or low ERCC1/low PARP1 (p = 0.0001) tumors was also linked to better PFS compared to high ERCC1/high XPF or high ERCC1/high PARP1 tumors. Pre-clinically, ERCC1 or XPF depletion not only increased platinum sensitivity but also increased toxicity to Olaparib therapy. Increased sensitivity was associated with DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) accumulation, cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. CONCLUSION The data provide evidence that low ERCC1 is not only a predictor of platinum sensitivity but is also a promising biomarker for Olaparib induced synthetic lethality in ovarian cancers.
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Mérida-García A, Díaz-Serrano A, Bernard B, Del Mar Galera M, de Velasco G, Sepúlveda JM, Fernández L, Medina J, Castellano D. Update on the management of patients with intermediate and poor-risk testicular germ cell tumors and new biological insights. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2019; 19:100117. [PMID: 30684681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2018.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mérida-García
- Division of Medical Oncology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Avenida de Córdoba s/n 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Asunción Díaz-Serrano
- Division of Medical Oncology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Avenida de Córdoba s/n 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Brandon Bernard
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - María Del Mar Galera
- Division of Medical Oncology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Avenida de Córdoba s/n 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Velasco
- Division of Medical Oncology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Avenida de Córdoba s/n 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Sepúlveda
- Division of Medical Oncology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Avenida de Córdoba s/n 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Fernández
- Division of Medical Oncology, Virgen de la Salud Hospital, Av. de Barber, 30, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Medina
- Division of Medical Oncology, Virgen de la Salud Hospital, Av. de Barber, 30, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Daniel Castellano
- Division of Medical Oncology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Avenida de Córdoba s/n 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Pajuelo-Lozano N, Bargiela-Iparraguirre J, Dominguez G, Quiroga AG, Perona R, Sanchez-Perez I. XPA, XPC, and XPD Modulate Sensitivity in Gastric Cisplatin Resistance Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1197. [PMID: 30386247 PMCID: PMC6199368 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is an election drug widely used in clinic for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. However, the heterogeneity of the gastric tumors and its resistance to the drugs, make in some cases the response very low and the prognosis unpredictable. In this manuscript we aim to find the molecular processes involved in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in two gastric cancer cell lines with different sensitivity to the treatment: AGS and MKN45. The apoptosis induction is higher in MKN45 than in AGS cells in response to CDDP. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway study revealed that MKN45 cells undergo degradation of Mcl-1 together with an increase of Bid and Bad levels, which results in sensitivity to CDDP. In addition, DNA repair NER pathway is impair in MKN45 cells due to low levels of XPC and the absence of translocation of XPA and XPD to the nucleus after stimuli. Altogether, these results suggest that NER and Bcl-2 protein family proteins are potential targets to improve the response to cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pajuelo-Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jone Bargiela-Iparraguirre
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Dominguez
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adoracion G Quiroga
- Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Perona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Rare Diseases, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Sanchez-Perez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Rare Diseases, Valencia, Spain.,Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Albacete, Spain
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Rocha CRR, Silva MM, Quinet A, Cabral-Neto JB, Menck CFM. DNA repair pathways and cisplatin resistance: an intimate relationship. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e478s. [PMID: 30208165 PMCID: PMC6113849 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e478s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of chemotherapeutic drugs is to induce massive cell death in tumors. Cisplatin is an antitumor drug widely used to treat several types of cancer. Despite its remarkable efficiency, most tumors show intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. The primary biological target of cisplatin is genomic DNA, and it causes a plethora of DNA lesions that block transcription and replication. These cisplatin-induced DNA lesions strongly induce cell death if they are not properly repaired or processed. To counteract cisplatin-induced DNA damage, cells use an intricate network of mechanisms, including DNA damage repair and translesion synthesis. In this review, we describe how cisplatin-induced DNA lesions are repaired or tolerated by cells and focus on the pivotal role of DNA repair and tolerance mechanisms in tumor resistance to cisplatin. In fact, several recent clinical findings have correlated the tumor cell status of DNA repair/translesion synthesis with patient response to cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, these mechanisms provide interesting targets for pharmacological modulation that can increase the efficiency of cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Molina Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Januario Bispo Cabral-Neto
