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Atehortua L, Morris J, Street SE, Bedel N, Davidson WS, Chougnet CA. Apolipoprotein E-containing HDL decreases caspase-dependent apoptosis of memory regulatory T lymphocytes. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100425. [PMID: 37579971 PMCID: PMC10507648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma levels of HDL cholesterol are inversely associated with CVD progression. It is becoming increasingly clear that HDL plays important roles in immunity that go beyond its traditionally understood roles in lipid transport. We previously reported that HDL interaction with regulatory T cells (Treg) protected them from apoptosis, which could be a mechanism underlying the broad anti-inflammatory effect of HDL. Herein, we extend our work to show that HDL interacts mainly with memory Treg, particularly with the highly suppressive effector memory Treg, by limiting caspase-dependent apoptosis in an Akt-dependent manner. Reconstitution experiments identified the protein component of HDL as the primary driver of the effect, though the most abundant HDL protein, apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1), was inactive. In contrast, APOE-depleted HDL failed to rescue effector memory Treg, suggesting the critical role of APOE proteins. HDL particles reconstituted with APOE, and synthetic phospholipids blunted Treg apoptosis at physiological concentrations. The APOE3 and APOE4 isoforms were the most efficient. Similar results were obtained when lipid-free recombinant APOEs were tested. Binding experiments showed that lipid-free APOE3 bound to memory Treg but not to naive Treg. Overall, our results show that APOE interaction with Treg results in blunted caspase-dependent apoptosis and increased survival. As dysregulation of HDL-APOE levels has been reported in CVD and obesity, our data bring new insight on how this defect may contribute to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Atehortua
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jamie Morris
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott E Street
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Bedel
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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2
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Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Apolipoprotein E. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061430. [PMID: 35740451 PMCID: PMC9220183 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein that functions as a key mediator of lipid transport and cholesterol metabolism. Recent studies have shown that peptides derived from human APOE display anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Here, we applied in vitro assays and fluorescent microscopy to investigate the anti-bacterial effects of full-length APOE. The interaction of APOE with endotoxins from Escherichia coli was explored using surface plasmon resonance, binding assays, transmission electron microscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We also studied the immunomodulatory activity of APOE using in vitro cell assays and an in vivo mouse model in combination with advanced imaging techniques. We observed that APOE exhibits anti-bacterial activity against several Gram-negative bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In addition, we showed that APOE exhibits a significant binding affinity for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A as well as heparin. MD simulations identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) binding region in helix 4 of APOE as a primary binding site for these molecules via electrostatic interactions. Together, our data suggest that APOE may have an important role in controlling inflammation during Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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Łysek-Gładysińska M, Wieczorek A, Jóźwik A, Walaszczyk A, Jelonek K, Szczukiewicz-Markowska G, Horbańczuk OK, Pietrowska M, Widłak P, Gabryś D. Aging-Related Changes in the Ultrastructure of Hepatocytes and Cardiomyocytes of Elderly Mice Are Enhanced in ApoE-Deficient Animals. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030502. [PMID: 33652838 PMCID: PMC7996907 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is associated with various morphological and functional changes, yet the mechanisms of these phenomena remain unclear in many tissues and organs. Hyperlipidemia is among the factors putatively involved in the aging of the liver and heart. Here, we analyzed morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical features in adult (7-month-old) and elderly (17-month-old) mice, and then compared age-related features between wild type (C57Bl/6 strain) and ApoE-deficient (transgenic ApoE−/−) animals. Increased numbers of damaged mitochondria, lysosomes, and lipid depositions were observed in the hepatocytes of elderly animals. Importantly, these aging-related changes were significantly stronger in hepatocytes from ApoE-deficient animals. An increased number of damaged mitochondria was observed in the cardiomyocytes of elderly animals. However, the difference between wild type and ApoE-deficient mice was expressed in the larger size of mitochondria detected in the transgenic animals. Moreover, a few aging-related differences were noted between wild type and ApoE-deficient mice at the level of plasma biochemical markers. Levels of cholesterol and HDL increased in the plasma of elderly ApoE−/− mice and were markedly higher than in the plasma of elderly wild type animals. On the other hand, the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) decreased in the plasma of elderly ApoE−/− mice and was markedly lower than in the plasma of elderly wild type animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Łysek-Gładysińska
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Jan Kochanowski, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.Ł.-G.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Wieczorek
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Jan Kochanowski, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.Ł.-G.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Walaszczyk
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Karol Jelonek
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland; (K.J.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Grażyna Szczukiewicz-Markowska
- Department of Surgical Medicine with the Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Collegium Medicum, University of Jan Kochanowski, al. IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Olaf K. Horbańczuk
- Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland; (K.J.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Widłak
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland; (K.J.); (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Dorota Gabryś
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland;
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Buczyńska A, Sidorkiewicz I, Ławicki S, Krętowski A, Zbucka-Krętowska M. The Significance of Apolipoprotein E Measurement in the Screening of Fetal Down Syndrome. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123995. [PMID: 33321701 PMCID: PMC7764604 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal screening for Down syndrome (DS) is based on both noninvasive and invasive methods. Noninvasive, cell-free fetal DNA genetic tests are expensive, whereas biochemical methods remain imprecise. Amniocentesis is the most frequently used invasive diagnosis procedure, characterized by 99.8% diagnostic efficiency and less than 1% risk of miscarriage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the screening value of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as a potential noninvasive biomarker for prenatal DS assessment. This study was conducted on a group of female patients who decided to undergo routine amniocentesis between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy at the Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology of the Medical University of Bialystok, Poland. For the purpose of this study, 20 women with DS fetuses were selected as the study group, and 20 healthy pregnant women with euploid fetus karyotypes as the control group. The plasma levels of ApoE were significantly higher in the study group compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.978 (p < 0.001), with the cut-off set to 1.37 mg/mL, which was characterized by 80% of sensitivity and 100% of specificity. The high sensitivity and specificity demonstrate the screening utility of maternal ApoE concentration in prenatal fetal DS screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Buczyńska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Iwona Sidorkiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Sławomir Ławicki
- Department of Population Medicine and Civilization Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Zbucka-Krętowska
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Adolescent Gynecology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-746-8336
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Lambert C, Cubedo J, Padró T, Sánchez-Hernández J, Antonijoan RM, Perez A, Badimon L. Phytosterols and Omega 3 Supplementation Exert Novel Regulatory Effects on Metabolic and Inflammatory Pathways: A Proteomic Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060599. [PMID: 28608804 PMCID: PMC5490578 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide. In addition to drug treatment, nutritional interventions or supplementations are becoming a health strategy for CVD prevention. Phytosterols (PhyS) are natural components that have been shown to reduce cholesterol levels; while poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids, have shown to reduce triglyceride levels. Here we aimed to investigate whether the proteins in the main lipoproteins (low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL)) as well as proteins in the lipid free plasma fraction (LPDP) were regulated by the intake of PhyS-milk or ω3-milk, in overweight healthy volunteers by a proteomic based systems biology approach. The study was a longitudinal crossover trial, including thirty-two healthy volunteers with body mass index (BMI) 25–35 kg/m2 (Clinical Trial: ISRCTN78753338). Basal samples before any intervention and after 4 weeks of intake of PhyS or ω3-milk were analyzed. Proteomic profiling by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by mass spectrometry-(MALDI/TOF), ELISA, Western blot, conventional biochemical analysis, and in-silico bioinformatics were performed. The intake of PhyS-milk did not induce changes in the lipid associated plasma protein fraction, whereas ω3-milk significantly increased apolipoprotein (Apo)- E LDL content (p = 0.043) and induced a coordinated increase in several HDL-associated proteins, Apo A–I, lecitin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), Apo D, and Apo L1 (p < 0.05 for all). Interestingly, PhyS-milk intake induced a reduction in inflammatory molecules not seen after ω3-milk intake. Serum amyloid P component (SAP) was reduced in the LPDP protein fraction (p = 0.001) of subjects taking PhyS-milk and C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)expression detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in white blood cells was significantly reduced (p = 0.013). No changes were observed in the lipid-free plasma proteome with ω3-milk. Our study provides novel results and highlights that the PhyS-milk induces attenuation of the pro-inflammatory pathways, whereas ω3-milk induces improvement in lipid metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lambert
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Judit Cubedo
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joan Sánchez-Hernández
- Ciber DEM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Antonijoan
- Medicament ResearchCenter (CIM), Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Perez
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Science Institute-ICCC IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Cardiovascular Research Chair UAB, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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Kaneva AM, Potolitsyna NN, Bojko ER. Usefulness of the LDL-C/apoB ratio in the overall evaluation of atherogenicity of lipid profile. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:16-22. [PMID: 27347637 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2016.1195411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to apolipoprotein-B (LDL-C/apoB) conventionally represents an alternative index of LDL particle size. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to determine the importance of LDL-C/apoB ratio in the overall evaluation of atherogenicity of lipid profile. METHODS The plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apoB and apoE were measured in 186 apparently healthy men using enzymatic and immunoturbidimetric methods. RESULTS The subjects with low values of the LDL-C/apoB ratio, indicating a predominance of small dense LDL (sd-LDL) particles in plasma, were characterized by higher TG levels and lower apoE levels. CONCLUSION Low levels of apoE are most likely a cause of reduced clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins, which promotes the formation of sd-LDL. Determination of the LDL-C/apoB ratio can be used for monitoring qualitative changes in lipid profile, in addition to traditional lipid variables indicating quantitative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya M Kaneva
