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Hoffmann A, Ebert T, Hankir MK, Flehmig G, Klöting N, Jessnitzer B, Lössner U, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Fasshauer M, Tönjes A, Miehle K, Kralisch S. Leptin Improves Parameters of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Lipodystrophic Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:2499. [PMID: 34444659 PMCID: PMC8399124 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophy syndromes (LD) are a heterogeneous group of very rare congenital or acquired disorders characterized by a generalized or partial lack of adipose tissue. They are strongly associated with severe metabolic dysfunction due to ectopic fat accumulation in the liver and other organs and the dysregulation of several key adipokines, including leptin. Treatment with leptin or its analogues is therefore sufficient to reverse some of the metabolic symptoms of LD in patients and in mouse models through distinct mechanisms. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis has emerged as an important regulator of systemic metabolism in rodents and in humans, but it is poorly understood how leptin impacts BAT in LD. Here, we show in transgenic C57Bl/6 mice overexpressing sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in adipose tissue (Tg (aP2-nSREBP1c)), an established model of congenital LD, that daily subcutaneous administration of 3 mg/kg leptin for 6 to 8 weeks increases body temperature without affecting food intake or body weight. This is associated with increased protein expression of the thermogenic molecule uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and the sympathetic nerve marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in BAT. These findings suggest that leptin treatment in LD stimulates BAT thermogenesis through sympathetic nerves, which might contribute to some of its metabolic benefits by providing a healthy reservoir for excess circulating nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Hoffmann
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mohammed K. Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Gesine Flehmig
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Nora Klöting
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Beate Jessnitzer
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Ulrike Lössner
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Konstanze Miehle
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Susan Kralisch
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04109 Leipzig, Germany; (T.E.); (G.F.); (B.J.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.T.); (K.M.); (S.K.)
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Pereira S, Cline DL, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Tissue-Specific Effects of Leptin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:1-28. [PMID: 33150398 PMCID: PMC7846142 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin was intrinsically associated with its ability to regulate body weight. However, the effects of leptin are more far-reaching and include profound glucose-lowering and anti-lipogenic effects, independent of leptin's regulation of body weight. Regulation of glucose metabolism by leptin is mediated both centrally and via peripheral tissues and is influenced by the activation status of insulin signaling pathways. Ectopic fat accumulation is diminished by both central and peripheral leptin, an effect that is beneficial in obesity-associated disorders. The magnitude of leptin action depends upon the tissue, sex, and context being examined. Peripheral tissues that are of particular relevance include the endocrine pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, immune cells, and the cardiovascular system. As a result of its potent metabolic activity, leptin is used to control hyperglycemia in patients with lipodystrophy and is being explored as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. To fully understand the role of leptin in physiology and to maximize its therapeutic potential, the mechanisms of leptin action in these tissues needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Nagao K, Matsumoto A, Kai S, Kayashima T, Yanagita T. Soy Protein Isolate Suppresses Lipodystrophy-induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Model Mice. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:161-169. [PMID: 28100883 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophies are acquired and genetic disorders characterized by the complete or partial absence of body fat with a line of metabolic disorders, including hepatic steatosis. Because soy protein isolate (SPI) has been reported to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels in animals and humans, we explored the effect of SPI on the pathophysiology of hepatic lipid accumutaion in a diet-induced lipodystrophy model mice. Four weeks of the lipodystrophy model diet induced hepatic lipid accumulation concomitant with marked deficiencies of adipose tissue and serum adipocytokines in mice. However, supplementing the lipodystrophy model diet with SPI could alleviate the hepatic lipid acculation without affecting the lipoatrophic effect of the diet. Enhanced lipogenesis is the principal mechanism of hepatic steatosis in this model, but SPI supplementation significantly attenuated the increase in enzyme activity and/or mRNA expression. Additionally, SPI supplementation upregulated the hepatic mRNA expression of an enzyme involved in cholesterol catabolism. In conclusion, our results indicate the possibility of dietary SPI to attenuate lipodystorophy-induced hepatic steatosis through the direct reduction of hepatic lipogenesis without affecting adipocytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nagao
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University
