1
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Fang Z, Li Z, Li M, Yue Z, Li K. Prediction of Protein-DNA Interface Hot Spots Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition and Machine Learning. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:676. [PMID: 38927611 PMCID: PMC11202800 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-DNA complex interactivity plays a crucial role in biological activities such as gene expression, modification, replication and transcription. Understanding the physiological significance of protein-DNA binding interfacial hot spots, as well as the development of computational biology, depends on the precise identification of these regions. In this paper, a hot spot prediction method called EC-PDH is proposed. First, we extracted features of these hot spots' solid solvent-accessible surface area (ASA) and secondary structure, and then the mean, variance, energy and autocorrelation function values of the first three intrinsic modal components (IMFs) of these conventional features were extracted as new features via the empirical modal decomposition algorithm (EMD). A total of 218 dimensional features were obtained. For feature selection, we used the maximum correlation minimum redundancy sequence forward selection method (mRMR-SFS) to obtain an optimal 11-dimensional-feature subset. To address the issue of data imbalance, we used the SMOTE-Tomek algorithm to balance positive and negative samples and finally used cat gradient boosting (CatBoost) to construct our hot spot prediction model for protein-DNA binding interfaces. Our method performs well on the test set, with AUC, MCC and F1 score values of 0.847, 0.543 and 0.772, respectively. After a comparative evaluation, EC-PDH outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods in identifying hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Fang
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (M.L.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (M.L.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (M.L.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (M.L.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (Z.F.); (Z.L.); (M.L.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China
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2
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Leonard WJ, Lin JX. Strategies to therapeutically modulate cytokine action. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:827-854. [PMID: 37542128 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the regulation of cytokine activity is extraordinarily important both physiologically and pathologically. Cytokine and/or cytokine receptor engineering is being widely investigated to safely and effectively modulate cytokine activity for therapeutic benefit. IL-2 in particular has been extensively engineered, to create IL-2 variants that differentially exhibit activities on regulatory T cells to potentially treat autoimmune disease versus effector T cells to augment antitumour effects. Additionally, engineering approaches are being applied to many other cytokines such as IL-10, interferons and IL-1 family cytokines, given their immunosuppressive and/or antiviral and anticancer effects. In modulating the actions of cytokines, the strategies used have been broad, including altering affinities of cytokines for their receptors, prolonging cytokine half-lives in vivo and fine-tuning cytokine actions. The field is rapidly expanding, with extensive efforts to create improved therapeutics for a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Wu W, Chia T, Lu J, Li X, Guan J, Li Y, Fu F, Zhou S, Feng Y, Deng J, Zou J, Sun J, Yao Y, Ling X, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Xu J, Wang F, Liang X, Wu M, Liu H, Chen B, He K. IL-2Rα-biased agonist enhances antitumor immunity by invigorating tumor-infiltrating CD25 +CD8 + T cells. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1309-1325. [PMID: 37550516 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
To avoid regulatory T cell promotion and vascular toxicity, the interleukin-2 receptor-β/interleukin-2 receptor-γ (IL-2Rβγ)-biased approach is used by most IL-2 analogs in immuno-oncology. However, recent clinical disappointments in these IL-2 agonists have questioned this strategy. Here we show that both wild-type (IL-2wt) and IL-2Rβγ-attenuated (IL-2α-bias) agonists that preserve IL-2Rα (CD25) activities can effectively expand tumor-specific CD8+ T cells (TSTs) and exhibit better antitumor efficacy and safety than the 'non-α' counterpart (IL-2nα). Mechanistically, TSTs coexpress elevated CD25 and PD-1 and are more susceptible to stimulation by IL-2Rα-proficient agonists. Moreover, the antitumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 depends on activation of PD-1+CD25+ TSTs through autocrine IL-2-CD25 signaling. In individuals with cancer, a low IL-2 signature correlates with non-responsiveness to anti-PD-1 treatment. In mouse models, IL-2α-bias, but not IL-2nα, restores the IL-2 signature and synergizes with anti-PD-1 to eradicate large established tumors. These findings underscore the indispensable function of CD25 in IL-2-based immunotherapy and provide rationales for evaluating IL-2Rα-biased agonists in individuals with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Tiongsun Chia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Immunology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Fenggen Fu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuaixiang Zhou
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Zou
- Department of Immunology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiya Sun
- Department of Translational Medicine, Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Ling
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinling Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Huisi Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China
| | - Kaijie He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Innovent Guoqing Academy, Suzhou, China.
