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Miklankova D, Markova I, Hüttl M, Malinska H. Empagliflozin alters lipid metabolism in the myocardium and liver in a prediabetes model with severe dyslipidemia. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1393946. [PMID: 39027339 PMCID: PMC11254829 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1393946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Recent studies suggest that empagliflozin reduces total and cardiovascular mortality in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, it is understood to positively affect myocardial energetics, including the metabolism of ketone bodies, lipids, and fatty acids. In this study, we compared empagliflozin effects on lipid metabolism in the heart and liver in a prediabetic rat model with severe dyslipidemia. Materials and methods Wistar rats served as the control group, while hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (HHTg) rats were used as a nonobese, prediabetic model. Rats were treated with or without empagliflozin at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 8 weeks. Results In HHTg rats, empagliflozin decreased body weight and adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased serum triacylglycerols (TAGs) (p < 0.001). Empagliflozin decreased the activity and gene expression of the lipogenic enzyme SCD-1 (p < 0.001) in the myocardium, which may have led to a decrease in the ectopic accumulation of TAGs and lipotoxic diacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholines (p < 0.001). Changes in the myocardial phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio (p < 0.01) and in the fatty acid profile of myocardial phospholipids may have contributed to the antifibrotic effects of empagliflozin. The anti-inflammatory effects of empagliflozin were evidenced by an increased IL-10/TNFα ratio (p < 0.001), a marked decrease in arachidonic acid metabolites (20-HETE, p < 0.001), and an increase in PUFA metabolites (14,15-EETs, p < 0.001) in the myocardium. However, empagliflozin did not significantly affect either the concentration or utilization of ketone bodies. In the liver, empagliflozin decreased lipogenesis and the accumulation of TAGs and lipotoxic intermediates. Its effect on arachidonic acid metabolites and alterations in n-3 PUFA metabolism was less pronounced than in the myocardium. Conclusion Our findings suggest that empagliflozin treatment in the heart and liver reduced the accumulation of neutral lipids and lipotoxic intermediates and altered the metabolism of n-3 PUFA. In the heart, empagliflozin altered arachidonic acid metabolism, which is likely associated with the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of the drug. We assume that these alterations in lipid metabolism contribute to the cardioprotective effects of empagliflozin in prediabetic states with severe dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Miklankova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Irena Markova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Hüttl
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Malinska
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
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Ueland T, Waagsbø B, Berge RK, Trøseid M, Aukrust P, Damås JK. Fatty Acids Composition and HIV Infection: Altered Levels of n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Associated with Disease Progression. Viruses 2023; 15:1613. [PMID: 37515299 PMCID: PMC10385810 DOI: 10.3390/v15071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are important regulators of immune responses and innate defense mechanisms. We hypothesized that disturbed FA metabolism could contribute to the progression of HIV infection. Plasma levels of 45 FAs were analyzed with gas chromatography in healthy controls and HIV-infected patients with regard to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. In vitro, we assessed MAC-PPD-induced release of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral and bone marrow mononuclear cells (PBMC and BMMC) according to levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). While plasma saturated FAs were higher in HIV infection, PUFAs, and in particular the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA), were lower in patients with advanced disease. The ratio between AA and precursor dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, reflecting Δ5-desaturase activity, was markedly lower and inversely correlated with plasma HIV RNA levels in these patients. Depletion of AA was observed prior to MAC infection, and MAC-PPD-induced release of TNF and IL-6 in PBMC and BMMC was lower in patients with low plasma AA. Our findings suggest that dysregulated metabolism of n-6 PUFAs may play a role in the progression of HIV infection. While high AA may contribute to chronic inflammation in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients, low AA seems to increase the susceptibility to MAC infection in patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0420 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Waagsbø
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Olav's Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, NO-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0420 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0420 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan K Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Olav's Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
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Laupsa-Borge J, Grytten E, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1020678. [PMID: 37404855 PMCID: PMC10315503 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein-lipid components and glucose-insulin homeostasis have shown conflicting results, which may partly be explained by differential responses in females and males. However, we have lacked data on sexual dimorphism in the response of cardiometabolic risk markers following increased consumption of n-3 or n-6 PUFAs. Objective To explore sex-specific responses after n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFA supplementation on circulating lipoprotein subfractions, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity among people with abdominal obesity. Methods This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-week intervention periods separated by a 9-week washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we measured lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity. Results The between-sex difference in relative change scores was significant after n-3 for total high-density lipoproteins (females/males: -11%*/-3.3%, p = 0.036; *: significant within-sex change), high-density lipoprotein particle size (+2.1%*/-0.1%, p = 0.045), and arachidonic acid (-8.3%*/-12%*, p = 0.012), and after n-6 for total (+37%*/+2.1%, p = 0.041) and small very-low-density lipoproteins (+97%*/+14%, p = 0.021), and lipoprotein (a) (-16%*/+0.1%, p = 0.028). Circulating markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis differed significantly after n-3 for glucose (females/males: -2.1%/+3.9%*, p = 0.029), insulin (-31%*/+16%, p < 0.001), insulin C-peptide (-12%*/+13%*, p = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index 2 (-12%*/+14%*, p = 0.001) and insulin sensitivity index 2 (+14%*/-12%*, p = 0.001), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+4.9%*/-3.4%*, p < 0.001). Conclusion We found sex-specific responses after high-dose n-3 (but not n-6) supplementation in circulating markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity, which improved in females but worsened in males. This may partly be related to the sex differences we observed in several components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile following the n-3 intervention. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT02647333].
