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Jha S, Simonds WF. Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:779-818. [PMID: 36961765 PMCID: PMC10502601 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest an increase in the overall incidence of parathyroid disorders, with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) being the most prevalent parathyroid disorder. PHPT is associated with morbidities (fractures, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease) and increased risk of death. The symptoms of PHPT can be nonspecific, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Approximately 15% of patients with PHPT have an underlying heritable form of PHPT that may be associated with extraparathyroidal manifestations, requiring active surveillance for these manifestations as seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2A. Genetic testing for heritable forms should be offered to patients with multiglandular disease, recurrent PHPT, young onset PHPT (age ≤40 years), and those with a family history of parathyroid tumors. However, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with heritable forms of PHPT remains unknown. Distinction between sporadic and heritable forms of PHPT is useful in surgical planning for parathyroidectomy and has implications for the family. The genes currently known to be associated with heritable forms of PHPT account for approximately half of sporadic parathyroid tumors. But the genetic cause in approximately half of the sporadic parathyroid tumors remains unknown. Furthermore, there is no systemic therapy for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare but potentially fatal cause of PHPT. Improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of parathyroid tumors will allow us to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
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2
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Marini F, Giusti F, Palmini G, Aurilia C, Donati S, Brandi ML. Parathyroid carcinoma: molecular therapeutic targets. Endocrine 2023; 81:409-418. [PMID: 37160841 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is an extremely rare malignant tumor of the parathyroid glands, accounting for less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism, commonly characterized by severe and unmanageable hypercalcemia, aggressive behavior, high metastatic potential, and poor prognosis. PC manifests prevalently as a sporadic tumor and only occasionally it is part of congenital syndromic and non-syndromic endocrine diseases. Molecular pathogenesis of this form of parathyroid tumor is not fully elucidated and it appears to be caused by multiple genetic and epigenetic drivers, differing among affected patients and not yet clearly stated in distinguishing PC from the benign parathyroid adenoma (PA). Congenital forms of PC have been prevalently associated with germline heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of the CDC73 tumor suppressor gene, both in the context of the hyperparathyroidism jaw-tumor syndrome (HPT-JT) and of the isolated familial hyperparathyroidism (FIPH). Currently, surgical en bloc resection of affected gland(s) and other involved structures is the elective therapy for both primary and recurrent PC. However, it usually results ineffective for advance and metastatic disease, and a high percentage of post-operative recurrence is reported. Targeted medical therapies for surgically untreatable PC, based on the molecular profile of PC samples, are, therefore, needed. The characterization of genetic and epigenetic alterations and deregulated pathways in PC samples will be of fundamental importance to tailor treatment for each patient. Here, we reviewed main findings on molecular pathogenetic aspects of PC, and the current state of the art of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marini
- Fondazione FIRMO Onlus (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso), Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Donatello Bone Clinic, Villa Donatello Hospital, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cinzia Aurilia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione FIRMO Onlus (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso), Florence, Italy.
- Donatello Bone Clinic, Villa Donatello Hospital, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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3
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Parathyroid Carcinoma: Update on Pathogenesis and Therapy. ENDOCRINES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines4010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a very rare endocrine cancer with aggressive behavior, a high metastatic potential, and a poor prognosis. Surgical resection of affected gland(s) and other involved structures is the elective therapy. Pre-operative and intra-operative differential diagnosis with benign parathyroid adenoma remains a challenge. The lack of a clear pre-operative diagnosis does not allow one, in many cases, to choose the correct surgical approach to malignant PC, increasing persistence, the recurrence rate, and the risk of metastases. An initial wrong diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma, with a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, is associated with over 50% occurrence of metastases after surgery. Genetic testing could help in identifying patients at risk of congenital PC (i.e., CDC73 gene) and in driving the choice of neck surgery extension. Targeted effective treatments, other than surgery, for advanced and metastatic PC are needed. The pathogenesis of malignant parathyroid carcinogenesis is still largely unknown. In the last few years, advanced molecular techniques allowed researchers to identify various genetic abnormalities and epigenetic features characterizing PC, which could be crucial for selecting molecular targets and developing novel targeted therapeutic agents. We reviewed current findings in PC genetics, epigenetics, and proteomics and state-of-the-art therapies.
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Updates of Genomics and Proteomics of Parathyroid Carcinoma. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare disease that needs an additional diagnostic tool and wide therapeutic options. The genomics and proteomics approach may help to find the tools to improve the prognosis of the disease by early detection and metastatic control. The findings from genomics were mainly CDC73, PRUNE2, CCND1, and genes related to PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt pathways. CDC73, PRUNE2, and CCND1 were closely related to each other, and PRUNE2 and CCND1 genes are related to expression levels of parafibromin protein, which may aid in supporting the definite diagnosis of the disease. PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt pathways could be a potential therapeutic target for the disease, which needs further basket trials to prove the concept. In this review, current findings from genomics and proteomics studies in parathyroid carcinoma were reviewed.
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Zhang M, Gao Y, Li Q, Cao H, Yang J, Cai X, Xiao J. Downregulation of DNA methyltransferase-3a ameliorates the osteogenic differentiation ability of adipose-derived stem cells in diabetic osteoporosis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:397. [PMID: 35927735 PMCID: PMC9351106 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes-related osteoporosis (DOP) is a chronic disease caused by the high glucose environment that induces a metabolic disorder of osteocytes and osteoblast-associated mesenchymal stem cells. The processes of bone defect repair and regeneration become extremely difficult with DOP. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), as seed cells in bone tissue engineering technology, provide a promising therapeutic approach for bone regeneration in DOP patients. The osteogenic ability of ASCs is lower in a DOP model than that of control ASCs. DNA methylation, as a mechanism of epigenetic regulation, may be involved in DNA methylation of various genes, thereby participating in biological behaviors of various cells. Emerging evidence suggests that increased DNA methylation levels are associated with activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the diabetic environment on the osteogenic potential of ASCs, to explore the role of DNA methylation on osteogenic differentiation of DOP-ASCs via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and to improve the osteogenic differentiation ability of ASCs with DOP. Methods DOP-ASCs and control ASCs were isolated from DOP C57BL/6 and control mice, respectively. The multipotency of DOP-ASCs was confirmed by Alizarin Red-S, Oil Red-O, and Alcian blue staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence, and western blotting were used to analyze changes in markers of osteogenic differentiation, DNA methylation, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Alizarin Red-S staining was also used to confirm changes in the osteogenic ability. DNMT small interfering RNA (siRNA), shRNA-Dnmt3a, and LVRNA-Dnmt3a were used to assess the role of Dnmt3a in osteogenic differentiation of control ASCs and DOP-ASCs. Micro-computed tomography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Masson staining were used to analyze changes in the osteogenic capability while downregulating Dnmt3a with lentivirus in DOP mice in vivo. Results The proliferative ability of DOP-ASCs was lower than that of control ASCs. DOP-ASCs showed a decrease in osteogenic differentiation capacity, lower Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activity, and a higher level of Dnmt3a than control ASCs. When Dnmt3a was downregulated by siRNA and shRNA, osteogenic-related factors Runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteopontin, and activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were increased, which rescued the poor osteogenic potential of DOP-ASCs. When Dnmt3a was upregulated by LVRNA-Dnmt3a, the osteogenic ability was inhibited. The same results were obtained in vivo. Conclusions Dnmt3a silencing rescues the negative effects of DOP on ASCs and provides a possible approach for bone tissue regeneration in patients with diabetic osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorui Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujin Gao
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qing Li
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Huayue Cao
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jianghua Yang
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jingang Xiao
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China. .,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Afreen S, Weinstein LS, Simonds WF, Jha S. Case of Recurrent Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Congenital Granular Cell Tumor and Aggressive Colorectal Cancer. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac096. [DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We present the case of a 53-year-old African-American male with recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), multi-focal benign granular cell tumor (GCT) and metastatic colon adenocarcinoma. PHPT was diagnosed on routine blood testing [ionized calcium 1.66 (1.12-1.32) mmol/L, PTH 110pg/mL, Vitamin D-25-OH-D: 18ng/mL, PTHrP: undetectable]. Medical history was notable for two reoccurrences of PHPT with persistent disease after most recent parathyroidectomy. Lymph node (LN) dissection during this last surgery showed a 2-mm focus of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in 1/5 LNs. Additionally, patient had a history of multi-focal GCTs diagnosed at age two. On exam, there were no Lisch nodules, axillary, or inguinal freckling, neurofibromas or café-au-lait macules but a prominent abdominal wall nodule was noted. En bloc resection of a tumor in the tracheoesophageal groove, identified by sestamibi scan and excision of 4.5-cm abdominal wall nodule showed both masses having histology consistent with GCT. Serum calcium and PTH did not decrease indicating another unsuccessful surgery. Genetic testing was negative for germline variants in PHPT-associated genes, APC or genes of RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. The LN finding of metastatic adenocarcinoma prompted an endoscopy and trans-bronchial biopsy leading to the diagnosis of widely metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma, eventually resulting in his death a year later. Source of patient’s persistent PHPT remained unidentified. This is the first case with co-association of recurrent PHPT, multi-focal GCT and colon cancer. Whether the disparate tumors in this patient share common driver(s) remains unknown. Prospective surveillance of patients for similar associations may provide clues for a novel syndromic form of PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD
| | - William F Simonds
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD
| | - Smita Jha
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD
