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Lôbo IMDB, Bordallo CDOS, Sacramento JM, Leite LDO, Santana PDS. Phytosterol supplementation in capsules or tablets as adjunctive treatment for hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:718-729. [PMID: 37739728 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exploration of lipid-lowering resources, such as phytosterols, for the complementary nutritional treatment of hypercholesterolemia is relevant to reduce cardiovascular risk. The use of phytosterols in capsules or tablets can bring advantages in the context of diet therapy, but such format is still less studied when compared to fortified foods. OBJECTIVE Systematically review randomized clinical trials on the effects of phytosterol supplementation, in capsules or tablets, on the lipid profile and its use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in adults. DESIGN A systematic review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, with a PROSPERO protocol registered under number CRD42021249539. The process was conducted by two independent reviewers. Only randomized clinical trials with phytosterol supplementation in adult individuals with hypercholesterolemia were included. The terms were searched in the databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, Embase, LILACS and Web of Science, without restriction of time and language. The manual search was also performed through the list of references of articles included in this review. RESULTS The searches resulted in 977 articles. 22 articles were selected, whose full text was read, and according to the eligibility criteria 10 were incorporated into the review. The studies were separated into groups according to the association of the intervention with changes in lifestyle and the characteristics extracted from the studies were summarized and displayed in tables. Most studies have revealed a positive association between phytosterol supplementation and cholesterol reduction, despite the short duration of interventions. CONCLUSION The analyzed studies showed that phytosterol supplements can be useful to modulate the lipid profile, helping to reduce the plasma concentration of LDL cholesterol. However, more research with the aforementioned supplementation in such pharmaceutical formats should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabele Maria de Barros Lôbo
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil; Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Street Basilio da Gama, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 40110-040, Brazil.
| | - Carine de Oliveira Souza Bordallo
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil.
| | - Joselita Moura Sacramento
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil.
| | - Luana de Oliveira Leite
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil; Federal University of Bahia, School of Nutrition, Street Basilio da Gama, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 40110-040, Brazil.
| | - Poliana da Silva Santana
- University of the State of Bahia, Department of Life Sciences - Campus I, Street Silveira Martins, 2555, Cabula, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41150-000, Brazil.
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Refaey MS, Shah MA, Fayed MA, Rasul A, Siddiqui MF, Qasim M, Althobaiti NA, Saleem U, Malik A, Blundell R, Eldahshan OA. Neuroprotective effects of steroids. PHYTONUTRIENTS AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 2023:283-304. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824467-8.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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3
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Dogani M, Askari N, Kalantari-Hesari A, Hosseini Rahbar F. The effects of P. atlantica as a libido booster and sexual enhancer on the reproductive system of male rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 12:345-353. [PMID: 35747351 PMCID: PMC9209825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Experimental procedure Results and conclusion Fertility and infertility are among the most complex issues in medical sciences. Baneh (wild pistachio) traditionally is known as a sexual enhancer. It enhances testosterone and oxytocin level in favour of increasing sperm counts. Baneh improves lipid metabolism and increases the serum level of Zinc and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manijeh Dogani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R, Iran
| | - Nayere Askari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R, Iran
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, I.R, Iran
- Corresponding author. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 76135, Iran.