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Chen Q, Deng X, Zhang K, Kang Y, Jiao M, Zhang J, Wang C, Li F. Changes to PUFA-PPAR pathway during mesaconitine induced myocardial coagulative necrosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 177:113831. [PMID: 37182599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation necrosis is characterized by the denaturation of structural proteins and lysosomal enzymes; its occurrence in myocardium can lead to heart failure. Current studies on myocardial injury primarily focus on inflammation, hypertrophy, and hemorrhage, while those on myocardial coagulation necrosis are still limited. Mesaconitine (MA), a C19 diester diterpenoid alkaloid derived from Aconitum carmichaelii Debx, has strong cardiotoxicity. During this study, the myocardial cells of SD rats showed significant coagulative necrosis after 6 days of oral administration of MA at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day. Investigations of its biological mechanism showed abnormal levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors Alpha (PPARα) pathway related protein. Moreover, MA affected the PPARα signaling pathway through interactions with proteins such as POR, TFAM and GPD1, indirectly indicating that these above proteins are important targets for blocking myocardial coagulative necrosis. This study thus discusses the effects of the use of cardiotoxic compound, MA, to initiate myocardial coagulative necrosis and its associated toxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xinqi Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yingquan Kang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Mingjie Jiao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Fei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Macpherson ME, Skarpengland T, Hov JR, Ranheim T, Vestad B, Dahl TB, Fraz MSA, Michelsen AE, Holven KB, Fevang B, Berge RK, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Jørgensen SF. Increased Plasma Levels of Triglyceride-Enriched Lipoproteins Associate with Systemic Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharides, and Gut Dysbiosis in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2023:10.1007/s10875-023-01475-x. [PMID: 36995502 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triglycerides (TG) and their major transport lipoprotein in the circulation (VLDL) appear to be related to inflammation. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory complications associated with gut microbial dysbiosis. We hypothesized that CVID patients have disturbed TG/VLDL profiles associated with these clinical characteristics. METHODS We measured plasma concentrations of TGs, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 95 CVID patients and 28 healthy controls. Additionally, in 40 CVID patients, we explored plasma lipoprotein profiling, fatty acid, gut microbial dysbiosis, and diet. RESULTS TG levels were increased in CVID patients as compared to healthy controls (1.36 ± 0.53 mmol/l versus 1.08 ± 0.56 [mean, SD], respectively, P = 0.008), particularly in the clinical subgroup "Complications," characterized by autoimmunity and organ-specific inflammation, compared to "Infection only" (1.41 mmol/l, 0.71[median, IQR] versus [1.02 mmol/l, 0.50], P = 0.021). Lipoprotein profile analyses showed increased levels of all sizes of VLDL particles in CVID patients compared to controls. TG levels correlated positively with CRP (rho = 0.256, P = 0.015), IL-6 (rho = 0.237, P = 0.021), IL-12 (rho = 0.265, P = 0.009), LPS (r = 0.654, P = 6.59 × 10-13), CVID-specific gut dysbiosis index (r = 0.315, P = 0.048), and inversely with a favorable fatty acid profile (docosahexaenoic acid [rho = - 0.369, P = 0.021] and linoleic acid [rho = - 0.375, P = 0.019]). TGs and VLDL lipids did not appear to be associated with diet and there were no differences in body mass index (BMI) between CVID patients and controls. CONCLUSION We found increased plasma levels of TGs and all sizes of VLDL particles, which were associated with systemic inflammation, LPS, and gut dysbiosis in CVID, but not diet or BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnhild E Macpherson
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Skarpengland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Ranheim
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beate Vestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mai S A Fraz
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Børre Fevang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje F Jørgensen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Altered Plasma Fatty Acids Associate with Gut Microbial Composition in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2021; 42:146-157. [PMID: 34669143 PMCID: PMC8821409 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid (FA) abnormalities are found in various inflammatory disorders and have been related to disturbed gut microbiota. