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Lian X, Cheng Y, Kang H. New insights of acylation stimulating protein in modulating the pathological progression of metabolic syndromes. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112018. [PMID: 38588630 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and coronary artery diseases which are grouped as metabolic syndrome. Rather than being a storage for energy, the adipocytes could synthesis and secret diverse hormones and molecules, named as adipokines. Under obese status, the adipocytes are dysfunctional with excessively producing the inflammatory related cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Concerning on the vital role of adipokines, it is proposed that one of the critical pathological factors of obesity is the dysfunctional adipocytic pathways. Among these adipokines, acylation stimulating protein, as an adipokine synthesized by adipocytes during the process of cell differentiation, is shown to activate the metabolism of triglyceride (TG) by regulating the catabolism of glucose and free fatty acid (FFA). Recent attention has paid to explore the underlying mechanism whereby acylation stimulating protein influences the biological function of adipocyte and the pathological development of obesity. In the present review, we summarized the progression of acylation stimulating protein in modulating the physiological and hormonal catabolism which affects fat distribution. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms which acylation stimulating protein regulates the metabolism of adipose tissue and the process of metabolic syndrome were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lian
- Department of Anesthesia Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiyuan Kang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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2
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Rezvani R, Shadmand Foumani Moghadam MR, Cianflone K. Acylation stimulating protein/C3adesArg in the metabolic states: role of adipocyte dysfunction in obesity complications. J Physiol 2024; 602:773-790. [PMID: 38305477 DOI: 10.1113/jp285127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, as an endocrine organ, secretes several adipocyte-derived hormones named 'adipokines' that are implicated in regulating energy haemostasis. Substantial evidence shows that white adipose tissue-derived adipokines mediate the link between obesity-related exogenous factors (like diet and lifestyle) and various biological events (such as pre- and postmenopausal status) that have obesity consequences (cardiometabolic disorders). One of the critical aetiological factors for obesity-related diseases is the dysfunction of adipokine pathways. Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) is an adipokine that stimulates triglyceride synthesis and storage in adipose tissue by enhancing glucose and fatty acid uptake. ASP acts via its receptor C5L2. The primary objective of this review is to address the existing gap in the literature regarding ASP by investigating its diverse responses and receptor interactions across multiple determinants of obesity. These determinants include diet composition, metabolic disorders, organ involvement, sex and sex hormone levels. Furthermore, this article explores the broader paradigm shift from solely focusing on adipose tissue mass, which contributes to obesity, to considering the broader implications of adipose tissue function. Additionally, we raise a critical question concerning the clinical relevance of the insights gained from this review, both in terms of potential therapeutic interventions targeting ASP and in the context of preventing obesity-related conditions, highlighting the potential of the ASP-C5L2 interaction as a pharmacological target. In conclusion, these findings validate that obesity is a low-grade inflammatory status with multiorgan involvement and sex differences, demonstrating dynamic interactions between immune and metabolic response determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezvani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Katherine Cianflone
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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3
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Xie Y, Guo L, Chen H, Xu J, Qu P, Zhu L, Tan Y, Zhang M, Wen T, Liu L. Determination of the postprandial cut-off value of triglyceride after a daily meal corresponding to fasting optimal triglyceride level in Chinese subjects. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1037270. [PMID: 36937357 PMCID: PMC10017968 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1037270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background According to the 2021 consensus statement about triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins and their remnants from the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), fasting TG level < 1.2 mmol/L is regarded as optimal, otherwise considered as non-optimal TG (NoTG). However, the postprandial cut-off value after a daily meal corresponding to a fasting TG level of 1.2 mmol/L has not been explored. Materials and methods Six hundred and eighteen inpatients aged 18 to 70 were recruited in this study. Among them, 219 subjects had fasting TG levels < 1.2 mmol/L (i.e., OTG group), and 399 subjects had fasting TG levels ≥ 1.2 mmol/L (i.e., NoTG group). Serum levels of blood lipids, including calculated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and remnant cholesterol (RC), were monitored at 0, 2, and 4 h after a daily Chinese breakfast according to their dietary habits. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the postprandial cut-off value corresponding to the fasting TG level of 1.2 mmol/L. Kappa statistics were performed to determine the consistency between fasting and postprandial cut-off values in determining whether TG was optimal. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between NoTG and potential confounders. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the association between postprandial TG levels at 4h (pTG4h) and NoTG in greater detail. Results Postprandial levels of TG and RC significantly elevated and peaked at 4h after a daily breakfast in two groups (P < 0.05). The optimal cut-off value at 4h corresponding to fasting TG of 1.2 mmol/L was 1.56 mmol/L. According to the fasting cut-off value, the percentage of patients with NoTG was 64.6% in the fasting state while increasing obviously to 73.3-78.4% at 2 and 4h, respectively, after a daily Chinese breakfast. According to the postprandial cut-off value, the percentage of patients with NoTG at 4h after a daily Chinese breakfast was 62.6% which was close to 64.6% in the fasting state. The Kappa coefficient was 0.551, indicating a moderate consistency between the fasting and postprandial cut-off values in the diagnosis of NoTG. Moreover, the subjects with NoTG determined by the postprandial TG cut-off value had an obviously higher postprandial level of RC (1.2 vs. 0.8 mmol/L) and percentage of HRC (37.1 vs. 32.1%) than those determined by the fasting TG cut-off value. Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that except for BMI, pTG4h emerged as an independent predictor of not. Subgroup analyses revealed that the association between pTG4h and NoTG was consistent across subgroups. Conclusion Taken together, we for the first time determined TG 1.56 mmol/L as the postprandial cut-off value corresponding to fasting TG 1.2 mmol/L in Chinese subjects. This could make it more convenient to determine whether TG is optimal or not in the fasting or postprandial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liling Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peiliu Qu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yangrong Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tie Wen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Tie Wen,
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Liu,
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Guo LL, Zhu LY, Xu J, Xie YY, Xiang QY, Jiang ZY, Tan YR, Liu L. Determination of the Optimal Cutoff Value of Triglyceride That Corresponds to Fasting Levels in Chinese Subjects With Marked Hypertriglyceridemia. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:736059. [PMID: 34631833 PMCID: PMC8498036 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.736059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of triglyceride (TG) ≥ 2. 3 mmol/L is suggestive of marked hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and requires treatment with a triglyceride-lowering agent in high-risk and very high-risk patients as recommended by the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia. However, the optimal cutoff value required to diagnose non-fasting HTG that corresponds to the fasting goal level of 2.3 mmol/L in Chinese subjects is unknown. This study enrolled 602 cardiology inpatients. Blood lipid levels, including calculated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and remnant cholesterol (RC), were measured at 0, 2, and 4 h after a daily Chinese breakfast. Of these, 482 inpatients had TG levels of <2.3 mmol/L (CON group) and 120 inpatients had TG levels of ≥2.3 mmol/L (HTG group). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cutoff values for postprandial HTG that corresponded to a target fasting level of 2.3 mmol/L. Marked hypertriglyceridemia (≥2.3 mmol/L) was found in 120 (19.9%) patients in this study population. The levels of non-fasting TG and RC increased significantly in both groups and reached the peak at 4 h after a daily meal, especially in the HTG group (p < 0.05). The optimal cutoff value of TG at 4 h, which corresponds to fasting TG of ≥2.3 mmol/L, that can be used to predict HTG, was 2.66 mmol/L. According to the new non-fasting cutoff value, the incidence of non-fasting HTG is close to its fasting level. In summary, this is the first study to determine the non-fasting cutoff value that corresponds to a fasting TG of ≥2.3 mmol/L in Chinese patients. Additionally, 2.66 mmol/l at 4 h after a daily meal could be an appropriate cutoff value that can be used to detect non-fasting marked HTG in Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Qun-Yan Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhe-Yi Jiang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang-Rong Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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5