| | - Ali Kalantari-Hesari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hosseini Rahbar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I.R, Iran
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Lipid metabolism of leukocytes in the unstimulated and activated states. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2353-2363. [PMID: 32055910 PMCID: PMC7118052 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics has emerged as a powerful technique to study cellular lipid metabolism. As the lipidome contains numerous isomeric and isobaric species resulting in a significant overlap between different lipid classes, cutting-edge analytical technology is necessary for a comprehensive analysis of lipid metabolism. Just recently, differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) has evolved as such a technology, helping to overcome several analytical challenges. We here set out to apply DMS and the Lipidyzer™ platform to obtain a comprehensive overview of leukocyte-related lipid metabolism in the resting and activated states. First, we tested the linearity and repeatability of the platform by using HL60 cells. We obtained good linearities for most of the thirteen analyzed lipid classes (correlation coefficient > 0.95), and good repeatability (%CV < 15). By comparing the lipidome of neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes (CD14+), and lymphocytes (CD4+), we shed light on leukocyte-specific lipid patterns as well as lipidomic changes occurring through differential stimulation. For example, at the resting state, PMNs proved to contain higher amounts of triacylglycerides compared to CD4+ and CD14+ cells. On the other hand, CD4+ and CD14+ cells contained higher levels of phospholipids and ceramides. Upon stimulation, diacylglycerides, hexosylceramides, phosphatidylcholines, phosphoethanolamines, and lysophosphoethanolamines were upregulated in CD4+ cells and PMNs, whereas CD14+ cells did not show significant changes. By exploring the fatty acid content of the significantly upregulated lipid classes, we mainly found increased concentrations of very long and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our results indicate the usefulness of the Lipidyzer™ platform for studying cellular lipid metabolism. Its application allowed us to explore the lipidome of leukocytes. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Resende LMB, de Souza VR, Ferreira GMD, Nunes CA. Changes in quality and phytochemical contents of avocado oil under different temperatures. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 56:401-408. [PMID: 30728583 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Avocado oil, which has a high content of monounsaturated fatty acid and health-beneficial phytochemicals, is consumed in salads and also can be used for cooking. Therefore, is essential to study its oxidative and photochemical stability under different temperatures. So this work aimed to evaluate the oil oxidation and the phytochemical degradation of avocado oil under three different temperatures: room, 100 °C and 180 °C. The oil oxidation was evaluated by peroxide value and specific extinction in ultraviolet. The phytochemical degradation was evaluated for phytosterol, chlorophylls, and carotenoids contents. The temperature was found to significantly influence the oil oxidation and phytochemical stability, with the oxidation/degradation rate constants increasing with temperature. At room temperature, all oxidative parameters increased linearly with time, indicating a zero-order kinetic. At 100 and 180 °C, peroxide value, K232 and K270 increased linearly at a higher rate, becoming constant or decreasing after a short reaction time. The activation energy from specific extinction at 270 nm curves was 17.74 kcal mol-1 for oil degradation. For phytochemical compounds, the mechanism of reactions depended on the temperature, in which the reaction orders increased with heating. The activation energies for carotenoids, chlorophylls and sterols degradations at high temperatures were 5.00, 6.93, and 4.48 kcal mol-1, respectively. In this way, we found that avocado oil has its stability and quality affected by temperature, and, therefore, is not indicated for use in long and/or successive heating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Maria Braga Resende
- 1Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, P. O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rios de Souza
- 2Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, P. O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Guilherme Max Dias Ferreira
- 1Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, P. O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Cleiton Antônio Nunes
- 2Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, University Campus, P. O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000 Brazil
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Montesano D, Rocchetti G, Cossignani L, Lucini L, Simonetti MS, Blasia F. Italian Lycium barbarum L. Berry: Chemical Characterization and Nutraceutical Value. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum L. has received considerable attention in recent years also in western countries because of the interesting healthy value of these berries. In this paper, goji samples cultivated in Southern Italy were analyzed for their chemical composition and nutritional profile in order to characterize fruits of Italian origin and to increase the awareness about their nutraceutical value. Lipid fraction was characterized by high percentages of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular oleic and linoleic acids, and very low values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes (0.1 and 0.2, respectively). In addition, goji berry was an interesting source of phytosterols (41.5 mg/100 g), essentially represented by β-sitosterol. Carotenoid analysis showed the presence of zeaxanthin, in esterified form, with high content of zeaxanthin dipalmitate (277.9 mg/100 g). Finally, in vitro antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds were investigated. The results suggested that goji hydro-alcoholic