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Davis SJ, Arscott SA, Goltz S, Muir C, Binkley N, Tanumihardjo SA. Urinary 2- to 16α-hydroxyestrone ratio did not change with cruciferous vegetable intake in premenopausal women. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2024; 94:177-186. [PMID: 37335576 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The mass ratio of urinary 2-hydroxyestrone to 16-α-hydroxyestrone (2:16) is hypothesized as a biomarker of breast cancer risk in premenopausal women, with higher ratios being theoretically protective. Cruciferous vegetable intake has been associated with higher urinary 2:16 in some studies. We investigated whether a whole-food supplement made from dried Brussels sprouts and kale would increase urinary 2:16 in comparison with placebo or cruciferous vegetables in women. This randomized, parallel arm, placebo-controlled, partly blinded study included 78 healthy premenopausal women (38-50 y) with screening urinary 2:16 ≤3.0. Subjects received either six capsules containing 550 mg dried Brussels sprouts and kale per capsule, 40 g daily alternating broccoli or Brussels sprouts, or placebo for eight weeks. Urinary 2:16 and creatinine were measured at baseline, four, and eight weeks. Intent-to-treat repeated measures-ANOVA with multiple imputation (n=100) for missing values identified no treatment effect (P=0.9) or treatment-by-time interaction (P=0.6); however, a significant time effect was noted (P=0.02). Per-protocol analyses including complete cases found no treatment effect (P=1) or treatment-by-time interaction (P=0.6); however, the significant time effect remained (P=0.03). Restricting analysis to subjects with >80% compliance maintained the time effect (P=0.02). Using Pearson correlations, android-pattern and android:gynoid fat were predictive of change (P≤0.05). In conclusion, neither cruciferous supplements nor an added vegetable serving altered urinary 2:16 in premenopausal women with eight weeks treatment. This ratio did vary with time, which is important for designing future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Sara A Arscott
- Standard Process Inc., Palmyra, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Shellen Goltz
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Cassidy Muir
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Neil Binkley
- Osteoporosis Clinical Research Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW), Madison, USA
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Zekri A, Harkati D, Kenouche S, Saleh BA, Alnajjar R. A computational study of potent series of selective estrogen receptor degraders for breast cancer therapy. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11078-11100. [PMID: 36537313 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2159877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A detailed multistep framework combining quantitative structure-activity relationship, global reactivity, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination properties, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) on a series of Selective Estrogen Receptor Down-Regulators (SERDs) interacting with Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) has been performed. The partial least squares regression method derived an empirical model with better predictive capability. The results of global reactivity descriptors revealed that all the compounds are considered strong electrophiles, allowing them to participate in polar reactions more easily. The Brain Or IntestinaL EstimateD permeation diagram revealed that compounds 49 and 31 were predicted to be well absorbed by the human gastrointestinal tract and would not enter the brain. The elucidation of the binding mode between the most active compounds that comply with Lipinski's and Veber's rules from the dataset and ERα targets was explored by molecular docking. The MD simulations were performed for 100 ns on the best compounds, which indicated their stability state under dynamics simulations. These findings are expected to help predict the anticancer activities of the studied SERD compounds and better understand their binding mechanism with ERα targets.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Zekri
- Group of Computational and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, LMCE Laboratory, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Dalal Harkati
- Group of Computational and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, LMCE Laboratory, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Samir Kenouche