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Keirns BH, Sciarrillo CM, Koemel NA, Emerson SR. Fasting, non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides for screening cardiometabolic risk. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e75. [PMID: 34589207 PMCID: PMC8453457 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting triacylglycerols have long been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other cardiometabolic conditions. Evidence suggests that non-fasting triglycerides (i.e. measured within 8 h of eating) better predict CVD than fasting triglycerides, which has led several organisations to recommend non-fasting lipid panels as the new clinical standard. However, unstandardised assessment protocols associated with non-fasting triglyceride measurement may lead to misclassification, with at-risk individuals being overlooked. A third type of triglyceride assessment, postprandial testing, is more controlled, yet historically has been difficult to implement due to the time and effort required to execute it. Here, we review differences in assessment, the underlying physiology and the pathophysiological relevance of elevated fasting, non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides. We also present data suggesting that there may be a distinct advantage of postprandial triglycerides, even over non-fasting triglycerides, for early detection of CVD risk and offer suggestions to make postprandial protocols more clinically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant H. Keirns
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74075, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Koemel
- Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Sam R. Emerson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74075, USA
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Neumann HF, Egert S. Impact of Meal Fatty Acid Composition on Postprandial Lipemia in Metabolically Healthy Adults and Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:193-207. [PMID: 34427586 PMCID: PMC8803497 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming fat results in postprandial lipemia, which is defined as an increase in blood triglyceride (TG) concentration. According to current knowledge, an excessively elevated postprandial TG concentration increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is well known that meal-dependent (e.g., nutrient composition) as well as meal-independent factors (e.g., age) determine the magnitude of the lipemic response. However, there is conflicting evidence concerning the influence of fatty acid (FA) composition on postprandial TG concentration. The FA composition of a meal depends on the fat source used; for example, butter and coconut oil are rich in SFAs, while olive oil and canola oil have a high content of unsaturated FAs. To investigate the influence of meals prepared with fat sources rich in either SFAs or unsaturated FAs on postprandial lipemia, we carried out a systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Randomized crossover studies were analyzed and the AUC of postprandial TG concentration served as the primary outcome measure. To examine the influence of health status, we differentiated between metabolically healthy individuals and those with CVD risk factors. In total, 23 studies were included. The results show that, in metabolically healthy adults, the FA composition of a meal is not a relevant determinant of postprandial lipemia. However, in individuals with CVD risk factors, SFA-rich meals (>32 g SFA/meal) often elicited a stronger lipemic response than meals rich in unsaturated FAs. The results suggest that adults with hypertriglyceridemia, an elevated BMI (≥30 kg/m2), and/or who are older (>40 y) may benefit from replacing SFA sources with unsaturated FAs. These hypotheses need to be verified by further studies in people with CVD risk factors using standardized postprandial protocols. This review was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42021214508 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Neumann
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Faraji S, Alizadeh M. Mechanistic Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Patients with or without Vitamin D Deficiency. J Obes Metab Syndr 2020; 29:270-280. [PMID: 32747610 PMCID: PMC7789020 DOI: 10.7570/jomes20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalences of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and vitamin D deficiency are increasing dramatically worldwide. MetS is a major challenge because it can increase the risk of most non-communicable diseases. The beneficial effect of vitamin D on MetS components remains controversial, so the present review focused on the clinical effects of vitamin D supplementation on MetS components. Vitamin D can inhibit the protein expression of nuclear factor beta; improve arterial stiffness; decrease renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, parathyroid hormone levels, inflammatory cytokines, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and lanosterol 14 α-demethylase enzyme activity; increase the activity of lipoprotein lipase; alter gene expression in C2C12 cells; and improve phospholipid metabolism and mitochondrial oxidation. We tried to elucidate and analyze almost all evidence from randomized controlled trial studies of the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in patients with MetS. The findings of the present study reported beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on mentioned factors. Vitamin D supplementation is recommended in people with vitamin D deficiency even if it has no considerable effect on most MetS factors. However, existing data from interventional studies are insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion about the effect of vitamin D supplementation on MetS components in patients without vitamin D deficiency. Thus, new clinical studies are needed to test the hypothesis that vitamin D supplementation could alleviate MetS components in patients with sufficient intake of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Faraji
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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8
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Yaman SO, Orem A, Yucesan FB, Kural BV, Orem C. Evaluation of circulating miR-122, miR-30c and miR-33a levels and their association with lipids, lipoproteins in postprandial lipemia. Life Sci 2020; 264:118585. [PMID: 33058914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Postprandial lipemia is characterized by an increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins after fatty meals. MicroRNAs (miRs) play important roles in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between levels of plasma miR expression and lipoprotein metabolism-related proteins in subjects with normal (NPR) and high postprandial response (HPR) in postprandial period. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oral fat tolerance test was applied to 22 individuals with NPR and 22 with HPR. KEY FINDINGS Increased expressions of miR-122 and miR-33a and miR-122/30c ratio and decreased miR-30c expression were observed in fasting and postprandial period of HPR compared with NPR. ROC curve analysis showed that miR-122/30c ratio is a good biomarker for postprandial lipemia (AUC: 0.97, p < 0.001). Levels of TG, MTTP, and Apo B-48 and chylomicron (CM) particle size were significantly higher in HPR than in NPR (p < 0.05). The miR-122/30c ratio at 2 h was positively correlated with CM particle size, and with TG, MTTP and Apo B-48 levels at 4th hour. miR-33a expression decreased in HPR and was negatively correlated with ABCA1 and Apo A-1 levels at 4th hour of the postprandial period in both groups. SIGNIFICANCE Increased miR-122 and decreased miR-30c expression levels in HPR may play critical roles in elevated or prolonged postprandial lipemia. The miR122/30c ratio exhibited good association with MTTP, Apo B-48 and TG levels, and with CM particle size, and may be a reliable marker for evaluating postprandial lipemia. miR-33a may also play a key role in decreased HDL-C in postprandial lipemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Ozer Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey..
| | - Asım Orem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey..
| | - Fulya Balaban Yucesan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Birgul Vanizor Kural
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Cihan Orem
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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9
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Reduced Reverse Cholesterol Transport Efficacy in Healthy Men with Undesirable Postprandial Triglyceride Response. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050810. [PMID: 32466286 PMCID: PMC7277968 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of nonfasting triglyceride (TG) levels above 1.8 g/L (2 mmol/L) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Exacerbated postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PP–HTG) and metabolic context both modulate the overall efficacy of the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, but the specific contribution of exaggerated PP–HTG on RCT efficacy remains indeterminate. Healthy male volunteers (n = 78) exhibiting no clinical features of metabolic disorders underwent a postprandial exploration following consumption of a typical Western meal providing 1200 kcal. Subjects were stratified according to maximal nonfasting TG levels reached after ingestion of the test meal into subjects with a desirable PP–TG response (GLow, TG < 1.8 g/L, n = 47) and subjects with an undesirable PP–TG response (GHigh, TG > 1.8 g/L, n = 31). The impact of the degree of PP–TG response on major steps of RCT pathway, including cholesterol efflux from human macrophages, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, and hepatic high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesteryl ester (CE) selective uptake, was evaluated. Cholesterol efflux from human macrophages was not significantly affected by the degree of the PP–TG response. Postprandial increase in CETP-mediated CE transfer from HDL to triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles, and more specifically to chylomicrons, was enhanced in GHigh vs. GLow. The hepatic HDL-CE delivery was reduced in subjects from GHigh in comparison with those from GLow. Undesirable PP–TG response induces an overall reduction in RCT efficacy that contributes to the onset elevation of both fasting and nonfasting TG levels and to the development of cardiometabolic diseases.