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Erickson LA, Mete O, Juhlin CC, Perren A, Gill AJ. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Parathyroid Tumors. Endocr Pathol 2022; 33:64-89. [PMID: 35175514 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-022-09709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2022 WHO classification reflects increases in the knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis of parathyroid disease. In addition to the classic characteristic features of parathyroid neoplasms, subtleties in histologic features which may indicate an underlying genetic abnormality reflect increased understanding of the clinical manifestations, histologic, and genetic correlation in parathyroid disease. The importance of underlying genetic aberrancies is emphasized due to their significance to the care of the patient. Traditionally, the term "parathyroid hyperplasia" has been applied to multiglandular parathyroid disease; however, the concept of hyperplasia is generally no longer supported in the context of primary hyperparathyroidism since affected glands are usually composed of multiple "clonal" neoplastic proliferations. In light of these findings and management implications for patient care, the 2022 WHO classification endorses primary hyperparathyroidism-related multiglandular parathyroid disease (multiglandular multiple parathyroid adenomas) as a germline susceptibility-driven multiglandular parathyroid neoplasia. From such a perspective, pathologists can provide additional value to genetic triaging by recognizing morphological and immunohistochemical harbingers of MEN1, CDKN1B, MAX, and CDC73-related manifestations. In the current WHO classification, the term "parathyroid hyperplasia" is now used primarily in the setting of secondary hyperplasia which is most often caused by chronic renal failure. In addition to expansion in the histological features, including those that may be suggestive of an underlying genetic abnormality, there are additional nomenclature changes in the 2022 WHO classification reflecting increased understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of parathyroid disease. The new classification no longer endorses the use of "atypical parathyroid adenoma". This entity is now being replaced with the term of "atypical parathyroid tumor" to reflect a parathyroid neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential. The differential diagnoses of atypical parathyroid tumor are discussed along with the details of worrisome clinical and laboratory findings, and also features that define atypical histological and immunohistochemical findings to qualify for this diagnosis. The histological definition of parathyroid carcinoma still requires one of the following findings: (i) angioinvasion (vascular invasion) characterized by tumor invading through a vessel wall and associated thrombus, or intravascular tumor cells admixed with thrombus, (ii) lymphatic invasion, (iii) perineural (intraneural) invasion, (iv) local malignant invasion into adjacent anatomic structures, or (v) histologically/cytologically documented metastatic disease. In parathyroid carcinomas, the documentation of mitotic activity (e.g., mitoses per 10mm2) and Ki67 labeling index is recommended. Furthermore, the importance of complete submission of parathyroidectomy specimens for microscopic examination, and the crucial role of multiple levels along with ancillary biomarkers have expanded the diagnostic workup of atypical parathyroid tumors and parathyroid carcinoma to ensure accurate characterization of parathyroid neoplasms. The concept of parafibromin deficiency has been expanded upon and term "parafibromin deficient parathyroid neoplasm" is applied to a parathyroid neoplasm showing complete absence of nuclear parafibromin immunoreactivity. Nucleolar loss is considered as abnormal finding that requires further molecular testing to confirm its biological significance. The 2022 WHO classification emphasizes the role of molecular immunohistochemistry in parathyroid disease. By adopting a question-answer framework, this review highlights advances in knowledge of histological features, ancillary studies, and associated genetic findings that increase the understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of parathyroid disease that are now reflected in the updated classification and new entities in the 2022 WHO classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Erickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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MicroRNA Profile Alterations in Parathyroid Carcinoma: Latest Updates and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040876. [PMID: 35205624 PMCID: PMC8869975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite the considerable development of diagnostic tools, distinguishing between benign and malignant parathyroid tumors poses a significant diagnostic challenge. Epigenetic regulations, including noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs), have recently emerged as a new and promising source of biomarkers. MiRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. These tissue-specific molecules are known to be deregulated between cancer and normal cells. This review delineates changes in miRNA expression in parathyroid carcinoma (PC), advancing our understanding of PC tumorigenesis and emphasizing, at the same time, that miRNAs can be further exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Abstract Parathyroid tumors are a genetically heterogenous group with a significant variability in clinical features. Due to a lack of specific signs and symptoms and uncertain histopathological criteria, parathyroid carcinomas (PCs) are challenging to diagnose, both before and after surgery. There is a great interest in searching for accurate molecular biomarkers for early detection, disease monitoring, and clinical management. Due to improvements in molecular pathology, the latest studies have reported that PC tumorigenesis is strongly linked to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. MicroRNA (miRNA) profiling may serve as a helpful adjunct in distinguishing parathyroid adenoma (PAd) from PC and provide further insight into regulatory pathways involved in PTH release and parathyroid tumorigenesis. So far, only a few studies have attempted to show the miRNA signature for PC, and very few overlaps could be found between these relatively similar studies. A global miRNA downregulation was detected in PC compared with normal glands among differentially expressed miRNAs. This review summarizes changes in miRNA expression in PC and discusses the future research directions in this area.
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Park HS, Lee YH, Hong N, Won D, Rhee Y. Germline Mutations Related to Primary Hyperparathyroidism Identified by Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:853171. [PMID: 35586626 PMCID: PMC9109676 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.853171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by overproduction of parathyroid hormone and subsequent hypercalcemia. Approximately 10% of PHPT cases are hereditary, and several genes, such as MEN1, RET, CASR, and CDC73, are responsible for the familial forms of PHPT. However, other genetic mutations involved in the etiology of PHPT are largely unknown. In this study, we identified genetic variants that might be responsible for PHPT, including familial PHPT, benign sporadic PHPT, and sporadic parathyroid cancer, using next-generation sequencing (NGS). A total of 107 patients with PHPT who underwent NGS from 2017 to 2021 at Severance Hospital were enrolled. We reviewed the pathogenic variants, likely pathogenic variants, and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology criteria. Of the 107 patients (mean age: 47.6 ± 16.1 years, women 73.8%), 12 patients were diagnosed with familial PHPT, 13 with parathyroid cancer, and 82 with benign sporadic PHPT. Using NGS, we identified three pathogenic variants in two genes (CDC73 and MEN1), 10 likely pathogenic variants in six genes (CASR, CDC73, LRP5, MEN1, SDHA, and VHL), and 39 non-synonymous VUS variants that could be related to parathyroid disease. Interestingly, we identified one GCM2 variant (c.1162A>G [p.Lys388Glu]) and five APC variants that were previously reported in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, benign sporadic PHPT, and parathyroid cancer. We also analyzed the characteristics of subjects with positive genetic test results (pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants), and 76.9% of them had at least one of the following features: 1) age < 40 years, 2) family history of PHPT, 3) multiglandular PHPT, or 4) recurrent PHPT. In this study, we analyzed the NGS data of patients with PHPT and observed variants that could possibly be related to PHPT pathogenesis. NGS screening for selected patients with PHPT might help in the diagnosis and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Eco Internal Medicine Clinic, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Namki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongju Won
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yumie Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yumie Rhee,
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Marini F, Giusti F, Palmini G, Perigli G, Santoro R, Brandi ML. Genetics and Epigenetics of Parathyroid Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:834362. [PMID: 35282432 PMCID: PMC8908968 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.834362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is an extremely rare malignancy, accounting less than 1% of all parathyroid neoplasms, and an uncommon cause of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), characterized by an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and severe hypercalcemia. As opposed to parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas, PC is associated with a poor prognosis, due to a commonly unmanageable hypercalcemia, which accounts for death in the majority of cases, and an overall survival rate of 78-85% and 49-70% at 5 and 10 years after diagnosis, respectively. No definitively effective therapies for PC are currently available. The mainly employed treatment for PC is the surgical removal of tumoral gland(s). Post-surgical persistent or recurrent disease manifest in about 50% of patients. The comprehension of genetic and epigenetic bases and molecular pathways that characterize parathyroid carcinogenesis is important to distinguish malignant PCs from benign adenomas, and to identify specific targets for novel therapies. Germline heterozygote inactivating mutations of the CDC73 tumor suppressor gene, with somatic loss of heterozygosity at 1q31.2 locus, account for about 50-75% of familial cases; over 75% of sporadic PCs harbor biallelic somatic inactivation/loss of CDC73. Recurrent mutations of the PRUNE2 gene, a recurrent mutation in the ADCK1 gene, genetic amplification of the CCND1 gene, alterations of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and modifications of microRNA expression profile and gene promoter methylation pattern have all been detected in PC. Here, we review the current knowledge on gene mutations and epigenetic changes that have been associated with the development of PC, in both familial and sporadic forms of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (F.I.R.M.O.) Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuliano Perigli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU)-Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Santoro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU)-Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (F.I.R.M.O.) Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Luisa Brandi,
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The Core Stem Genes SOX2, POU5F1/OCT4, and NANOG Are Expressed in Human Parathyroid Tumors and Modulated by MEN1, YAP1, and β-catenin Pathways Activation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060637. [PMID: 34199594 PMCID: PMC8227846 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the parathyroid glands are the second most common endocrine neoplasia. Epigenetic studies revealed an embryonic signature involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the expression of the stem core genes SOX2, POU5F1/OCT4, and NANOG. Rare cells within normal parathyroid glands expressed POU5F1/OCT4 and NANOG, while SOX2 was undetectable. Nuclear SOX2 expression was detectable in 18% of parathyroid adenomas (PAds, n = 34) involving 5–30% of cells, while OCT4 and NANOG were expressed at the nuclear level in a more consistent subset of PAds involving 15–40% of cells. Most parathyroid carcinomas expressed the core stem genes. SOX2-expressing cells co-expressed parathormone (PTH). In PAds-derived primary cultures, silencing of the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 induced the expression of SOX2, likely through a MEN1/HAR1B/SOX2 axis, while calcium-sensing receptor activation increased SOX2 mRNA levels through YAP1 activation. In addition, inducing nuclear β-catenin accumulation in PAds-derived primary cultures by short-term incubation with lithium chloride (LiCl), SOX2 and POU5F1/OCT4 expression levels increased, while NANOG transcripts were reduced, and LiCl long-term incubation induced an opposite pattern of gene expression. In conclusion, detection of the core stem genes in parathyroid tumors supports their embryogenic signature, which is modulated by crucial genes involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis.