- Group of Modeling of Chemical Systems Using Quantum Calculations, Applied Chemistry Laboratory, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Basil A Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Pemp D, Esch HL, Hauptstein R, Möller FJ, Zierau O, Bosland MC, Geppert LN, Kleider C, Schlereth K, Vollmer G, Lehmann L. Novel insight in estrogen homeostasis and bioactivity in the ACI rat model of estrogen-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1979-1992. [PMID: 31119341 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite being widely used to investigate 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced mammary gland (MG) carcinogenesis and prevention thereof, estrogen homeostasis and its significance in the female August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rat model is unknown. Thus, levels of 12 estrogens including metabolites and conjugates were determined mass spectrometrically in 38 plasmas and 52 tissues exhibiting phenotypes ranging from normal to palpable tumor derived from a representative ACI study using two different diets. In tissues, 40 transcripts encoding proteins involved in estrogen (biotrans)formation, ESR1-mediated signaling, proliferation and oxidative stress were analyzed (TaqMan PCR). Influence of histo(patho)logic phenotypes and diet on estrogen and transcript levels was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and explanatory variables influencing levels and bioactivity of estrogens in tissues were identified by multiple linear regression models. Estrogen profiles in tissue and plasma and the influence of Hsd17b1 levels on intra-tissue levels of E2 and E1 conclusively indicated intra-mammary formation of E2 in ACI tumors by HSD17B1-mediated conversion of E1. Proliferation in ACI tumors was influenced by Egfr, Igf1r, Hgf and Met levels. 2-MeO-E1, the only oxidative estrogen metabolite detected above 28-42 fmol/g, was predominately observed in hyperplastic tissues and intra-tissue conversion of E1 seemed to contribute to its levels. The association of the occurrence of 2-MeO-E1 with higher levels of oxidative stress observed in hyperplastic and tumor tissues remained equivocal. Thus, the present study provides mechanistic explanation for previous and future results observed in the ACI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pemp
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald L Esch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - René Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank J Möller
- Chair of Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Chair of Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Leo N Geppert
- Chair of Mathematical Statistics with Applications in Biometrics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carolin Kleider
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schlereth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Chair of Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leane Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Xu Q, Chen J, Wei Z, Brandon TR, Zava DT, Shi YE, Cao Y. Sex Hormone Metabolism and Threatened Abortion. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5041-5048. [PMID: 29056745 PMCID: PMC5665605 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in sex hormone metabolism in patients with threatened miscarriage. Material/Method We recruited 73 women in early pregnancy (6–8 weeks of gestation) and divided them into the following 2 groups based on whether they had vaginal bleeding: group A (n=34), the threatened abortion group; and group B (n=39), the normal pregnancy group. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T) serum levels were tested and sex hormone metabolites in the urine were detected using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). As the control, data for sex hormones and their metabolites were obtained in normal women of childbearing age without pregnancy (group C: n=23). Results E2 and T serum levels were lower in women with threatened miscarriage (group A). Estrone (E1), E2, estriol (E3), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), 4-methoxyestrone (4-MeOE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), and 4-methoxyestradiol (4-MeOE2) levels were significantly lower in group A (P=0.001, 0.003, 0.009, 0.001, 0.012, 0.032, and 0.047, respectively.). Urine levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A2), and the metabolite of (A2) were also significantly lower in group A (P=0.007, 0.009, and 0.011, respectively). The 2-OHE1/E1, 4-OHE1/E1, 2-MeOE1/E1, and 2-MeOE2/E2 ratios were lower in group B, whereas the 2-OHE2/E2, 4-OHE2/E2, and 4-MeOE2/E2 ratios were dramatically lower in all pregnant women (groups A and B) than in group C. Conclusions Deficiency in DHEA and abnormal levels of sex hormone metabolites may cause a reduction in the activity of estrogens in women with threatened abortion. These alterations may result in bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Institute of Reproductive Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Institute of Reproductive Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Institute of Reproductive Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | | | | | - Yuenian Eric Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Institute of Reproductive Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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5
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Maskarinec G, Beckford F, Morimoto Y, Franke AA, Stanczyk FZ. Association of estrogen measurements in serum and urine of premenopausal women. Biomark Med 2016; 9:417-24. [PMID: 25985172 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated conjugated and unconjugated urinary estrogen metabolites as surrogate biomarkers for serum levels of unconjugated E1 and E2 in premenopausal women. MATERIALS & METHODS Repeated blood and urine samples were analyzed for estrogens and their metabolites using radioimmunoassays and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS The strongest correlation (r = 0.39) was observed between serum E1 and urinary E1 and E2. The correlations of urinary E2 (r = 0.35), E1 (r = 0.29), all E2 metabolites (r = 0.30), all E1 metabolites (r = 0.23) and total estrogens (r = 0.26) with serum E2 were only moderate although statistically significant. All correlations were substantially stronger for Whites than Asians. CONCLUSION Urinary E2 emerged as the best predictor for serum E1 and E2, but the large intra-subject variability in urinary estrogen levels limits its use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertraud Maskarinec