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10
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Iqbal J, Jahangir Z, Al-Qarni AA. Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein: From Lipid Metabolism to Metabolic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:37-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Contini C, Pütz G, Pecks U, Winkler K. Apheresis as emerging treatment option in severe early onset preeclampsia. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2019; 40:61-67. [PMID: 31818451 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on an early suggestion by Winkler et al. 2003 and a subsequent successful study by Wang et al. 2006 using lipid apheresis (LA) in 9 patients with preeclampsia to prolong pregnancies, the use of apheresis as therapeutic option in severe early onset preeclampsia has received increasing attention. Further studies using different LA systems also prolonged pregnancy and have been published in the last few years. Albeit using different LA systems and relying on different working hypothesis, all studies demonstrated a promising stabilisation against the disease's progression. Overall time from hospitalisation to the need for mandatory delivery was longer for those patients receiving apheresis compared to historical or matched control patients not receiving apheresis. These data will be reviewed and different hypotheses about the beneficial mechanism of action of apheresis will be discussed. Since up to now there is no curative treatment for preeclampsia other than observation and delivery, future work shall be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Contini
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Pütz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pecks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karl Winkler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Gavra P, Kolovou V, Papazafiropoulou AK, Melidonis A, Iraklianou S, Mavrogeni S, Kolovou G. The influence of gene polymorphisms on postprandial triglyceride response after oral fat tolerance test meal in patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13432. [PMID: 31585025 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated the influence of CETP (rs5882 and rs708272), APOE (rs7412, rs429358) and LPL (rs328) gene polymorphisms on triglyceride (TG) response to oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) meal in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Fifty-one men underwent OFTT and according to postprandial TG response patients were divided into two subgroups (positive [TG ≥ 220 mg/dL, 31 patients] and negative [TG < 220 mg/dL, 20 patients]). All patients were genotyped, and study variants were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. RESULTS Patients with genotype SS of LPL gene compared with genotype SX had more frequently positive response to OFTT (P = .04) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration (P = .03). Patients with positive response to OFTT and genotype SS of LPL gene compared with genotype SX had lower AUC (area under the curve)-TG, 1744 (368) vs 1887 (807) mg/dL/h, respectively, P = .04. CETP and APOE gene polymorphisms had no influence on postprandial TG response to OFTT. CONCLUSIONS In patients with well-controlled T2DM, LPL but not CETP and APOE gene polymorphisms influenced TG postprandial response. Particularly, S447 allele carriers of LPL gene presented more frequently positive postprandial TG response to OFTT compared with 447X allele carriers. No differences were found between allele carriers of patients with negative response to OFTT in any other studied gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vana Kolovou
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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13
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Kolovou G, Giannakopoulou V, Kalogeropoulos P, Anagnostopoulou K, Goumas G, Kazianis G, Limberi S, Perrea D, Mihas C, Kolovou V, Bilianou H. Hellenic Postprandial Lipemia Study (HPLS): Rationale and design of a prospective, open-label trial to determinate the prevalence of abnormal postprandial lipemia as well as its interaction with statins in patients at high- and very high-risk for cardiovascular disease. Contemp Clin Trials 2019; 82:101-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Burggraaf B, van Breukelen-van der Stoep DF, van Zeben J, van der Meulen N, van de Geijn GJM, Liem A, Valdivielso P, Rioja Villodres J, Ramírez-Bollero J, van der Zwan E, Castro Cabezas M. Evidence for increased chylomicron remnants in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48. [PMID: 29231984 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of apolipoprotein (apo) B48 may be increased in conditions associated with systemic inflammation and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to evaluate apo B48 levels in patients with RA in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS Patients with RA (without CVD) and controls without RA but with high CVD risk (based on the presence of diabetes mellitus or a history of CVD) and healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was measured as a surrogate for vascular damage. RESULTS In total, 312 patients with RA, 65 controls with high CVD risk and 36 healthy controls were included. Patients with RA had the highest mean apo B48 (10.00 ± 6.65 mg/L) compared to controls with high CVD risk and healthy controls (8.37 ± 5.16 and 5.22 ± 2.46, P < .001). Triglycerides levels were comparable with controls. In RA, apo B48 correlated positively with triglycerides (r = .645; P < .001) but not with cIMT. However, in RA subjects not using lipid or blood pressure lowering medication, a weak correlation was found with cIMT (r = .157; P = .014). RA patients in the highest apo B48 tertile were more often rheumatoid factor positive and anti-CCP positive compared to the lowest tertile. CONCLUSION Rheumatoid arthritis patients have higher levels of apo B48 compared to controls with high CVD risk and healthy controls, with normal levels of triglycerides. This accumulation of atherogenic chylomicron remnants may contribute to the elevated CVD risk in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Burggraaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah F van Breukelen-van der Stoep
- Department of Rheumotology, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Ziekenhuis Gelderse Vallei, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Jendé van Zeben
- Department of Rheumotology, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noelle van der Meulen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan M van de Geijn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anho Liem
- Department of Cardiology, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Valdivielso
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, University of Malaga and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - José Rioja Villodres
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, University of Malaga and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - José Ramírez-Bollero
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, University of Malaga and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Ellen van der Zwan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Castro Cabezas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Dias CB, Moughan PJ, Wood LG, Singh H, Garg ML. Postprandial lipemia: factoring in lipemic response for ranking foods for their healthiness. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:178. [PMID: 28923057 PMCID: PMC5604516 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the limitations for ranking foods and meals for healthiness on the basis of the glycaemic index (GI) is that the GI is subject to manipulation by addition of fat. Postprandial lipemia, defined as a rise in circulating triglyceride containing lipoproteins following consumption of a meal, has been recognised as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Many non-modifiable factors (pathological conditions, genetic background, age, sex and menopausal status) and life-style factors (physical activity, smoking, alcohol and medication use, dietary choices) may modulate postprandial lipemia. The structure and the composition of a food or a meal consumed also plays an important role in the rate of postprandial appearance and clearance of triglycerides in the blood. However, a major difficulty in grading foods, meals and diets according to their potential to elevate postprandial triglyceride levels has been the lack of a standardised marker that takes into consideration both the general characteristics of the food and the food’s fat composition and quantity. The release rate of lipids from the food matrix during digestion also has an important role in determining the postprandial lipemic effects of a food product. This article reviews the factors that have been shown to influence postprandial lipemia with a view to develop a novel index for ranking foods according to their healthiness. This index should take into consideration not only the glycaemic but also lipemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Botelho Dias
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity & Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. .,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity & Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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16
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Gómez-Sámano MÁ, Cuevas-Ramos D, Grajales-Gómez M, Escamilla-Márquez M, López-Estrada A, Guillén-Pineda LE, López-Carrasco G, Gómez-Pérez FJ. Reduced first-phase insulin secretion increases postprandial lipidemia in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2017; 5:e000344. [PMID: 28713570 PMCID: PMC5501239 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is not clear which phase of insulin secretion is more important to regulate lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. After a meal, insulin is released and acts as a major regulator of LPL activity. Postprandial hyperlipidemia is a common comorbidity in subjects with insulin resistance (IR). Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the role of the first-phase insulin secretion (FPIS) on postprandial lipidemia in subjects with IR and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional, observational and comparative study. We included male and female subjects between 40 and 60 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 23 and 30 kg/m2. Then, patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of control subjects with normal glucose tolerance and preserved FPIS. Group 2 included patients with IGT and a reduced FPIS. Group 3 consisted of subjects with IGT but normal FPIS. Both groups were paired by age and BMI with subjects in the control group. Subjects underwent an intravenous glucose tolerance test to classify each case, and then a load with a mixed meal load to measure postprandial lipidemia. RESULTS A total of 32 subjects were evaluated: 10 were control subjects, 8 subjects with IGT with a reduced FPIS and 14 subjects with IGT and preserved FPIS. After administration of a standardized meal, group 2 showed a greater glucose area under the curve (AUC) at 30 and 120 min (p=0.001, for both). This group also showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.001) in triglyceride AUC. CONCLUSIONS A reduced FPIS is significantly and independently associated with a larger postprandial hyperlipidemia in subjects with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Gómez-Sámano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Grajales-Gómez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Escamilla-Márquez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angelina López-Estrada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luz Elizabeth Guillén-Pineda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe López-Carrasco
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Gómez-Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Thilakarathna SH, Rogers M, Lan Y, Huynh S, Marangoni AG, Robinson LE, Wright AJ. Investigations of in vitro bioaccessibility from interesterified stearic and oleic acid-rich blends. Food Funct 2016; 7:1932-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01272d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interesterification was previously found to impact stearic acid absorption in a randomized cross-over study, when human volunteers consumed a 70 : 30 wt% high-oleic sunflower and canola stearin blend (NIE) compared to the same blend which had undergone either chemical (CIE) or enzymatic (EIE) interesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Thilakarathna
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Guelph
- Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - M. Rogers
- Department of Food Science
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- N1G 2W1 Canada
- New Jersey Institute of Food
| | - Y. Lan
- New Jersey Institute of Food
- Nutrition
- and Health
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers
| | - S. Huynh
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Guelph
- Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - A. G. Marangoni
- Department of Food Science