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Berryhill GE, Miszewski SG, Trott JF, Kraft J, Lock AL, Hovey RC. Trans-Fatty Acid-Stimulated Mammary Gland Growth in Ovariectomized Mice is Fatty Acid Type and Isomer Specific. Lipids 2017; 52:223-233. [PMID: 28074319 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the trans-18:2 fatty acid trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12-CLA) stimulates mammary gland development independent of estrogen and its receptor. Given the negative consequences of dietary trans-fatty acids on various aspects of human health, we sought to establish whether other trans-fatty acids could similarly induce ovary-independent mammary gland growth in mice. Prepubertal BALB/cJ mice were ovariectomized at 21 days of age then were fed diets enriched with cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11-CLA), or mixtures of trans-18:1 fatty acids supplied by partially hydrogenated sunflower, safflower, or linseed oil. The resultant mammary phenotype was evaluated 3 weeks later and compared to the growth response elicited by t10,c12-CLA, or the defined control diet. Whereas partially hydrogenated safflower oil increased mammary gland weight, none of the partially hydrogenated vegetable oils promoted mammary ductal growth. Similarly, the c9,t11-CLA supplemented diet was without effect on mammary development. Taken together, our data emphasize a unique effect of t10,c12-CLA in stimulating estrogen-independent mammary gland growth manifest as increased mammary ductal area and elongation that was not recapitulated by c9,t11-CLA or the partially hydrogenated vegetable oil diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Berryhill
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8521, USA
| | - Susan G Miszewski
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8521, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8521, USA
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Vermont, 570 Main St., Burlington, VT, 05405-0148, USA
| | - Adam L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1225, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8521, USA.
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Panera N, Della Corte C, Crudele A, Stronati L, Nobili V, Alisi A. Recent advances in understanding the role of adipocytokines during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis and their link with hepatokines. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:393-403. [PMID: 26654761 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently considered the main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Mechanisms leading to the development and progression of this disease are topics of great interest for researchers and clinicians. The current multi-hit hypothesis has thrown the crosstalk between liver and adipose tissue into sharp focus. It is well known that adipose tissue produces circulating factors, known as adipocytokines, which exert several effects on liver cells, promoting the onset of NAFLD and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese subjects. In a similar way, hepatocytes may also respond to obesogenic stimuli by producing and releasing hepatokines into the circulation. Here, the authors provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the role of the most relevant adipocytokines and hepatokines in NAFLD pathogenesis, highlighting their possible molecular and functional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Panera
- a Liver Research Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Della Corte
- b Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Annalisa Crudele
- a Liver Research Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- c Department of Radiobiology and Human Health , ENEA , Rome , Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- b Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- a Liver Research Unit , 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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Bolze F, Bast A, Mocek S, Morath V, Yuan D, Rink N, Schlapschy M, Zimmermann A, Heikenwalder M, Skerra A, Klingenspor M. Treatment of diet-induced lipodystrophic C57BL/6J mice with long-acting PASylated leptin normalises insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis by promoting lipid utilisation. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2005-12. [PMID: 27272237 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recombinant leptin offers a viable treatment for lipodystrophy (LD) syndromes. However, due to its short plasma half-life, leptin replacement therapy requires at least daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections. Here, we optimised this treatment strategy in LD mice by using a novel leptin version with extended plasma half-life using PASylation technology. METHODS A long-acting leptin version was prepared by genetic fusion with a 600 residue polypeptide made of Pro, Ala and Ser (PASylation), which enlarges the hydrodynamic volume and, thus, retards renal filtration, allowing less frequent injection. LD was induced in C57BL/6J mice by feeding a diet supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Chronic and acute effects of leptin treatment were assessed by evaluating plasma insulin levels, insulin tolerance, histological liver sections, energy expenditure, energy intake and body composition. RESULTS In a cohort of female mice, 4 nmol PAS-leptin (applied via four s.c. injections every 3 days) successfully alleviated the CLA-induced LD phenotype, which was characterised by hyperinsulinaemia, insulin intolerance and hepatosteatosis. The same injection regimen had no measurable effect when unmodified recombinant leptin was administered at an equivalent dose. In a cohort of LD males, a single s.c. injection of PAS-leptin did not affect energy expenditure but inhibited food intake and promoted a shift in fuel selection towards preferential fat oxidation, which mechanistically substantiates the metabolic improvements. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The excellent pharmacological properties render PASylated leptin an agent of choice for refining both animal studies and therapeutic strategies in the context of LD syndromes and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bolze
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Ernährungsmedizin and Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Andrea Bast
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Ernährungsmedizin and Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Sabine Mocek
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Ernährungsmedizin and Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Volker Morath
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Detian Yuan
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Rink
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Ernährungsmedizin and Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Martin Schlapschy
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Anika Zimmermann
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Ernährungsmedizin and Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany.
