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Lu C, Qing L, Yina L. Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract alleviates halitosis and reduces the inflammatory response to oral bacteria. J Appl Oral Sci 2024; 32:e20240047. [PMID: 38922243 PMCID: PMC11178350 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2024-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica extract in alleviating halitosis and reducing the inflammatory response to halitosis-related bacteria. METHODOLOGY This investigation, using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract (PE), involved four aspects. First, we evaluated the effect on growth and aggregation of halitosis-related bacteria, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Solobacterium moorei, using a microdilution assay and scanning electron microscopy. Second, volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels were measured on individuals with halitosis in randomized short-term (26 participants) and double-blind randomized long-term trials (18 participants in each group) after rinsing with PE for 3, 6, and 12 h, and 28 days. Third, we analyzed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in TR146 cells using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Lastly, we assessed pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mRNA expression via the same experimental methods in a three-dimensional oral mucosal epithelial model (3D OMEM). RESULTS PE extract dose-dependently inhibited the growth of F. nucleatum (50% inhibition concentration [IC50]=0.079%), P. gingivalis (IC50=0.65%), and S. moorei (IC50=0.07%) and effectively prevented bacterial aggregation. Furthermore, VSC contents decreased significantly at 3, 6, and 12 h after rinsing with 5% PE compared with those in the control. Long-term use of mouthwash containing 5% PE for 28 days led to a significant decrease in VSC contents. PE attenuated the F. nucleatum- or P. gingivalis-stimulated mRNA expression and protein release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in TR146 cells. It also suppressed IL-8 and prostaglandin E2 secretion and TLR2 mRNA expression in F. nucleatum-induced OMEMs. CONCLUSION Our findings support the use of PE in oral care products to alleviate halitosis and it may reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lu
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Liu Qing
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Lu Yina
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
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Alssum L, Alsaleh L, Alzoman H. Self-perceived halitosis and its social impact on females: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35164. [PMID: 37747001 PMCID: PMC10519477 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Halitosis refers to socially unacceptable levels of breath odors. This affects the social life and psychological well-being of individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-perceived halitosis (SPH) among females and its effect on social life. This was a cross-sectional study. A previously validated questionnaire was distributed electronically through a secure link. The questionnaire consisted of 5 different parts that collected information on sociodemographic, medical history, oral hygiene and other health habits. It also included questions related to participant's knowledge and perception of halitosis and its social impact. All females who were at least 18 years were invited to participate. Data were transferred for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program for Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26, Chicago, IL). Simple descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions and percentages were calculated for the study variables. The relationship between the variables and SPH was also evaluated using the chi-squared test of independence at 95% confidence (P ≤ .05). In total, 1089 subjects completed the questionnaire. The SPH prevalence was 62% among females. The correlation between SPH and sinusitis, gastrointestinal tract disorders, periodontal diseases were significant (P < .05). In addition, subjects with good tooth brushing habits reported no halitosis (91.6%) compared to subjects with poor tooth brushing habits who reported no halitosis (8.9%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < .001). Not using floss and tounge cleaners daily was significantly related to self-reported halitosis (P < .001). Females who reported SPH indicated that they were hesitant to talk to others (68.1%), uncomfortable around others (80.5%), did not like meeting others (44.2%), avoided by others (15%), and that halitosis affected their personal life (31.9%). This association was statistically significant for all variables of social life (P < .001). The prevalence of SPH is high and can have an incapacitating effect on females social lives. The management of halitosis includes active involvement of dental professionals and the incorporation of psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamees Alssum
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama Alsaleh
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kim YR, Nam SH. Comparison of halitosis according to herbal mouthwash containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract and saline mouthwash: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Dent Hyg 2023. [PMID: 37635655 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted in order to determine the effect on halitosis and the antibacterial effect against halitosis-causing bacteria of the mouthwash made of the natural material, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 60 patients who visited M dental clinic located in Busan, South Korea, excluding those with systemic disease that may induce halitosis. There were 30 patients classified to the saline gargle group and the remaining 30 patients were classified to the G. uralensis extract gargle group. In addition, their level of halitosis and halitosis-causing bacteria were measured. They visited the dental clinic on a fasted state at baseline before gargle application (Baseline), immediately after gargle application (Treatment) and 5 days after gargle application (After 5 Days). For clinical indicators, participants were tested for halitosis and bacteria immediately after waking up without brushing their teeth and without hydration. RESULTS The prevalence of halitosis decreased in the G. uralensis extract gargle group compared to the saline gargle group at Treatment and After 5 Days. In cases with pseudo halitosis, there was a significant decrease in halitosis-causing bacteria when G. uralensis extract gargle was applied (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It was identified that using a mouthwash made with G. uralensis extract is effective for halitosis improvement and reduction of halitosis-causing bacteria. Therefore, using a mouthwash containing G. uralensis extract, it will be effective in improving bad breath and oral hygiene will be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rin Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Silla University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seoul-Hee Nam
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, South Korea
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Mezied MS, Al Bouri D, Al Omani A, Al Ramadhan G, Al Bootie S, Barakat A, Koppolu P. A Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Perceived Halitosis among Undergraduate University Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S575-S581. [PMID: 37654341 PMCID: PMC10466654 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_680_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of halitosis among undergraduate university students at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods A survey of 301 participants who answered a questionnaire on their self-perceived halitosis was undertaken. Results The response rate was 35% (301/863). Of the total, 54.5% of participants reported that they had experienced halitosis. A majority of participants (61.4%) responded to having experienced an unpleasant bad taste in the morning when they woke up, with most participants (42.4%) stating that their breath was the worst early in the morning. A majority of respondents (59.6%) reported that they were aware of their condition. Only 27% of the respondents stated that they had admitted to having undergone an examination for bad breath from their dentist, and 22.9% of the respondents reported that they had undergone an examination for conditions associated with bad breath. The measures used to reduce the condition were evenly distributed, with approximately one-third using mouthwash (34.6%), gum/mentos (38.3%), and toothpaste (27.2%). Conclusion The incidence of self-perceived halitosis that was revealed in the current study is normal compare to others studies. It is unrelated to age and sex. Non-usage of dental floss, no use of mouthwash, and smoking, on the other hand, were shown to be associated with self-perceived halitosis. Furthermore, tongue cleaning was not linked to introspection halitosis. Halitosis may be also due to underlying systemic conditions. Hence it is necessary to evaluate the condition's prevalence and examine the relationship with other etiological variables with halitosis in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha S. Mezied
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Al Bouri
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Al Omani
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer Al Ramadhan