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - L. E. Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Guelph
- Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - A. J. Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Guelph
- Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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18
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Arca M. Alterations of intestinal lipoprotein metabolism in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2015; 17:12-6. [PMID: 25659871 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(15)50004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and metabolic syndrome are associated with abnormal postprandial lipoprotein metabolism, with a significant delay in the clearance of many lipid parameters, including triglycerides and chylomicrons. Abnormal concentrations of plasma lipids can result from changes in the production, conversion, or catabolism of lipoprotein particles. Whereas the liver is involved in controlling serum lipid levels through synthesis of liver derived triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low-density lipoprotein metabolism, the intestine also has a major role in lipoprotein production. Postprandial lipemia results from increases in apoB-48 availability, lipogenesis, and the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in the enterocytes. Increased intestinal lipoprotein production prolongs postprandial lipemia in patients with diabetes and MetS, and may contribute directly to atherogenesis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Arca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, UOS Atherosclerosis Center, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Stinkens R, Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Targeting fatty acid metabolism to improve glucose metabolism. Obes Rev 2015; 16:715-57. [PMID: 26179344 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, gut and pancreas play an important role in the development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alterations in diet composition may contribute to prevent and/or reverse these disturbances through modulation of fatty acid metabolism. Besides an increased fat mass, adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by an altered capacity to store lipids and an altered secretion of adipokines, may result in lipid overflow, systemic inflammation and excessive lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues like liver, skeletal muscle and the pancreas. These impairments together promote the development of impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, intrinsic functional impairments in either of these organs may contribute to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. The present review provides an overview of fatty acid metabolism-related pathways in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas and gut, which can be targeted by diet or food components, thereby improving glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stinkens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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20
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Osto M, Lutz TA. Translational value of animal models of obesity-Focus on dogs and cats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:240-52. [PMID: 25814247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A prolonged imbalance between a relative increase in energy intake over a decrease in energy expenditure results in the development of obesity; extended periods of a positive energy balance eventually lead to the accumulation of abnormally high amounts of fat in adipose tissue but also in other organs. Obesity is considered a clinical state of impaired general heath in which the excessive increase in adipose tissue mass may be associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses briefly the use of animal models for the study of obesity and its comorbidities. Generally, most studies are performed with rodents, such as diet induced obesity and genetic models. Here, we focus specifically on two different species, namely dogs and cats. Obese dogs and cats show many features of human obesity. Interestingly, however, dogs and cats differ from each other in certain aspects because even though obese dogs may become insulin resistant, this does not result in the development of diabetes mellitus. In fact, diabetes in dogs is typically not associated with obesity because dogs present a type 1 diabetes-like syndrome. On the other hand, obese cats often develop diabetes mellitus which shares many features with human type 2 diabetes; feline and human diabetes are similar in respect to their pathophysiology, underlying risk factors and treatment strategies. Our review discusses genetic and endocrine factors in obesity, discusses obesity induced changes in lipid metabolism and includes some recent findings on the role of gut microbiota in obesity. Compared to research in rodent models, the array of available techniques and tools is unfortunately still rather limited in dogs and cats. Hence, even though physiological and pathophysiological phenomena are well described in dogs and cats, the underlying mechanisms are often not known and studies investigating causality specifically are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Osto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Freese EC, Gist NH, Acitelli RM, McConnell WJ, Beck CD, Hausman DB, Murrow JR, Cureton KJ, Evans EM. Acute and chronic effects of sprint interval exercise on postprandial lipemia in women at-risk for the metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:872-9. [PMID: 25593284 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00380.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) exhibit elevated postprandial lipemia (PPL). The aims of this investigation were to determine 1) if an acute bout of sprint interval training (SIT) attenuates PPL; and 2) if the attenuation of PPL following 6 wk of SIT is magnified compared with a single session of SIT prior to training in women at-risk for MetS (n = 45; 30-65 yr). Women were randomized to SIT (n = 22) or a nonexercise control (n = 23; CON) for 6 wk. Postprandial responses to a high-fat meal challenge (HFMC) were assessed in the CON group before (B-HFMC) and after (Post-HFMC) without prior exercise and in the SIT group at baseline (B-HFMC) without prior exercise, after an acute bout of SIT (four 30-s all-out sprints with 4-min recovery) prior to (Pre-HFMC), and after the 6-wk intervention (Post-HFMC). Responses to the HFMC were assessed by collecting venous blood samples in the fasted state and at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min postprandial. Compared with baseline, an acute bout of SIT before (Pre-HFMC) and after the 6-wk intervention (Post-HFMC) significantly attenuated fasted TG (P < 0.05; 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively) and postprandial area under the curve (13.1% and 9.7%, respectively; tAUC) TG responses. There was no difference in fasted or tAUC TG responses between Pre-HFMC and Post-HFMC. SIT is an effective mode of exercise to reduce fasted and postprandial TG concentrations in women at-risk for MetS. Six weeks of SIT does not magnify the attenuation of PPL in response to a single session of SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Freese
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
| | - Nicholas H Gist
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Department of Physical Education, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | | | | | - Catherine D Beck
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Dorothy B Hausman
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; and
| | - Jonathan R Murrow
- Georgia Regents University, University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kirk J Cureton
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ellen M Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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22
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Almeda-Valdes P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, Muñoz-Hernandez L, Cruz-Bautista I, Perez-Mendez O, Tusie-Luna MT, Gomez-Perez FJ, Pajukanta P, Matikainen N, Taskinen MR, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Factors associated with postprandial lipemia and apolipoprotein A-V levels in individuals with familial combined hyperlipidemia. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:90. [PMID: 25425215 PMCID: PMC4253986 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in postprandial metabolism have been described in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH); however, their underlying mechanisms are not well characterized. We aimed to identify factors related to the magnitude of postprandial lipemia and apolipoprotein (apo) A-V levels in subjects with FCH. METHODS FCH cases (n = 99) were studied using a standardized meal test. Abdominal obesity was assessed using the waist to hip ratio (WHR). A linear regression model was performed to investigate the variables associated with the triglycerides incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Independent associations between metabolic variables and apo A-V iAUC were also investigated in a randomly selected subgroup (n = 44). The study sample was classified according to the presence of fasting hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL) and abdominal obesity (WHR ≥0.92 in men and ≥0.85 in women) to explore differences in parameters. RESULTS The fasting apo B-48 levels (r = 0.404), and the WHR (r = 0.359) were independent factors contributing to the triglycerides iAUC (r2 = 0.29, P < 0.001). The triglycerides iAUC was independently associated with the apo A-V iAUC (r2 = 0.54, P < 0.01). Patients with both hypertriglyceridemia and abdominal obesity showed the most robust triglycerides and apo A-V postprandial responses. CONCLUSIONS In patients with FCH the fasting apo B-48 level is the main factor associated with postprandial lipemia. Abdominal obesity also contributes to the magnitude of the postprandial response.The triglycerides postprandial increment is the principal factor associated with the apo A-V postprandial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Almeda-Valdes
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roopa Mehta
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Liliana Muñoz-Hernandez
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Perez-Mendez
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio A. Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Teresa Tusie-Luna
- />Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine Units. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran. Biomedical Investigation Institute, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Gomez-Perez
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- />Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Niina Matikainen
- />Diabetes and Obesity Units, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- />Diabetes and Obesity Units, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
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Emmons RR, Cirnigliaro CM, Kirshblum SC, Bauman WA. The relationship between the postprandial lipemic response and lipid composition in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2014; 37:765-73. [PMID: 24961488 PMCID: PMC4231965 DOI: 10.1179/2045772314y.0000000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of lipid concentration, lipid particle size, and total abdominal fat (TAF) on postprandial lipemic response (PPLr) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Thirty-five persons with SCI (17 paraplegia, 18 tetraplegia) and 18 able-bodied (AB) individuals participated. Following a 10-hour fast, blood was drawn for lipids, apolipoprotein (apo) A1 and B concentrations, and low-density (LSP) and high-density (HSP) lipoprotein particle sizes. A high-fat milkshake was consumed (∼1.3 g fat/kg). Blood was drawn at 2, 4, and 6 hours to determine PPLr, (triglyceride (TG) area under the curve). TAF and visceral (VF) fat were measured by ultrasonography; total body fat (TBF) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Differences between the groups were determined by independent sample t-tests. Pearson correlation coefficients determined the relationship among PPLr and lipids, and TAF. RESULTS There were no significant differences in fasting TG, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apoB, TAF, or PPLr values between the groups. In SCI, PPLr significantly correlated with: apoB (r = 0.63, P < 0.01, LSP (r = 0.57, P < 0.01), and TAF (r = 0.36, P < 0.01). After controlling for age and duration of injury, PPLr significantly correlated with apoB (r = 0.66, P = 0.001), TBF (r = 0.45, P = 0.03), VF (r = 0.66, P = 0.02), and TAF (r = 0.56, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Although concentrations of LDL cholesterol and apoB were not different between SCI and AB groups, LSP, apoB, and TAF correlated with PPLr in persons with SCI. ApoB was associated with a greater PPLr in those with motor complete SCI, after controlling for age and duration of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racine R. Emmons
- Correspondence to: Racine R. Emmons, Department of Kinesiology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA.