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4
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Fu Y, Tang R, Zhao X. Engineering cytokines for cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1218082. [PMID: 37483629 PMCID: PMC10357296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1218082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are pivotal mediators of cell communication in the tumor microenvironment. Multiple cytokines are involved in the host antitumor response, but the production and function of these cytokines are usually dysregulated during malignant tumor progression. Considering their clinical potential and the early successful use of cytokines in cancer immunotherapy, such as interferon alpha-2b (IFNα-2b; IntronA®) and IL-2 (Proleukin®), cytokine-based therapeutics have been extensively evaluated in many follow-up clinical trials. Following these initial breakthroughs, however, clinical translation of these natural messenger molecules has been greatly limited owing to their high-degree pleiotropic features and complex biological properties in many cell types. These characteristics, coupled with poor pharmacokinetics (a short half-life), have hampered the delivery of cytokines via systemic administration, particularly because of severe dose-limiting toxicities. New engineering approaches have been developed to widen the therapeutic window, prolong pharmacokinetic effects, enhance tumor targeting and reduce adverse effects, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we focus on the recent progress and competitive landscape in cytokine engineering strategies and preclinical/clinical therapeutics for cancer. In addition, aiming to promote engineered cytokine-based cancer immunotherapy, we present a profound discussion about the feasibility of recently developed methods in clinical medicine translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Renhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
- Simcere Zaiming Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Nanjing, China
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5
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Bohmer M, Xue Y, Jankovic K, Dong Y. Advances in engineering and delivery strategies for cytokine immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:579-595. [PMID: 37104673 PMCID: PMC10330431 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2208344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytokine immunotherapy is a growing field for the treatment of cancer, infectious disease, autoimmunity, and other ailments. Therapeutic cytokines are a class of secreted, small proteins that play a pivotal role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system by provoking or mitigating immune responses. In the clinic, cytokines are frequently combined with other treatments, such as small molecules and monoclonal antibodies. However, the clinical translation of cytokine therapies is hindered by their short half-life, pleiotropic nature, and off-target effects, which cause diminished efficacy and severe systemic toxicity. Such toxicity limits dosage, thus resulting in suboptimal doses. Accordingly, numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring strategies to promote cytokine therapies by improving their tissue specificity and pharmacokinetics. AREAS COVERED Preclinical and clinical research into bioengineering and delivery strategies for cytokines, consisting of bioconjugation, fusion proteins, nanoparticles, and scaffold-based systems. EXPERT OPINION These approaches pave the way for the development of next-generation cytokine treatments with greater clinical benefit and reduced toxicity, circumventing such issues currently associated with cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Bohmer
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yonger Xue
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Katarina Jankovic
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immune-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Cancer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Precision Immunology Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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6
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Du Y, Xu J. Engineered Bifunctional Proteins for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Prospects and Challenges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103114. [PMID: 34585802 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional proteins (BFPs) are a class of therapeutic agents produced through genetic engineering and protein engineering, and are increasingly used to treat various human diseases, including cancer. These proteins usually have two or more biological functions-specifically recognizing different molecular targets to regulate the related signaling pathways, or mediating effector molecules/cells to kill tumor cells. Unlike conventional small-molecule or single-target drugs, BFPs possess stronger biological activity but lower systemic toxicity. Hence, BFPs are considered to offer many benefits for the treatment of heterogeneous tumors. In this review, the authors briefly describe the unique structural feature of BFP molecules and innovatively divide them into bispecific antibodies, cytokine-based BFPs (immunocytokines), and protein toxin-based BFPs (immunotoxins) according to their mode of action. In addition, the latest advances in the development of BFPs are discussed and the potential limitations or problems in clinical applications are outlined. Taken together, future studies need to be centered on understanding the characteristics of BFPs for optimizing and designing more effective such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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7