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12
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Wang J, Wang Q, Zhao T, Liu X, Bai G, Xin Y, Shen H, Wei B. Expression profile of serum-related exosomal miRNAs from parathyroid tumor. Endocrine 2021; 72:239-248. [PMID: 33161496 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expression pattern of exosomal miRNAs derived from parathyroid tumor is still unknown. In the present work, we aimed to examine the differences on microRNA (miRNA) expression, present in serum exosomes, by comparing parathyroid carcinoma (PC) and parathyroid adenoma (PA). METHODS MiRNA expression profile of serum exosomes, derived from 4 PC patients and 4 PA patients, were analyzed by next-generation sequencing technology. The differential expressions of target miRNAs were further verified in both serum exosomes and tissues of PC/PA patients by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Lastly, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to investigate the efficiency of target exosomal miRNAs in distinguishing PC patients from PA controls. RESULTS Multiple differentially expressed miRNAs of serum exosomes were screened out by sequencing. Based on this screening, hsa-miR-146b-5p (p = 0.0846), hsa-miR-27a-5p (p = 0.0412), hsa-miR-93-5p (p = 0.73), hsa-miR-381-3p (p = 0.1239) and hsa-miR-134-5p (p = 0.0694) were upregulated in the serum exosomes of PC patients. These results were validated by qPCR, where the trend on differential miRNA expression was consistent with the sequencing results. Specifically, the expression of exosomal hsa-miR-27a-5p was able to clearly distinguish PC patients from PA controls, and related analysis indicated that the area under the ROC curve was 0.8594 (p = 0.0157). CONCLUSIONS Here we present, for the first time, the miRNA expression profile of serum exosomes derived from PC patients. Based on this result, we presently suggest that the exosomal hsa-miR-27a-5p may serve as a putative tumor marker for preoperative identification of PC and PA subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Zhao
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Xin
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Bojun Wei
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China.
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13
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Juhlin CC, Erickson LA. Genomics and Epigenomics in Parathyroid Neoplasia: from Bench to Surgical Pathology Practice. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:17-34. [PMID: 33269427 PMCID: PMC7960610 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of parathyroid disease encountered in routine practice is due to single parathyroid adenoma, of which the majority arise as sporadic tumors. This is usually a straightforward diagnosis in endocrine pathology when in the appropriate clinical setting, although subsets of cases will exhibit atypical histological features that may warrant additional immunohistochemical and genetic analyses to estimate the malignant potential. Parathyroid carcinomas on the other hand, are bona fide malignant tumors characterized by their unequivocal invasion demonstrated through routine histology or metastasis. The ultimate endpoint for any molecular marker discovered through laboratory investigations is to be introduced in clinical routine practice and guide the surgical pathologist in terms of diagnostics and prognostication. For parathyroid tumors, the two main diagnostic challenges include the distinction between parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid carcinoma, as well as the pinpointing of hereditable disease for familial screening purposes. While numerous markers on genetic, epigenetic, and protein levels have been proposed as discriminative in these aspects, this review aims to condense the scientific coverage of these enigmatic topics and to propose a focused surgical pathology approach to the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lori A Erickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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14
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Zhang C, Zhao N, Zhang X, Xiao J, Li J, Lv D, Zhou W, Li Y, Xu J, Li X. SurvivalMeth: a web server to investigate the effect of DNA methylation-related functional elements on prognosis. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5890509. [PMID: 32778890 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a fundamental characterization of epigenetics for carcinogenesis. Abnormality of DNA methylation-related functional elements (DMFEs) may lead to dysfunction of regulatory genes in the progression of cancers, contributing to prognosis of many cancers. There is an urgent need to construct a tool to comprehensively assess the impact of DMFEs on prognosis. Therefore, we developed SurvivalMeth (http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/survivalmeth) to explore the prognosis-related DMFEs, which documented many kinds of DMFEs, including 309,465 CpG island-related elements, 104,748 transcript-related elements, 77,634 repeat elements, as well as cell-type specific 1,689,653 super enhancers (SE) and 1,304,902 CTCF binding regions for analysis. SurvivalMeth is a convenient tool which collected DNA methylation profiles of 36 cancers and allowed users to query their genes of interest in different datasets for prognosis. Furthermore, SurvivalMeth not only integrated different combinations, including single DMFE, multiple DMFEs, SEs and clinical data, to perform survival analysis on preupload data but also allowed for uploading customized DNA methylation profile of DMFEs from various diseases to analyze. SurvivalMeth provided a comprehensive resource and automated analysis for prognostic DMFEs, including DMFE methylation level, correlation analysis, clinical analysis, differential analysis, DMFE annotation, survival-related detailed result and visualization of survival analysis. In summary, we believe that SurvivalMeth will facilitate prognostic research of DMFEs in diverse cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology at Harbin Institute of Technology
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
| | - Jun Xiao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
| | - Junyi Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
| | - Dezhong Lv
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
| | - Yongsheng Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Juan Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology at Harbin Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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15
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Cetani F, Pardi E, Aretini P, Saponaro F, Borsari S, Mazoni L, Apicella M, Civita P, La Ferla M, Caligo MA, Lessi F, Mazzanti CM, Torregossa L, Oppo A, Marcocci C. Whole exome sequencing in familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:231-245. [PMID: 31486992 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) is a rare inherited disease accounting for 1% of all cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). It is genetically heterogeneous being associated with mutations in different genes, including MEN1, CDC73, CASR, and recently GCM2. The aim of the study was to further investigate the molecular pathogenesis in Italian FIHP kindreds. METHODS We used whole exome sequencing (WES) in the probands of seven unrelated FIHP kindreds. We carried out a separate family-based exome analysis in a large family characterized by the co-occurrence of PHPT with multiple tumors apparently unrelated to the disease. Selected variants were also screened in 18 additional FIHP kindreds. The clinical, biochemical, and pathological characteristics of the families were also investigated. RESULTS Three different variants in GCM2 gene were found in two families, but only one (p.Tyr394Ser), already been shown to be pathogenic in vitro, segregated with the disease. Six probands carried seven heterozygous missense mutations segregating with the disease in the FAT3, PARK2, HDAC4, ITPR2 and TBCE genes. A genetic variant in the APC gene co-segregating with PHPT (p.Val530Ala) was detected in a family whose affected relatives had additional tumors, including colonic polyposis. CONCLUSION We confirm the role of GCM2 germline mutations in the pathogenesis of FIHP, although at a lower rate than in the previous WES study. Further studies are needed to establish the prevalence and the role in the predisposition to FIHP of the novel variants in additional genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cetani
- University Hospital of Pisa, Endocrine Unit 2, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - E Pardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Aretini
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Saponaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Borsari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Mazoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Apicella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Civita
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - M La Ferla
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - M A Caligo
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Lessi
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - C M Mazzanti
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Torregossa
- Division of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Oppo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Parafibromin immunostainings of parathyroid tumors in clinical routine: a near-decade experience from a tertiary center. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1082-1094. [PMID: 30923346 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cell division cycle 73 gene is mutated in familial and sporadic forms of primary hyperparathyroidism, and the corresponding protein product parafibromin has been proposed as an adjunct immunohistochemical marker for the identification of cell division cycle 73 mutations and parathyroid carcinoma. Here, we present data from our experiences using parafibromin immunohistochemistry in parathyroid tumors since the marker was implemented in clinical routine in 2010. A total of 2019 parathyroid adenomas, atypical adenomas, and carcinomas were diagnosed in our department, and parafibromin staining was ordered for 297 cases with an initial suspicion of malignant potential to avoid excessive numbers of false positives. The most common inclusion criteria for immunohistochemistry were marked tumor weight (146 cases) and/or fibrosis (77 cases) and/or marked pleomorphism (58 cases). In total, 238 cases were informatively stained, and partial or complete loss of nuclear parafibromin immunoreactivity was noted in 40 cases; 10 out of 182 adenomas (5%), 27 out of 46 atypical adenomas (59%), and 7 out of 10 carcinomas (70%), with positive and negative predictive values of 85 and 90%, respectively for the detection of atypical adenomas/carcinomas versus adenomas, and 18 and 98%, respectively for carcinomas versus atypical adenomas/adenomas. Male patients with high-proliferative tumors were overrepresented among cases with aberrant parafibromin immunohistochemistry, and carcinomas more frequently harbored parafibromin aberrancies than atypical adenomas and adenomas (p < 0.001). We conclude that parafibromin immunohistochemistry is a useful marker in the clinical routine when applied on a pre-selected material of cases, with positive immunoreactivity as a confident rule out marker of malignancy.