| | - Christopher M. Cirnigliaro
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation Research and Development National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Abstract
The ever growing prevalence of childhood obesity is being accompanied by an increase in the pediatric population of diseases once believed to be exclusive of the adulthood such as the metabolic syndrome (MS). The MS has been defined as the link between insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and other metabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in adults. In this review, we will discuss the peculiar aspects of the pediatric MS and the role of novel molecules and biomarkers in its pathogenesis.
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Abstract
High levels of fasting circulating triglycerides (TG) represent an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In western countries, however, people spend most time in postprandial conditions, with continuous fluctuation of lipemia due to increased levels of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), including chylomicrons (CM), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and their remnants. Several factors contribute to postprandial lipid metabolism, including dietary, physiological, pathological and genetic factors. The presence of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity is associated with higher postprandial TG levels compared with healthy conditions; this association is present also in subjects with normal fasting TG levels. Increasing evidence indicates that impaired metabolism of postprandial lipoproteins contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, suggesting that lifestyle modifications as well as pharmacological approaches aimed at reducing postprandial TG levels might help to decrease the cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis , Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo , Italy
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26
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Alcala-Diaz JF, Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Garcia-Rios A, Marin C, Quintana-Navarro GM, Gomez-Luna P, Camargo A, Almaden Y, Caballero J, Tinahones FJ, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J. Hypertriglyceridemia influences the degree of postprandial lipemic response in patients with metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease: from the CORDIOPREV study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96297. [PMID: 24802225 PMCID: PMC4011695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether metabolic syndrome traits influence the postprandial lipemia response of coronary patients, and whether this influence depends on the number of MetS criteria. Materials and Methods 1002 coronary artery disease patients from the CORDIOPREV study were submitted to an oral fat load test meal with 0.7 g fat/kg body weight (12% saturated fatty acids, 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids, 43% monounsaturated fatty acids), 10% protein and 25% carbohydrates. Serial blood test analyzing lipid fractions were drawn at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours during the postprandial state. Total and incremental area under the curves of the different postprandial parameters were calculated following the trapezoid rule to assess the magnitude of change during the postprandial state Results Postprandial lipemia response was directly related to the presence of metabolic syndrome. We found a positive association between the number of metabolic syndrome criteria and the response of postprandial plasma triglycerides (p<0.001), area under the curve of triglycerides (p<0.001) and incremental area under the curve of triglycerides (p<0.001). However, the influence of them on postprandial triglycerides remained statistically significant only in those patients without basal hypertriglyceridemia. Interestingly, in stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with the AUC of triglycerides as the dependent variable, only fasting triglycerides, fasting glucose and waist circumference appeared as significant independent (P<0.05) contributors. The multiple lineal regression (R) was 0.77, and fasting triglycerides showed the greatest effect on AUC of triglycerides with a standardized coefficient of 0.75. Conclusions Fasting triglycerides are the major contributors to the postprandial triglycerides levels. MetS influences the postprandial response of lipids in patients with coronary heart disease, particularly in non-hypertriglyceridemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Alcala-Diaz
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Delgado-Lista
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Perez-Martinez
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Garcia-Rios
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Marin
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia M. Quintana-Navarro
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Purificacion Gomez-Luna
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Camargo
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Almaden
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentación (IMDEA-Alimentacion), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Perez-Jimenez
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Lopez-Miranda
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Departamento de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba(IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review we discuss the postprandial pathophysiological mechanisms that promote vascular disease, the evidence for a role of postprandial lipaemia (PPL) in vascular disease and the effect of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors in PPL. RECENT FINDINGS PPL refers to the dynamic changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins (mainly in serum triglycerides) that occur after a fat load or a meal. Recent data indicate that postprandial or nonfasting triglyceride levels are better predictors of cardiovascular risk, suggesting that efficiency of postprandial handling of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins plays a role in the causation of vascular disease. SUMMARY The recent finding that postprandial serum triglyceride levels are even better than fasting serum triglyceride levels as predictors of vascular disease indicate that it is better to measure an index of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (in most cases serum triglyceride levels) in the postprandial period than in the postabsorptive fasting state. Moreover, by the time the postabsorptive state is reached, some of these proatherogenic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein changes may be missed in the measurement.