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Al Bootie
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Barakat
- Restorative and Prosthetic Department, College of Dentistry, Dar Al-Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Koppolu
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al-Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Emotional and Social Impact of Halitosis on Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2023; 59:medicina59030564. [PMID: 36984565 PMCID: PMC10057342 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Halitosis is a condition characterized by unpleasant breath smell that is starting to receive serious scientific attention, considering it reflects on people’s social and personal life. While most studies focus on the prevalence of halitosis, its medical etiology, and the psychological impact on adults, there is a lack of evidence regarding the social impact of halitosis on the younger population. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to observe the social and emotional impact that halitosis has on adolescents and young adults. Materials and Methods: The review followed the PRISMA protocol, and four electronic databases (Scopus, Scholar, Web of Science, and ProQuest) were searched. From a total of 593 studies retrieved, only 6 were included in the study after assessing the eligibility criteria. Results: The main results showed that the levels of self-reported halitosis ranged from 23.1% to 77.5%, with an average of 44.7%, indicating a significant heterogeneity among the studies reporting this issue. Adolescents and young adults who experienced bad breath were feeling more anxious and depressed according to the non-standardized questionnaires and the standardized questionnaires (OHIP-14 and SCL-9-R). The respondents were isolated from social interactions and consequently had lower self-esteem and impaired quality of life. Conclusions: The conclusions drawn indicate the need for action on a medical level, as well as on a psychological level, in order to improve people’s oral health and help them navigate through the difficulties of maintaining social interactions as they live with halitosis.
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Muniz FWMG, Moreno LB, da Silviera TM, Rösing CK, Colussi PRG. Prevalence and associated factors of self‐reported halitosis among institutionalized adolescents: cross‐sectional study. Int J Dent Hyg 2022; 21:409-416. [PMID: 36102281 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and associated factors of self-reported halitosis in institutionalized adolescents in a city in southern Brazil. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved male institutionalized adolescents, aged 15-19 years old, at the Socio-Educational Assistance Center in the city of Passo Fundo, Brazil. Data collection was performed by a research team composed of two interviewers, two clinical examiners of oral health and two examiners of salivary flow. A structured questionnaire was applied, which included demographical, socioeconomical, general health behaviour, presence of health problems and oral health self-perception variables. Decayed, Missing, Filled Index was used for the clinical examination. The salivary flow collection was performed using the mechanically stimulated total saliva method, in which only the liquid component was measured. RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported halitosis in this sample was 51.5% (n = 35). In the final multivariate analysis, halitosis was significantly associated with the non-white racial group (prevalence ratio [RP]:1.703; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]:1.101-2.634), use of crack (RP:1.857; 95%CI:1.270-2.714) and number of decayed teeth (PR: 1.123; 95%CI:1.008-1.252). The use of alcohol and access to dental care in the last 12 months were not significantly associated with self-reported halitosis. CONCLUSION It was concluded that non-white and crack-user youngsters had a high occurrence of self-reported halitosis. Higher rates of dental caries are also associated with halitosis.
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Moreno LB, Colussi PRG, Marostega MG, Rosalen NP, Rösing CK, Muniz FWMG. Self-reported halitosis and associated factors among older adults: A cross-sectional study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:431-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Memon MA, Memon HA, Faizan-E-Muhammad, Fahad S, Siddiqui A, Lee KY, Tahir MJ, Yousaf Z. The aetiology and associations of halitosis: a systematic review. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1432-1438. [PMID: 35212093 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Halitosis is a term that refers to an unpleasant or foul odour originating from the oral cavity that can be caused by either intra-oral or extra-oral factors. Despite the fact that halitosis has multifactorial aetiology, intra-oral factors play a significant role in the majority of cases. AIM This systematic review assesses halitosis's intra-oral and extra-oral associations. METHODS An electronic search through MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and the Wiley Online Library was conducted to identify relevant manuscripts. A keywords-based search was performed, using the terms "halitosis," "bad-breath," and "oral malodour causes and aetiology." Articles published from January 2014 to December 2020 were included. We selected studies evaluating the intra-oral and extra-oral factors that induce oral malodour, as well as the factors associated with systemic diseases. RESULTS Eighty to ninety percent of halitosis is caused by intra-oral factors, with coated tongue, periodontal diseases, and poor oral hygiene practices being the principal factors. Ten to twenty percent of halitosis is induced by extra-oral factors associated with systemic diseases. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors can cause halitosis, but most of the aetiology is intra-oral. Increased medical awareness is needed to determine the actual pathophysiological process of oral malodour in otherwise healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hifza Anwer Memon
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Ul Ebad Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dr. Ishrat, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Amna Siddiqui
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ka Yiu Lee
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
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Kanzow P, Dylla V, Mahler AM, Hrasky V, Rödig T, Barre F, Scheithauer S, Wiegand A. COVID-19 Pandemic: Effect of Different Face Masks on Self-Perceived Dry Mouth and Halitosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179180. [PMID: 34501768 PMCID: PMC8431486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks has increased, resulting in potential health-related side-effects. Therefore, the study aimed to analyse the effect of wearing face masks on self-perceived dry mouth and halitosis. A questionnaire addressing the daily wearing time of different face masks (community masks, surgical/medical masks and KN95-/N95-/FFP2-masks) and self-perceived dry mouth and halitosis was given to adults attending or working at a university hospital. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and multiple linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). 3750 participants (age: 50.4 ± 15.5 years; 60.0% female) were included. During the pandemic, face masks were used for 4.7 ± 3.8 h per day: community masks: 0.9 ± 2.0 h, medical/surgical masks: 1.9 ± 2.8 h and KN95-/N95-/FFP2-masks: 1.9 ± 2.5 h per day. The use of face masks significantly increased self-perceived dry mouth and halitosis (both p < 0.001). Self-perceived dry mouth and halitosis increased with increasing wearing time (community masks: dry mouth: p < 0.001, halitosis: p = 0.014; medical/surgical masks: both: p < 0.001; KN95-/N95-/FFP2-masks: dry mouth: p < 0.001, halitosis: p = 0.011). The perception of dry mouth and halitosis was increased in females compared to males (both: p < 0.001). Participants used to wearing face masks prior to the pandemic perceived dry mouth to a higher extent (p = 0.043). Self-perceived halitosis was lower in older than in younger participants (p < 0.001). Due to the increased perception of dry mouth and halitosis, people might abstain from wearing face masks. Further studies need to analyse measurable changes in dry mouth or halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kanzow
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (V.D.); (A.M.M.); (V.H.); (T.R.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Viktoria Dylla
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (V.D.); (A.M.M.); (V.H.); (T.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Alannah Malina Mahler
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (V.D.); (A.M.M.); (V.H.); (T.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Valentina Hrasky
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (V.D.); (A.M.M.); (V.H.); (T.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Tina Rödig
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (V.D.); (A.M.M.); (V.H.); (T.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Felix Barre
- Institute of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (F.B.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Simone Scheithauer
- Institute of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (F.B.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Annette Wiegand
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (V.D.); (A.M.M.); (V.H.); (T.R.); (A.W.)
