Forced expression of S100A10 reduces sensitivity to oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer cells

Biological landscape and nanostructural view in development and reversal of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer

The treatment of cancer patients has been mainly followed using chemotherapy and it is a gold standard in improving prognosis and survival rate of patients. Oxaliplatin (OXA) is a third-platinum anti-cancer agent that reduces DNA synthesis in cancer cells to interfere with their growth and cell cycle progression. In spite of promising results of using OXA in cancer chemotherapy, the process of drug resistance has made some challenges. OXA is commonly applied in treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) as a malignancy of gastrointestinal tract and when CRC cells increase their proliferation and metastasis, they can obtain resistance to OXA chemotherapy. A number of molecular factors such as CHK2, SIRT1, c-Myc, LATS2 and FOXC1 have been considered as regulators of OXA response in CRC cells. The non-coding RNAs are able to function as master regulator of other molecular pathways in modulating OXA resistance. There is a close association between molecular mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, glycolysis and EMT with OXA resistance, so that apoptosis inhibition, pro-survival autophagy induction and stimulation of EMT and glycolysis can induce OXA resistance in CRC cells. A number of anti-tumor compounds including astragaloside IV, resveratrol and nobiletin are able to enhance OXA sensitivity in CRC cells. Nanoparticles for increasing potential of OXA in CRC suppression and reversing OXA resistance have been employed in cancer chemotherapy. These subjects are covered in this review article to shed light on molecular factors resulting in OXA resistance.

Recent Advances in Molecular and Cellular Functions of S100A10

S100A10 (p11, annexin II light chain, calpactin light chain) is a multifunctional protein with a wide range of physiological activity. S100A10 is unique among the S100 family members of proteins since it does not bind to Ca2+, despite its sequence and structural similarity. This review focuses on studies highlighting the structure, regulation, and binding partners of S100A10. The binding partners of S100A10 were collated and summarized.

S100A10 Is a New Prognostic Biomarker Related to the Malignant Molecular Features and Immunosuppression Process of Adult Gliomas

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies have demonstrated the role of S100A10 in the progression of several tumors; however, few studies have investigated its immunological characteristics in adult gliomas. In this study, we systematically explored its biological features and clinical significance in adult gliomas.

METHODS

Altogether, 325 glioma cases from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas and 699 glioma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas were included as the training and validation cohorts. R software was used for data analysis and mapping using the RNA sequencing data from these cases. One-way analysis of variance and Student's t-test were used to assess the differences between the groups. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

We found that S100A10 was remarkably highly expressed in high-grade glioma, isocitrate dehydrogenase wild type, 1p19q noncodeletion type, O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter unmethylation type, and mesenchymal-like molecular subtype. S100A10 specifically and sensitively indicates the mesenchymal-like molecular subtype. Upregulated S100A10 levels were independently correlated with poor survival. S100A10-related biological processes in gliomas mainly concentrate on immunoreaction and inflammatory response. We then proved that S100A10 was positively related to most inflammatory metagenes, except IgG, including HCK, LCK, MHC II, STAT1, and interferon. More importantly, the levels of glioma-infiltrating immune cells were positively associated with the expression of S100A10, especially in tumor-related macrophages, regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

CONCLUSIONS

S100A10 is closely related to malignant pathological subtypes, worse prognosis, and immunosuppressive immune cell infiltration in adult gliomas, making it a promising biomarker and potential target in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic assessment of gliomas.

Plasmin and Plasminogen System in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy

Simple Summary

In this review, we present a detailed discussion of how the plasminogen-activation system is utilized by tumor cells in their unrelenting attack on the tissues surrounding them. Plasmin is an enzyme which is responsible for digesting several proteins that hold the tissues surrounding solid tumors together. In this process tumor cells utilize the activity of plasmin to digest tissue barriers in order to leave the tumour site and spread to other parts of the body. We specifically focus on the role of plasminogen receptor—p11 which is an important regulatory protein that facilitates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and by this means promotes the attack by the tumour cells on their surrounding tissues.