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Ribeiro IF, Miranda-Vilela AL, Klautau-Guimarães MDN, Grisolia CK. The influence of erythropoietin (EPO T → G) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) polymorphisms on runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi oil ( Caryocar brasiliense Camb.): a before-after study. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2014; 6:283-304. [PMID: 24504226 DOI: 10.1159/000357947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS As diet can affect an individual's genes and these can affect response to supplementation, we aimed to investigate the influence of erythropoietin (EPO T→G) and α-actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) polymorphisms on plasma lipid peroxidation, hemogram and biochemical dosages of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and C-reactive protein (including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) of runners (n = 123) before and after 14 days of 400 mg pequi oil supplementation, a natural carotenoid-rich oil, after races under closely comparable conditions. METHODS/RESULTS Blood samples were taken immediately after racing to perform the tests. Before pequi oil supplementation, EPO polymorphism influenced erythrogram and plateletgram results, suggesting an aerobic advantage for the TG genotype and a disadvantage for the GG genotype as regards possible microvascular complications, while no association was found for ACTN3 polymorphism with endurance performance. Both polymorphisms influenced the runners' response to pequi oil: significant responses were observed for the EPO TT genotype in erythrocyte, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values, and for the TT and TG genotypes in red blood cell distribution width values. Significant differences were also observed in the plateletgram for the TT and TG genotypes. ACTN3 mainly influenced aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase values: heterozygotes had a significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase values and homozygous individuals (XX) in creatine kinase values after pequi oil supplementation. CONCLUSION These results emphasize the importance of studying nutrigenomic effects on athletes' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieler Ferreira Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Gruchot M, Graeter T, Oeztuerk S, Haenle MM, Koenig W, Imhof A, Boehm BO, Mason RA, Kratzer W, Akinli AS. Fasting time and lipid parameters: association with hepatic steatosis--data from a random population sample. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:18. [PMID: 24447492 PMCID: PMC3903037 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current guidelines recommend measuring plasma lipids in fasting patients. Recent studies, however, suggest that variation in plasma lipid concentrations secondary to fasting time may be minimal. Objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of fasting time on plasma lipid concentrations (total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides). A second objective was to determine the effect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exerted on the above-mentioned lipid levels. Method Subjects participating in a population-based cross-sectional study (2,445 subjects; 51.7% females) were questioned at time of phlebotomy regarding duration of pre-phlebotomy fasting. Total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined and correlated with length of fasting. An upper abdominal ultrasonographic examination was performed and body-mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their reported fasting periods of 1–4 h, 4–8 h and > 8 h. After application of the exclusion criteria, a total of 1,195 subjects (52.4% females) were included in the study collective. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables. The effects of age, BMI, WHR, alcohol consumption, fasting time and hepatic steatosis on the respective lipid variables were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results At multivariate analysis, fasting time was associated with elevated triglycerides (p = 0.0047 for 1–4 h and p = 0.0147 for 4–8 h among females; p < 0.0001 for 1–4 h and p = 0.0002 for 4–8 h among males) and reduced LDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.0003 for 1–4 h and p = 0.0327 for 4–8 h among males). Among males, hepatic steatosis represents an independent factor affecting elevated total cholesterol (p = 0.0278) and triglyceride concentrations (p = 0.0002). Conclusion Total and HDL cholesterol concentrations are subject to slight variations in relation to the duration of the pre-phlebotomy fasting period. LDL cholesterol and triglycerides exhibit highly significant variability; the greatest impact is seen with the triglycerides. Fasting time represents an independent factor for reduced LDL cholesterol and elevated triglyceride concentrations. There is a close association between elevated lipids and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Wu D, Liu Q, Wei S, Zhang YA, Yue F. A preliminary report on oral fat tolerance test in rhesus monkeys. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:11. [PMID: 24410972 PMCID: PMC3895841 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) has been widely used to assess the postprandial lipemia in human beings, but there is few studies concerning OFTT in nonhuman primates. This study is designed to explore the feasibility of OFTT in rhesus monkeys. Methods In a cross-over study, a total of 8 adult female rhesus monkeys were fed with normal monkey diet (NND), high sugar high fat diet (HHD), and extremely high fat diet (EHD), respectively. Each monkey consumed NND, HHD and EHD respectively, each weighing 60 g. Serial blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after ingesting each kind of food. Triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and insulin at each time point were measured. The area under the curve of triglyceride (TG-AUC) and triglyceride peak response (TG-PR) were also calculated. Results All monkeys ingested 3 kinds of foods within 15 minutes. TG-AUC and TG-PR of HHD group were higher than those of the other two groups. Postprandial triglyceride levels at 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours in HHD group during OFTT were also higher than those in NND and EHD group. Conclusions HHD diet can be used in OFTT for nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Feng Yue
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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Structural and biochemical factors affecting the digestion of protein-stabilized emulsions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Moreira PFP, Dalboni MA, Cendoroglo M, Santos GMS, Cendoroglo MS. Postprandial interleukin-6 response in elderly with abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Health Aging 2013; 17:206-10. [PMID: 23459970 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of central obesity to inflammatory responses in the postprandial state in elderly patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). MATERIAL/METHODS We evaluated 80 elderly individuals who were distributed into three groups: MetS, abdominal obesity (AbObes) and Control, according to ATPIII criteria. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum concentration was measured at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours after the ingestion of a physiological meal without an overload of fat. RESULTS Serum IL-6 increased 6 hours after the meal in all of the groups (P<0.001). Comparing the groups, there was no difference in the area under the curve (AUC) of IL-6 in the postprandial state. There was a correlation between the 6-hour changes in the concentrations of IL-6 and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.25, P<0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, differences in abdominal circumference (AC) have not determined a different behavior of IL-6 in the postprandial state, despite the correlation between AC and IL-6. However, we found that, in the elderly, there is a rise in serum IL-6 at 6 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F P Moreira
- Nutrition Program, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Arikan S, Bahceci M, Tuzcu A, Celik F, Gokalp D. Postprandial hyperlipidemia in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:e141-5. [PMID: 22863439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipid alterations in overt hypothyroidism (OH) were well known, but its changes in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and postprandial period were not clear. The aim of this study is to evaluate postprandial lipemia by oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) in patients with OH and SCH. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Twenty-five OH and 27 SCH, totally 52 hypothyroid patients [mean age 38.3 ± 12.8 year, body mass index (BMI): 29.0 ± 5.8 kg/m(2)] and 23 BMI- and age-matched healthy controls (mean age 36.7 ± 11.9 years; BMI: 27.1 ± 6.9 kg/m(2)) were included to the study. Anthropometric measurements and HOMA-IR levels were measured. Basal and postprandial lipid profile at 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th hours were determined by oral lipid tolerance test. RESULTS There were not any statistical differences among three groups (control, OH and SCH) in terms of mean fasting levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride. On the contrary, mean triglyceride levels at postprandial 8th hour in both OH and SCH patients were higher than control subjects (p=0.017 and p=0.049, respectively). Again mean postprandial 8th hour VLDL-cholesterol levels in OH group were also higher than control subjects (p=0.05). In addition mean HOMA-IR value of SCH and OH patients was similar with control subjects (1.5 ± 1.4 in OH; 1.3 ± 0.8 in SCH; 2.2 ± 2.2 in control group). CONCLUSIONS Although total, LDL and VLDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were not different from healthy controls, triglyceride and/or VLDL-cholesterol levels apparently increased with OLTT in both OH and SCH patients. Decreased lipid clearance may be responsible for this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senay Arikan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
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Bellanger N, Julia Z, Villard EF, El Khoury P, Duchene E, Chapman MJ, Fournier N, Le Goff W, Guerin M. Functionality of postprandial larger HDL2 particles is enhanced following CETP inhibition therapy. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221:160-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chan DC, Watts GF. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia: thinking outside the box. Metabolism 2012; 61:3-11. [PMID: 21945105 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a dominantly inherited disorder principally due to mutations in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that classically cause markedly elevated plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations and premature coronary heart disease (CHD). However, elevated plasma LDL cholesterol alone does not fully account for the increase or variation in risk of CHD. We propose a hypothetical model for the role of postprandial dyslipoproteinemia based on the overproduction and decreased catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, which may be a consequence of LDL receptor deficiency. Expression of postprandial dyslipoproteinemia in FH may also depend on the type of pathogenic gene variants and on coexistent conditions, particularly obesity and insulin resistance. Further research is required to investigate our model proposed and to test whether treating postprandial dyslipoproteinemia decreases CHD risk in FH incremental to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick C Chan