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Faria SFS, Costa FO, Godinho Pereira A, Miranda Cota LO. Self-perceived and self-reported breath odour and the wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral Dis 2021; 28 Suppl 2:2406-2416. [PMID: 34245645 PMCID: PMC8447418 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the self‐perception of breath odour (SPBO) and oral hygiene habits (OHHs) while the wearing of face masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Subjects and Methods This cross‐sectional study included 4647 individuals who answered a structured questionnaire containing demographic, medical and dental variables and self‐perceived breath odour. Variables associated with changes in self‐perceived breath odour, self‐perceived halitosis and changes in OHHs were assessed through multivariate logistic regression. Results Changes in self‐perceived breath odour were reported by 1572 individuals and were associated with smoking, systemic conditions, dry mouth, tongue coating, the period of face mask use and its interaction with prior thinking of having bad breath. Likewise, 645 individuals started to consider having bad breath. This was associated with the interaction between prior family/friends saying they have bad breath and period of face mask use. Changes in OHHs were strongly associated with changes in SPBO and starting to consider having bad breath. Conclusion Changes in one's SPBO was associated with the wearing of face masks and was significant for changes in OHHs. Findings may be important to guide comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies in relation to oral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Felipe Santos Faria
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Oliveira Costa
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Godinho Pereira
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís Otávio Miranda Cota
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Karbalaei M, Keikha M, Kobyliak N, Khatib Zadeh Z, Yousefi B, Eslami M. Alleviation of halitosis by use of probiotics and their protective mechanisms in the oral cavity. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 42:100887. [PMID: 34123388 PMCID: PMC8173312 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regarding the relation of halitosis with oral infections and its effects on social relations between humans, the present study investigated the positive effects of probiotics on prevention or treatment of halitosis. The causative agents of halitosis are volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), and halitosis is divided into oral and non-oral types according to the source of the VSCs. H2S and CH3SH are two main halitosis metabolites-produced following the degradation of proteins by bacteria in the mouth-however, CH3SCH3 has a non-oral origin, and is a blood neutral molecule. Just as much as halitosis is important in medicine, its psychological aspects are also considered, which can even lead to suicide. Today, the use of probiotics as a new therapeutic in many roles is in progress. Most probiotics are used for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders, but various studies on the alleviation of halitosis by use of probiotics have reported satisfactory results. The genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Weissella are among the most useful probiotics for the prevention or treatment of halitosis in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - M. Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - N.M. Kobyliak
- Department of Endocrinology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Z. Khatib Zadeh
- School of Dentistry, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - B. Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - M. Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Adolescence, Adulthood and Self-Perceived Halitosis: A Role of Psychological Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060614. [PMID: 34204752 PMCID: PMC8231527 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Halitosis is a frequent condition that affects a large part of the population. It is considered a "social stigma", as it can determine a number of psychological and relationship consequences that affect people's lives. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of psychological factors in the condition of self-perceived halitosis in adolescent subjects and adulthood. (2) Type of studies reviewed: We conducted, by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, systematic research of the literature on PubMed and Scholar. The key terms used were halitosis, halitosis self-perception, psychological factors, breath odor and two terms related to socio-relational consequences ("Halitosis and Social Relationship" OR "Social Issue of Halitosis"). Initial research identified 3008 articles. As a result of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the number of publications was reduced to 38. (3) Results: According to the literature examined, halitosis is a condition that is rarely self-perceived. In general, women have a greater ability to recognize it than men. Several factors can affect the perception of the dental condition, such as socioeconomic status, emotional state and body image. (4) Conclusion and practical implication: Self-perceived halitosis could have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Among the most frequent consequences are found anxiety, reduced levels of self-esteem, misinterpretation of other people's attitudes and embarrassment and relational discomfort that often result in social isolation.