- 1University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Fanchon Beckford
- 1University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Yukiko Morimoto
- 1University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Adrian A Franke
- 1University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Stanczyk FZ, Mathews BW, Sherman ME. Relationships of sex steroid hormone levels in benign and cancerous breast tissue and blood: A critical appraisal of current science. Steroids 2015; 99:91-102. [PMID: 25554581 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of the literature on sex steroid measurement in breast tissue identified only 19 articles meeting the following criteria: menopausal status given; steroids measured in tissue homogenates by conventional RIA with a purification step or by mass spectrometry; and values reported per g tissue or per g protein. Twelve articles were analyzed in detail for: ratios of sex steroid hormone levels in cancerous or benign tissues to blood levels, stratified by menopausal status; ratios between the different hormone levels within tissues or within blood; and difference in these ratios between tissue and blood compartments. Estrogen and androgen concentrations varied greatly in benign and cancerous tissues and in blood between individuals. Postmenopausal, but not premenopausal, estradiol concentrations were significantly higher in cancerous compared to benign breast tissue. The estradiol/estrone ratio was lowest in premenopausal benign tissue, and substantially higher in premenopausal cancerous tissue and postmenopausal benign and cancerous tissues. Estradiol and estrone levels were considerably higher in tissue than in plasma in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Androgen levels were generally higher in the benign than the cancerous tissue, and tissue androgen levels were higher than in plasma, suggesting in situ aromatization of androgens to estrogens in breast cancer tissue. Limited available data on levels of hydroxylated estrogens in breast tissue compared to corresponding levels in plasma or urine were reviewed, but due to the paucity of studies no conclusions can presently be drawn regarding the relationship of the 2-hydroxyestrone:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio to breast cancer risk and genotoxic effects of 4-hydroxylated estrogens. Finally, data on hormone levels in breast adipose tissue were analyzed; high levels of androstenedione and testosterone and significant estrone and estradiol levels in breast adipocytes from postmenopausal breast cancer patients are consistent with an obesity-inflammation-aromatase axis occurring locally in breast tissue. The controversies regarding the source of intratumoral estrogens in the breast are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Z Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1321 N. Mission Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Brett W Mathews
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mark E Sherman
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Zhu B, Alsager OA, Kumar S, Hodgkiss JM, Travas-Sejdic J. Label-free electrochemical aptasensor for femtomolar detection of 17β-estradiol. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:398-403. [PMID: 25845331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report an electrochemical aptasensor for the rapid, label-free detection of 17β-estradiol (E2) from femtomolar to micromolar levels. The sensor features an aptamer-functionalised nanoporous conducting polymer electrode whose surface potential is probed via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The unprecedented detection limit for E2 is explained via the redistribution of negative charges in the electrode double-layer region when the aptamer adopts a folded conformation around the small neutral target molecule. The sensor responds approximately logarithmically over a wide dynamic range of E2 concentration that spans biological trigger levels, with excellent discrimination against structurally similar molecules including progesterone, and robust operation in human urine. The generality of the approach of using conformationally gated small molecule binding aptamers is highlighted with a further example of adenosine detection via the adenosine binding aptamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Zhu
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Omar A Alsager
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - Shalen Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Justin M Hodgkiss
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand; The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand.
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand; The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand.