extract possessed the ability to scavenge free radicals. Phenolic acids were clearly the most abundant compounds followed by flavonols and favanols. The results reported in this study confirm that Italian L. barbarum berry is a rich source of bioactive molecules with nutraceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, Università di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lina Cossignani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, Università di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Simonetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, Università di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Frances Blasia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, Università di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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Montesano D, Blasi F, Simonetti MS, Santini A, Cossignani L. Chemical and Nutritional Characterization of Seed Oil from Cucurbita maxima L. (var. Berrettina) Pumpkin. Foods 2018; 7:foods7030030. [PMID: 29494522 PMCID: PMC5867545 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) has received considerable attention in recent years because of the nutritional and health-protective value of seed oil. The nutritional composition of pumpkin native to central Italy, locally known as “Berrettina” (Cucurbita maxima L.), was evaluated. In particular, the lipid fraction of seed oil was characterized, and the triacylglycerol (TAG) was thoroughly studied by using a stereospecific procedure to obtain the intrapositional fatty acid composition of the three sn-positions of the glycerol backbone of TAG. Moreover, alkaline hydrolysis was carried out to study the main components of the unsaponifiable fraction, i.e., sterols and alcohols. It was observed that monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant (41.7% and 37.2%, respectively) in Berrettina pumpkin seed oil, with high content of oleic and linoleic acid (41.4% and 37.0%, respectively). The main sterols of Berrettina pumpkin seed oil were Δ7,22,25-stigmastatrienol, Δ7,25-stigmastadienol, and spinasterol; with regard to the alcoholic fraction, triterpenic compounds were more abundant than aliphatic compounds (63.2% vs. 36.8%). The obtained data are useful to evaluate pumpkin seed oil from a nutritional point of view. The oil obtained from the seed could be used as a preservative and as a functional ingredient in different areas, e.g., cosmetics, foods, and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Blasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maria Stella Simonetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Lina Cossignani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Brahmachari G, Mondal A, Nayek N, Kumar A, Srivastava AK, Misra N. Experimental and quantum chemical studies on poriferasterol – A natural phytosterol isolated from Cassia sophera Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae). J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Santini A, Novellino E. Nutraceuticals in hypercholesterolaemia: an overview. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1450-1463. [PMID: 27685833 PMCID: PMC5429323 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing attention is now being given to the possible preventive/alternative ways to avoid illness onset. Changes in lifestyle and food habits are taking over from the conventional pharmaceutical-based approach, especially for chronic pathologies. Nutraceuticals have been proposed as key tools for the prevention and cure of some pathological conditions. This is leading research to develop new formulations based on these pharma-foods addressed in a specific way to prevent and cure health issues, which, in turn, will have an effect on therapy-related costs sustained by any National Health Organization. According to existing regulations, nutraceuticals cannot be categorized as either food or drugs but, by definition, often inhabit a grey area in between the two, being assimilated into food supplements, notwithstanding the beneficial properties that they can provide for some pathological conditions. A nutraceuticals-based approach for health management, in particular for some pathological conditions, has resulted in a worldwide growing 'nutraceutical' revolution. An outstanding example is the approach to the 'metabolic syndrome', which includes overweight, obesity and cardiovascular-related diseases, causing a sort of cascade of chronic health conditions, which is becoming a norm in modern life. Hypercholesterolaemia is one of these. It represents an example of a pathology that can be linked to both a poor lifestyle and dietary habits. The nutraceutical approach to hypercholesterolaemia is described in the present review as a possible alternative to the conventional drug-based therapy. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
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10
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Hu Y, Ahmed S, Li J, Luo B, Gao Z, Zhang Q, Li X, Hu X. Improved ganoderic acids production in Ganoderma lucidum by wood decaying components. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46623. [PMID: 28422185 PMCID: PMC5395960 DOI: 10.1038/srep46623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a legendary Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) over a few thousands of years and one kind of its major active components are Ganoderic acids (GAs). GAs are largely produced in the mushroom primordium and fruiting body but much less in mycelium stage. However, little is known on the underlying regulatory mechanism. As a saprophytic fungus, G. lucidum solely obtains nutrients by wood decaying. Wood in general contains sophisticated chemical components with diverse structural units. To explore a strategy that extensively leads to GAs induction in the submerged liquid fermentation, all chemical components that might be possibly from the wood decaying were tested individually as GAs inducers. It was found that GAs production increased 85.96% by 1.5% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 63.90% by 0.5% D-galactose. The transcription level of a few rate-limiting or chemically diverting enzymes responsible for GAs biosynthesis was greatly induced by MCC and D-galactose. The concentration and time-course titration study indicated that these two chemicals might not be utilized as carbon sources but they played a comprehensive role in the secondary metabolites synthesis. Our data indicated that MCC and D-galactose might be further industrialized for higher GAs production in G. lucidum in submerged fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Hu