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Cirkel LL, Jacob L, Smith L, López-Sánchez GF, Konrad M, Kostev K. Relationship between chronic gingivitis and subsequent depression in 13,088 patients followed in general practices. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 138:103-106. [PMID: 33839578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GOAL The aim of this study was to analyze the association between chronic gingivitis and subsequent depression in patients aged ≥14 years who were followed up in general practices in the UK. METHODS This study included patients aged ≥14 years who had received an initial diagnosis of chronic gingivitis in one of 256 general practices in the United Kingdom between January 2000 and December 2016 (index date). Patients without chronic gingivitis were matched (1:1) to those with chronic gingivitis by sex, age, index year, treating physician, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). For patients without chronic gingivitis, the index date was a randomly selected visit date between 2000 and 2016. The association between chronic gingivitis and the incidence of depression was investigated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS This study included 6544 patients with chronic gingivitis and 6544 patients without chronic gingivitis [49.2% were women; mean (standard deviation) age 40.3 (19.1) years]. A total of 16.3% of individuals with chronic gingivitis and 8.8% of those without chronic gingivitis received an initial diagnosis of depression within 10 years of the index date (log-rank p-value<0.001). There was a positive and significant association between chronic gingivitis and depression in the overall sample [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.55-2.48]. These findings were corroborated in men and women and in all age groups with the exception of patients aged >65 years. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated an association between chronic gingivitis and subsequent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lotta Cirkel
- Center of Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Jena, Germany
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08830, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guillermo F López-Sánchez
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University-Cambridge Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcel Konrad
- FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karel Kostev
- Epidemiology, IQVIA, Unterschweinstiege 2-14, 60549 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Romano F, Pigella E, Guzzi N, Manavella V, Campanelli L, Aimetti M. Etiology and characteristics of halitosis in patients of a halitosis center in Northern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:174-182. [PMID: 32610725 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As there are few studies in Europe describing characteristics of breath malodor for large groups of patients, this retrospective study was designed to analyse the etiology of halitosis among patients attending a breath malodor center in Northern Italy. METHODS Clinical records of 547 consecutive patients were reviewed and data on self-perceived halitosis, organoleptic scores, volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels, and oral health condition were extracted and analysed. RESULTS The prevalence of intra-oral halitosis was 90.7%. In 21 patients no objective signs of breath malodor could be found. Periodontitis and gingivitis were the main cause of bad breath in 33.9% of subjects and in combination with tongue coating in 55.2%. Only eight subjects have tongue coating as the only cause of halitosis. Ear, nose and throat (ENT)/extra-oral causes were found in 5.2% of the patients. VSC concentrations were lower in the psychogenic halitosis group, whereas no statistically significant differences were detected when comparing intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis except for (CH3)2S. CONCLUSIONS Psychogenic halitosis is a rare condition among subjects complaining of suffering from bad breath. The most prevalent cause of halitosis is intra-oral, in particular a combination of tongue coating and periodontal disease. Tongue coating is rarely the primary cause of oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
| | - Enrico Pigella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guzzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Manavella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Campanelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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He M, Lu H, Cao J, Zhang Y, Wong MCM, Fan J, Ye W. Psychological characteristics of Chinese patients with genuine halitosis. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1576-1585. [PMID: 32352617 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present case-control study aimed to compare the psychological status of patients with and without halitosis, and investigate the association between psychological disorders and halitosis. METHODS Patients who complained about bad breath and diagnosed with genuine halitosis were assigned to the halitosis group, while patients without genuine halitosis were assigned to the control group (n = 106, each group). Information on the demographics and Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) of participants was collected. The organoleptic score and Halimeter measurement were used to measure halitosis. RESULTS The mean SCL-90 score of participants in the halitosis group (0.63) was significantly greater than that in the control group (0.48) (p = .002). The scores of the domains of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and paranoid ideation were found to be significantly different between the two groups (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences in SCL-90 scores between the mild and moderate-severe halitosis groups (p = .479). CONCLUSION The psychological status of genuine halitosis patients was significantly worse than normal patients without halitosis complaint and also without halitosis. The main problems were in the aspects of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and paranoia. However, the negative impact was not related to the severity of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyao Cao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - May Chun Mei Wong
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Self-Perception of Periodontal Health and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082758. [PMID: 32316219 PMCID: PMC7215350 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors associated with self-awareness of periodontal health. Data were collected from a representative sample of 736 adults (25–75 years old) in a city of Northern Italy who self-assessed gingival bleeding, oral malodor, and tooth mobility in a questionnaire and who underwent clinical periodontal examination and organoleptic evaluation. Approximately 50% of the subjects were aware of their actual gingival health status and oral odor. The logistic regression analysis revealed that females presented higher odds of correctly perceiving their gingival conditions and mouth odor, while those who were older and smokers had a greater probability of being less objective in reporting them. Tooth type and position in the dental arches were positively associated with self-perception of tooth mobility. These findings reflected a low level of self-awareness that may influence oral care-seeking behavior. Subjects may be unconcerned about their periodontal health condition or lack enough knowledge to be aware of it. This points to the need for planning strategies to improve education and knowledge about periodontal health, which, by enhancing self-perception of periodontal symptoms, could help everyone to seek treatment in the initial stage of the disease.