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8
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Loud JT, Gierach GL, Veenstra TD, Falk RT, Nichols K, Guttmann A, Xu X, Greene MH, Gail MH. Circulating estrogens and estrogens within the breast among postmenopausal BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 143:517-29. [PMID: 24442642 PMCID: PMC3955055 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurately quantifying parent estrogens (PE) estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) and their metabolites (EM) within breast tissue and serum may permit detailed investigations of their contributions to breast carcinogenesis among BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. We conducted a study of PE/EM in serum, nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), and ductal lavage supernatant (DLS) among postmenopausal BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. PE/EM (conjugated and unconjugated) were measured in paired serum/NAF (n = 22 women) and paired serum/DLS samples (n = 24 women) using quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The relationships between serum and tissue-specific PE/EM were measured using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Conjugated forms of PE/EM constituted the majority of estrogen in serum (88 %), NAF (59 %) and DLS (69 %). PE/EM in NAF and serum were highly correlated [E1 (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001), E2 (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001) and estriol (E3) (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001)] as they were in DLS and serum [E1 (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001; E2 (r = 0.70, p = 0.0001; E3 (r = 0.67, p = 0.0004)]. Analyses of paired total estrogen values for NAF and serum, and DLS and serum yielded ratios of 0.22 (95 % CI 0.19-0.25) and 0.28 (95 % CI 0.24-0.32), respectively. This report is the first to employ LC/MS/MS to quantify PE/EM in novel breast tissue-derived biospecimens (i.e., NAF and DLS). We demonstrate that circulating PE and EM are strongly and positively correlated with tissue-specific PE and EM measured in NAF and DLS among postmenopausal BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. If confirmed, future etiologic studies could utilize the more readily obtainable serum hormone levels as a reliable surrogate measure of exposure at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T. Loud
- Clinical Genetics Branch (CGB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E536, Bethesda, MD 20850-9772, USA
| | - Gretchen L. Gierach
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch (HREB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E108, Bethesda, MD 20850-9774, USA
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469/163, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Roni T. Falk
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch (HREB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 7E108, Bethesda, MD 20850-9774, USA
| | - Kathryn Nichols
- WESTAT Corporation, 1450 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Allison Guttmann
- Clinical Genetics Branch (CGB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E536, Bethesda, MD 20850-9772, USA
| | - Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., 1050 Boyles St., Bldg. 469/163, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark H. Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch (CGB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E536, Bethesda, MD 20850-9772, USA
| | - Mitchell H. Gail
- Biostatistics Branch (BB), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 9609 Medical Center Drive, 7E138, Bethesda, MD 20850-9780, USA
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9
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Smith AJ, Phipps WR, Thomas W, Schmitz KH, Kurzer MS. The effects of aerobic exercise on estrogen metabolism in healthy premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:756-64. [PMID: 23652373 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well accepted that exercise can decrease breast cancer risk. Limited clinical evidence suggests that this risk could be mediated through changes in estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Our objective was to investigate the effects of exercise on premenopausal estrogen metabolism pertinent to breast cancer risk. METHODS Sedentary, healthy, young eumenorrheic women were randomized into an intervention of 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise five times a week for approximately 16 weeks (n = 212), or into a usual-lifestyle sedentary control group (n = 179). Urinary levels of estrogens [estrone [E1], estradiol, and estriol] and nine estrogen metabolites were measured at baseline and at study end by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The ratios of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16α-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1/16α-OHE1) and 2-OHE1 to 4-hydroxyestrone (2- OHE1/4-OHE1) were also calculated. RESULTS The exercise intervention resulted in significant increases in aerobic fitness and lean body mass and a significant decrease in percent body fat. For exercisers who completed the study (n = 165), 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 increased significantly (P = 0.043), whereas E1 decreased significantly (P = 0.030) in control participants (n = 153). The change from baseline in 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 was significantly different between groups (P = 0.045), even after adjustment for baseline values. CONCLUSIONS The exercise intervention resulted in a significant increase in the 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 ratio but no differences in other estrogen metabolites or ratios. IMPACT Our results suggest that changes in premenopausal estrogen metabolism may be a mechanism by which increased physical activity lowers breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma J Smith