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is now being widely accepted as the key contributor to a range of processes involved in cancer progression from tumor growth to metastasis and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and the proteases that mediate the remodeling of the ECM form an integral part of the TME. Plasmin is a broad-spectrum, highly potent, serine protease whose activation from its precursor plasminogen is tightly regulated by the activators (uPA, uPAR, and tPA), the inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2), and plasminogen receptors. Collectively, this system is called the plasminogen activation system. The expression of the components of the plasminogen activation system by malignant cells and the surrounding stromal cells modulates the TME resulting in sustained cancer progression signals. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the roles of plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance with specific emphasis on their role in the TME. We particularly review the recent highlights of the plasminogen receptor S100A10 (p11), which is a pivotal component of the plasminogen activation system.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Prognosis and Correlations With Immune Infiltration of S100 Protein Family Members in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

S100 protein family members (S100s) are commonly dysregulated in various tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the diverse expression, mutation, prognosis and associations with immune infiltration of S100s in HCC have yet to be analyzed. Herein we investigated the roles of S100s in HCC from the Oncomine, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), Human Protein Atlas, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, cBioPortal and TIMER databases. Compared with para-cancer tissues, the expression levels of S100A4/S100A6/S100A10/S100A11/S100A13/S100A14/S100P were higher in HCC tissues, while the expression levels of S100A8/S100A9/S100A12 were decreased in tumor tissues. The mRNA levels of S100A2/S100A7/S100A7A/S100A8/S100A9/S100A11 were correlated with advanced tumor stage. Besides, higher mRNA expressions of S100A6/S100A10/S100A11/S100A13/S100A14/S100P were shown to have shorter overall survival (OS), while higher expression of S100A12 was associated with favorable OS. Further, the mutation rate of S100s was investigated, and the high mutation rate (53%) was associated with shorter OS. Additionally, the expressions of S100s were found to be significantly associated with various immune infiltrating cells. Hence, our results showed that S100A6/S100A10/S100A11/S10012/S100A13/S100A14/S100P may be regarded as new prognostic or therapeutic markers and S100s inhibitors may be helpful in the combination of immunotherapies.

An Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis of the S100 Gene Family for the Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer

Background

S100 family genes exclusively encode at least 20 calcium-binding proteins, which possess a wide spectrum of intracellular and extracellular functions in vertebrates. Multiple lines of evidences suggest that dysregulated S100 proteins are associated with human malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic roles of distinct S100 genes in CRC have not been fully elucidated.

Methods

In the current study, we analyzed the mRNA expression levels of S100 family genes and proteins and their associations with the survival of CRC patients using the Oncomine analysis and GEPIA databases. Expressions and mutations of S100 family genes were analyzed using the cBioPortal, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of S100 proteins and their mutation-related coexpressed genes were analyzed using STRING and Cytoscape.

Results

We observed that the mRNA expression levels of S100A2, S100A3, S100A9, S100A11, and S100P were higher and the level of S100B was lower in CRC tissues than those in normal colon mucosa. A high S100A10 levels was associated with advanced-stage CRC. Results from GEPIA database showed that highly expressed S100A1 was correlated with worse overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) and that overexpressions of S100A2 and S100A11 were associated with poor DFS of CRC, indicating that S100A1, S100A2, and S100A11 are potential prognostic markers. Unexpectedly, most of S100 family genes showed no significant prognostic values in CRC.

Conclusions

Our findings, though still need to be ascertained, offer novel insights into the prognostic implications of the S100 family in CRC and will inspire more clinical trials to explore potential S100-targeted inhibitors for the treatment of CRC.

Modulation of Ion Channels and Receptors by p11 (S100A10)

p11 (S100A10, annexin II light chain, calpactin I light chain) is a multifunctional protein that forms a heterotetrameric complex with Annexin A2, particularly at cell membranes. p11, alone or together with Annexin A2, interacts with several ion channels and receptors and regulates their cellular localization and function. Altered levels of p11 are implicated in the pathophysiology of several forms of cancer, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegeneration. Via interactions with ion channels and receptors, p11 modulates therapeutic actions of drugs targeting brain disorders. By serving as a plasminogen receptor, p11 plays an important role in plasmin generation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Here, we review mechanisms whereby p11 regulates functions of ion channels and receptors in health and disease states.