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Faria SFS, Costa FO, Silveira JO, Cyrino RM, Cota LOM. Self-reported halitosis in a sample of Brazilians: Prevalence, associated risk predictors and accuracy estimates with clinical diagnosis. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 47:233-246. [PMID: 31782537 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the prevalence of self-reported halitosis and its predictors, and to determine the accuracy estimates of self-reported measures with clinical evaluation of halitosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study comprised 5,420 individuals (teaching staff, administrative personnel and ongoing students from Federal University of Minas Gerais), who answered a structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic, medical and dental data, and self-reported halitosis measures. A subsample (n = 159) underwent halitosis assessment through the organoleptic method. Predictors for self-reported halitosis were determined through univariate and multivariate analyses. Accuracy estimates of self-reported measures were evaluated in this subsample. RESULTS Prevalence of self-reported halitosis varied from approximately 4%-35%, depending on the self-reported measure. Self-reported halitosis was mainly associated with socio-economic variables (age, gender, educational level), parameters of oral health (gingival bleeding, gingival infections, tongue coating, general oral health evaluation) and impacts on daily activities (family/social environment and intimate relations). Specificity values for self-reported halitosis measures were determined to be high for clinical (organoleptic score ≥2) and strong (organoleptic score ≥4) halitosis. Combinations of self-reported measures retrieved useful accuracy estimates for strong halitosis. CONCLUSION Prevalence rates of self-reported halitosis may be considered moderate. Accuracy diagnostic estimates were determined to be useful, with good prediction for non-diseased individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Felipe Santos Faria
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Oliveira Costa
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Oliveira Silveira
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renata Magalhães Cyrino
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luís Otávio Miranda Cota
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ziaei N, Hosseinpour S, Nazari H, Rezaei M, Rezaei K. Halitosis And Its Associated Factors Among Kermanshah High School Students (2015). Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2019; 11:327-338. [PMID: 31695509 PMCID: PMC6815781 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s215869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Halitosis as a common dental problem results in psychological social problems and relates to many factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of halitosis and its associated factors among students aged from 14 to 18 years in Kermanshah in 2015. Materials and methods The study was conducted in high school students of Kermanshah city in 2015. The questionnaire including questions about bad breath and other associated factors (demographic information, background diseases, oral and dental problems, decay-missing-filled (DMF) index, etc.) was completed by students or determined by the examiner. Organoleptic evaluation was conducted. Prevalence of organoleptic and self-reported halitosis and related factors was reported. The relationship between malodor and variables was evaluated and the most important factor was determined by multiple logistic regression analysis. The diagnostic agreement between self-perception and organoleptic halitosis was assessed using Kappa coefficient as well. Results The prevalence of halitosis in the organoleptic evaluation was 29.75% and higher in boys (32.6% male vs. 25.2% female) and 27.47% in self-perception (32.9% male vs. 19% female). The diagnostic agreement between organoleptic and self-perception halitosis was moderate or poor. Among the studied factors, the most important factor related to the organoleptic evaluation of halitosis was DMF≥4 (P<0.001 and OR=2.253). Conclusion The DMF index was the factor most strongly associated with organoleptic halitosis in this sample of high school students. Other factors with significant association included parent's lower education level, not brushing, not flossing, bleeding gums, tongue coating, pericoronitis, and plaque index. Also, older age, male gender, and gastrointestinal disease increased the possibility for halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Ziaei
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajjad Hosseinpour
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hesamedin Nazari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mansour Rezaei
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khansa Rezaei
- Educational Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Nazir MA, Almas K, Majeed MI. The prevalence of halitosis (oral malodor) and associated factors among dental students and interns, Lahore, Pakistan. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:480-485. [PMID: 29279674 PMCID: PMC5727733 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_142_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the prevalence of halitosis and the factors associated with it among dental students and interns in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study design was chosen, and a sample of dental students and interns was collected from seven dental colleges in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 833 participants were approached in person as convenient sample population. A self-reported questionnaire was administered and informed consent was obtained. The associations between oral malodor and different variables of the study were explored using analytical statistics (Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis). Statistical significance was determined using a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Six hundred and fifteen participants (aged 19-27 years) completed the survey with a response rate of 73.8%. The prevalence of self-reported halitosis was 75.1%. More female (51.4%) than male students (23.7%) reported oral malodor, and most participants (61%) reported early morning halitosis. Thirteen percent of respondents had examination for oral malodor by a dentist and 37.6% treated the condition with self-medication. Binary logistic regression model showed that male gender (odds ratio [OR] =0.44, CI = 0.22-0.87), daily use of dental floss (OR = 0.28, CI = 0.13-0.58), and drinking tea with mint (OR = 0.44, CI = 0.22-0.89) were significantly associated with oral malodor. The participants with tongue coating had higher odds (OR = 2.75, CI = 1.13-6.69) of having oral malodor than those without tongue coating, and the association was statistically significant. Conclusions The study identified high prevalence of oral malodor among dental students and interns. They should receive appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition from dentist. The regular use of dental floss and removal of tongue coating can significantly reduce halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashraf Nazir
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, University of Dammam College of Dentistry, Dammam, KSA
| | - Khalid Almas
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, University of Dammam College of Dentistry, Dammam, KSA