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory complications associated with altered gut microbial composition. We hypothesized that there is an altered FA profile in CVID patients, related to gut microbial dysbiosis. METHODS Plasma FAs were measured in 39 CVID patients and 30 healthy controls. Gut microbial profile, a food frequency questionnaire, and the effect of the oral antibiotic rifaximin were investigated in CVID patients. RESULTS The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1.4 [1.0-1.8] vs. 1.9 [1.2-2.5], median (IQR), P < 0.05), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (3.2 [2.4-3.9] vs. 3.5 [2.9-4.3], P < 0.05), all values expressed as weight percent of total plasma FAs, were reduced in CVID compared to controls. Also, n-6 PUFAs (34.3 ± 3.4 vs. 37.1 ± 2.8, mean ± SD, P < 0.001) and linoleic acid (LA) (24.5 ± 3.3 vs. 28.1 ± 2.7, P < 0.0001) and the FA anti-inflammatory index (98.9 [82.1-119.4] vs. 117.0 [88.7-153.1], median (IQR), P < 0.05) were reduced in CVID. The microbial alpha diversity was positively associated with plasma n-6 PUFAs (r = 0.41, P < 0.001) and LA (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), but not n-3 PUFAs (P = 0.78). Moreover, a 2-week course of rifaximin significantly reduced the proportion of n-6 PUFAs (P = 0.04, UNIANOVA). Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels correlated with plasma n-3 PUFAs (rho = 0.36, P = 0.03) and DHA (rho = 0.41, P = 0.009). CONCLUSION We found a potentially unfavorable FA profile in CVID, related to low IgG levels. High plasma n-6 PUFAs were related to increased gut microbial diversity and altered by rifaximin therapy.
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Dankel SN, Bjørndal B, Lindquist C, Grinna ML, Rossmann CR, Bohov P, Nygård O, Hallström S, Strand E, Berge RK. Hepatic Energy Metabolism Underlying Differential Lipidomic Responses to High-Carbohydrate and High-Fat Diets in Male Wistar Rats. J Nutr 2021; 151:2610-2621. [PMID: 34132338 PMCID: PMC8417924 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-carbohydrate diets are suggested to exert metabolic benefits by reducing circulating triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations, possibly by enhancing mitochondrial activity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate mechanisms by which dietary carbohydrate and fat differentially affect hepatic and circulating TG, and how these mechanisms relate to fatty acid composition. METHODS Six-week-old, ∼300 g male Wistar rats were fed a high-carbohydrate, low-fat [HC; 61.3% of energy (E%) carbohydrate] or a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (HF; 63.5 E% fat) diet for 4 wk. Parameters of lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function were measured in plasma and liver, with fatty acid composition (GC), high-energy phosphates (HPLC), carnitine metabolites (HPLC-MS/MS), and hepatic gene expression (qPCR) as main outcomes. RESULTS In HC-fed rats, plasma TG was double and hepatic TG 27% of that in HF-fed rats. The proportion of oleic acid (18:1n-9) was 60% higher after HF vs. HC feeding while the proportion of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) and vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and estimated activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SCD-16 (16:1n-7/16:0), and de novo lipogenesis (16:0/18:2n-6) were 1.5-7.5-fold in HC vs. HF-fed rats. Accordingly, hepatic expression of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acaca/Acc) was strongly upregulated after HC feeding, accompanied with 8-fold higher FAS activity and doubled ACC activity. There were no differences in expression of liver-specific biomarkers of mitochondrial biogenesis and activity (Cytc, Tfam, Cpt1, Cpt2, Ucp2, Hmgcs2); concentrations of ATP, AMP, and energy charge; plasma carnitine/acylcarnitine metabolites; or peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS In male Wistar rats, dietary carbohydrate was converted into specific fatty acids via hepatic lipogenesis, contributing to higher plasma TG and total fatty acids compared with high-fat feeding. In contrast, the high-fat, low-carbohydrate feeding increased hepatic fatty acid content, without affecting hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carine Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mari L Grinna
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Seth Hallström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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8
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Grytten E, Laupsa-Borge J, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Changes in lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, and apolipoproteins after supplementation with n-3 or n-6 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: A randomized double-blind crossover study. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2556-2575. [PMID: 33933722 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower circulating levels of triacylglycerols (TAGs), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) may reduce cholesterol levels. Clinical studies on effects of these dietary or supplemental PUFAs on other blood fat fractions are few and have shown conflicting results. This study aimed to determine effects of high-dose supplemental n-3 (EPA + DHA) and n-6 (LA) PUFAs from high-quality oils on circulating lipoprotein subfractions and standard lipids (primary outcomes), as well as apolipoproteins, fatty acids, and glycemic control (secondary outcomes), in females and males with abdominal obesity. METHODS This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-wk intervention periods separated by a 9-wk washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (TAG fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we investigated lipoprotein particle subclasses by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and glucose and insulin. Data were analyzed by linear