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17
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Yavropoulou MP, Poulios C, Michalopoulos N, Gatzou A, Chrisafi S, Mantalovas S, Papavramidis T, Daskalaki E, Sofou E, Kotsa K, Kesisoglou I, Zebekakis P, Yovos JG. A Role for Circular Non-Coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parathyroid Adenomas and the Impact of Gender-Specific Epigenetic Regulation. Cells 2018; 8:cells8010015. [PMID: 30598042 PMCID: PMC6356744 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes, including altered small non-coding RNAs, appear to be implicated in the pathogenesis of sporadic parathyroid adenomas (PAs). In this study, we investigated the circular RNAs (circRNAs) expression profile in sporadic PAs. Sixteen tissue samples of sporadic PAs, and four samples of normal parathyroid tissue (NPT) were investigated. Sample preparation and microarray hybridization were performed based on the Arraystar’s standard protocols, and circRNAs sequences were predicted by bioinformatics tools. We identified 35 circRNAs that were differentially expressed in sporadic PAs compared to NPT; 22 were upregulated, and 13 were downregulated, according to the pre-defined thresholds of fold-change > 2.0 and p< 0.05. In the subgroup analysis of PAs from male patients (n = 7) compared to PAs from female patients (n = 9), we also find a different expression profile. In particular, 19 circRNAs were significantly upregulated, and four circRNAs were significantly downregulated in male patients, compared to female counterparts. We show here for the first time a differential circRNA expression pattern in sporadic PAs compared to NPT, and a different expression profile in PA samples from male compared to female patients, suggesting an epigenetic role in the PA pathogenesis, and also an effect of gender in the epigenetic regulation of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Yavropoulou
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece.
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Christos Poulios
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Nickos Michalopoulos
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA Univ. Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Ariadni Gatzou
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Sofia Chrisafi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Stylianos Mantalovas
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA Univ. Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Theodosis Papavramidis
- 1st Department of Surgery, AHEPA Univ. Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Emily Daskalaki
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Electra Sofou
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Isaak Kesisoglou
- 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA Univ. Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - John G Yovos
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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18
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Cinque L, Pugliese F, Salcuni AS, Scillitani A, Guarnieri V. Molecular pathogenesis of parathyroid tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:891-908. [PMID: 30477753 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid tumors represent an elusive endocrine neoplasia, which lead to primary hyperparathyroidism, pHPT, a common endocrine calcium disorder characterized by hypercalcemia and normal-high parathormone secretion. Parathyroid tumours are benign adenomas or multiple glands hyperplasia in the vast majority (>99% of cases), while malignant neoplasms are rare (less than 1%). Despite pHPT is a common disorder, our knowledge about the genetic predisposition and molecular pathophysiology is limited to the familial syndromic forms of parathyroid tumour, that, however, represent not more than the 10% of all the cases; instead, the pathophysiology of sporadic forms remains an open field, although data about epigenetic mechanisms or private genes have been supposed. Here we present an overview of more recent acquisitions about the genetic causes along with their molecular mechanisms of benign, but also, malignant parathyroid tumours either in sporadic and familial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Cinque
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Division of Medical Genetics, Italy.
| | - Flavia Pugliese
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
| | | | - Alfredo Scillitani
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
| | - Vito Guarnieri
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Division of Medical Genetics, Italy.
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19
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Guarnieri V, Muscarella LA, Verdelli C, Corbetta S. Alterations of DNA methylation in parathyroid tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 469:60-69. [PMID: 28501573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid tumors are common endocrine neoplasias associated with primary hyperparathyroidism, a metabolic disorder characterized by parathormone hypersecretion. Parathyroid neoplasia are frequently benign adenomas or multiple glands hyperplasia, while malignancies are rare. The epigenetic scenario in parathyroid tumors has just begun to be decoded: DNA methylation, histones and chromatin modifiers expression have been investigated so far. The main findings suggest that DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling are active and deregulated in parathyroid tumors, cooperating with genetic alterations to drive the tumor phenotype: the tumor suppressors menin and parafibromin, involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis, interact with chromatin modifiers, defining distinct epigenetic derangements. Many epigenetic alterations identified in parathyroid tumors are common to those in human cancers; moreover, some aspects of the epigenetic profile resemble epigenetic features of embryonic stem cells. Epigenetic profile may contribute to define the heterogeneity of parathyroid tumors and to provide targets for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Guarnieri
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Lucia Anna Muscarella
- Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Chiara Verdelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Silva-Figueroa AM, Perrier ND. Epigenetic processes in sporadic parathyroid neoplasms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 469:54-59. [PMID: 28400272 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid tumors (PTs) are highly variable in their genetic background. Increasing evidence demonstrates that endocrine diseases can be caused by epigenetic alterations. The present review is focused on epigenetic aberrations related to PTs. DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modification, and noncoding RNAs are epigenetic mechanisms involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis. The information in this review has the potential to define epigenetic signatures associated with PTs for future use as diagnostic markers and lead to the development of new epigenetic drugs with therapeutic applications for these tumors. However, several epigenetic aspects regarding the biomarkers involved and their interactions in tumorigenesis on PTs are still unknown. Key to future epigenetic research would be a focus on global epigenetic identification of biomarkers in the different types of PTs, especially in parathyroid carcinoma. Better understanding may be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Silva-Figueroa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nancy D Perrier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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21
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Yuan Z, Sánchez Claros C, Suzuki M, Maggi EC, Kaner JD, Kinstlinger N, Gorecka J, Quinn TJ, Geha R, Corn A, Pastoriza J, Jing Q, Adem A, Wu H, Alemu G, Du YC, Zheng D, Greally JM, Libutti SK. Loss of MEN1 activates DNMT1 implicating DNA hypermethylation as a driver of MEN1 tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12633-50. [PMID: 26871472 PMCID: PMC4914310 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome results from mutations in the MEN1 gene and causes tumor formation via largely unknown mechanisms. Using a novel genome-wide methylation analysis, we studied tissues from MEN1-parathyroid tumors, Men1 knockout (KO) mice, and Men1 null mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines. We demonstrated that inactivation of menin (the protein product of MEN1) increases activity of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) by activating retinoblastoma-binding protein 5 (Rbbp5). The increased activity of DNMT1 mediates global DNA hypermethylation, which results in aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through inactivation of Sox regulatory genes. Our study provides important insights into the role of menin in DNA methylation and its impact on the pathogenesis of MEN1 tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Masako Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Elaine C Maggi
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Justin D Kaner
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Noah Kinstlinger
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jolanta Gorecka
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J Quinn
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rula Geha
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Corn
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Pastoriza
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Qiang Jing
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Asha Adem
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Girum Alemu
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Du
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - John M Greally
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Steven K Libutti
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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22
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Cardoso L, Stevenson M, Thakker RV. Molecular genetics of syndromic and non-syndromic forms of parathyroid carcinoma. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:1621-1648. [PMID: 28881068 PMCID: PMC5698716 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) may occur as part of a complex hereditary syndrome or an isolated (i.e., non-syndromic) non-hereditary (i.e., sporadic) endocrinopathy. Studies of hereditary and syndromic forms of PC, which include the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT), multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2 (MEN1 and MEN2), and familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism (FIHP), have revealed some genetic mechanisms underlying PC. Thus, cell division cycle 73 (CDC73) germline mutations cause HPT-JT, and CDC73 mutations occur in 70% of sporadic PC, but in only ∼2% of parathyroid adenomas. Moreover, CDC73 germline mutations occur in 20%-40% of patients with sporadic PC and may reveal unrecognized HPT-JT. This indicates that CDC73 mutations are major driver mutations in the etiology of PCs. However, there is no genotype-phenotype correlation and some CDC73 mutations (e.g., c.679_680insAG) have been reported in patients with sporadic PC, HPT-JT, or FIHP. Other genes involved in sporadic PC include germline MEN1 and rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations and somatic alterations of the retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) and tumor protein P53 (TP53) genes, as well as epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and histone modifications, and microRNA misregulation. This review summarizes the genetics and epigenetics of the familial syndromic and non-syndromic (sporadic) forms of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Cardoso
- Department of EndocrinologyDiabetes and MetabolismCentro Hospitalar e Universitário de CoimbraPraceta Prof Mota PintoCoimbraPortugal
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineAcademic Endocrine UnitOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineAcademic Endocrine UnitOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rajesh V. Thakker
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineAcademic Endocrine UnitOxford Centre for DiabetesEndocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Ayala-Calvillo E, Mojica-Vázquez LH, García-Carrancá A, González-Maya L. Wnt/β‑catenin pathway activation and silencing of the APC gene in HPV‑positive human cervical cancer‑derived cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:200-208. [PMID: 29115417 PMCID: PMC5780127 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although persistent infections with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) constitute the most significant cofactor for the development of cervical cancer, they are insufficient on their own. Mutations or epigenetic inactivation of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), the two acting as prominent oncogenic mechanisms in a number of types of cancer, are frequently associated with aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. According to these observations, it was hypothesized that APC alteration may lead to β-catenin deregulation and the abnormal expression of direct targets of the Wnt pathway in HPV-infected cervical cancer cells. The present study confirmed that the stabilization of β-catenin correlates with enhanced transcriptional activity of the β-catenin/T-cell factor complex in cervical cancer cell lines. Sequence analysis of the ‘hot-spot’ in the mutation cluster region did not exhibit genetic alterations that may be associated with APC gene inactivation. In addition, it was identified that there was a good correlation with the hypermethylation status of the APC promoter 1A and the abnormal accumulation of endogenous β-catenin in cell lines and biopsies infected with HPV16, although not HPV18. Removal of the epigenetic markers led to an increase in APC levels and a reduction of β-catenin expression in two transcriptional targets of the Wnt pathway: Matrix metalloproteinase-7 and vascular endothelial growth factor. The present study suggested that the increase in Wnt activity in certain cervical cancer-derived cells may be associated with an alteration in the methylation status of the APC gene promoter 1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Ayala-Calvillo