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA
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10
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Bertrand KA, Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Gierach GL, Xu X, Rosner B, Ziegler RG, Tamimi RM. Urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites and mammographic density in premenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:277-87. [PMID: 23053640 PMCID: PMC3475411 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammographic density is a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer and is considered an intermediate marker of risk. The major predictors of premenopausal mammographic density, however, have yet to be fully elucidated. To test the hypothesis that urinary estrogen metabolism profiles are associated with mammographic density, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 352 premenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). We measured average percent mammographic density using a computer-assisted method. In addition, we assayed 15 estrogens and estrogen metabolites (jointly termed EM) in luteal-phase urine samples. We used multivariable linear regression to quantify the association of average percent density with quartiles of each individual EM as well as the sum of all EM (total EM), EM groups defined by metabolic pathway, and pathway ratios. In multivariable models controlling for body mass index and other predictors of breast density, women in the top quartile of total EM had an average percent density 3.4 percentage points higher than women in the bottom quartile (95 % confidence interval: -1.1, 8.0; p trend = 0.08). A non-significant positive association was noted for the 2-hydroxylation pathway catechols (breast density was 4.0 percentage points higher in top vs. bottom quartile; p trend = 0.06). In general, we observed no associations with parent estrogens or the 4- or 16-hydroxylation pathways or pathway ratios. These results suggest that urinary luteal estrogen profiles are not strongly associated with premenopausal mammographic density. If these profiles are associated with breast cancer risk, they may not act through influences on breast density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Bertrand
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mackey RH, Fanelli TJ, Modugno F, Cauley JA, McTigue KM, Brooks MM, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Klug TL, Kip KE, Curb JD, Kuller LH. Hormone therapy, estrogen metabolism, and risk of breast cancer in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:2022-32. [PMID: 22933427 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trials (WHI-HT), breast cancer risk was increased with estrogen plus progestin (E+P) but not with unopposed estrogen (E-alone). We hypothesized that E+P would preferentially metabolize to 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) rather than 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), and that breast cancer risk would be associated with baseline and 1 year changes in estrogen metabolites: positively for 16α-OHE1 levels and negatively for levels of 2-OHE-1 and the 2:16 ratio. METHODS In a prospective case-control study nested in the WHI-HT, 845 confirmed breast cancer cases were matched to 1,690 controls by age and ethnicity. Using stored serum, 2-OHE1 and 16α-OHE1 levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay at baseline, and for those randomized to active treatment (n = 1,259), at 1 year. RESULTS The 1-year increase in 16α-OHE1 was greater with E+P than E-alone (median 55.5 pg/mL vs. 43.5 pg/mL, P < 0.001), but both increased 2-OHE1 by ∼300 pg/mL. Breast cancer risk was modestly associated with higher baseline levels of 2-OHE1 and the 2:16 ratio, and for estrogen receptor+/progesterone+ cases only, higher baseline 16α-OHE1 levels. For those randomized to active treatment, breast cancer risk was associated with greater increase in 2-OHE-1 and the 2:16 ratio, but associations were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Although E+P modestly increased 16α-OHE1 more than E-alone, increase in 16α-OHE1 was not associated with breast cancer. IMPACT Study results do not explain differences between the WHI E+P and WHI E-alone breast cancer results but metabolism of oral HT, which may explain smaller than expected increase in breast cancer compared with endogenous estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Mackey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Reding KW, Atkinson C, Westerlind KC, Stanczyk F, Bowles EJA, Yong M, Newton KM, Lampe JW. Fruit intake associated with urinary estrogen metabolites in healthy premenopausal women. OPEN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2. [PMID: 24307982 DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2012.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Urinary concentrations of 2:16-hydroxyestrone (2:16-OHE1) approximate concentrations of 2-OHE1 and 16α -OHE1 in breast tissue. As estrogens are purported to be involved in breast cancer development, the 2:16-OHE1 ratio can provide an indication of estrogen metabolite exposure in the breast. With prior studies observing associations between urinary estrogen metabolites and dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, and fiber ascertained from food questionnaires, we examined associations between dietary factors ascertained through 3-day food records and urinary 2:16-OHE1 in 191 pre-menopausal healthy women. Fruit consumption was positively associated with 2:16-OHE1 after adjustment for total energy, ethnicity, body mass index, parity, smoking history, and serum estradiol (p= 0.003). Fruit consumption was positively associated with 2- OHE1 concentrations (p=0.006), but was not associated with 16α-OHE1 (p=0.92). The Musaceae botanical grouping (comprised primarily of bananas) was positively associated with the 2:16-OHE1 ratio, and Rosaceae (comprised of citrus fruits) and Musaceae botanical groupings were positively associated with 2-OHE1 (but not 16α-OHE1) concentrations, after adjustment for confounders. Our data suggest that dietary fruit intake is associated with urinary 2- OHE1 and the 2:16-OHE1 ratio and that breast tissue exposure to estrogen metabolites may thus be influenced by diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn W Reding