mixed-effects modeling with 'subjects' as the random factor. RESULTS The difference between interventions in relative change scores was among the lipoprotein subfractions significant for total very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (n-3 vs. n-6: -38%∗ vs. +16%, p < 0.001; ∗: significant within-treatment change score), large VLDLs (-58%∗ vs. -0.91%, p < 0.001), small VLDLs (-57%∗ vs. +41%∗, p < 0.001), total low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) (+5.8%∗ vs. -4.3%∗, p = 0.002), large LDLs (+23%∗ vs. -2.1%, p = 0.004), total high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (-6.0%∗ vs. +3.7%, p < 0.001), large HDLs (+11%∗ vs. -5.3%, p = 0.001), medium HDLs (-24%∗ vs. +6.2%, p = 0.030), and small HDLs (-9.9%∗ vs. +9.6%∗, p = 0.002), and among standard lipids for TAGs (-16%∗ vs. -2.6%, p = 0.014), non-esterified fatty acids (-19%∗ vs. +5.5%, p = 0.033), and total cholesterol (-0.28% vs. -4.4%∗, p = 0.042). A differential response in relative change scores was also found for apolipoprotein (apo)B (+0.40% vs. -6.0%∗, p = 0.008), apoA-II (-6.0%∗ vs. +1.5%, p = 0.001), apoC-II (-11%∗ vs. -1.7%, p = 0.025), and apoE (+3.3% vs. -3.8%, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS High-dose supplementation of high-quality oils with n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFAs was followed by reductions in primarily TAG- or cholesterol-related markers, respectively. The responses after both interventions point to changes in the lipoprotein-lipid-apolipoprotein profile that have been associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk, also among people with TAG or LDL-C levels within the normal range. REGISTRATION Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02647333. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02647333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Simon N Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ottar K Nygård
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
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9
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Strand E, Lysne V, Grinna ML, Bohov P, Svardal A, Nygård O, Berge RK, Bjørndal B. Short-Term Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors α and γ Induces Tissue-Specific Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Fatty Acid Composition in Male Wistar Rats. PPAR Res 2019; 2019:8047627. [PMID: 31308847 PMCID: PMC6594300 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8047627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids (FAs) affect certain metabolic routes, including pathways controlled by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), but tissue-specific effects are not well-defined. Thus, the aim was to compare the metabolic response in hepatic, adipose, and cardiac tissues after treatment with specific PPAR agonists. Male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: a control group receiving placebo (n=8); a PPARα agonist group receiving WY-14,643 (n=6); and a PPARγ agonist group receiving rosiglitazone (n=6) for 12 days. All animals received a low-fat standard chow diet and were given a daily dose of placebo or agonist orally. Lipids and FA methyl esters were measured in plasma, liver, and heart and gene expression was measured in liver and adipose tissue, while enzyme activities were measured in liver. Treatment with the PPARα agonist was associated with higher liver mass relative to body weight (liver index), lower plasma, and hepatic total cholesterol, as well as lower plasma carnitine and acylcarnitines, compared with control. In heart, PPARα activation leads to overall lower levels of free FAs and specific changes in certain FAs, compared with control. Furthermore, β-oxidation in liver and the enzymatic activities of well-known PPARα targeted genes were higher following PPARα administration. Overall, rats treated with the PPARα agonist had higher hepatic saturated FAs (SFAs) and monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) and lower n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, compared to control. Treatment with the PPARγ agonist was associated with a lower liver index, lower plasma triglycerides (TAG) and phospholipids, and higher hepatic phospholipids, compared with control. PPARγ target genes were increased specifically in adipose tissue. Moreover, lower total cardiac FAs and SFA and higher cardiac n-6 PUFA were also associated with PPARγ activation. Altogether, there were characteristic effects of PPARα activation in liver and heart, as well as in plasma. PPARγ effects were not only confined to adipose tissue, but specific effects were also seen in liver, heart, and plasma. In conclusion, short-term treatment with PPAR agonists induced tissue-specific effects on FA composition in liver and heart. Moreover, both PPARα and PPARγ activation lowered plasma TAG and phospholipids, most likely through effects on liver and adipose tissue, respectively. In future studies we aim to reveal whether similar patterns can be found through diet-induced activation of specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vegard Lysne