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Khosraviani F, Ehsani S, Fathi M, Saberi-Demneh A. Therapeutic effect of laser on pediatric oral soft tissue problems: a systematic literature review. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1735-1746. [PMID: 31309364 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive evidence has been published about usage of laser in oral lesions. The aim of the present study was to review the effectiveness of laser radiation in the treatment of pediatric oral soft tissue problems. The relevant keywords were searched in EBSCO, Medline (via Ovid), PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) databases. Then, eligible case series and controlled clinical trial studies, which published up to the end of 2018, were extracted and scrutinized. In this study, the age range of ≤ 21 years or the average age of ≤ 21 years was considered as the pediatric group. After limiting the search results, removing duplicate titles and eligibility evaluation, 17 papers were enrolled to the study (seven controlled clinical trials and ten case series). Er:YAG (2940 nm), CO2 (10,600 nm), Er,Cr:YSGG (2780 nm), and diode (650, 660, and 975 nm) lasers indicated successful clinical results on mucocele excision, frenectomy, gingival incision and re-contouring, and treatment of vascular malformations. In addition, 660-nm diode laser radiation was an effective adjuvant treatment for halitosis and gingivitis induced by multi-bracket appliances. Reduction or absence of pain and bleeding, suitable homeostasis, reduction of operation time, less analgesic consumption, and antibacterial effect were among the advantages of the laser radiation in the studies. Laser as a main or adjuvant tool can have an effective role in surgical and non-surgical treatments of pediatric oral soft tissue problems. Conducting further randomized controlled trial studies on different soft tissue lesions can contribute to drawing better conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Ehsani
- DDS,University of Connecticut, Farmington, USA
| | - Mona Fathi
- MD,Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Ahmed HO, Zmnako SSF, Amin ZM, Ezzat RF, Kakarash A, Omer SH, Othman H, Sherif B. Impact of the halitosis on QoL in overweight and obese patients: Based on six years of experience in two centers in sulaimani governorate, Kurdistan Region/Iraq, and case series study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2019; 43:33-37. [PMID: 31194065 PMCID: PMC6551466 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The patients who are overweight and obese, are under stress of excess body weight, embarrassed, one may imagine the impact of halitosis on this group of patients, this is an attempt to evaluate this extra impact, and which aspect of quality of life will be affect in the overweight and obese. SUBJECTS/METHODS A prospective case series study including 885 overweight or obese patients, they were consulting for advice, diet and or drugs and various bariatric operations. A group of normal weight patients with halitosis, matched in age group and gender were enrolled as a control group for comparison. Patients who have either oral causes of the condition or pseudo halitosis or halite-phobia or were using drugs like phenytoin, cyclosporine or calcium channel blockers, isosorbide di-nitrate, Chloral hydrate, Nitrites and Nitrates, Dimethyl sulphoxide, Disulphiram, cytotoxic agents, Phenothiazine were excluded. INTERVENTIONS/METHODS The work conducted over a period of 6 years from February 1st, 2012 to March 1st, 2018. Prospective evaluation of the type and etiology of halitosis was done by using organoleptic measurement, which is not a slandered but evaluated by a group of academic colleagues. The patients were advised to avoid eating odiferous foods for 48 hours before the assessment and both the patient and the examiner should refrain from drinking coffee, tea or juice, smoking and using scented cosmetics before the assessment. RESULTS Halitosis in the overweight and obese patients magnifies the negative aspects of quality of life: avoidance, narrow social circle (P Value = 0.3415, 95% confidence interval = 11.43924-29.67085), avoidance of sex by partner (P Value = 0.0143, 95% confidence interval = 04.11537-17.08480), low self-esteem (P Value = 0.0100, 95% confidence interval = 10.66794-28.44776), teasing by others and negative thoughts (P Value = 0.4013, 95% confidence interval = 11.43924-29.67085). While obesity was not a cause of avoidance of to be kissed by partner in obese patients, but was a direct cause for this avoidance in obese patients with halitosis (P Value = 0.0143, 95% confidence interval = 04.11537-17.08480). Halitosis in normal weight patients affects the quality of life remarkably but not to the extent of halitosis in overweight and obese patients, especially social life and self-esteem which will suffer most. CONCLUSIONS The quality of life of overweight and obese, especially emotional and social aspects was significantly disturbed by halitosis more than normal weight subjects with halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa Omer Ahmed
- Professor & Senior Lecturer in College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Iraq
| | | | - Zanyar Mustafa Amin
- Maxillofacial Surgeon, Senior Lecturer in College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Iraq
| | | | | | | | | | - Bawan Sherif
- Kurdistan Board Trainee in general surgery, Iraq
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Carvalho BFC, Alves MGO, Dutra MTS, Balducci I, Nicodemo D, Almeida JD. Persistent dysgeusia post-halitosis treatment: How does it impact the patients' quality of life? Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e319-e325. [PMID: 31041914 PMCID: PMC6530953 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and the presence of anxiety and depression in patients with dysgeusia post halitosis treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty patients were divided into three groups: Dysgeusia group (DG); Halitosis group (HG) and Control group (CG). The following instruments were used: Medical results study Short form health research of 36 items (SF-36), State-state anxiety inventory (STAI) and Self-report questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20). RESULTS Of the 60 subjects studied, 85% were female and 15% were male. The evaluation of SF-36 indicated a statistically significant correlation between some domains for DG and showed low scores for Mental Health. In relation to HG, low scores were obtained for Bodily Pain, Vitality and Emotional Role. The CG showed low scores for Bodily Pain, General Health and Vitality. STAI was significant when DG was compared to HG and CG. The mean SRQ-20 score was higher in DG compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Persistent dysgeusia post-halitosis treatment impacts on QoL generically in the Mental health domain, and specifically in trait and state anxiety. Symptoms of depression were also seen in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-F-C Carvalho
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology São José dos Campos, 777 Engenheiro Francisco José Longo Avenue, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil. Zip code: 12245-000,
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Estimated prevalence of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:47-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Self-Reported Halitosis in relation to Oral Hygiene Practices, Oral Health Status, General Health Problems, and Multifactorial Characteristics among Workers in Ilala and Temeke Municipals, Tanzania. Int J Dent 2017; 2017:8682010. [PMID: 28280509 PMCID: PMC5322417 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8682010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. To assess self-reported halitosis, oral hygiene practices, oral health conditions, general health problems, sociodemographic factors, and behavioural and psychological characteristics among workers in Ilala and Temeke municipals. Materials and Methods. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Four hundred workers were recruited using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Results. Self-reported tooth brushing practice was 100%, tongue cleaning 58.5%, dental flossing 4.3%, gum bleeding on tooth brushing 79.3%, presence of hard deposits on teeth 32%, mobile teeth 15.3%, and self-reported halitosis (SRH) 48.5%. Tea users were 95%, coffee users 75.8%, smokers 21%, and alcohol consumers 47%. The SRH was significantly associated with bleeding gums, hard deposits, and mobile and malaligned teeth. Tongue cleaning and regular change of toothbrush were associated with low prevalence of SRH (P < 0.001). Higher occurrence of SRH was significantly related to low education and smoking. Conclusion. Self-reported halitosis was prevalent among workers and was significantly associated with bleeding gums, hard dental deposits, mobile teeth, and smoking. All participants brushed their teeth and cleaned the tongue regularly but use of dental floss was extremely low. Oral health education and health promotion are recommended.
