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Suverein MM, Delnoij TSR, Lorusso R, Brandon Bravo Bruinsma GJ, Otterspoor L, Elzo Kraemer CV, Vlaar APJ, van der Heijden JJ, Scholten E, den Uil C, Jansen T, van den Bogaard B, Kuijpers M, Lam KY, Montero Cabezas JM, Driessen AHG, Rittersma SZH, Heijnen BG, Dos Reis Miranda D, Bleeker G, de Metz J, Hermanides RS, Lopez Matta J, Eberl S, Donker DW, van Thiel RJ, Akin S, van Meer O, Henriques J, Bokhoven KC, Mandigers L, Bunge JJH, Bol ME, Winkens B, Essers B, Weerwind PW, Maessen JG, van de Poll MCG. Early Extracorporeal CPR for Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:299-309. [PMID: 36720132 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2204511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) restores perfusion and oxygenation in a patient who does not have spontaneous circulation. The evidence with regard to the effect of extracorporeal CPR on survival with a favorable neurologic outcome in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is inconclusive. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial conducted in the Netherlands, we assigned patients with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest to receive extracorporeal CPR or conventional CPR (standard advanced cardiac life support). Eligible patients were between 18 and 70 years of age, had received bystander CPR, had an initial ventricular arrhythmia, and did not have a return of spontaneous circulation within 15 minutes after CPR had been initiated. The primary outcome was survival with a favorable neurologic outcome, defined as a Cerebral Performance Category score of 1 or 2 (range, 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more severe disability) at 30 days. Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS Of the 160 patients who underwent randomization, 70 were assigned to receive extracorporeal CPR and 64 to receive conventional CPR; 26 patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria at hospital admission were excluded. At 30 days, 14 patients (20%) in the extracorporeal-CPR group were alive with a favorable neurologic outcome, as compared with 10 patients (16%) in the conventional-CPR group (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 3.5; P = 0.52). The number of serious adverse events per patient was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, extracorporeal CPR and conventional CPR had similar effects on survival with a favorable neurologic outcome. (Funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and Maquet Cardiopulmonary [Getinge]; INCEPTION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03101787.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martje M Suverein
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Thijs S R Delnoij
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Roberto Lorusso
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - George J Brandon Bravo Bruinsma
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Luuk Otterspoor
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Carlos V Elzo Kraemer
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P J Vlaar
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Joris J van der Heijden
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Erik Scholten
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Corstiaan den Uil
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Tim Jansen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Bas van den Bogaard
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Marijn Kuijpers
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Ka Yan Lam
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - José M Montero Cabezas
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H G Driessen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Z H Rittersma
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Bram G Heijnen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Dinis Dos Reis Miranda
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Gabe Bleeker
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Jesse de Metz
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Renicus S Hermanides
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Jorge Lopez Matta
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Eberl
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Dirk W Donker
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Thiel
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Sakir Akin
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Oene van Meer
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - José Henriques
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Karen C Bokhoven
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Loes Mandigers
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J H Bunge
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Martine E Bol
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Winkens
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Essers
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Patrick W Weerwind
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Jos G Maessen
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Marcel C G van de Poll
- From the Departments of Intensive Care (M.M.S., T.S.R.D., M.E.B., M.C.G.P.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (R.L., P.W.W., J.G.M.), and Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technical Assessment (B.E.), Maastricht University Medical Center, and the Department of Methodology and Statistics and the Care and Public Health Research Institute (B.W.), the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (R.L., J.G.M.), and the School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (M.C.G.P.), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery (G.J.B.B.B.), Intensive Care (M.K.), and Cardiology (R.S.H.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Departments of Intensive Care (L.O.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (K.Y.L.), Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Departments of Intensive Care (C.V.E.K., J.L.M.), Cardiology (J.M.M.C.), and Emergency Medicine (O.M.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Departments of Intensive Care (A.P.J.V.), Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.H.G.D.), Anesthesia (S.E.), and Cardiology (J.H.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (B.B., J.M.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (J.J.H., D.W.D.) and Cardiology (S.Z.H.R.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Department of Intensive Care, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein (E.S., B.G.H.), the Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center (C.U., D.D.R.M., R.J.T., K.C.B., L.M., J.J.H.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Center (J.J.H.B.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Intensive Care (T.J., S.A.) and Cardiology (G.B.), Haga Hospital, the Hague, and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Group, TechMed Center, University of Twente, Enschede (D.W.D.) - all in the Netherlands
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