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Biaobiao Luo
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Zengyan Gao
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Qiyun Zhang
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xuebo Hu
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Molecular Engineering, Department of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Biomedical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Jaceldo-Siegl K, Lütjohann D, Sirirat R, Mashchak A, Fraser GE, Haddad E. Variations in dietary intake and plasma concentrations of plant sterols across plant-based diets among North American adults. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28130879 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Phytosterols are bioactive compounds in plants with similar cholesterol-lowering properties as vegetarian diets. However, information on phytosterol intake and plasma plant sterols among vegetarians is sparse. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined dietary intake and plasma concentration of plant sterols and cholesterol across five dietary patterns in the Adventist Health Study-2 Calibration Sub-study (n = 861, 66% females, average age 61 years). To measure intake and plasma concentrations of these compounds, we used 24-h dietary recalls and gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization detection, respectively. Mean (SD) total phytosterol and cholesterol intake were 363 (176) mg/day and 131 (111) mg/day; plasma β-sitosterol, campesterol, and cholesterol were 3.3 (1.7) μg/mL, 4.2 (2.3) μg/mL, and 1.9 (0.4) mg/mL, respectively. Total phytosterol intake was lowest among non-vegetarians (263 mg/day) and highest among vegans (428 mg/day) (p < 0.0001). Cholesterol intake was lowest among vegans (15.2 mg/day) and highest among non-vegetarians (124.6 mg/day) (p < 0.0001). Plasma plant sterols and cholesterol did not differ by diet. Cholesterol-adjusted plasma β-sitosterol and campesterol were significantly higher in Blacks than Whites, though no ethnic differences were observed in dietary intake of these plant sterols. CONCLUSION Dietary intake but not plasma concentration of plant sterols and cholesterol varies across distinct plant-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jaceldo-Siegl
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Rawiwan Sirirat
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Mashchak
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gary E Fraser
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ella Haddad
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Chogtu B, Bhattacharjee D, Magazine R. Epigenetics: The New Frontier in the Landscape of Asthma. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:4638949. [PMID: 27293973 PMCID: PMC4879257 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4638949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, on a global scale, asthma has continued to remain one of the leading causes of morbidity, irrespective of age, sex, or social bearings. This is despite the prevalence of varied therapeutic options to counter the pathogenesis of asthma. Asthma, as a disease per se, is a very complex one. Scientists all over the world have been trying to obtain a lucid understanding of the machinations behind asthma. This has led to many theories and conjectures. However, none of the scientific disciplines have been able to provide the missing links in the chain of asthma pathogenesis. This was until epigenetics stepped into the picture. Though epigenetic research in asthma is in its nascent stages, it has led to very exciting results, especially with regard to explaining the massive influence of environment on development of asthma and its varied phenotypes. However, there remains a lot of work to be done, especially with regard to understanding how the interactions between immune system, epigenome, and environment lead to asthma. But introduction of epigenetics has infused a fresh lease of life in research into asthma and the mood among the scientific community is that of cautious optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Chogtu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Dipanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Rahul Magazine
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India
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Watanabe A, Sato C, Hattori K, Takagi H, Yashiro Y, Nakata S, Nagaoka S. The Effect of Lowering Plasma Cholesterol by Reishi Extracts and Its Possible Mechanism. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.63.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Determination of cholesterol and four phytosterols in foods without derivatization by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:636-644. [PMID: 28911479 PMCID: PMC9345442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a method for determination of cholesterol and four phytosterols by gas chromatography coupled with electron impact ionization mode–tandem mass spectrometry without derivatization in general food was developed. The sample was saponified with 7.5% KOH in methanol. After heating on hot plate and reflux for 60 minutes, the saponified portion was extracted with n-hexane/petroleum ether (50:50, v/v). The extracts were evaporated with rotary evaporator and then redissolved with tetrahydrofuran. The tetra-hydrofuran layer was transferred into an injection vial and analyzed by gas chromatography on a 30 m VF-5 column. Limit of quantification was 2 mg/kg. Recoveries of cholesterol and four phytosterols from general food were between 91% and 100%.