- XL-protein GmbH, Freising, Germany.
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Ernährungsmedizin and Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany.
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany.
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Marino L, Jornayvaz FR. Endocrine causes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11053-76. [PMID: 26494962 PMCID: PMC4607905 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i39.11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the industrialized world. The prevalence of NAFLD is increasing, becoming a substantial public health burden. NAFLD includes a broad spectrum of disorders, from simple conditions such as steatosis to severe manifestations such as fibrosis and cirrhosis. The relationship of NAFLD with metabolic alterations such as type 2 diabetes is well described and related to insulin resistance, with NAFLD being recognized as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. However, NAFLD may also coincide with endocrine diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency or hypercortisolism. It is therefore essential to remember, when discovering altered liver enzymes or hepatic steatosis on radiological exams, that endocrine diseases can cause NAFLD. Indeed, the overall prognosis of NAFLD may be modified by treatment of the underlying endocrine pathology. In this review, we will discuss endocrine diseases that can cause NALFD. Underlying pathophysiological mechanisms will be presented and specific treatments will be reviewed.
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Stojsavljević S, Gomerčić Palčić M, Virović Jukić L, Smirčić Duvnjak L, Duvnjak M. Adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines, the key mediators in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18070-18091. [PMID: 25561778 PMCID: PMC4277948 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient with no history of alcohol abuse or other causes for secondary hepatic steatosis. The pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been fully elucidated. The “two-hit“ hypothesis is probably a too simplified model to elaborate complex pathogenetic events occurring in patients with NASH. It should be better regarded as a multiple step process, with accumulation of liver fat being the first step, followed by the development of necroinflammation and fibrosis. Adipose tissue, which has emerged as an endocrine organ with a key role in energy homeostasis, is responsive to both central and peripheral metabolic signals and is itself capable of secreting a number of proteins. These adipocyte-specific or enriched proteins, termed adipokines, have been shown to have a variety of local, peripheral, and central effects. In the current review, we explore the role of adipocytokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We particularly focus on adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin, with a brief mention of resistin, visfatin and retinol-binding protein 4 among adipokines, and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and briefly IL-18 among proinflammatory cytokines. We update their role in NAFLD, as elucidated in experimental models and clinical practice.