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
| | - Luis Humberto Mojica-Vázquez
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Genotoxicología Ambiental‑Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, CP 14080, México
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas‑Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, CP 14080, México
| | - Leticia González-Maya
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
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Barazeghi E, Gill AJ, Sidhu S, Norlén O, Dina R, Palazzo FF, Hellman P, Stålberg P, Westin G. A role for TET2 in parathyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28642344 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is rarely caused by parathyroid carcinoma (PC, <1-5% of pHPT cases). The TET proteins oxidize the epigenetic mark 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and inactivation by mutation or epigenetic deregulation of TET1 and TET2 play important roles in various cancers. Recently, we found that 5hmC was severely reduced in all of the analyzed PCs and with deranged expression of TET1 for the majority of PCs. Here, we have examined the expression of the TET2 protein in 15 5hmC-negative PCs from patients who had local invasion or metastases. Cell growth and cell migratory roles for TET2 as well as epigenetic deregulated expression were addressed. Immunohistochemistry revealed very low/undetectable expression of TET2 in all PCs and verified for two PCs that were available for western blotting analysis. Knockdown of TET2 in the parathyroid cell line sHPT-1 resulted in increased cell growth and increased cell migration. DNA sequencing of TET2 in PCs revealed two common variants and no obvious inactivating mutations. Quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing analysis of the TET2 promoter CpG island revealed higher CpG methylation level in the PCs compared to that in normal tissues and treatment of a PC primary cell culture with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine caused increased expression of the methylated TET2 gene. Hence, the data suggest that deregulated expression of TET2 by DNA hypermethylation may contribute to the aberrantly low level of 5hmC in PCs and further that TET2 plays a cell growth and cell migratory regulatory role and may constitute a parathyroid tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Barazeghi
- Department of Surgical SciencesEndocrine Unit, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research GroupKolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stan Sidhu
- Department of SurgeryRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Olov Norlén
- Department of Surgical SciencesEndocrine Unit, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of SurgeryRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- University of SydneySydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roberto Dina
- Department of HistopathologyHammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - F Fausto Palazzo
- Department of Endocrine SurgeryHammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Per Hellman
- Department of Surgical SciencesEndocrine Unit, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Stålberg
- Department of Surgical SciencesEndocrine Unit, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Westin
- Department of Surgical SciencesEndocrine Unit, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Promoter hypermethylation inactivates CDKN2A, CDKN2B and RASSF1A genes in sporadic parathyroid adenomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3123. [PMID: 28600574 PMCID: PMC5466668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1, a G1-S phase regulator, is upregulated in parathyroid adenomas. Since cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, CDKN2A and CDKN2B, and RASSF1A (Ras-association domain family 1, isoform A) are involved in G1-S phase arrest and act as potential tumor suppressor genes, we aimed to study potential methylation-mediated inactivation of these genes in parathyroid adenomas. Gene expressions of cyclin D1 (CCND1) and regulatory molecules (CDKN2A, CDKN2B and RASSF1A) was analysed in parathyroid adenoma tissues (n = 30). DNA promoter methylation of cyclin D1 regulators were assessed and correlated with clinicopathological features of the patients. Gene expression analysis showed a relative fold reductions of 0.35 for CDKN2A (p = 0.01), 0.45 for CDKN2B (P = 0.02), and 0.39 for RASSF1A (p < 0.01) in adenomatous compared to normal parathyroid tissue. There was an inverse relationship between the expressions of CDKN2A and CDKN2B with CCND1. In addition, the promoter regions of CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and of RASSF1A were significantly hyper-methylated in 50% (n = 15), 47% (n = 14), and 90% (n = 27) of adenomas respectively. In contrast, no such aberrant methylation of these genes was observed in normal parathyroid tissue. So, promoter hypermethylation is associated with down-regulation of CCND1 regulatory genes in sporadic parathyroid adenomas. This dysregulated cell cycle mechanism may contribute to parathyroid tumorigenesis.
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26
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Chiara V, Sabrina C. Epigenetics of human parathyroid tumors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid tumors are common endocrine neoplasia associated with primary hyperparathyroidism, a metabolic disorder sustained by parathormone hypersecretion. The epigenetic scenario in parathyroid tumors is beginning to be decoded. Here, main findings are reviewed: hypermethylation of specific DNA CpG islands has been described, despite global DNA promoter hypomethylation was not detectable; embryonic-related miRNAs, belonging to the C19MC and miR‐371-373 clusters, and miR‐296, are deregulated; expression of histone H1.2 and H2B is increased; expression of histone methyltransferase EZH2, BMI1 and RIZ1 is impaired; the tumor suppressor HIC1, MEN1 and CDC73 gene products, key molecules in parathyroid tumorigenesis, may be involved in epigenetic aberrant changes. Epigenetic changes are more frequent and more consistent in parathyroid malignancies, and positively correlated with severity of primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdelli Chiara
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Corbetta Sabrina
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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27
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Pandya C, Uzilov AV, Bellizzi J, Lau CY, Moe AS, Strahl M, Hamou W, Newman LC, Fink MY, Antipin Y, Yu W, Stevenson M, Cavaco BM, Teh BT, Thakker RV, Morreau H, Schadt EE, Sebra R, Li SD, Arnold A, Chen R. Genomic profiling reveals mutational landscape in parathyroid carcinomas. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e92061. [PMID: 28352668 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is an extremely rare malignancy lacking effective therapeutic intervention. We generated and analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from 17 patients to identify somatic and germline genetic alterations. A panel of selected genes was sequenced in a 7-tumor expansion cohort. We show that 47% (8 of 17) of the tumors harbor somatic mutations in the CDC73 tumor suppressor, with germline inactivating variants in 4 of the 8 patients. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was altered in 21% of the 24 cases, revealing a major oncogenic pathway in PC. We observed CCND1 amplification in 29% of the 17 patients, and a previously unreported recurrent mutation in putative kinase ADCK1. We identified the first sporadic PCs with somatic mutations in the Wnt canonical pathway, complementing previously described epigenetic mechanisms mediating Wnt activation. This is the largest genomic sequencing study of PC, and represents major progress toward a full molecular characterization of this rare malignancy to inform improved and individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetanya Pandya
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew V Uzilov
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin Bellizzi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chun Yee Lau
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aye S Moe
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maya Strahl
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wissam Hamou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leah C Newman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marc Y Fink
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yevgeniy Antipin
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Willie Yu
- Center for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Branca M Cavaco
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Molecular Pathobiology Research Centre Unit (UIPM) of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology from Lisbon Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bin T Teh
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shuyu D Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Yang CM, Ji S, Li Y, Fu LY, Jiang T, Meng FD. β-Catenin promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion but induces apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:711-724. [PMID: 28260916 PMCID: PMC5328321 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s117933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin (CTNNB1 gene coding protein) is a component of the Wnt signaling pathway that has been shown to play an important role in the formation of certain cancers. Abnormal accumulation of CTNNB1 contributes to most cancers. This research studied the involvement of β-catenin in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis were analyzed by using Cell Counting Kit-8 and by flow cytometry. Migration and invasion assays were measured by transwell analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of CTNNB1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CXCR4, and CCL18 in RCC cell lines. It was found that CTNNB1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis of A-498 cells. CTNNB1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited apoptosis of 786-O cells. Moreover, knockdown of CTNNB1 decreased the levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CXCR4, and CCL18 expression, but CTNNB1 overexpression increased the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CXCR4, and CCL18. Further in vivo tumor formation study in nude mice indicated that inhibition of CTNNB1 delayed the progress of tumor formation through inhibiting PCNA and Ki67 expression. These results indicate that CTNNB1 could act as an oncogene and may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-ming Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University
| | - Shan Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shenyang
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-ye Fu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan-dong Meng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Epigenetic Alterations in Parathyroid Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020310. [PMID: 28157158 PMCID: PMC5343846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid cancers (PCas) are rare malignancies representing approximately 0.005% of all cancers. PCas are a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, which is the third most common endocrine disease, mainly related to parathyroid benign tumors. About 90% of PCas are hormonally active hypersecreting parathormone (PTH); consequently patients present with complications of severe hypercalcemia. Pre-operative diagnosis is often difficult due to clinical features shared with benign parathyroid lesions. Surgery provides the current best chance of cure, though persistent or recurrent disease occurs in about 50% of patients with PCas. Somatic inactivating mutations of CDC73/HRPT2 gene, encoding parafibromin, are the most frequent genetic anomalies occurring in PCas. Recently, the aberrant DNA methylation signature and microRNA expression profile have been identified in PCas, providing evidence that parathyroid malignancies are distinct entities from parathyroid benign lesions, showing an epigenetic signature resembling some embryonic aspects. The present paper reviews data about epigenetic alterations in PCas, up to now limited to DNA methylation, chromatin regulators and microRNA profile.