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15
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Das S, Martinez LR, Ray S. Phospholipid remodeling and eicosanoid signaling in colon cancer cells. INDIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOPHYSICS 2014; 51:512-519. [PMID: 25823224 PMCID: PMC4460191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid remodeling and eicosanoid synthesis are central to lipid-based inflammatory reactions. Studies have revealed that membrane phospholipid remodeling by fatty acids through deacylation/reacylation reactions increases the risk of colorectal cancers (CRC) by allowing the cells to produce excess inflammatory eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. Over the years, efforts have been made to understand the lipid remodeling pathways and to design anti-cancer drugs targeting the enzymes of eicosanoid biosynthesis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in phospholipid remodeling and eicosanoid biosynthesis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Das
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968-0519, USA
| | - Leobarda Robles Martinez
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, the Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968-0519, USA
| | - Suparna Ray
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Arfaoui MO, Renaud J, Ghazghazi H, Boukhchina S, Mayer P. Variation in oil content, fatty acid and phytosterols profile ofOnopordum acanthiumL. during seed development. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28:2293-300. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.940944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Fu K, Cheng Q, Liu Z, Chen Z, Wang Y, Ruan H, Zhou L, Xiong J, Xiao R, Liu S, Zhang Q, Yang D. Immunotoxicity assessment of rice-derived recombinant human serum albumin using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104426. [PMID: 25099245 PMCID: PMC4123919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) is extensively used in clinics to treat a variety of diseases, such as hypoproteinemia, hemorrhagic shock, serious burn injuries, cirrhotic ascites and fetal erythroblastosis. To address supply shortages and high safety risks from limited human donors, we recently developed recombinant technology to produce HSA from rice endosperm. To assess the risk potential of HSA derived from Oryza sativa (OsrHSA) before a First-in-human (FIH) trial, we compared OsrHSA and plasma-derived HSA (pHSA), evaluating the potential for an immune reaction and toxicity using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results indicated that neither OsrHSA nor pHSA stimulated T cell proliferation at 1x and 5x dosages. We also found no significant differences in the profiles of the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets between OsrHSA- and pHSA-treated cells. Furthermore, the results showed that there were no significant differences between OsrHSA and pHSA in the production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4. Our results demonstrated that OsrHSA has equivalent immunotoxicity to pHSA when using the PBMC model. Moreover, this ex vivo system could provide an alternative approach to predict potential risks in novel biopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Analysis and Testing center, Wuhan, China
| | - Honggang Ruan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruijing Xiao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengwu Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daichang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Rahman MA, Abdullah N, Aminudin N. Inhibitory effect on in vitro LDL oxidation and HMG Co-A reductase activity of the liquid-liquid partitioned fractions of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Persoon (lion's mane mushroom). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:828149. [PMID: 24959591 PMCID: PMC4052699 DOI: 10.1155/2014/828149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been strongly suggested as the key factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Mushrooms have been implicated in having preventive effects against chronic diseases due especially to their antioxidant properties. In this study, in vitro inhibitory effect of Hericium erinaceus on LDL oxidation and the activity of the cholesterol biosynthetic key enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG Co-A) reductase, was evaluated using five liquid-liquid solvent fractions consisting of methanol : dichloromethane (M : DCM), hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and aqueous residue (AQ). The hexane fraction showed the highest inhibition of oxidation of human LDL as reflected by the increased lag time (100 mins) for the formation of conjugated diene (CD) at 1 µg/mL and decreased production (68.28%, IC50 0.73 mg/mL) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) at 1 mg/mL. It also mostly inhibited (59.91%) the activity of the HMG Co-A reductase at 10 mg/mL. The GC-MS profiling of the hexane fraction identified the presence of myconutrients: inter alia, ergosterol and linoleic acid. Thus, hexane fraction of Hericium erinaceus was found to be the most potent in vitro inhibitor of both LDL oxidation and HMG Co-A reductase activity having therapeutic potential for the prevention of oxidative stress-mediated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azizur Rahman
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1340, Bangladesh
| | - Noorlidah Abdullah
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhaniza Aminudin