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Rodríguez AJ, Neeman T, Giles AG, Mastronardi CA, Paz Filho G. Leptin replacement therapy for the treatment of non-HAART associated lipodystrophy syndromes: a meta-analysis into the effects of leptin on metabolic and hepatic endpoints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:783-97. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of lipodystrophy syndromes (LS) are hypoleptinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Leptin replacement therapy (LRT) is effective at improving these pathologies. Currently, there are no data compiling the evidence from the literature, and demonstrating the effect of LRT in LS patients. A systematic review of the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify studies assessing the effect of LRT on metabolic and hepatic endpoints in patients with LS not associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) use. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals of pooled results were calculated for overall changes in glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and hepatic physiology, using an inverse-variance random-effects model. After screening, 12 studies were included for review. Meta-analysis of results from 226 patients showed that LRT decreased fasting glucose [0.75 SMD units (range 0.36‐1.13), p=0.0001], HbA1c [0.49 (0.17‐0.81), p=0.003], triglycerides [1.00 (0.69‐1.31), p<0.00001], total cholesterol [0.62 (0.21‐1.02), p=0.003], liver volume [1.06 (0.51‐1.61), p=0.0002] and AST [0.41 (0.10‐0.73) p=0.01]. In patients with non-HAART LS, LRT improves the outcome of several metabolic and hepatic parameters. Studies were limited by small populations and therefore large prospective trials are needed to validate these findings.
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Zhang X, Yang R, Jia Y, Cai D, Zhou B, Qu X, Han H, Xu L, Wang L, Yao Y, Yang G. Hypermethylation of Sp1 binding site suppresses hypothalamic POMC in neonates and may contribute to metabolic disorders in adults: impact of maternal dietary CLAs. Diabetes 2014; 63:1475-87. [PMID: 24379351 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of neuropeptide genes associated with central appetite control plays an important part in the development of nutritional programming. While proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is critical in appetite control, the molecular mechanism of methylation-related regulation of POMC remains unclear. Based on the report that the proximal specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding site in POMC promoter is crucial for the leptin-mediated activation of POMC, the methylation of this site was investigated in this study in both cultured cells and postnatal mice reared by the dams with dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). The change of milk composition made the offspring undergo the increase of food intake, suppression of POMC, attenuation of Sp1-promoter interaction, and the hypermethylation of cytosine guanine (CpG) dinucleotides at -100 and -103 within the Sp1 binding site of POMC promoter, which may be associated with the decrease of hypothalamic Sp1 and/or plasma S-adenosylhomocystein. In cultured cells, the methylation of the -100 CpG dinucleotides of the POMC promoter blocked both the formation of Sp1-promoter complex and the leptin-induced activation of POMC. In addition, a catch-up growth and adult metabolic changes like adult hyperglycemia and insulin resistance were observed in these postnatal pups, suggesting that this CLA-mediated hypermethylation may contribute, at least in part, to the metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Cai D, Li H, Zhou B, Han L, Zhang X, Yang G, Yang G. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation caused reduction of perilipin1 and aberrant lipolysis in epididymal adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:621-6. [PMID: 22609209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perilipin1, a coat protein of lipid droplet, plays a key role in adipocyte lipolysis and fat formation of adipose tissues. However, it is not clear how the expression of perilipin1 is affected in the decreased white adipose tissues (WAT) of mice treated with dietary supplement of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Here we obtained lipodystrophic mice by dietary administration of CLA which exhibited reduced epididymal (EPI) WAT, aberrant adipocytes and decreased expression of leptin in this tissue. We found both transcription and translation of perilipin1 was suppressed significantly in EPI WAT of CLA-treated mice compared to that of control mice. The gene expression of negative regulator tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and the positive regulator Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ) of perilipin1 was up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. In cultured 3T3-L1 cells the promoter activity of perilipin1 was dramatically inhibited in the presence of CLA. Using ex vivo experiment we found that the basal lipolysis was elevated but the hormone-stimulated lipolysis blunted in adipose explants of CLA-treated mice compared to that of control mice, suggesting that the reduction of perilipin1 in white adipose tissues may at least in part contribute to CLA-mediated alternation of lipolysis of WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demin Cai