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Eliassen AH, Spiegelman D, Xu X, Keefer LK, Veenstra TD, Barbieri RL, Willett WC, Hankinson SE, Ziegler RG. Urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites and subsequent risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. Cancer Res 2012; 72:696-706. [PMID: 22144471 PMCID: PMC3271178 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogens and estrogen metabolism are hypothesized to be associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk but evidence is limited. We examined 15 urinary estrogens/estrogen metabolites and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women in a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). From 1996 to 1999, urine was collected from 18,521 women during the mid-luteal menstrual phase. Breast cancer cases (N = 247) diagnosed between collection and June 2005 were matched to two controls each (N = 485). Urinary estrogen metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and adjusted for creatinine level. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by multivariate conditional logistic regression. Higher urinary estrone and estradiol levels were strongly significantly associated with lower risk (top vs. bottom quartile RR: estrone = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.88; estradiol = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30-0.86). Generally inverse, although nonsignificant, patterns also were observed with 2- and 4-hydroxylation pathway estrogen metabolites. Inverse associations generally were not observed with 16-pathway estrogen metabolites and a significant positive association was observed with 17-epiestriol (top vs. bottom quartile RR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.08-2.81; P(trend) = 0.01). In addition, there was a significant increased risk with higher 16-pathway/parent estrogen metabolite ratio (comparable RR = 1.61; 95% CI, 0.99-2.62; P(trend) = 0.04). Other pathway ratios were not significantly associated with risk except parent estrogen metabolites/non-parent estrogen metabolites (comparable RR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35-0.96; P(trend) = 0.03). These data suggest that most mid-luteal urinary estrogen metabolite concentrations are not positively associated with breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. The inverse associations with parent estrogen metabolites and the parent estrogen metabolite/non-parent estrogen metabolite ratio suggest that women with higher urinary excretion of parent estrogens are at lower risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Huang J, Sun J, Chen Y, Song Y, Dong L, Zhan Q, Zhang R, Abliz Z. Analysis of multiplex endogenous estrogen metabolites in human urine using ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: a case study for breast cancer. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 711:60-8. [PMID: 22152797 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate analytical method of ultra-fast liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) was established for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 16 distinct endogenous estrogens and their metabolites (EMs) in postmenopausal female urine. The quantitative method utilized a hydrolysis/extraction/derivatization step and a UFLC system to achieve separation in 16 min. The lower limit of quantitation for each estrogen metabolite was 2 pg mL(-1) with the percent recovery of a known added amount of estrogen at 93.2-109.3%. The intra-batch accuracy and precision for all analytes were 87.5-107.7% and 0.6-11.7%, respectively, while inter-batch accuracy and precision were 87.0-105.8% and 1.2-10.2%, respectively. Using this developed and validated method, the comprehensive metabolic profiling of 16 EMs in urine samples of 86 postmenopausal female breast cancer patients and 36 healthy controls was investigated by systematic statistical analysis. As a result, the circulating levels of 6 EMs were found to be different by a comparison of patients and healthy controls. The parent estrogens, estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2), as well as 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2) and 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) were produced in higher abundance, whereas 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) and 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2) were decreased in the breast cancer group. 2-OHE2 and 4-OHE2 in particular showed significant elevation in patients, which are consistent with the carcinogenic mechanism hypothesis that catechol estrogens can react with DNA via quinones, resulting in mutations to induce breast cancer. Thus, 2,4-hydroxylation may be the dominant metabolic pathway for parent estrogens rather than 16α-hydroxylation. The lower level of 2-MeOE2 in the breast cancer group was believed to correlate with its protective effect against tumor formation. This study could provide valuable information on the association of the EM metabolic pathway with carcinogenesis as well as identify potential biomarkers for estrogen-induced breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Kuehnbaum NL, Britz-McKibbin P. Comprehensive Profiling of Free and Conjugated Estrogens by Capillary Electrophoresis–Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8063-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201980w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Kuehnbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4MI, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4MI, Canada