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Robichaud PP, Boulay K, Munganyiki JÉ, Surette ME. Fatty acid remodeling in cellular glycerophospholipids following the activation of human T cells. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2665-77. [PMID: 23894206 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in fatty acid (FA) and glycerophospholipid (GPL) metabolism associated with cell cycle entry are not fully understood. In this study FA-GPL remodeling was investigated in resting and proliferating primary human T cells. Significant changes were measured in the composition and distribution of FAs in GPLs following receptor activation of human T cells. The FA distribution of proliferating T cells was very similar to that of the human Jurkat T cell line and when the stimulus was removed from proliferating T cells, they stopped proliferating and the FA distribution largely reverted back to that of resting T cells. The cellular content of saturated and monounsaturated FAs was significantly increased in proliferating cells, which was associated with an induction of FA synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 gene expression. Additionally, cellular arachidonate was redistributed in GPLs in a distinct pattern that was unlike any other FAs. This redistribution was associated with an induction of CoA-dependent and CoA-independent remodeling. Accordingly, significant changes in the expression of several acyl-CoA synthetases, lysophospholipid acyltransferases, and phospholipase A2 were measured. Overall, these results suggest that metabolic pathways are activated in proliferating T cells that may represent fundamental changes associated with human cell proliferation.
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20
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Screening of edible mushrooms and extraction by pressurized water (PWE) of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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21
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Rosa FT, Zulet MÁ, Marchini JS, Martínez JA. Bioactive compounds with effects on inflammation markers in humans. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63:749-65. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.649250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Chongtham N, Bisht MS, Haorongbam S. Nutritional Properties of Bamboo Shoots: Potential and Prospects for Utilization as a Health Food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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HARRABI SAOUSSEM, BOUKHCHINA SADOK, KALLEL HABIB, MAYER PAULM. DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN PHYTOSTEROL AND PHYTOSTANOL COMPOSITION OF DENT CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) KERNEL FRACTIONS. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Orozco-Solano M, Ruiz-Jimenez J, Luque De Castro MD. Characterization of fatty alcohol and sterol fractions in olive tree. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7539-7546. [PMID: 20550122 DOI: 10.1021/jf100751r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The determination of sterols and fatty alcohols is a part of the study of the metabolomic profile of the unsaponifiable fraction in olive tree. Leaves and drupes from three varieties of olive tree (Arbequina, Picual, and Manzanilla) were used. The content of the target compounds was studied in five ripeness stages and three harvesting periods for olive drupes and leaves, respectively. A method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction and derivatization for the individual identification and quantitation of sterols and fatty alcohols, involving chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection by selected ion monitoring, was used. The concentrations of alcohols and sterols in the drupes ranged between 0.1 and 1086.9 mug/g and between 0.1 and 5855.3 mug/g, respectively, which are higher than in leaves. Statistical studies were developed to show the relationship between the concentration of the target analytes and variety, ripeness stage, and harvesting period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Orozco-Solano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Spain
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25
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Perera F, Tang WY, Herbstman J, Tang D, Levin L, Miller R, Ho SM. Relation of DNA methylation of 5'-CpG island of ACSL3 to transplacental exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood asthma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4488. [PMID: 19221603 PMCID: PMC2637989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a longitudinal cohort of approximately 700 children in New York City, the prevalence of asthma (>25%) is among the highest in the US. This high risk may in part be caused by transplacental exposure to traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) but biomarkers informative of PAH-asthma relationships is lacking. We here hypothesized that epigenetic marks associated with transplacental PAH exposure and/or childhood asthma risk could be identified in fetal tissues. Mothers completed personal prenatal air monitoring for PAH exposure determination. Methylation sensitive restriction fingerprinting was used to analyze umbilical cord white blood cell (UCWBC) DNA of 20 cohort children. Over 30 DNA sequences were identified whose methylation status was dependent on the level of maternal PAH exposure. Six sequences were found to be homologous to known genes having one or more 5'-CpG island(s) (5'-CGI). Of these, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 (ACSL3) exhibited the highest concordance between the extent of methylation of its 5'-CGI in UCWBCs and the level of gene expression in matched fetal placental tissues in the initial 20 cohort