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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Naruse R, Inukai Y, Terasawa T, Hara K, Takebayashi K, Morita M, Aso Y, Inukai T. Relationship of body fat weight and body fat ratio determined by bioelectric impedance to serum adipocytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Res Clin Pract 2011; 5:e267-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dietary conjugated linoleic Acid and hepatic steatosis: species-specific effects on liver and adipose lipid metabolism and gene expression. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2012:932928. [PMID: 21869929 PMCID: PMC3160137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/932928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. To summarize the recent studies on effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on hepatic steatosis and hepatic and adipose lipid metabolism highlighting the potential regulatory mechanisms. Methods. Sixty-four published experiments were summarized in which trans-10, cis-12 CLA was fed either alone or in combination with other CLA isomers to mice, rats, hamsters, and humans were compared. Summary and Conclusions. Dietary trans-10, cis-12 CLA induces a severe hepatic steatosis in mice with a more muted response in other species. Regardless of species, when hepatic steatosis was present, a concurrent decrease in body adiposity was observed, suggesting that hepatic lipid accumulation is a result of uptake of mobilized fatty acids (FA) from adipose tissue and the liver's inability to sufficiently increase FA oxidation and export of synthesized triglycerides. The potential role of liver FA composition, insulin secretion and sensitivity, adipokine, and inflammatory responses are discussed as potential mechanisms behind CLA-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Abstract
Leptin, a pluripotent adipokine, has been discovered as a hormone controlling energy balance in hypothalamic neuroendocrine centers. In addition, recent studies provided ample evidence that leptin can be produced by cells other than adipocytes, and that the hormone can regulate many physiological processes other than energy balance and appetite. In this context, it is not surprising that both leptin excess as well as leptin insufficiency have been implicated in various pathologies. Consequently, despite initially disappointing results with recombinant leptin as the drug for obesity management, new leptin receptor modifiers have been developed and emerged as potential treatment modalities for numerous metabolic, immunological and neoplastic diseases. The major focus of this paper is a systematic review of current experimental leptin-based therapies, including pharmacological advantages and limitations of each prodrug category.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laszlo Otvos
- a Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Eva Surmacz
- a Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Magkos F, Fabbrini E, McCrea J, Patterson BW, Eagon JC, Klein S. Decrease in hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride secretion after weight loss is inversely associated with changes in circulating leptin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:584-90. [PMID: 20590733 PMCID: PMC3487704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although weight loss usually decreases very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) secretion rate, the change in VLDL-TG kinetics is not directly related to the change in body weight. Circulating leptin also declines with weight loss and can affect hepatic lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine whether circulating leptin is associated with weight loss-induced changes in VLDL-TG secretion. METHODS Ten extremely obese subjects were studied. VLDL-TG secretion rate and the contribution of systemic (derived from lipolysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue TG) and non-systemic fatty acids (derived primarily from lipolysis of intrahepatic and intraperitoneal TG, and de novo lipogenesis) to VLDL-TG production were determined by using stable isotopically labelled tracer methods before and 1 year after gastric bypass surgery. RESULTS Subjects lost 33 +/- 12% of body weight, and VLDL-TG secretion rate decreased by 46 +/- 23% (p = 0.001), primarily because of a decrease in the secretion of VLDL-TG from non-systemic fatty acids (p = 0.002). Changes in VLDL-TG secretion rates were not significantly related to reductions in body weight, body mass index, plasma palmitate flux, free fatty acid or insulin concentrations. The change in VLDL-TG secretion was inversely correlated with the change in plasma leptin concentration (r = -0.72, p = 0.013), because of a negative association between changes in leptin and VLDL-TG secretion from non-systemic fatty acids (r = -0.95, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Weight loss-induced changes in plasma leptin concentration are inversely associated with changes in VLDL-TG secretion rate. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the correlation between circulating leptin and VLDL-TG secretion represents a cause-and-effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisa Fabbrini
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Jennifer McCrea
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce W. Patterson
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J. Christopher Eagon