Roles of S100 family members in drug resistance in tumors: Status and prospects

Chemotherapy and targeted therapy can significantly improve survival rates in cancer, but multiple drug resistance (MDR) limits the efficacy of these approaches. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying MDR is crucial for improving drug efficacy and clinical outcomes of patients with cancer. S100 proteins belong to a family of calcium-binding proteins and have various functions in tumor development. Increasing evidence demonstrates that the dysregulation of various S100 proteins contributes to the development of drug resistance in tumors, providing a basis for the development of predictive and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Therefore, a combination of biological inhibitors or sensitizers of dysregulated S100 proteins could enhance therapeutic responses. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the mechanisms by which S100 family members influence resistance of tumors to cancer treatment, with a focus on the development of effective strategies for overcoming MDR.

Molecular Mechanisms by Which S100A4 Regulates the Migration and Invasion of PGCCs With Their Daughter Cells in Human Colorectal Cancer

Recently, an increasing number of evidences have shown that polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) could generate daughter cells with a strong migration and invasion ability, which have been implicated in cancer recurrence and metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of PGCCs with their daughter cells remain largely unclear. In vitro and in vivo experiments combined with 222 cases of human colorectal cancer (CRC) samples were used to identify the molecular mechanisms of S100A4-related proteins regulating the invasion and metastasis of PGCCs with their daughter cells. PGCCs with their daughter cells had high migration, invasion, and proliferation abilities compared to control cells; these were significantly inhibited after S100A4 knockdown. The high expression of cathepsin B, cyclin B1, TRIM21, and Annexin A2 were significantly downregulated after S100A4 knockdown, while the overexpression of S100A4, cathepsin B, cyclin B1, and S100A10 were significantly downregulated after TRIM21 knockdown in PGCCs with their daughter cells. The tumorigenic and metastatic ability of PGCCs with their daughter cells in vivo was significantly stronger compared to the untreated cells, which was significantly decreased after S100A4 knockdown. Moreover, the expression of S100A4-related proteins was positively correlated with the malignancy degree of human CRC, and maintained a high level in lymph node metastasis. S100A4 and TRIM21 may regulate each other to affect the expression and subcellular localization of cyclin B1, and participate in regulating the structure and function of Annexin A2/S100A10 complex, affecting downstream cathepsin B, resulting in the invasion and metastasis of PGCCs with their daughter cells. Besides, 14-3-3 ζ/δ and Ezrin may be involved in the motility and invasion of PGCCs with their daughter cells via cytoskeletal constructions with S100A4.

S100A10 silencing suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells and enhances sensitivity to carboplatin

Background

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related mortality. The novel oncogene S100A10 has been reported to be involved in cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. The role of S100A10 in ovarian cancer has not been well studied and the effect of S100A10 on chemotherapy remains unclear. The aims of the present study were to investigate the functional role of S100A10 in the progression and carboplatin sensitivity of ovarian cancer.

Methods

We examined the expression levels in tissues of S100A10 in 138 cases of ovarian cancer by IHC. To determine the functional roles of downregulated S100A10 in ovarian cancer, cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and invasion assays were performed. Chemoresistance was analyzed by apoptosis assay. A xenograft tumor model was established to confirm the role of S100A10 in carboplatin resistance in vivo. Using Western blot assays, we also explored the possible mechanisms of S100A10 in ovarian cancer.

Results

The results showed that increased expression of S100A10 was positively associated with carboplatin resistance (P < 0.001), tumor grade (P = 0.048) and a poorer prognosis (P = 0.0053). Functional analyses demonstrated that S100A10 suppression significantly suppressed ovarian cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and invasion, remarkably increased carboplatin-induced apoptosis in SKOV3 and A2780 cells and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Downregulation of S100A10 expression could inhibit cell proliferation and enhance ovarian cancer cell sensitivity to carboplatin, possibly involving the regulation of cleaved-Caspase3 and cleaved-PARP.

Conclusions

Together, the results of the present study reveal that S100A10 expression can be used as a predictive marker for the prognosis of ovarian cancer and chemosensitivity to carboplatin.