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Troger B, Almeida HLD, Duquia RP. Emotional impact of halitosis. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016; 36:219-21. [PMID: 27001023 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the emotional impact of halitosis on 18-year-old men using a self-reported questionnaire. METHOD A total of 2,224 participants underwent dental and medical examinations in the army medical services in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil, in July 2008. RESULTS In this sample, 12% of respondents expressed concern about their oral malodor, which had a strong emotional impact on their quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The individuals reporting halitosis showed a higher degree of concern with their oral malodor. Low educational level and low income were associated with psychological impact and halitosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Troger
- Graduate Program in Health and Social Behavior (Epidemiology), Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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AlSadhan SA. Self-perceived halitosis and related factors among adults residing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross sectional study. Saudi Dent J 2016; 28:118-23. [PMID: 27656078 PMCID: PMC5021813 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This cross-sectional observational study was conducted to determine the prevalence of self-perceived halitosis among adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and to assess the relation of halitosis with some socio-demographic factors, oral habits and health practices. Materials and methods A questionnaire was distributed to randomly selected subjects including senior high school students, college students and employees working in governmental offices. High schools and governmental offices were selected using systematic random sampling from each of the main five regions of Riyadh. The college students were selected from the major universities in Riyadh. One hundred questionnaires were randomly distributed in each of the 15 locations for males and 15 for females (5 schools, 5 universities and 5 governmental offices for each gender) giving a total of 3000 questionnaires. Results The prevalence of self-perceived halitosis was 22.8% among the participants. The majority of the subjects with self-perceived halitosis experienced bad breath on waking up (83.5%). Nearly half of the sample with self-perceived halitosis was told by others that they had bad breath, 25.8% visited a doctor regarding that, 23.8% received treatment for their bad breath and 54.1% made trials to control their problem by using some aids. Self-perceived halitosis was found to be more prevalent among males compared to females (P < 0.000), whereas, no statistically significant differences were found among the different age groups (P = 0.317). A statistically significant relationship was found between self-perceived halitosis and times of mouth cleaning, use of tooth brush, use of tooth paste, tongue cleaning (P < 0.000), and the use of dental floss (P = 0.004). A statistically significant relationship was also found between self-perceived halitosis and shisha (P < 0.000) and cigarette smoking (P = 0.045). Conclusion The prevalence of self-perceived halitosis among the population in Riyadh is within the range reported in other countries. Self-perceived halitosis is related to gender, inadequate oral hygiene practices and cigarettes and shisha smoking however, it is not related to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Abdulrahman AlSadhan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 6019, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Factors Associated with Halitosis in White-Collar Employees in Shanghai, China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155592. [PMID: 27186878 PMCID: PMC4871467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the factors associated with halitosis in Chinese white-collar employees. Materials and Methods Subjects in three randomly selected office buildings in Shanghai, China, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study using cluster random sampling. Oral malodor was assessed by measuring volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) with a portable sulfide monitor. Subjects’ oral health, including dental caries, periodontal status, and tongue coating, was evaluated clinically. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about participants’ demographic characteristics, oral hygiene habits, and health behaviors. Results Of the 805 subjects invited to participate in this study, 720 were enrolled (89.4% response rate). Data from these subjects were used for statistical analyses. The prevalence of halitosis was 33.2%. In the final regression model, halitosis was significantly related to tongue coating thickness, periodontal pocket depth, no food consumption within 2 hours prior to oral examination, and less intake frequency of sweet foods. Conclusions In this Chinese white-collar population, tongue coating and periodontal disease were associated with halitosis. Oral hygiene education should be provided at the population level to encourage the maintenance of oral health and fresh breath. Consumption of sweet foods may reduce VSC production, although this finding requires further investigation.
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Rani H, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, Kawaguchi Y. Oral malodour among adolescents and its association with health behaviour and oral health status. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:135-41. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Rani
- Department of Oral Health Promotion; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Dental Public Health; Faculty of Dentistry; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - M Ueno
- Department of Oral Health Promotion; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - T Zaitsu
- Department of Oral Health Promotion; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y Kawaguchi
- Department of Oral Health Promotion; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
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Vali A, Roohafza H, Keshteli AH, Afghari P, Javad Shirani M, Afshar H, Savabi O, Adibi P. Relationship between subjective halitosis and psychological factors. Int Dent J 2015; 65:120-6. [PMID: 25753023 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Subjective halitosis is a growing concern in the fields of dentistry and psychology. This study was designed to determine the association between subjective halitosis and contributing psychological factors. METHODS Data for this cross-sectional study were gathered from 4,763 participants who had answered questions on subjective halitosis and psychological factors (depression, anxiety, stress and personality traits) in the study on the epidemiology of psychological, alimentary health and nutrition (SEPAHAN). Binary logistic regression was used for data analysis. RESULT The mean age of all subjects was 36.58 years; and the majority of subjects were female (55.8%), married (81.2%) and graduates (57.2%). The prevalence of subjective halitosis was 52.8%. The majority of subjects with the complaint of subjective halitosis were married (P<0.001) and young (P=0.07). Participants with subjective halitosis were significantly more anxious [odds ratio (OR)=1.76, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.38-2.24], stressed (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.17-1.71) and depressed (OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.09-1.57). Among personality traits, neuroticism was a risk factor (tertile 1 vs. tertile 2: OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.09-1.51; and tertile 1 vs. tertile 3: OR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.43-2.13) and conscientiousness was revealed to be a protective factor (tertile 1 vs. tertile 2: OR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.70-0.98; and tertile 1 vs. tertile 3: OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.53-0.80). CONCLUSION It seems that psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression and stress, as well as some personality traits, can be considered as risk factors for subjective halitosis. Multidisciplinary efforts by dental and psychological professionals must be considered to address this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Vali
- Endodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Roohafza
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli
- Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parastoo Afghari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental School, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Javad Shirani
- Students' Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Afshar
- Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Savabi
- Torabinejad Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peyman Adibi
- Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Dudzik A, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Łazarz-Bartyzel K. An Evaluation of Halitosis using Oral Chroma™ Data Manager, Organoleptic Scores and Patients' Subjective Opinions. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7:6-11. [PMID: 25878470 PMCID: PMC4385729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halitosis or breath odor, is defined as an unpleasant or offensive odor emanating from the mouth. Three forms are distinguished: genuine halitosis, pseudohalitosis and halitophobia. The source of 85% of all cases of halitosis lies in the oral cavity. According to the literature, between 10% and 50% of the population suffers from halitosis. The objective of this study was to provide an assessment of halitosis using an organoleptic method, Oral Chroma™ Data Manager and patients' subjective assessments of their condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 adult patients took part in the study. The patients were examined by a trained and licensed dentist. An organoleptic assessment was made of a patient's breath (scale 0-5) and a test performed on air samples from the oral cavity using the Oral Chroma™ Data Manager. The organoleptic score was rated according to the Rosenberg Scale. Next, the patient had to fill out a Halitosis Associated Life-quality Test (HALT) questionnaire. A statistical analysis was performed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and SPSS 17.0 statistical software. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS According to the Tau b Kendall test, the correlation coefficient between the organoleptic assessment and the patient's own assessment was 8.1%, while the rho Spearman correlation coefficient was 10.4%. In the majority of cases, the patient's own assessment was higher than the organoleptic assessment. The HALT questionnaire revealed a Cronbach's coefficient alpha was of 0.929. CONCLUSIONS Halitosis requires not only professional care provided by dental specialists, but also psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Dudzik
- Junior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,Correspondence: Prof. Chomyszyn-Gajewska M. Ul. Montelupich 4, 31-155 Krakow, Poland. Tel/Fax.:+48 (12) 4245420.