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Parra P, Palou A, Serra F. Moderate doses of conjugated linoleic acid reduce fat gain, maintain insulin sensitivity without impairing inflammatory adipose tissue status in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:5. [PMID: 20180981 PMCID: PMC2831902 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enrichment of diet with nutrients with potential benefits on body composition is a strategy to combat obesity. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) due its beneficial effects on body composition and inflammatory processes becomes an interesting candidate, since the promotion and impairment of obesity is closely linked to a low-grade inflammation state of adipose tissue. Previously we reported the favourable effects of moderate doses of CLA mixture on body composition and inflammatory status of adipose tissue in mice fed a standard-fat diet. In the present study we assessed the potential beneficial effects of CLA mixture (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, 50:50) in mice fed a high-fat diet. METHODS Two doses were assayed: 0.15 g (CLA1) and 0.5 g CLA/kg body weight (CLA2) for the first 30 days of the study and then animals received a double amount for another 35 days. RESULTS The lowest dose (CLA1) had minor effects on body composition, plasma parameters and gene expression. However, a clear reduction in fat accumulation was achieved by CLA2, accompanied by a reduction in leptin, adiponectin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) plasma concentrations. Insulin sensitivity was maintained despite a slight increase in fasting glucose and insulin plasma concentrations. The study of gene expression both in adipocytes and in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) suggested that CLA may reduce either the infiltration of macrophages in adipose tissue or the induction of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the use of moderate doses of an equimolar mix of the two main CLA isomers reduces body fat content, improves plasma lipid profile, maintains insulin sensitivity (despite a moderate degree of hyperinsulinaemia) without the promotion of inflammatory markers in adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Parra
- University of the Balearic Islands, Cra Valldemossa Km 7,5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Kastarinen H, Kesäniemi YA, Ukkola O. Leptin and lipid metabolism in chronic kidney failure. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 69:401-8. [PMID: 19148833 DOI: 10.1080/00365510802706645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the general population, leptin has been associated with atherosclerosis and has been shown to interfere with lipoprotein profiles. Patients with chronic renal failure are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and display alterations in both lipoprotein and leptin levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between leptin and the lipoprotein profile in non-dialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Leptin and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were studied in 73 CKD patients and in 68 healthy controls in a cross-sectional case-control design. RESULTS The mean leptin levels were increased in the CKD patients (24.0 (SD 37.1) ng/mL) compared to those in controls (9.0 (SD 8.5) ng/mL) (p = 0.008). Also, the ratio between leptin levels and body mass index (leptin/BMI) was increased in CKD patients (mean 0.80 (SD 1.03)) compared to that in controls (0.31 (SD 0.24)) (p = 0.001). In linear regression analysis, leptin independently predicted total cholesterol and triglycerides in CKD patients (p = 0.010 and p = 0.001, respectively) and ratio between total and HDL cholesterol (Chol/HDL) in controls (p = 0.024). Furthermore, in CKD patients, the leptin/BMI predicted the variation in total cholesterol and triglycerides (p = 0.010 and p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Leptin concentrations and leptin/BMI were elevated in CKD patients compared to those in controls. Leptin levels in both study groups, and leptin/BMI in the CKD group, were associated with atherogenic lipid profiles, which may contribute to the elevated cardiovascular risk that has been linked to hyperleptinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kastarinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Tessari P, Coracina A, Cosma A, Tiengo A. Hepatic lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:291-302. [PMID: 19359149 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly recognized pathology with a high prevalence and a possible evolution to its inflammatory counterpart (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH). The pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH has many links with the metabolic syndrome, sharing a causative factor in insulin resistance. According to a two-hit hypothesis, increased intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation (due to increased synthesis, decreased export, or both) is followed by a second step (or "hit"), which may lead to NASH. The latter likely involves oxidative stress, cytochrome P450 activation, lipid peroxidation, increased inflammatory cytokine production, activation of hepatic stellate cells and apoptosis. However, both "hits" may be caused by the same factors. The aim of this article is to overview the biochemical steps of fat regulation in the liver and the alterations occurring in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tessari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Chair of Metabolism, University of Padua, Italy.
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Leptin: Is it a possible specific liver drug for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)? Med Hypotheses 2008; 71:462-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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