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Emmons RR, Garber CE, Cirnigliaro CM, Moyer JM, Kirshblum SC, Galea MD, Spungen AM, Bauman WA. The influence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia. J Am Coll Nutr 2011; 29:476-81. [PMID: 21504974 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is associated with vascular dysfunction and may be an etiologic factor in the progression of atherogenic cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE In 10 men with paraplegia and 10 able-bodied men, the magnitude of the PPL responses and the relationship of abdominal adiposity and the PPL responses were determined. METHODS Anthropometrics, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed to determine visceral fat and total body fat. A fasting lipid profile was performed. A high-fat milkshake (1.3 g fat/kg body mass) was administered with serum collected at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 hours after the test meal for subsequent measurement of triglyceride. The triglyceride response was determined by the area under the triglyceride curve. RESULTS No significant differences were noted between the groups in fasting lipid values or in measures of visceral fat. Total body fat tended to be higher in men with paraplegia than in able-bodied men (34.9 ± 10.0 vs. 27.3 ± 6.7%, p = 0.07). No significant difference between the groups was observed in triglyceride response. In men with paraplegia, visceral fat was strongly associated with the triglyceride (r = 0.8, p = 0.005), fasting low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.66, p = 0.04), and triglyceride responses (r = 0.80, p = 0.005); a significant relationship was not found between fasting high-density lipoprotein and any measure of adiposity. In men with paraplegia, triglyceride response was positively related to all measures of abdominal adiposity. CONCLUSION Visceral abdominal fat was related to delayed triglyceride clearance after a fat load, which may contribute to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and progression of vascular disease in men with paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racine R Emmons
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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Miranda-Vilela AL, Lordelo GS, Akimoto AK, Alves PCZ, Pereira LCDS, Klautau-Guimarães MDN, Grisolia CK. Genetic polymorphisms influence runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.): a before-after study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 6:369-95. [PMID: 21484158 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genes have been implicated in the levels of oxidative stress, lipids, CVD risk, immune reactivity, and performance. Pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense) has shown anti-inflammatory and hypotensive effects, besides reducing exercise-induced DNA, tissue damages, and anisocytosis. Given that diet can interact with the human genome to influence health and disease, and because genetic variability can influence response to diet, we aim to investigate the influence of 12 gene polymorphisms on inflammatory markers, postprandial lipids, arterial pressure, and plasma lipid peroxidation of runners (N = 125), before and after 14 days of 400 mg pequi-oil supplementation, after races under closely comparable conditions. Arterial pressure was checked before races; blood samples were taken immediately after racing to perform leukogram and plateletgram, Tbars assay, lipid, and CRP dosages and genotyping. CAT, GST-M1/T1, CRP-G1059C, and MTHFR-C677T polymorphisms influenced post-pequi-oil responses in leukogram; Hp and MTHFR-C677T, in plateletgram; Hp, ACE, GSTT1, and MTHFR-A1298C, in lipid profile; MTHFR-A1298C, in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels; and Hp and MnSOD, in Tbars assay. Differences between ACE genotypes in leukogram and total cholesterol disappeared after pequi, and the same occurred for Hp and MnSOD in Tbars assay and for MTHFR-A1298C with CRP levels. Because genetic inheritance is one of the factors that drive atherosclerosis-related lipid abnormalities, results can contribute to a greater understanding of the influence of genetic polymorphisms in situations that push up free radicals. Knowledge is also expanded on how antioxidant supplementation affects an individual's genes and how athletic genetic makeup can affect the way a person responds to antioxidant supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Miranda-Vilela
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Laboratório de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil,
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Pavlidis AN, Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Petrou PC, Cokkinos DV. Postprandial metabolic heterogeneity in men with primary dyslipidaemia. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6:879-86. [PMID: 22427761 PMCID: PMC3302699 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.19295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH) and familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) have been strongly linked to premature coronary artery disease. Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia is also associated with atherosclerotic disease. We evaluated the postprandial lipaemia in men with FCH and FH and compared them to a group of healthy men. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 83 men: 34 FCH, 29 FH and 20 healthy. The FCH and FH groups were further divided into five subgroups, according to their lipid phenotype: FCH-IIA (n = 13), FCH-IIB (n = 10), FCH-IV (n = 11), FH-IIA (n = 21) and FH-IIB (n = 8). Postprandial lipaemia was evaluated by the areas under the curve for triglyceride (TG) concentrations (TG-AUC). RESULTS The TG levels after oral fat tolerance test were significantly higher in FCH, compared to FH and healthy groups (TG-AUC in mg/dl/h; 2678 ±1415 vs. 1503 ±1147 and 1011 ±652 respectively, p < 0.001). The postprandial response was higher in FCH-IV and FCH-IIB, compared to FCH-IIA (TG-AUC in mg/dl/h; 3220 ±824 or 3409 ±770 vs. 1863 ±577 respectively, p < 0.001, for both comparisons). The FCH-IIA group showed higher postprandial TG levels when compared to FH-IIA (TG-AUC in mg/dl/h; 1863 ±577 vs. 1374 ±428 respectively, p = 0.008). There were no significant differences between FH-IIB and FCH-IIB subgroups. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.907, p < 0.001) between the postprandial TG-AUC and fasting TG levels in all FCH subjects. CONCLUSIONS All phenotypes of FCH and the FH IIB phenotype demonstrate an exaggerated postprandial response that could partially contribute to the high cardiovascular risk. These patients should be identified and treated early with the appropriate hypolipidaemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Petros C. Petrou
- 1 Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece
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Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Fructose: a highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E685-94. [PMID: 20823452 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00283.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As dietary exposure to fructose has increased over the past 40 years, there is growing concern that high fructose consumption in humans may be in part responsible for the rising incidence of obesity worldwide. Obesity is associated with a host of metabolic challenges, collectively termed the metabolic syndrome. Fructose is a highly lipogenic sugar that has profound metabolic effects in the liver and has been associated with many of the components of the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, elevated waist circumference, dyslipidemia, and hypertension). Recent evidence has also uncovered effects of fructose in other tissues, including adipose tissue, the brain, and the gastrointestinal system, that may provide new insight into the metabolic consequences of high-fructose diets. Fructose feeding has now been shown to alter gene expression patterns (such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α/β in the liver), alter satiety factors in the brain, increase inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and portal endotoxin concentrations via Toll-like receptors, and induce leptin resistance. This review highlights recent findings in fructose feeding studies in both human and animal models with a focus on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that underlie the development of insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Dekker
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jiménez-Gómez Y, Marín C, Peérez-Martínez P, Hartwich J, Malczewska-Malec M, Golabek I, Kiec-Wilk B, Cruz-Teno C, Rodríguez F, Gómez P, Gómez-Luna MJ, Defoort C, Gibney MJ, Pérez-Jiménez F, Roche HM, López-Miranda J. A low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diet supplemented with long-chain (n-3) fatty acids alters the postprandial lipoprotein profile in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2010; 140:1595-601. [PMID: 20631323 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat intake plays a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study addressed the hypothesis that dietary fat quantity and quality may differentially modulate postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in MetS patients. A multi-center, parallel, randomized, controlled trial conducted within the LIPGENE study randomly assigned MetS patients to 1 of 4 diets: high-SFA [HSFA; 38% energy (E) from fat, 16% E as SFA], high-monounsaturated fatty acid [HMUFA; 38% E from fat, 20% E as MUFA], and 2 low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate [LFHCC; 28% E from fat] diets supplemented with 1.24 g/d of long-chain (LC) (n-3) PUFA (ratio 1.4 eicosapentaenoic acid:1 docosahexaenoic acid) or placebo (1.24 g/d of high-oleic sunflower-seed oil) for 12 wk each. A fat challenge with the same fat composition as the diets was conducted pre- and postintervention. Postprandial total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo B-48, apo A-I, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and cholesterol, TG, retinyl palmitate, and apo B in TG-rich lipoproteins (TRL; large and small) were determined pre- and postintervention. Postintervention, postprandial TG (P < 0.001) and large TRL-TG (P = 0.009) clearance began earlier and was faster in the HMUFA group compared with the HSFA and LFHCC groups. The LFHCC (n-3) group had a lower postprandial TG concentration (P < 0.001) than the other diet groups. Consuming the LFHCC diet increased the TG (P = 0.04), large TRL-TG (P = 0.01), TRL-cholesterol (P < 0.001), TRL-retinyl palmitate (P = 0.001), and TRL-apo B (P = 0.002) area under the curve compared with preintervention values. In contrast, long-term ingestion of the LFHCC (n-3) diet did not augment postprandial TG and TRL metabolism. In conclusion, postprandial abnormalities associated with MetS can be attenuated with LFHCC (n-3) and HMUFA diets. The adverse postprandial TG-raising effects of long-term LFHCC diets may be avoided by concomitant LC (n-3) PUFA supplementation to weight-stable MetS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Jiménez-Gómez
- Reina Sofía University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Almoosawi S, McDougall GJ, Fyfe L, Al-Dujaili EAS. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Investigating the inhibitory activity of green coffee and cacao bean extracts on pancreatic lipase. NUTR BULL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2010.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fasting triacylglycerol status, but not polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio, influences the postprandial response to a series of oral fat tolerance tests. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:694-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Anagnostopoulou KK, Kolovou GD, Kostakou PM, Mihas C, Hatzigeorgiou G, Marvaki C, Degiannis D, Mikhailidis DP, Cokkinos DV. Sex-associated effect of CETP and LPL polymorphisms on postprandial lipids in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:24. [PMID: 19558660 PMCID: PMC2713233 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study assessed the gender-specific influence of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (TaqIB, I405V) and lipoprotein lipase (S447X) polymorphisms on the response to an oral fat tolerance test in heterozygotes for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Methods We selected and genotyped 80 men and postmenopausal women heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia (main group) as well as 11 healthy control subjects. Patients were subgrouped based on their response to oral fat tolerance test. The oral fat tolerance test was defined as pathological when postprandial triglyceride concentration was higher than the highest triglyceride concentration observed in healthy subjects (220 mg/dl) at any time (2, 4, 6 or 8 h). Results In the pathological subgroup, men had significantly higher incremental area under the curve after oral fat tolerance test than postmenopausal women. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed a gender association of TaqIB and I405V influence on postprandial lipaemia in this subgroup. Conclusion In conclusion, it seems that gender and TaqIB polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene were both associated with the distribution of triglyceride values after oral fat tolerance test, only in subjects with a pathological response to oral fat tolerance test. Specifically, men carrying the B2 allele of the TaqIB polymorphism showed a higher postprandial triglyceride peak and a delayed return to basal values compared with women carrying B2. However, further investigations in larger populations are required to replicate and confirm these findings.