children. ACSL3 was therefore chosen for further investigation in a larger sample of 56 cohort children. Methylation of the ACSL3 5'-CGI was found to be significantly associated with maternal airborne PAH exposure exceeding 2.41 ng/m(3) (OR = 13.8; p<0.001; sensitivity = 75%; specificity = 82%) and with a parental report of asthma symptoms in children prior to age 5 (OR = 3.9; p<0.05). Thus, if validated, methylated ACSL3 5'CGI in UCWBC DNA may be a surrogate endpoint for transplacental PAH exposure and/or a potential biomarker for environmentally-related asthma. This exploratory report provides a new blueprint for the discovery of epigenetic biomarkers relevant to other exposure assessments and/or investigations of exposure-disease relationships in birth cohorts. The results support the emerging theory of early origins of later life disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederica Perera
- The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wan-yee Tang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julie Herbstman
- The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Deliang Tang
- The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Linda Levin
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachel Miller
- The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shuk-mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Korpela R, Tuomilehto J, Högström P, Seppo L, Piironen V, Salo-Väänänen P, Toivo J, Lamberg-Allardt C, Kärkkäinen M, Outila T, Sundvall J, Vilkkilä S, Tikkanen MJ. Safety aspects and cholesterol-lowering efficacy of low fat dairy products containing plant sterols. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:633-42. [PMID: 16404415 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether a plant sterol mixture would reduce serum cholesterol when added to low fat dairy products in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia, and to examine the effects of the mixture on the serum plant sterol and fat-soluble vitamin levels. DESIGN A parallel, double-blind study. SETTING The study was performed in three different locations in Finland. SUBJECTS In total, 164 mildly or moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects participated in the study. METHODS The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: a plant sterol group and a control group. The subjects consumed the products for 6 weeks after a 3-week run-in period. The targeted plant sterol intake was 2 g/day in the sterol group. RESULTS During the treatment period, there was a 6.5% reduction in serum total cholesterol in the sterol group while no change was observed in the control group (P<0.0005). Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was reduced by 10.4% in the sterol group and by 0.6% in the control group (P<0.00005). There was no change during the trial in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations. The HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio increased by 16.1% in the sterol group and by 4.3% in the control group (P=0.0001). Serum plant sterol levels increased significantly (P=0.0001) in the sterol group. None of the fat-soluble vitamin levels decreased significantly when changes in serum total cholesterol were taken into account. The hypocholesterolaemic effect of sterol administration was not influenced by apolipoprotein E phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Yoghurt, low-fat hard cheese and low-fat fresh cheese enriched with a plant sterol mixture reduced serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic subjects and no adverse effects were noted in the dietary control of hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Korpela
- Foundation for Nutrition Research, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Hyvönen MT, Kovanen PT. Molecular dynamics simulations of unsaturated lipid bilayers: effects of varying the numbers of double bonds. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2005; 34:294-305. [PMID: 15688184 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-004-0455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of unsaturated, and especially polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine molecules for the functional properties of biological membranes is widely accepted. Here, the effects of unsaturation on the nanosecond-scale structural and dynamic properties of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer were elucidated by performance of multinanosecond molecular dynamics simulations of all-atom bilayer models. Bilayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and its mono-, di-, and tetraunsaturated counterparts were simulated, containing, respectively, oleoyl, linoleoyl, or arachidonoyl chains in the sn-2 position. Analysis of the simulations focused on comparison of the structural properties, especially the ordering of the chains in the membranes. Although the results suggest some problems in the CHARMM force field of the lipids when applied in a constant pressure ensemble, the features appearing in the ordering of the unsaturated chains are consistent with the behaviour known from (2)H NMR experiments. The rigidity of the double bonds is compensated by the flexibility of skew state single bonds juxtaposed with double bonds. The presence of double bonds in the sn-2 chains considerably reduces the order parameters of the CH bonds. Moreover, the double bond region of tetraunsaturated chains is shown to span all the way from the bilayer centre to the head group region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja T Hyvönen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Kalliolinnantie 4, 00140 Helsinki, Finland.
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