S100A10 and Cancer Hallmarks: Structure, Functions, and its Emerging Role in Ovarian Cancer

S100A10, which is also known as p11, is located in the plasma membrane and forms a heterotetramer with annexin A2. The heterotetramer, comprising of two subunits of annexin A2 and S100A10, activates the plasminogen activation pathway, which is involved in cellular repair of normal tissues. Increased expression of annexin A2 and S100A10 in cancer cells leads to increased levels of plasmin—which promotes the degradation of the extracellular matrix—increased angiogenesis, and the invasion of the surrounding organs. Although many studies have investigated the functional role of annexin A2 in cancer cells, including ovarian cancer, S100A10 has been less studied. We recently demonstrated that high stromal annexin A2 and high cytoplasmic S100A10 expression is associated with a 3.4-fold increased risk of progression and 7.9-fold risk of death in ovarian cancer patients. Other studies have linked S100A10 with multidrug resistance in ovarian cancer; however, no functional studies to date have been performed in ovarian cancer cells. This article reviews the current understanding of S100A10 function in cancer with a particular focus on ovarian cancer.

Prognostic values of S100 family members in ovarian cancer patients

Objective

Exhibiting high consistence in sequence and structure, S100 family members are interchangeable in function and they show a wide spectrum of biological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation and differentiation and the like. While the prognostic value of each individual S100 in ovarian cancer is still elusive. In current study, we investigated the prognostic value of S100 family members in the ovarian cancer.

Methods

We used the Kaplan Meier plotter (KM plotter) database, in which updated gene expression data and survival information are from 1657 ovarian cancer patients, to assess the relevance of individual S100 family mRNA expression to overall survival in various ovarian cancer subtypes and different clinicopathological features.

Results

It was found that high expression of S100A2 (HR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04–1.34, P = 0.012), S100A7A (HR = 1.3, 95%CI: 1.04–1.63, P = 0.02),S100A10 (HR = 1.2, 95%CI: 1.05–1.38, P = 0.0087),and S100A16 (HR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1–1.51, P = 0.052) were significantly correlated with worse OS in all ovarian cancer patients, while the expression of S100A1 (HR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.77–0.99, P = 0.039), S100A3 (HR = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.71–0.96, P = 0.0011), S100A5 (HR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.73–0.97, P = 0.017), S100A6 (HR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.72–0.98, P = 0.024), S100A13 (HR = 0.85, 95%CI:0.75–0.97, P = 0.014) and S100G (HR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.74–0.99, P = 0.041) were associated with better prognosis. Furthermore, we assessed the prognostic value of S100 expression in different subtypes and the clinicopathological features, including pathological grades, clinical stages and TP53 mutation status, of ovarian cancer patients.

Conclusion

Comprehensive understanding of the S100 family members may have guiding significance for the diagnosis and outcome of ovarian cancer patients.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5170-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The prognostic value of S100A10 expression in cancer

S100A10, a member of the S100 protein family, commonly forms a heterotetrameric complex with Annexin A2. This is essential for the generation of cellular plasmin from plasminogen, which leads to a cascade of molecular events crucial for tumor progression. S100A10 upregulation has been reported in a number of cancers, suggesting that it may have potential as a prognostic biomarker, as well as predicting sensitivity to anticancer drugs. This review evaluates the direct and indirect relationships between S100A10 and cancer progression by investigating its role in cancer. Research papers published on PubMed and Google Scholar between 2007–2017 were collated and reviewed. We concluded that S100A10 affects the development of the hallmarks of cancer as explained by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011, most notably by activating the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. However, further studies are required to explore the underlying biological mechanisms of S100A10.

CPT1A-mediated succinylation of S100A10 increases human gastric cancer invasion

Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy of the lining of the stomach and is prone to distant metastasis, which involves a variety of complex molecules. The S100 proteins are a family of calcium-binding cytosolic proteins that possess a wide range of intracellular and extracellular functions and play pivotal roles in the invasion and migration of tumour cells. Among these, S100A10 is known to be overexpressed in GC. Lysine succinylation, a recently identified form of protein post-translational modification, is an important regulator of cellular processes. Here, we demonstrated that S100A10 was succinylated at lysine residue 47 (K47), and levels of succinylated S100A10 were increased in human GC. Moreover, K47 succinylation of S100A10 was stabilized by suppression of ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) was found to function as a lysine succinyltransferase that interacts with S100A10. Succinylation of S100A10 is regulated by CPT1A, while desuccinylation is regulated by SIRT5. Overexpression of a succinylation mimetic mutant, K47E S100A10, increased cell invasion and migration. Taken together, this study reveals a novel mechanism of S100A10 accumulation mediated by succinylation in GC, which promotes GC progression and is regulated by the succinyltransferase CPT1A and SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation.