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Williams-Brown MY, Salih SM, Xu X, Veenstra TD, Saeed M, Theiler SK, Diaz-Arrastia CR, Salama SA. The effect of tamoxifen and raloxifene on estrogen metabolism and endometrial cancer risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:78-86. [PMID: 21600284 PMCID: PMC3421458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) demonstrate differential endometrial cancer (EC) risk. While tamoxifen (TAM) use increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy, raloxifene (RAL) has neutral effects on the uterus. How TAM increases the risk of EC and why TAM and RAL differentially modulate the risk for EC, however, remain elusive. Here, we tested the hypothesis that TAM increases the risk for EC, at least in part, by enhancing the local estrogen biosynthesis and directing estrogen metabolism towards the formation of genotoxic and hormonally active estrogen metabolites. In addition, the differential effects of TAM and RAL in EC risk are attributed to their differential effect on estrogen metabolism/metabolites. The endometrial cancer cell line (Ishikawa cells) and the nonmalignant immortalized human endometrial glandular cell line (EM1) were used for the study. The profile of estrogen/estrogen metabolites (EM), depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts, and the expression of estrogen-metabolizing enzymes in cells treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) alone or in combination with TAM or RAL were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS(2)), ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and Western blot analysis, respectively. TAM significantly increased the total EM and enhanced the formation of hormonally active and carcinogenic estrogen metabolites, 4-hydroxestrone (4-OHE1) and 16α-hydroxyestrone, with concomitant reduction in the formation of antiestrogenic and anticarcinogenic 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol. Furthermore, TAM increased the formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts 4-OHE1 [2]-1-N7Guanine and 4-OHE1 [2]-1-N3 Adenine. TAM-induced alteration in EM and depurinating DNA adduct formation is associated with altered expression of estrogen metabolizing enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, COMT, NQO1, and SF-1 as revealed by Western blot analysis. In contrast to TAM, RAL has minimal effect on EM, estrogen-DNA adduct formation, or estrogen-metabolizing enzymes expression. These data show that TAM perturbs the balance of estrogen-metabolizing enzymes and alters the disposition of estrogen metabolites, which can explain, at least in part, the mechanism for TAM-induced EC. These results also implicate the differential effect of TAM and RAL on estrogen metabolism/metabolites as a potential mechanism for their disparate effects on the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Y Williams-Brown
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.
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Obi N, Vrieling A, Heinz J, Chang-Claude J. Estrogen metabolite ratio: Is the 2-hydroxyestrone to 16α-hydroxyestrone ratio predictive for breast cancer? Int J Womens Health 2011; 3:37-51. [PMID: 21339936 PMCID: PMC3039007 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s7595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies have shown that two main estrogen metabolites hydroxylated by CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in the breast differentially affect breast cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. Although 16α-hydroxyestrone (16αOHE1) exerts estrogenic activity through covalent estrogen receptor (ER) binding, 2-hydroxyestrone (2OHE1) presumably has antiestrogenic capabilities. The ratio of 2OHE1 to 16αOHE1 represents the relative dominance of one pathway over the other and is believed to be modifiable by diet. It was hypothesized that women with or at high risk of breast cancer have a lower estrogen metabolite ratio (EMR) compared with women without breast cancer. We conducted a systematic review on the EMR as a predictor for breast cancer. A total of nine studies (six prospective and three retrospective) matched our inclusion criteria, comprising 682 premenopausal cases (1027 controls) and 1189 postmenopausal cases (1888 controls). For the highest compared with the lowest quantile of urinary EMR, nonsignificant associations suggested at best a weak protective effect in premenopausal but not in postmenopausal breast cancer (range of odds ratios: 0.50-0.75 for premenopausal and 0.71-1.31 for postmenopausal). Circulating serum/plasma EMR was not associated with breast cancer risk. Associations were inconclusive for receptor subtypes of breast cancer. Uncontrolled factors known to be involved in breast carcinogenesis, such as 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1) concentration, may have confounded results for EMR. Results of the prospective studies do not support the hypothesis that EMR can be used as a predictive marker for breast cancer risk. Future research should concentrate on profiles of estrogen metabolites, including 4OHE1, to gain a more complete picture of the relative importance of single metabolites for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Obi
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH)/Hubertus Wald Tumor Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Vrieling
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Heinz
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH)/Hubertus Wald Tumor Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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