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Asbjørn Svardal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Krill oil reduces plasma triacylglycerol level and improves related lipoprotein particle concentration, fatty acid composition and redox status in healthy young adults - a pilot study. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:163. [PMID: 26666303 PMCID: PMC4678523 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid abnormalities, enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress seem to represent a vicious circle in atherogenesis, and therapeutic options directed against these processes seems like a reasonable approach in the management of atherosclerotic disorders. Krill oil (RIMFROST Sublime®) is a phospholipid-rich oil with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio of 1.8:1. In this pilot study we determined if krill oil could favourable affect plasma lipid parameters and parameters involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Methods The study was conducted as a 28 days intervention study examining effect-parameters of dietary supplementation with krill oil (832.5 mg EPA and DHA per day). 17 healthy volunteers in the age group 18–36 (mean age 23 ± 4 years) participated. Plasma lipids, lipoprotein particle sizes, fatty acid composition in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs), plasma cytokines, antioxidant capacity, acylcarntines, carnitine, choline, betaine, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) were measured before and after supplementation. Results Plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and large very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) & chylomicron particle concentrations decreased after 28 days of krill oil intake. A significant reduction in the TAG/HDL cholesterol resulted. Krill oil supplementation decreased n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio both in plasma and RBCs. This was due to increased EPA, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and reduced amount of arachidonic acid (AA). The increase of n-3 fatty acids and wt % of EPA and DHA in RBC was of smaller magnitude than found in plasma. Krill oil intake increased the antioxidant capacity, double bond index (DBI) and the fatty acid anti-inflammatory index. The plasma atherogenicity index remained constant whereas the thrombogenicity index decreased. Plasma choline, betaine and the carnitine precursor, γ-butyrobetaine were increased after krill oil supplementation whereas the TMAO and carnitine concentrations remained unchanged. Conclusion Krill oil consumption is considered health beneficial as it decreases cardiovascular disease risk parameters through effects on plasma TAGs, lipoprotein particles, fatty acid profile, redox status and possible inflammation. Noteworthy, no adverse effects on plasma levels of TMAO and carnitine were found.
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11
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PPARs: Protectors or Opponents of Myocardial Function? PPAR Res 2015; 2015:835985. [PMID: 26713088 PMCID: PMC4680114 DOI: 10.1155/2015/835985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 5 million people in the United States suffer from the complications of heart failure (HF), which is a rapidly expanding health complication. Disorders that contribute to HF include ischemic cardiac disease, cardiomyopathies, and hypertension. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. There are three PPAR isoforms: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. They can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as fatty acids, as well as by pharmacologic agents. Activators of PPARs are used for treating several metabolic complications, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia that are directly or indirectly associated with HF. However, some of these drugs have adverse effects that compromise cardiac function. This review article aims to summarize the current basic and clinical research findings of the beneficial or detrimental effects of PPAR biology on myocardial function.
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12
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A Phospholipid-Protein Complex from Krill with Antioxidative and Immunomodulating Properties Reduced Plasma Triacylglycerol and Hepatic Lipogenesis in Rats. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4375-97. [PMID: 26193284 PMCID: PMC4515623 DOI: 10.3390/md13074375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) can change the plasma profile from atherogenic to cardioprotective. In addition, there is growing evidence that proteins of marine origin may have health benefits. We investigated a phospholipid-protein complex (PPC) from krill that is hypothesized to influence lipid metabolism, inflammation, and redox status. Male Wistar rats were fed a control diet (2% soy oil, 8% lard, 20% casein), or diets where corresponding amounts of casein and lard were replaced with PPC at 3%, 6%, or 11% (wt %), for four weeks. Dietary supplementation with PPC resulted in significantly lower levels of plasma triacylglycerols in the 11% PPC-fed group, probably due to reduced hepatic lipogenesis. Plasma cholesterol levels were also reduced at the highest dose of PPC. In addition, the plasma and liver content of n-3 PUFAs increased while n-6 PUFAs decreased. This was associated with increased total antioxidant capacity in plasma and increased liver gene expression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2). Finally, a reduced plasma level of the inflammatory mediator interleukin-2 (IL-2) was detected in the PPC-fed animals. The present data show that PPC has lipid-lowering effects in rats, and may modulate risk factors related to cardiovascular disease progression.