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Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Mikhailidis DP. The link between human and transgenic animal studies involving postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and CETP gene polymorphisms. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2009; 3:48-50. [PMID: 19557147 PMCID: PMC2701274 DOI: 10.2174/1874192400903010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mestek ML, Plaisance EP, Ratcliff LA, Taylor JK, Wee SO, Grandjean PW. Aerobic exercise and postprandial lipemia in men with the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 40:2105-11. [PMID: 18981938 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181822ebd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is currently unclear as to how exercise prescription variables influence attenuations of postprandial lipemia (PPL) in men with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) after exercise. Therefore, the purposes of this investigation were to compare the effects of low- and moderate-intensity exercise and accumulated versus continuous exercise on PPL in males with MetS. METHODS Fourteen males with MetS (waist circumference (WC) = 110.2 +/- 10.9 cm; triglycerides (TG) = 217 +/- 84 mg dL(-1); fasting blood glucose = 105 +/- 7 mg dL(-1); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) = 44 +/- 7 mg dL(-1); systolic blood pressure (SBP) = 120 +/- 12 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure (DBP) = 76 +/- 10 mm Hg) completed a control condition consisting of a high-fat meal and blood sampling at 2 h intervals for 6 h. Next, participants completed the following exercise conditions: 1) continuous moderate-intensity (MOD-1), 2) continuous low-intensity (LOW-1), and 3) two accumulated moderate-intensity sessions (MOD-2). The test meal and blood sampling were repeated 12-14 h after exercise. Area under the curve (AUC) scores and temporal postprandial responses were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA for TG and insulin. RESULTS The TG AUC decreased by 27% after LOW-1. TG concentrations were also reduced by 22% and 21% at 4 h postmeal after LOW-1 and MOD-1, yet TG parameters were no different from the control condition after MOD-2 (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that 500 kcal of continuous aerobic exercise before a meal attenuates PPL in men with MetS. This outcome can be achieved through low- or moderate-intensity exercise performed in a single session. Accumulating moderate-intensity exercise does not appear to effectively modulate PPL in men with MetS.
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Robinson DM, Martin NC, Robinson LE, Ahmadi L, Marangoni AG, Wright AJ. Influence of Interesterification of a Stearic Acid-Rich Spreadable Fat on Acute Metabolic Risk Factors. Lipids 2008; 44:17-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tousoulis D, Tsarpalis K, Cokkinos D, Stefanadis C. Effects of insulin resistance on endothelial function: possible mechanisms and clinical implications. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:834-42. [PMID: 18034844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as a reduced responsiveness of peripheral tissues to the effects of the hormone, referring to abated ability of insulin in stimulating glucose uptake in peripheral tissues and in inhibiting hepatic glucose output. Insulin has both a vasodilatory effect, which is largely endothelium dependent through the release of nitric oxide, and a vasoconstrictory effect through the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the release of endothelin-1. IR and endothelial dysfunction (ED) are not only linked by common pathogenetic mechanisms, involving deranged insulin signalling pathways, but also by other, indirect to the hormone's actions, mechanisms. Different treatment modalities have been proposed to affect positively both the metabolic effects of insulin and ED. Weight loss has been shown to improve sensitivity to insulin as a result of either altered diet or exercise. Exercise has favourable effects on endothelial function in normal states and in states of disease, in men and women, and throughout the age spectrum and, hence, in IR states. Metformin improves sensitivity to insulin and most likely affects positively ED. Studies have shown that inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system alter IR favourably, while Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor type II (ATII) inhibitors improve ED. Ongoing studies are expected to shed more light on the issue of whether treatment with the thiazolidinediones results in improvement of endothelial function, along with the accepted function of improving insulin sensitivity. Finally, improved endothelial function by such treatments is not in itself proof of reduced risk for atherosclerosis; this remains to be directly tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tousoulis
- Cardiology Unit, Hippokration Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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Kabagambe EK, Ordovas JM, Tsai MY, Borecki IB, Hopkins PN, Glasser SP, Arnett DK. Smoking, inflammatory patterns and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 2008; 203:633-9. [PMID: 18804210 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is associated with increased postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PPT). Inflammation and insulin resistance are potential "drivers" for this phenomenon. We tested whether inflammatory patterns and/or insulin resistance explain the effect of smoking on PPT. METHODS AND RESULTS Men and women in the NHLBI Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study (n=1036, age 49+/-16y) were included. Each participant was asked to suspend use of lipid-lowering drugs for 3 weeks and was given a high-fat milkshake (83% fat and 700kcal/m(2)). Triglyceride concentrations at 0, 3.5 and 6h after the fat load were measured. Inflammatory markers were measured at baseline. Principal component analysis was used to derive inflammatory patterns from individual inflammatory markers (hsCRP, IL2 soluble receptor-alpha, IL6, TNF-alpha and MCP1). Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using the HOMA equation. Repeated measures-ANOVA was used for analyses. Two inflammatory patterns, namely CRP-IL6 pattern and MCP1-TNF-alpha pattern, were derived. We found significant main (smoking and time) and interaction (smokingxtime) effects (P<0.01) for triglycerides. The multivariate-adjusted triglyceride (mg/dL) concentrations (mean+/-S.E.M.) for never, past and current smokers were 127.38+/-1.04, 119.82+/-1.05 and 134.92+/-1.08 at 0h; 229.42+/-1.04, 238.39+/-1.05 and 293.94+/-1.08 at 3.5h; and 194.63+/-1.04, 208.38+/-1.05 and 248.27+/-1.08 at 6h after the fat load, respectively. Smoking remained significant after adjusting for HOMA-IR and/or inflammatory patterns which showed independent associations with PPT (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data confirm impaired metabolism of fat among smokers and suggest that mechanisms other than inflammation or insulin resistance may explain the observed hypertriglyceridemia among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond K Kabagambe
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, United States.
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Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia associated with inflammatory response and procoagulant state after a high-fat meal in hypertensive patients. Coron Artery Dis 2008; 19:145-51. [DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e3282f487f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Robinson LE, Buchholz AC, Mazurak VC. Inflammation, obesity, and fatty acid metabolism: influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on factors contributing to metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 32:1008-24. [PMID: 18059573 DOI: 10.1139/h07-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises an array of metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. Individuals with MetS are at elevated risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Central to the etiology of MetS is an interrelated triad comprising inflammation, abdominal obesity, and aberrations in fatty acid metabolism, coupled with the more recently recognized changes in metabolism during the postprandial period. We review herein preliminary evidence regarding the role of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulating each of the components of the triad of adiposity, inflammation, and fatty acid metabolism, with particular attention to the role of the postprandial period as a contributor to the pathophysiology of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Room 336-B Animal Science and Nutrition Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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