| | - Katarzyna Łazarz-Bartyzel
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Settineri S, Rizzo A, Liotta M, Mento C. Italian Validation of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ). Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.616243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Harvey-Woodworth CN. Dimethylsulphidemia: the significance of dimethyl sulphide in extra-oral, blood borne halitosis. Br Dent J 2013; 214:E20. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Azodo CC, Onyeagba MI, Odai CD. Does concern about halitosis influence individual's oral hygiene practices? Niger Med J 2012; 52:254-9. [PMID: 22529509 PMCID: PMC3329096 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.93799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess whether the concern about halitosis influence oral health attitude and practices among young literate adults in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional survey of 400 randomly selected temporary camp resident adults in Anambra state, South Eastern Nigeria was conducted using a modified version of the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory questionnaire. RESULTS Out of the 400 questionnaires distributed, only 294 were filled and returned giving an overall response rate of 73.5%. Half (50.0%) of the participants in this study expressed concern about halitosis. The participants that expressed concern about halitosis were mostly in the 25- to 27-year-old age group, females, known smoker, regular dental floss, and mouth wash users, had incorrect tooth brushing knowledge, brushed teeth more frequently and more forcefully, had no previous dental treatment, prefer symptomatic dental visit, experienced gingival bleeding, expressed worry about the color of their gingiva and teeth but were satisfied with the dental appearance. CONCLUSION Data from this study showed that concerns about halitosis-triggered behavioral reaction in oral self-care practices namely tooth brushing frequency, tooth brushing force, mouth wash, and dental floss use. Also revealed were poorer oral health and lower preventive dental visit practices among participants concerned about halitosis. There is need for improved public knowledge and awareness about halitosis by the dentist in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Azodo
- Department of Periodontics, New Dental Complex, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-Nigeria
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Pham TA, Ueno M, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y. Comparison between self-perceived and clinical oral malodor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 113:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present article reviews the current knowledge of halitosis with particular emphasis upon the interplay of diet and disease of the gastrointestinal tract upon oral malodour. RECENT FINDINGS Transient-altered breath smell usually reflects the effects of foodstuffs, whereas longstanding halitosis is almost always because of oral disease such as gingivitis or periodontitis. There is, however, increasing evidence that upper gastrointestinal tract disease may give rise to halitosis and that extracts of foodstuffs may be future therapeutic agents for the treatment of halitosis derived from the mouth or upper gastrointestinal tract. SUMMARY There is some interplay between the halitosis and the gastrointestinal tract, and it is possible that the therapy of halitosis may be aided by investigations of the effects of foodstuffs upon bacteria that give rise to volatile sulphur compounds.
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Payne D, Gordon JJ, Nisbet S, Karwal R, Bosma ML. A randomised clinical trial to assess control of oral malodour by a novel dentifrice containing 0.1%w/w o-cymen-5-ol, 0.6%w/w zinc chloride. Int Dent J 2011; 61 Suppl 3:60-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2011.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Youngnak-Piboonratanakit P, Vachirarojpisan T. Prevalence of self-perceived oral malodor in a group of thai dental patients. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2010; 7:196-204. [PMID: 21998795 PMCID: PMC3184763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and correlated factors of self-reported oral malodor in Thai dental patients from Chulalongkorn Dental Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess the self-reported perception of oral malodor in 839 patients. Significant associations between self-perceived oral malodor and sociodemographics, oral problems and oral hygiene practice variables were determined by Chi-square test. RESULTS The prevalence of currently self-perceived oral malodor was 61.1%. A higher prevalence of self-perceived oral malodor was significantly correlated with a number of factors including being 30 years of age or older, having a high school or lower educational level, tongue coating, xerostomia, bleeding when brushing teeth, never receiving professional tooth cleaning and a lower toothbrushing frequency. However, multivariable analysis showed that tongue coating was the factor most strongly associated with self-perceived oral malodor (OR=3.53; CI=2.05-6.08), followed by bleeding when brushing teeth (OR= 2.96) and being 30 years of age or older (OR=2.46). Subjects with oral malodor perceived by themselves and others had a higher level of self-perceived oral malodor, a higher prevalence of bad odor when talking, in the morning and throughout the whole day, and a higher prevalence of consulting with other people in comparison with those with perception by themselves alone. CONCLUSION Tongue coating, bleeding when brushing teeth and being 30 years of age or older were significantly associated with self-perceived oral malodor. The level of self-perceived oral malodor and consulting with other people was more prevalent in subjects with oral malodor perceived by themselves and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Youngnak-Piboonratanakit
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Corresponding author: P. Youngnak-Piboonratanakit, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University Henri Dunant Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - T. Vachirarojpisan
- Lecturer, Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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