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13
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Skeie E, Strand E, Pedersen ER, Bjørndal B, Bohov P, Berge RK, Svingen GFT, Seifert R, Ueland PM, Midttun Ø, Ulvik A, Hustad S, Drevon CA, Gregory JF, Nygård O. Circulating B-vitamins and smoking habits are associated with serum polyunsaturated Fatty acids in patients with suspected coronary heart disease: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129049. [PMID: 26039046 PMCID: PMC4454679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to be of major health importance, and recent studies indicate that their endogenous metabolism is influenced by B-vitamin status and smoking habits. We investigated the associations of circulating B-vitamins and smoking habits with serum polyunsaturated fatty acids among 1,366 patients who underwent coronary angiography due to suspected coronary heart disease at Haukeland University Hospital, Norway. Of these, 52% provided information on dietary habits by a food frequency questionnaire. Associations were assessed using partial correlation (Spearman’s rho). In the total population, the concentrations of most circulating B-vitamins were positively associated with serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but negatively with serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the associations between B-vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids tended to be weaker in smokers. This could not be solely explained by differences in dietary intake. Furthermore, plasma cotinine, a marker of recent nicotine exposure, showed a negative relationship with serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but a positive relationship with serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, circulating B-vitamins are, in contrast to plasma cotinine, generally positively associated with serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and negatively with serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with suspected coronary heart disease. Further studies should investigate whether B-vitamin status and smoking habits may modify the clinical effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Skeie
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva R. Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Reinhard Seifert
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per M. Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Arve Ulvik
- Bevital AS, Laboratory building, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steinar Hustad
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian A. Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jesse F. Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Malinska H, Hüttl M, Oliyarnyk O, Bratova M, Kazdova L. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces visceral and ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in chronic severe hypertriacylglycerolemia. Nutrition 2015; 31:1045-51. [PMID: 26059381 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The metabolic health effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is one of the principal polyunsaturated fatty acids, are controversial and still not fully accepted. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CLA on adiposity, ectopic lipid accumulation, and insulin-resistant states in a metabolic syndrome model of non-obese hereditary rats with hypertriacylglycerolmia (HHTg). METHODS Groups of adult male HHTg rats were fed a high-carbohydrate diet (70% sucrose) with a 2% mixture of CLA isomers, or with the same amount of sunflower oil (control group) for 2 mo. RESULTS CLA supplementation decreased body weight gain (P < 0.05) and visceral adipose tissue weight (P < 0.01), and distinctively reduced serum triacylglycerols (P < 0.01) and triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver, heart, muscle, and aorta. CLA-treated rats exhibited increased insulin sensitivity in the adipose (P < 0.01), a higher release of fatty acids (P < 0.001), and increased adiponectin secretion (P < 0.01).In the skeletal muscle, CLA supplementation was associated with increased glucose oxidation (P < 0.01) and an elevated anti-inflammatory index (P < 0.05), according to phospholipid fatty acid composition. In the liver, CLA reduced the oxidized form of glutathione and elevated the activity of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION Results suggest that CLA supplementation may protect against HHTg-induced dyslipidemia, ectopic lipid deposition, and insulin resistance. Increased glucose oxidation in the skeletal muscle as well as adiponectin secretion may play a role in the mechanism of the CLA action. Results suggest that CLA could reduce the negative consequences of HHTg and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Malinska
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Hüttl
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Bratova
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdova
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Dong X, Xu H, Mai K, Xu W, Zhang Y, Ai Q. Cloning and characterization of SREBP-1 and PPAR-α in Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus, and their gene expressions in response to different dietary fatty acid profiles. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 180:48-56. [PMID: 25448051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, putative cDNA of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α), key regulators of lipid homoeostasis, were cloned and characterized from liver of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus), and their expression in response to diets enriched with fish oil (FO) or fatty acids such as palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA), was investigated following feeding. The SREBP-1 of Japanese seabass appeared to be equivalent to SREBP-1a of mammals in terms of sequence feature and tissue expression pattern. The stimulation of the mRNA expression level of SREBP-1 in liver of Japanese seabass by dietary fatty acids significantly ranked as follows: PA, OA>SA, ALA, and n-3 LC-PUFA>FO. A new PPAR-α subtype in Japanese seabass, PPAR-α2, was cloned in this study, which is not on the same branch with Japanese seabass PPAR-α1 and mammalian PPAR-α in the phylogenetic tree. Liver gene expression of PPAR-α1 of Japanese seabass was inhibited by diets enriched with ALA or FO compared to diets enriched with PA or OA, while the gene expression of PPAR-α2 of Japanese seabass was up-regulated by diets enriched with ALA or n-3 LC-PUFA compared to diets enriched with OA or FO. This was the first evidence for the great divergence in response to dietary fatty acids between PPAR-α1 and PPAR-α2 of fish, which indicated probable functional distribution between PPAR-α isotypes of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Houguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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16