- a Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Syktyvkar , Russia
| | - Natalya N Potolitsyna
- a Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Syktyvkar , Russia
| | - Evgeny R Bojko
- a Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , Syktyvkar , Russia
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7
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The apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio as a potential marker of plasma atherogenicity. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:591454. [PMID: 25852220 PMCID: PMC4380097 DOI: 10.1155/2015/591454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background. The apolipoprotein (apo) B/apoA-I ratio represents the balance between apoB-rich atherogenic particles and apoA-I-rich antiatherogenic particles, and this ratio is considered to be a marker of cardiovascular risk. Although many studies have demonstrated the importance of the apoB/apoA-I ratio in predicting the presence or absence of cardiovascular disease, less is known about apoB/apoA-I ratio as a marker of plasma atherogenicity. Methods. A total of 157 normolipidemic men aged 20–59 years were included in the study. The plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apoA-I, apoB, and apoE were determined after a 12 h fasting period. Results. The median of the apoB/apoA-I ratio in the studied normolipidemic subjects was 0.52, with values ranging from 0.19 to 2.60. The percentage of subjects with the apoB/apoA-I ratio exceeding 0.9 (the accepted risk value of cardiovascular disease) was 19.1%. The subjects with apoB/apoA-I>0.9 were characterized by higher TG levels and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and lower values of ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to apoB (LDL-C/apoB) and apoE levels compared with men with apoB/apoA-I<0.9. Conclusion. Despite normolipidemia, the subjects with the unfavorable apoB/apoA-I ratio had more atherogenic lipid profile.
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ZHAN XIUHUI, ZHA GUANGCAI, JIAO JIWEI, YANG LIYE, ZHAN XIAOFEN, CHEN JIANGTAO, XIE DONGDE, EYI URBANOMONSUY, MATESA ROCIOAPICANTE, OBONO MAXIMOMIKOONDO, EHAPO CARLOSSALA, WEI ERJIA, ZHENG YUZHONG, YANG HUI, LIN MIN. Rapid identification of apolipoprotein E genotypes by high-resolution melting analysis in Chinese Han and African Fang populations. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:469-475. [PMID: 25574218 PMCID: PMC4280925 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism can affect APOE gene transcription, serum lipid levels and repair of tissue damage, which could place individuals at serious risk of cardiovascular disease or certain infectious diseases. Recently, high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis was reported to be a simple, inexpensive, accurate and sensitive method for the genotyping or/and scanning of rare mutations. For this reason, an HRM analysis was used in the present study for APOE genotyping in the Southern Chinese Han and African Fang populations. A total of 100 healthy Southern Chinese Han and 175 healthy African Fang individuals attended the study. Polymerase chain reaction-DNA sequencing was used as a reference method for the genotyping of these samples. The six APOE genotypes could all be rapidly and efficiently identified by HRM analysis, and 100% concordance was found between the HRM analysis and the reference method. The allele frequencies of APOE in the Southern Chinese Han population were 7.0, 87.5 and 5.5% for ɛ2, ɛ3 and ɛ4, respectively. In the African Fang population, the allele frequencies of APOE were 24.3, 65.7 and 10.0% for ɛ2, ɛ3 and ɛ4, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between the allele frequencies between the populations (P<0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed the molecular characterization of APOE gene polymorphism in the Han population from the Chaozhou region of Southern China and the Fang population from Equatorial Guinea. The findings of the study indicated that HRM analysis could be used as an accurate and sensitive method for the rapid screening and identification of APOE genotypes in prospective clinical and population genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- XIU-HUI ZHAN
- Department of Biology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
| | - GUANG-CAI ZHA
- Department of Biology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
| | - JI-WEI JIAO
- Department of Biology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
| | - LI-YE YANG
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
| | - XIAO-FEN ZHAN
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
| | - JIANG-TAO CHEN
- The Chinese Medical Aid Team to Equatorial Guinea, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - DONG-DE XIE
- The Chinese Medical Aid Team to Equatorial Guinea, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - URBANO MONSUY EYI
- Central Blood Transfusion Service, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo 999115, Equatorial Guinea
| | - ROCIO APICANTE MATESA
- Central Blood Transfusion Service, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo 999115, Equatorial Guinea
| | - MAXIMO MIKO ONDO OBONO
- Central Blood Transfusion Service, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo 999115, Equatorial Guinea
| | - CARLOS SALA EHAPO
- Central Blood Transfusion Service, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo 999115, Equatorial Guinea
| | - ER-JIA WEI
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
| | - YU-ZHONG ZHENG
- Department of Biology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
| | - HUI YANG
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
| | - MIN LIN
- Laboratory Medical Center, Chaozhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521000, P.R. China
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Min Lin, Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Arya N, Kharjul MD, Shishoo CJ, Thakare VN, Jain KS. Some molecular targets for antihyperlipidemic drug research. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:535-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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