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: mailto:
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Schoch S, Sen V, Gajewski S, Golubev V, Strauch B, Hartwig A, Köberle B. Activity profile of the cisplatin analogue PN149 in different tumor cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:109-119. [PMID: 30138622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of the anticancer drug cisplatin is restricted by tumor cell resistance and occurrence of severe side effects. One strategy to overcome these limitations is the development of new, improved platinum drugs. Previous investigations showed that platinum(IV)-nitroxyl complexes are able to circumvent cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer cells. In the present study the mode of action of the platinum(IV)-nitroxyl complex PN149 was investigated in the bladder cancer cell line RT112 and the renal cell carcinoma cell line A498 on the molecular and cellular level. Gene expression analysis showed that PN149 induced genes related to DNA damage response (RRM2B, GADD45A), cell cycle regulation (CDKN1A, PLK3, PPM1D) as well as those coding for the pro-apoptotic factors PUMA and Noxa. These findings on the transcriptional level were confirmed on the functional level revealing that PN149 treatment increased levels of p53 and resulted in cell cycle arrest and drug-induced cytotoxicity via induction of apoptosis. Regarding the expression of oxidative-stress sensitive genes, PN149 induced FTH1, GCLC, HMOX1 and TXNRD1 but relevant effects were restricted to RT112 cells treated with 50 µM. The pro-inflammatory IL-8 was induced by PN149 in RT112 but not A498 cells indicating a cell-type specific activation. Taken together, PN149 possessed promising activity in different tumor cell lines rendering it an interesting alternative to cisplatin in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schoch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vasily Sen
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moskow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Sabine Gajewski
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Valery Golubev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moskow Region 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Bettina Strauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Beate Köberle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Genomic Characterization of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Relapsing After Chemotherapy. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 6:122-130. [PMID: 30025711 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although both seminomatous and nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) have favorable outcomes with chemotherapy, a subset is chemorefractory, and novel therapeutic options are needed. OBJECTIVE To molecularly characterize chemotherapy-refractory TGCTs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Archival tissues from 107 chemotherapy-treated and relapsed TGCT patients (23 seminomas; 84 nonseminomas) underwent hybrid-capture-based genomic profiling to evaluate four classes of genomic alterations (GAs). Tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI) were also measured. INTERVENTION Genomic profiling on tumor samples from chemotherapy-refractory TGCTs. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Descriptive analyses and differences between seminoma and nonseminoma subgroups were reported. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The mean GA/tumor was 2.9 for seminomas and 4.0 for nonseminomas (p=0.04). KRAS alterations (mainly amplifications) were the most common GAs at the single-gene level (47.8% of seminomas and 51.2% of nonseminomas). RAS-RAF pathway (56.5% vs 52.3%) and cell-cycle pathway (52.2% vs 56.0%) were the most common GA classes in seminomas and nonseminomas, respectively. Receptor tyrosine kinase pathway and PI3K pathway GAs were more frequent in seminomas (p=0.02). Median TMB was 1.8 mutations/Mb for seminomas and 2.7 mutations/Mb for nonseminomas (p=0.098), and MSI-high status was found in one nonseminoma only (1.2%). A lack of clinical outcome correlation is a limitation of the present analyses. CONCLUSIONS In chemotherapy-refractory TGCTs, trials with agents targeting the KRAS pathway may be pursued due to the high frequency of KRAS GAs. Overall, the GAs found in refractory seminomas and nonseminomas differ significantly. Considering the frequency of high TMB or MSI-high status, immunotherapy may benefit a small subset of nonseminomas. PATIENT SUMMARY Testicular cancers that are resistant to or relapse after standard chemotherapy may harbor genomic alterations that are potentially druggable, particularly in the clinical trial setting, and genomic profiling can guide clinical research and disclose therapeutic opportunities for these patients.