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Parolini C, Vik R, Busnelli M, Bjørndal B, Holm S, Brattelid T, Manzini S, Ganzetti GS, Dellera F, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P, Sirtori CR, Nordrehaug JE, Skorve J, Berge RK, Chiesa G. A salmon protein hydrolysate exerts lipid-independent anti-atherosclerotic activity in ApoE-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97598. [PMID: 24840793 PMCID: PMC4026378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish consumption is considered health beneficial as it decreases cardiovascular disease (CVD)-risk through effects on plasma lipids and inflammation. We investigated a salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) that is hypothesized to influence lipid metabolism and to have anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory properties. 24 female apolipoprotein (apo) E(-/-) mice were divided into two groups and fed a high-fat diet with or without 5% (w/w) SPH for 12 weeks. The atherosclerotic plaque area in aortic sinus and arch, plasma lipid profile, fatty acid composition, hepatic enzyme activities and gene expression were determined. A significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic arch and aortic sinus was found in the 12 apoE(-/)- mice fed 5% SPH for 12 weeks compared to the 12 casein-fed control mice. Immunohistochemical characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in aortic sinus displayed no differences in plaque composition between mice fed SPH compared to controls. However, reduced mRNA level of Icam1 in the aortic arch was found. The plasma content of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) were increased and decreased, respectively. SPH-feeding decreased the plasma concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF, whereas plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols (TAG) were unchanged, accompanied by unchanged mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)-activity. These data show that a 5% (w/w) SPH diet reduces atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice and attenuate risk factors related to atherosclerotic disorders by acting both at vascular and systemic levels, and not directly related to changes in plasma lipids or fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (CP); (RV)
| | - Rita Vik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (CP); (RV)
| | - Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Brattelid
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, NIFES, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia S. Ganzetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Dellera
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cesare R. Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan E. Nordrehaug
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Bjørndal B, Strand E, Gjerde J, Bohov P, Svardal A, Diehl BW, Innis SM, Berger A, Berge RK. Phospholipids from herring roe improve plasma lipids and glucose tolerance in healthy, young adults. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:82. [PMID: 24886291 PMCID: PMC4038089 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herring roe is an underutilized source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for human consumption with high phospholipid (PL) content. Studies have shown that PL may improve bioavailability of n-3 PUFAs. Arctic Nutrition's herring roe product MOPL™30 is a PL: docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil mixture, with a DHA:eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio of about 3:1, which is also rich in choline. In this pilot study, we determined if MOPL30 could favorably affect plasma lipid parameters and glucose tolerance in healthy young adults. METHODS Twenty female and one male adults, between 22 and 26 years of age, participated in the study. Participants took encapsulated MOPL30, 2.4 g/d EPA + DHA, for 14 days, and completed a three-day weighed food record before and during the capsule intake. Plasma lipids and their fatty acid (FA) composition, plasma and red blood cell (RBC) phosphatidylcholine (PC) FA composition, acylcarnitines, choline, betaine and insulin were measured before and after supplementation (n = 21), and one and four weeks after discontinuation of supplementation (n = 14). An oral glucose tolerance test was performed before and after supplementation. RESULTS Fasting plasma triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acids decreased and HDL-cholesterol increased after 14 days of MOPL30 intake (p < 0.05). The dietary records showed that PUFA intake prior to and during capsule intake was not different. Fasting plasma glucose was unchanged from before to after supplementation. However, during oral glucose tolerance testing, blood glucose at both 10 and 120 min was significantly lower after supplementation with MOPL30 compared to baseline measurements. Plasma free choline and betaine were increased, and the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated (PUFA) ratio in plasma and RBC PC were decreased post-supplementation. Four weeks after discontinuation of MOPL30, most parameters had returned to baseline, but a delayed effect was observed on n-6 PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS Herring roe rich in PL improved the plasma lipid profile and glycemic control in young adults with an overall healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5020, Norway.