WBSCR22 confers oxaliplatin resistance in human colorectal cancer

Human WBSCR22 gene is involved in tumor metastasis, cell growth and invasion, however, its role in chemosensitivity to antitumor agents remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the TCGA cohort and found the expression of WBSCR22 was significantly elevated in human colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue. WBSCR22 could be served as an independent risk predictor for overall survival (OS), and up-regulated WBSCR22 could predict unfavorable OS for CRC patients. Knockdown of WBSCR22 significantly sensitized CRC cells to oxaliplatin in vitro and in vivo, while overexpression of WBSCR22 led to cellular resistance to oxaliplatin treatment. Although WBSCR22 knockdown did not change cell cycle, it increased the oxaliplatin-induced cellular apoptosis. WBSCR22 knockdown augmented the oxaliplatin-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS-induced 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) oxidative lesion accumulation, likely sensitizing oxaliplatin treatment. These results demonstrate that WBSCR22 is involved in CRC resistance to oxaliplatin, suggesting WBSCR22 may represent a novel oxaliplatin resistance biomarker as well as a potentail target for CRC therapeutics.

Salidroside could enhance the cytotoxic effect of L‑OHP on colorectal cancer cells

Evidence has suggested that salidroside inhibits the proliferation and invasion of renal clear cell, lung, breast, and colon cancer. However, effect of salidroside on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells against oxaliplatin (L-OHP) resistance remains unclear. In the present study, the CRC HT-29 cell line and L-OHP resistance HT-29/L-OHP cell line were used to evaluate the effect, and mechanism of salidroside on L-OHP resistance. The results demonstrated that the activity of HT-29 cells was lower compared with that of HT-29/L-OHP cells following L-OHP intervention, and was accompanied with varied expression levels of drug resistant proteins. The combination of salidroside and L-OHP weakened cell activity significantly compared single utilization. Compared with the control group, salidroside intervention resulted in a higher percentage of HT-29/L-OHP cells in the G₀/G₁ stage, and reduced percentage in the G₂/M stage, but no significant variation in the S stage. The HT-29/L-OHP cells exhibited increased apoptosis rates and caspase-3 activity, but decreased metastatic, and invasive abilities following salidroside intervention. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis detected variations in the expression levels of associated genes in HT-29/L-OHP cells following salidroside intervention. In all, the results of the present study revealed that salidroside is able to decrease the activity and invasive capacity of HT-29/L-OHP cells, and treatment with salidroside is associated with increased apoptosis of cancer cells through the regulation of certain genes.

Serum Levels of Annexin A2 as a Candidate Biomarker for Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B

BACKGROUND

Hepatologists have studied serologic markers of liver injury for decades. Annexins are a prominent group of such markers and annexin A2 (AnxA2) is one of the best characterized annexins. AnxA2 inhibits HBV polymerase among other functions. Its expression is up-regulated in regenerative hepatocytes.

OBJECTIVES

To determine if serum AnxA2 level has a role in estimating liver damage in chronic HBV infection and investigate whether AnxA2 levels correlate with hepatic fibrosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study included 173 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 51 healthy controls. Liver fibrosis was graded histologically on liver biopsy samples. Blood samples were taken from patients during biopsy and serum AnxA2 levels were measured with ELISA.

RESULTS

In a group of adult patients with CHB, AnxA2 values were far higher than those of the control group (P = 0.001). When we assessed AnxA2 levels based on fibrosis stages, serum AnxA2 levels of patients with early stage fibrosis (stages 1 - 3) were significantly higher than those of patients with advanced stage fibrosis (stages 4 - 5; P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

AnxA2 is a useful biomarker for early stage fibrosis in patients with CHB.