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Rao S, Beckman RA, Riazi S, Yabar CS, Boca SM, Marshall JL, Pishvaian MJ, Brody JR, Madhavan S. Quantification and expert evaluation of evidence for chemopredictive biomarkers to personalize cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37923-37934. [PMID: 27888622 PMCID: PMC5514962 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers have the potential to facilitate cancer precision medicine by guiding the optimal choice of therapies for patients. However, clinicians are faced with an enormous volume of often-contradictory evidence regarding the therapeutic context of chemopredictive biomarkers. We extensively surveyed public literature to systematically review the predictive effect of 7 biomarkers claimed to predict response to various chemotherapy drugs: ERCC1-platinums, RRM1-gemcitabine, TYMS-5-fluorouracil/Capecitabine, TUBB3-taxanes, MGMT-temozolomide, TOP1-irinotecan/topotecan, and TOP2A-anthracyclines. We focused on studies that investigated changes in gene or protein expression as predictors of drug sensitivity or resistance. We considered an evidence framework that ranked studies from high level I evidence for randomized controlled trials to low level IV evidence for pre-clinical studies and patient case studies. We found that further in-depth analysis will be required to explore methodological issues, inconsistencies between studies, and tumor specific effects present even within high evidence level studies. Some of these nuances will lend themselves to automation, others will require manual curation. However, the comprehensive cataloging and analysis of dispersed public data utilizing an evidence framework provides a high level perspective on clinical actionability of these protein biomarkers. This framework and perspective will ultimately facilitate clinical trial design as well as therapeutic decision-making for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rao
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert A Beckman
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shahla Riazi
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cinthya S Yabar
- Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simina M Boca
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John L Marshall
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Otto J. Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael J Pishvaian
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Otto J. Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Subha Madhavan
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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50
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Sestakova Z, Kalavska K, Hurbanova L, Jurkovicova D, Gursky J, Chovanec M, Svetlovska D, Miskovska V, Obertova J, Palacka P, Rejlekova K, Sycova-Mila Z, Cingelova S, Spanik S, Mardiak J, Chovanec M, Mego M. The prognostic value of DNA damage level in peripheral blood lymphocytes of chemotherapy-naïve patients with germ cell cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75996-76005. [PMID: 27732956 PMCID: PMC5342793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are extraordinarily sensitive to cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy. DNA damage represents one of the most important factors contributing to toxic effects of CDDP-based chemotherapy. This study was aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of DNA damage level in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from chemo-naïve GCT patients. PBLs isolated from 59 chemotherapy-naïve GCT patients were included into this prospective study. DNA damage levels in PBLs were evaluated by the Comet assay and scored as percentage tail DNA by the Metafer-MetaCyte analyzing software. The mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean) of endogenous DNA damage level was 5.25 ± 0.64. Patients with DNA damage levels lower than mean had significantly better progression free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.19, 95% CI (0.04 – 0.96), P = 0.01) and overall survival (HR = 0.00, 95% CI (0.00 – 0.0), P < 0.001) compared to patients with DNA damage levels higher than mean. Moreover, there was significant correlation between the DNA damage level and presence of mediastinal lymph nodes metastases, IGCCCG (International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group) risk group, and serum tumor markers level. These data suggest that DNA damage levels in PBLs of GCT patients may serve as an important prognostic marker early identifying patients with poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Sestakova
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Kalavska
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Hurbanova
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Jurkovicova
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Gursky
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Svetlovska
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vera Miskovska
- 1st Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Obertova
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Palacka
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Rejlekova
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Silvia Cingelova
- Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Spanik
- 1st Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Mardiak
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Chovanec
- Department of Genetics Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
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