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Strand E, Pedersen ER, Svingen GFT, Schartum-Hansen H, Rebnord EW, Bjørndal B, Seifert R, Bohov P, Meyer K, Hiltunen JK, Nordrehaug JE, Nilsen DWT, Berge RK, Nygård O. Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction in coronary artery disease patients with or without diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med 2013; 11:216. [PMID: 24103380 PMCID: PMC3853070 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A beneficial effect of a high n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake has been observed in heart failure patients, who are frequently insulin resistant. We investigated the potential influence of impaired glucose metabolism on the relation between dietary intake of n-3 LCPUFAs and risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS This prospective cohort study was based on the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial and included 2,378 patients with coronary artery disease with available baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and dietary data. Patients were sub-grouped as having no diabetes (HbA1c <5.7%), pre-diabetes (HbA1c ≥5.7%), or diabetes (previous diabetes, fasting baseline serum glucose ≥7.0, or non-fasting glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L). AMI risk was evaluated by Cox regression (age and sex adjusted), comparing the upper versus lower tertile of daily dietary n-3 LCPUFA intake. RESULTS The participants (80% males) had a mean age of 62 and follow-up of 4.8 years. A high n-3 LCPUFA intake was associated with reduced risk of AMI (hazard ratio 0.38, 95%CI 0.18, 0.80) in diabetes patients (median HbA1c = 7.2%), whereas no association was observed in pre-diabetes patients. In patients without diabetes a high intake tended to be associated with an increased risk (hazard ratio1.45, 95%CI 0.84, 2.53), which was significant for fatal AMI (hazard ratio 4.79, 95%CI 1.05, 21.90) and associated with lower HbA1c (mean ± standard deviation 4.55 ±0.68 versus 4.92 ±0.60, P = 0.02). No such differences in HbA1c were observed in those with pre-diabetes or diabetes. CONCLUSIONS A high intake of n-3 LCPUFAs was associated with a reduced risk of AMI, independent of HbA1c, in diabetic patients, but with an increased risk of fatal AMI and lower HbA1c among patients without impaired glucose metabolism. Further studies should investigate whether patients with diabetes may benefit from having a high intake of n-3 LCPUFAs and whether patients with normal glucose tolerance should be careful with a very high intake of these fatty acids. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00354081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Øie E, Berge RK, Ueland T, Dahl CP, Edvardsen T, Beitnes JO, Bohov P, Aukrust P, Yndestad A. Tetradecylthioacetic acid increases fat metabolism and improves cardiac function in experimental heart failure. Lipids 2012; 48:139-54. [PMID: 23266898 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in myocardial metabolism, including a shift from fatty acid to glucose utilization and changes in fatty acid availability and composition are characteristics of heart failure development. Tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) is a fatty acid analogue lacking the ability to undergo mitochondrial β-oxidation. TTA promotes hepatic proliferation of mitochondria and peroxisomes and also decreases serum triglycerides and cholesterol in animals. We investigated the effect of TTA, in combination with a high-fat or regular diet, in a rat model of post-myocardial infarction heart failure. TTA had a beneficial effect on cardiac function in post-myocardial infarction heart failure without affecting myocardial remodeling. These effects of TTA on myocardial function were accompanied by decreased free fatty acids in plasma, increased myocardial proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a decreased proportion of n-6 PUFA. Myocardial enzyme gene expression during TTA treatment suggested that the increase in n-3 PUFA could reflect increased n-3 PUFA synthesis and inadequately increased n-3 PUFA β-oxidation. Based on our data, it is unlikely that the changes are secondary to alterations in other tissues as plasma and liver showed an opposite pattern with decreased n-3 PUFA during TTA treatment. The present study suggests that TTA may improve myocardial function in heart failure, potentially involving its ability to decrease the availability of FFA and increase the myocardial proportion of n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Øie
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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