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Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a common endocrine disease characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone and an increased level of serum calcium. Overall, 80-85% of pHPT cases are due to a benign, single parathyroid adenoma (PA), and 15% to multiglandular disease (multiple adenomas/hyperplasia). Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is rare, accounting for <0.5-1% of pHPT cases. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) is a complication of renal failure, with the development of parathyroid tumours and hypercalcaemia. Recurrent mutations in the MEN1 gene have been confirmed by the whole-exome sequencing in 35% of PAs, suggesting that non-protein-coding genes, regulatory elements or epigenetic derangements may also have roles in the majority of PAs. DNA translocations with cyclin D1 overexpression occur in PAs (8%). In PCs, mutations in CDC73/HRPT2 are common. Activation of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway (accumulation of nonphosphorylated β-catenin) by an aberrantly truncated LRP5 receptor has been seen for the majority of investigated PAs and sHPT tumours, and possibly by APC inactivation through promoter methylation in PCs. Promoter methylation of several other genes and repressive histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation by EZH2 of the HIC1 gene may also contribute to parathyroid tumorigenesis. It is possible that a common pathway exists for parathyroid tumour development. CCND1 (cyclin D1) and EZH2 overexpression, accumulation of nonphosphorylated β-catenin and repression of HIC1 have all been observed to occur in PAs, PCs and sHPT tumours. In addition, hypermethylation has been observed for the same genes in PAs and PCs (e.g. SFRP1, CDKN2A and WT1). Whether β-catenin represents a 'hub' in parathyroid tumour development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Westin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Lai J, Shen S, Wang F, Kong J, Zhang W, Yang H. Long non-coding RNA UCA1 contributes to the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1581-1589. [PMID: 27560546 PMCID: PMC5132283 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of functional genomics studies, a mass of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNA) were discovered from the human genome. Long non-coding RNAs serve as pivotal regulators of genes that are able to generate LncRNA-binding protein complexes to modulate a great number of genes. Recently, the LncRNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) has been revealed to be dysregulated, which plays a critical role in the development of a few cancers. However, the role of the biology and clinical significance of UCA1 in the tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unknown. We found that UCA1 expression levels were upregulated aberrantly in tongue squamous cell carcinoma tissues and associated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. We explored the expression, function, and molecular mechanism of LncRNA UCA1 in OSCC. In the present work, we revealed that UCA1 silencing suppressed proliferation and metastasis and induced apoptosis of OSCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo, which might be related to the activation level of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our research results emphasize the pivotal role of UCA1 in the oncogenesis of OSCC and reveal a novel LncRNA UCA1-β-catenin-WNT signaling pathway regulatory network that could contribute to our understanding in the pathogenesis of OSCC and assist in the discovery of a viable LncRNA-directed diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Tao Yang
- Graduate schoolGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgeryPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Yu‐Fan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgeryPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Ju‐Yi Lai
- Shenzhen TCM HospitalGuangzhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShenzhenChina
| | - Shi‐Yue Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgeryPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgeryPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Jie Kong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgeryPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biomedical Research InstituteShenzhen Peking University–The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenChina
| | - Hong‐Yu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgeryPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
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32
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Zhan K, Lin M, Zhao QM, Zhan JS, Zhao GQ. Biological characterization of bovine mammary epithelial cell lines immortalized by HPV16 E6/E7 and SV40T. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:906-910. [PMID: 27412498 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells are not ideal models for long-term studies, because primary cells undergo a limited number of proliferations in vitro and enter into a growth-arrest stage called cell replicative senescence; we therefore must establish the immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. More importantly, the mechanisms of the relationship between immortalized and apoptotic cell remain unknown in BMECs. We therefore sought to elucidate the mechanisms of which immortalized cells escape the pathway of apoptotic signal. These cells were successfully immortalized without any signs of senescence. The maximum number of BMEC and E6E7 immortalized cells were reached after 6 d of culture. At this point, there were significantly more E6E7 immortalized cells than primary BMECs (P < 0.01). The population-doubling times of the E6E7 and SV40T immortalized cells were lowest at 48 and 72 h. We failed to detect the expression of the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin in BMECs; however, immortalized cells had low expression of E-cadherin. The expression of β-catenin was markedly expressed in immortalized cells than in BMECs (P < 0.01). Caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) were detected; however, the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP was not observed. Our data demonstrate that the expressions of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP are not sufficient for the apoptosis of immortalized cells and suggest that E-cadherin and β-catenin might be an important indicator of the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Miao Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qian-Ming Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jin-Shun Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guo-Qi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Barazeghi E, Gill AJ, Sidhu S, Norlén O, Dina R, Palazzo FF, Hellman P, Stålberg P, Westin G. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine discriminates between parathyroid adenoma and carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:31. [PMID: 26973719 PMCID: PMC4789293 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by enlarged parathyroid glands due to an adenoma (80–85 %) or multiglandular disease (~15 %) causing hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and generally hypercalcemia. Parathyroid cancer is rare (<1–5 %). The epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is reduced in various cancers, and this may involve reduced expression of the ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) enzyme. Here, we have performed novel experiments to determine the 5hmC level and TET1 protein expression in 43 parathyroid adenomas (PAs) and 17 parathyroid carcinomas (PCs) from patients who had local invasion or metastases and to address a potential growth regulatory role of TET1. Results The global 5hmC level was determined by a semi-quantitative DNA immune-dot blot assay in a smaller number of tumors. The global 5hmC level was reduced in nine PCs and 15 PAs compared to four normal tissue samples (p < 0.05), and it was most severely reduced in the PCs. By immunohistochemistry, all 17 PCs stained negatively for 5hmC and TET1 showed negative or variably heterogeneous staining for the majority. All 43 PAs displayed positive 5hmC staining, and a similar aberrant staining pattern of 5hmC and TET1 was seen in about half of the PAs. Western blotting analysis of two PCs and nine PAs showed variable TET1 protein expression levels. A significantly higher tumor weight was associated to PAs displaying a more severe aberrant staining pattern of 5hmC and TET1. Overexpression of TET1 in a colony forming assay inhibited parathyroid tumor cell growth. Conclusions 5hmC can discriminate between PAs and PCs. Whether 5hmC represents a novel marker for malignancy warrants further analysis in additional parathyroid tumor cohorts. The results support a growth regulatory role of TET1 in parathyroid tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0197-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Barazeghi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85 Sweden
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, NSW 2065 Australia ; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Stan Sidhu
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia ; Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Olov Norlén
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85 Sweden ; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia ; Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, NSW 2065 Australia
| | - Roberto Dina
- Department of Histopathology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - F Fausto Palazzo
- Endocrine Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Per Hellman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85 Sweden
| | - Peter Stålberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85 Sweden
| | - Gunnar Westin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 85 Sweden
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Duan K, Gomez Hernandez K, Mete O. Clinicopathological correlates of hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:771-87. [PMID: 26163537 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disorder with potential complications on the skeletal, renal, neurocognitive and cardiovascular systems. While most cases (95%) occur sporadically, about 5% are associated with a hereditary syndrome: multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN-1, MEN-2A, MEN-4), hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome (HPT-JT), familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH-1, FHH-2, FHH-3), familial hypercalciuric hypercalcaemia, neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism and isolated familial hyperparathyroidism. Recently, molecular mechanisms underlying possible tumour suppressor genes (MEN1, CDC73/HRPT2, CDKIs, APC, SFRPs, GSK3β, RASSF1A, HIC1, RIZ1, WT1, CaSR, GNA11, AP2S1) and proto-oncogenes (CCND1/PRAD1, RET, ZFX, CTNNB1, EZH2) have been uncovered in the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism. While bi-allelic inactivation of CDC73/HRPT2 seems unique to parathyroid malignancy, aberrant activation of cyclin D1 and Wnt/β-catenin signalling has been reported in benign and malignant parathyroid tumours. Clinicopathological correlates of primary hyperparathyroidism include parathyroid adenoma (80-85%), hyperplasia (10-15%) and carcinoma (<1-5%). Secondary hyperparathyroidism generally presents with diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia, whereas tertiary hyperparathyroidism reflects the emergence of autonomous parathyroid hormone (PTH)-producing neoplasm(s) from secondary parathyroid hyperplasia. Surgical resection of abnormal parathyroid tissue remains the only curative treatment in primary hyperparathyroidism, and parathyroidectomy specimens are frequently encountered in this setting. Clinical and biochemical features, including intraoperative PTH levels, number, weight and size of the affected parathyroid gland(s), are crucial parameters to consider when rendering an accurate diagnosis of parathyroid proliferations. This review provides an update on the expanding knowledge of hyperparathyroidism and highlights the clinicopathological correlations of this prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Duan
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Gomez Hernandez
- Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Verdelli C, Forno I, Vaira V, Corbetta S. Epigenetic alterations in human parathyroid tumors. Endocrine 2015; 49:324-32. [PMID: 25722013 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics alterations are involved in tumorigenesis and have been identified in endocrine neoplasia. In particular, DNA methylation, microRNAs deregulations and histone methylation impairment are detected in tumors of the parathyroid glands. Parathyroid tumors are the second most common endocrine neoplasia following thyroid cancer in women, and it is associated with primary hyperparathyroidism, a disease sustained by PTH hypersecretion. Despite the hallmark of global promoter hypomethylations was not detectable in parathyroid tumors, increase of hypermethylation in specific CpG islands was detected in the progression from benign to malignant parathyroid tumors. Furthermore, deregulation of a panel of embryonic-related microRNAs (miRNAs) was documented in parathyroid tumors compared with normal glands. Impaired expression of the histone methyltransferases EZH2, BMI1, and RIZ1 have been described in parathyroid tumors. Moreover, histone methyltransferases have been shown to be modulated by the oncosuppressors HIC1, MEN1, and HRPT2/CDC73 gene products that characterize tumorigenesis of parathyroid adenomas and carcinomas, respectively. The epigenetic scenario in parathyroid tumors have just began to be decoded but emerging data highlight the involvement of an embryonic gene signature in parathyroid tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Verdelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, MI, Italy
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36
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Abstract
This review focuses on the pathologic entities associated with hyperparathyroidism in humans. A discussion of the lesions, their embryology, and pathologic features is included. Immunohistology, cytopathology, and a brief overview of molecular aspects of the lesion are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A LiVolsi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kathleen T Montone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zubair N Baloch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Rochefort GY. The osteocyte as a therapeutic target in the treatment of osteoporosis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2014; 6:79-91. [PMID: 24891879 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x14523500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by a low bone-mineral density associated with skeletal fractures. The decrease in bone-mineral density is the consequence of an unbalanced bone-remodeling process, with higher bone resorption than bone formation. The orchestration of the bone-remodeling process is under the control of the most abundant cell in bone, the osteocyte. Functioning as an endocrine cell, osteocytes are also a source of soluble factors that not only target cells on the bone surface, but also target distant organs. Therefore, any drugs targeting the osteocyte functions and signaling pathways will have a major impact on the bone-remodeling process. This review discusses potential advances in drug therapy for osteoporosis, including novel osteocyte-related antiresorptive and anabolic agents that may become available in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Y Rochefort
- EA 2496, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
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Segiet OA, Deska M, Michalski M, Gawrychowski J, Wojnicz R. Molecular profiling in primary hyperparathyroidism. Head Neck 2014; 37:299-307. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Anna Segiet
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zabrze; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Mariusz Deska
- Chair and Clinical Department of General Surgery, Bytom; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zabrze; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Jacek Gawrychowski
- Chair and Clinical Department of General Surgery, Bytom; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Romuald Wojnicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zabrze; Medical University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
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Costa-Guda J, Arnold A. Genetic and epigenetic changes in sporadic endocrine tumors: parathyroid tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:46-54. [PMID: 24035866 PMCID: PMC3943641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid neoplasia is most commonly due to benign parathyroid adenoma but rarely can be caused by malignant parathyroid carcinoma. Evidence suggests that parathyroid carcinomas rarely, if ever, evolve through an identifiable benign intermediate, with the notable exception of carcinomas associated with the familial hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome. Several genes have been directly implicated in the pathogenesis of typical sporadic parathyroid adenoma; somatic mutations in the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene are the most frequent finding, and alterations in the cyclin D1/PRAD1 oncogene are also firmly established molecular drivers of sporadic adenomas. In addition, good evidence supports mutation in the CDKN1B/p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) gene, and in other CDKI genes as contributing to disease pathogenesis in this context. Somatic defects in additional genes, including β-catenin, POT1 and EZH2 may contribute to parathyroid adenoma formation but, for most, their ability to drive parathyroid tumorigenesis remains to be demonstrated experimentally. Further, genetic predisposition to sporadic presentations of parathyroid adenoma appears be conferred by rare, and probably low-penetrance, germline variants in CDKI genes and, perhaps, in other genes such as CASR and AIP. The HRPT2 tumor suppressor gene is commonly mutated in parathyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Costa-Guda
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA.
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40
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Svedlund J, Barazeghi E, Stålberg P, Hellman P, Åkerström G, Björklund P, Westin G. The histone methyltransferase EZH2, an oncogene common to benign and malignant parathyroid tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:231-9. [PMID: 24292603 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) resulting from parathyroid tumors is a common endocrine disorder with incompletely understood etiology. In renal failure, secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) occurs with multiple tumor development as a result of calcium and vitamin D regulatory disturbance. The aim of this study was to investigate a potential role of the histone 3 lysine 27 methyltransferase EZH2 in parathyroid tumorigenesis. Parathyroid tumors from patients with pHPT included adenomas and carcinomas. Hyperplastic parathyroid glands from patients with HPT secondary to uremia and normal parathyroid tissue specimens were included in this study. Quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, bisulfite pyrosequencing, colony formation assay, and RNA interference were used. EZH2 was overexpressed in a subset of the benign and in all malignant parathyroid tumors as determined by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting analyses. Overexpression was explained by EZH2 gene amplification in a large fraction of tumors. EZH2 depletion by RNA interference inhibited sHPT-1 parathyroid cell line proliferation as determined by tritium-thymidine incorporation and colony formation assays. EZH2 depletion also interfered with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by increased expression of growth-suppressive AXIN2, a negative regulator of β-catenin stability. Indeed, EZH2 contributed to the total level of aberrantly accumulated transcriptionally active (nonphosphoylated) β-catenin in the parathyroid tumor cells. To our knowledge EZH2 gene amplification presents the first genetic aberration common to parathyroid adenomas, secondary hyperplastic parathyroid glands, and parathyroid carcinomas. This supports the possibility of a common pathway in parathyroid tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Svedlund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Endocrine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 70, 3 tr, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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41
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Kasaian K, Wiseman SM, Thiessen N, Mungall KL, Corbett RD, Qian JQ, Nip KM, He A, Tse K, Chuah E, Varhol RJ, Pandoh P, McDonald H, Zeng T, Tam A, Schein J, Birol I, Mungall AJ, Moore RA, Zhao Y, Hirst M, Marra MA, Walker BA, Jones SJM. Complete genomic landscape of a recurring sporadic parathyroid carcinoma. J Pathol 2013; 230:249-60. [PMID: 23616356 DOI: 10.1002/path.4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy with an estimated incidence of less than 1 per million population. Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, extremely high serum calcium level, and the deleterious effects of hypercalcaemia are the clinical manifestations of the disease. Up to 60% of patients develop multiple disease recurrences and although long-term survival is possible with palliative surgery, permanent remission is rarely achieved. Molecular drivers of sporadic parathyroid carcinoma have remained largely unknown. Previous studies, mostly based on familial cases of the disease, suggested potential roles for the tumour suppressor MEN1 and proto-oncogene RET in benign parathyroid tumourigenesis, while the tumour suppressor HRPT2 and proto-oncogene CCND1 may also act as drivers in parathyroid cancer. Here, we report the complete genomic analysis of a sporadic and recurring parathyroid carcinoma. Mutational landscapes of the primary and recurrent tumour specimens were analysed using high-throughput sequencing technologies. Such molecular profiling allowed for identification of somatic mutations never previously identified in this malignancy. These included single nucleotide point mutations in well-characterized cancer genes such as mTOR, MLL2, CDKN2C, and PIK3CA. Comparison of acquired mutations in patient-matched primary and recurrent tumours revealed loss of PIK3CA activating mutation during the evolution of the tumour from the primary to the recurrence. Structural variations leading to gene fusions and regions of copy loss and gain were identified at a single-base resolution. Loss of the short arm of chromosome 1, along with somatic missense and truncating mutations in CDKN2C and THRAP3, respectively, provides new evidence for the potential role of these genes as tumour suppressors in parathyroid cancer. The key somatic mutations identified in this study can serve as novel diagnostic markers as well as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Kasaian
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Andreasson A, Sulaiman L, do Vale S, Martins JM, Ferreira F, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G, Batista L, Haglund F, Björck E, Nilsson IL, Höög A, Larsson C, Juhlin CC. Molecular characterization of parathyroid tumors from two patients with hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. Fam Cancer 2013; 11:355-62. [PMID: 22395475 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-012-9520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) has recently been implicated in parathyroid development. We here report clinical, histopathological and molecular investigations in parathyroid tumors arising in two patients; one familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome patient carrying a constitutional APC mutation, and one Lynch syndrome patient demonstrating a germline MLH1 mutation as well as a non-classified, missense alteration of the APC gene. We sequenced the entire APC gene in tumor and constitutional DNA from both cases, assessed the levels of APC promoter 1A and 1B methylation by bisulfite Pyrosequencing analysis and performed immunohistochemistry for APC and parafibromin. In addition, copy number analysis regarding the APC gene on chromosome 5q21-22 was performed using qRT-PCR. Histopathological workup confirmed both tumors as parathyroid adenomas without signs of malignancy or atypia. No somatic mutations or copy number changes for the APC gene were discovered in the tumors; however, in both cases, the APC promoter 1A was hypermethylated while the APC promoter 1B was unmethylated. APC promoter 1B-specific mRNA and total APC mRNA levels were higher than in normal parathyroid samples. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed strong APC protein immunoreactivity and positive parafibromin expression in both parathyroid tumors. Absence of additional somatic APC mutations and copy number changes in addition to the positive APC immunoreactivity obtained suggest that the tumors arose without biallelic inactivation of the APC tumor suppressor gene. The finding of an unmethylated APC promoter 1B and high APC 1B mRNA levels could explain the maintained APC protein expression. Moreover, the findings of positive parafibromin and APC immunoreactivity as well as a low MIB-1 proliferation index and absence of histopathological features of malignancy/atypical adenoma indicate that the parathyroid adenomas arising in these patients did not harbor malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Andreasson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vaira V, Elli F, Forno I, Guarnieri V, Verdelli C, Ferrero S, Scillitani A, Vicentini L, Cetani F, Mantovani G, Spada A, Bosari S, Corbetta S. The microRNA cluster C19MC is deregulated in parathyroid tumours. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:115-24. [PMID: 22767050 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A subset of over-expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) identified in parathyroid carcinomas (Ca) compared to normal glands belongs to C19MC, a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 involved in stem cell biology and tumourigenesis. In this study, the expression of C19MC-MIR371-3 clusters and the molecular mechanisms presiding their modulation were investigated in a series of six normal parathyroids, 24 adenomas (Ad), 15 Ca and five matched metastases. The general expression levels of C19MC or MIR371-3 clusters in Ad lesions did not differ from normal glands, while they distinguished Ad from Ca at unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (P=0.0008). MIR517C showed the most significant difference in expression between Ca and Ad (P=0.0003) and it positively correlated with serum calcium, parathormone and tumour weight. In regard to the molecular mechanism determining C19MC cluster activation, we could detect C19MC copy number (CN) gain in ten Ca (67%) extending distal to the MIR371-3 cluster in almost all samples. Conversely, only four Ad (16%) showed C19MC amplification, with one case presenting distal genomic aberration to MIR371-3. Globally, CN variations of 19q13.4 loci were significantly associated with MIR517C up-regulation (P=0.006). Opposite to normal glands where C19MC promoter was methylated, hypomethylation occurred in 15 out of 30 analysed tumours. Though the epigenetic status did not correlate with C19MC miRNA expression levels, loss of C19MC promoter methylation was significantly associated with Ca and metastatic disease (P=0.01). In conclusion, C19MC cluster aberrations are a characteristic of Ca with respect to Ad. Altogether, these evidences point towards a role for 19q13.4 miRNA clusters as oncogenes in parathyroid tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Gkotzamanidou M, Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E, Christoulas D, Moulopoulos LA, Terpos E. Sclerostin: a possible target for the management of cancer-induced bone disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:761-9. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.697154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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45
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SU JUAN, ZHANG ANLING, SHI ZHENDONG, MA FEIFEI, PU PEIYU, WANG TAO, ZHANG JIE, KANG CHUNSHENG, ZHANG QINGYU. MicroRNA-200a suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by interacting with β-catenin. Int J Oncol 2012; 40:1162-70. [PMID: 22211245 PMCID: PMC3584589 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is crucial for human organ development and is involved in tumor progression of many cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that the expression of β-catenin is, in part, regulated by specific microRNAs (miRNAs). The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of a recently identified epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated tumor suppressor microRNA (miR)-200a, in cancer cells. We also aimed to identify specific miR-200a target genes and to investigate the antitumor effects of miR-200a on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We employed TOP/FOP flash luciferase assays to identify the effect of miR-200a on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and we confirmed our observations using fluorescence microscopy. To determine target genes of miR-200a, a 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) luciferase assay was performed. Cell viability, invasion and wound healing assays were carried out for functional analysis after miRNA transfection. We further investigated the role of miR-200a in EMT by Western blot analysis. We found fluctuation in the expression of miR-200a that was accompanied by changes in the expression of members of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We also determined that miR-200a can directly interact with the 3' UTR of CTNNB1 (the gene that encodes β-catenin) to suppress Wnt/β-catenin signaling. MiR-200a could also influence the biological activities of SGC790 and U251 cells. Our results demonstrate that miR-200a is a new tumor suppressor that can regulate the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via two mechanisms. MiR-200a is a candidate target for tumor treatment via its regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- JUAN SU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052
| | - ANLING ZHANG
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052
| | - ZHENDONG SHI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052
| | - FEIFEI MA
- Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin 300011, P.R. China
| | - PEIYU PU
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052
| | - TAO WANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052
| | - JIE ZHANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052
| | - CHUNSHENG KANG
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052
| | - QINGYU ZHANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052
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46
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Su J, Zhang A, Shi Z, Ma F, Pu P, Wang T, Zhang J, Kang C, Zhang Q. MicroRNA-200a suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by interacting with β-catenin. Int J Oncol 2011. [PMID: 22211245 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1322.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is crucial for human organ development and is involved in tumor progression of many cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that the expression of β-catenin is, in part, regulated by specific microRNAs (miRNAs). The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of a recently identified epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated tumor suppressor microRNA (miR)-200a, in cancer cells. We also aimed to identify specific miR-200a target genes and to investigate the antitumor effects of miR-200a on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We employed TOP/FOP flash luciferase assays to identify the effect of miR-200a on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and we confirmed our observations using fluorescence microscopy. To determine target genes of miR-200a, a 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) luciferase assay was performed. Cell viability, invasion and wound healing assays were carried out for functional analysis after miRNA transfection. We further investigated the role of miR-200a in EMT by Western blot analysis. We found fluctuation in the expression of miR-200a that was accompanied by changes in the expression of members of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We also determined that miR-200a can directly interact with the 3' UTR of CTNNB1 (the gene that encodes β-catenin) to suppress Wnt/β-catenin signaling. MiR-200a could also influence the biological activities of SGC790 and U251 cells. Our results demonstrate that miR-200a is a new tumor suppressor that can regulate the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via two mechanisms. MiR-200a is a candidate target for tumor treatment via its regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current knowledge pertaining to the etiology, molecular pathogenesis, and management of parathyroid carcinoma, a rare presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS The existing MEDLINE English-language literature was reviewed using the search terms "parathyroid" and "carcinoma" or "cancer." RESULTS Parathyroid cancer is a rare endocrine tumor accounting for a small proportion of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. Recent database studies indicate increasing incidence rates. Its etiology is unknown, although numerous molecular alterations have been described, and the tumors also occur in association with germline mutations in the CDC73 gene. Most affected patients present with severe hypercalcemia; however, the diagnosis can be challenging. Complete surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment and provides the best chance of cure, although data from small series suggest that external beam radiation may also reduce the high recurrence rates. No effective chemotherapy regimens are currently available. A significant number of patients develop recurrent disease and need additional procedures; however, long-term survival is possible with palliative surgery. Medical management of chronic and debilitating hypercalcemia with calcimimetics is often necessary and is an important adjunct in patients with recurrent and metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS Further elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of parathyroid carcinomas will enhance our understanding of etiology and behavior of this uncommon entity. Future research must be directed at identifying more effective therapies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy H Fang
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Starker LF, Svedlund J, Udelsman R, Dralle H, Akerström G, Westin G, Lifton RP, Björklund P, Carling T. The DNA methylome of benign and malignant parathyroid tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:735-45. [PMID: 21638518 PMCID: PMC3134609 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of DNA methylation of CpG islands in parathyroid tumorigenesis has not been analyzed in an unbiased, systematic fashion. DNA was isolated from normal and pathologic parathyroid tissues, bisulphite modified and analyzed using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip. Distinct hierarchical clustering of genes with altered DNA methylation profiles in normal and pathologic parathyroid tissue was evident. Comparing normal parathyroid tissue with parathyroid adenomas, 367 genes were significantly altered, while 175 genes significantly differed when comparing parathyroid carcinomas and normal parathyroid tissues. A comparison between parathyroid adenomas and parathyroid carcinomas identified 263 genes with significantly distinct methylation levels. Results were confirmed for certain genes in a validation cohort of 40 parathyroid adenomas by methylation-specific PCR. Genes of known or putative importance in the development of parathyroid tumors showed significant and frequent hypermethylation. DNA hypermethylation of CDKN2B, CDKN2A, WT1, SFRP1, SFRP2, and SFRP4 was associated with reduced gene expression in both benign and malignant parathyroid tumors. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine of primary cell cultures restores expression of hypermethylated genes in benign and malignant parathyroid tumors. In conclusion, the unbiased, genome-wide study of the parathyroid tumor DNA methylome identified a number of genes with altered DNA methylation patterns of putative importance to benign and malignant parathyroid tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee F Starker
- Department of Surgery, Yale University , New Haven, CT; Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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