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Abstract
Failure of regulatory T (Treg) cells to properly control immune responses leads invariably to autoimmunity and organ damage. Decreased numbers or impaired function of Treg cells, especially in the context of inflammation, has been documented in many human autoimmune diseases. Restoration of Treg cell fitness and/or expansion of their numbers using low-dose natural IL-2, the main cytokine driving Treg cell survival and function, has demonstrated clinical efficacy in early clinical trials. Genetically modified IL-2 with an extended half-life and increased selectivity for Treg cells is now in clinical development. Administration of IL-2 combined with therapies targeting other pathways involved in the expression of autoimmune diseases should further enhance its therapeutic potential. Ongoing clinical efforts that capitalize on the early clinical success of IL-2 treatment should bring the use of this cytokine to the forefront of biological treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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8
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is integral to immune system regulation. Its opposing immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive actions make it an attractive therapeutic target for cancer and autoimmune diseases. A challenge in developing IL-2-directed anticancer therapies has been how to stimulate effector T cells (Teffs) without inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment; conversely, IL-2 therapy for autoimmune diseases requires Treg induction without further stimulation of Teffs. High-dose IL-2 is approved for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, but its therapeutic value is limited by a need for frequent dosing at specialist centers, its short half-life, severe toxicity, and a lack of efficacy in most patients. Re-engineered IL-2 therapeutics are designed to have longer in vivo half-lives, target specific IL-2 receptor conformations to stimulate specific T cell subsets, or localize to target tissues to optimize efficacy and reduce toxicity. We discuss recent studies that elucidate the potential of newly engineered IL-2-based therapeutics for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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9
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Khoryati L, Pham MN, Sherve M, Kumari S, Cook K, Pearson J, Bogdani M, Campbell DJ, Gavin MA. An IL-2 mutein engineered to promote expansion of regulatory T cells arrests ongoing autoimmunity in mice. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/50/eaba5264. [PMID: 32817295 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) controls the homeostasis and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells, and defects in the IL-2 pathway contribute to multiple autoimmune diseases. Although recombinant IL-2 therapy has been efficacious in certain inflammatory conditions, the capacity for IL-2 to also activate inflammatory effector responses highlights the need for IL-2-based therapeutics with improved Treg cell specificity. From a panel of rationally designed murine IL-2 variants, we identified IL-2 muteins with reduced potency and enhanced Treg cell selectivity due to increased dependence on the IL-2 receptor component CD25. As an Fc-fused homodimer, the optimal Fc.IL-2 mutein induced selective Treg cell enrichment and reduced agonism of effector cells across a wide dose range. Furthermore, despite being a weaker agonist, overall Treg cell growth was greater and more sustained due to reduced receptor-mediated clearance of the Fc.IL-2 mutein compared with Fc-fused wild-type IL-2. Preferential Treg cell enrichment was also observed in the presence of activated pathogenic T cells in the pancreas of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, despite a loss of Treg cell selectivity in an IL-2R proximal response. These properties facilitated potent and extended resolution of NOD diabetes with infrequent dosing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Khoryati
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Minh Nguyet Pham
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - McKenna Sherve
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Swarnima Kumari
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kevin Cook
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Josh Pearson
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marc A Gavin
- Immunology Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Pol JG, Caudana P, Paillet J, Piaggio E, Kroemer G. Effects of interleukin-2 in immunostimulation and immunosuppression. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20191247. [PMID: 31611250 PMCID: PMC7037245 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctions in the nature and spatiotemporal expression of IL-2R subunits on conventional versus regulatory T cells are exploited to manipulate IL-2 immunomodulatory effects. Particularly, low-dose IL-2 and some recombinant derivatives are being evaluated to enhance/inhibit immune responses for therapeutic purposes. Historically, interleukin-2 (IL-2) was first described as an immunostimulatory factor that supports the expansion of activated effector T cells. A layer of sophistication arose when regulatory CD4+ T lymphocytes (Tregs) were shown to require IL-2 for their development, homeostasis, and immunosuppressive functions. Fundamental distinctions in the nature and spatiotemporal expression patterns of IL-2 receptor subunits on naive/memory/effector T cells versus Tregs are now being exploited to manipulate the immunomodulatory effects of IL-2 for therapeutic purposes. Although high-dose IL-2 administration has yielded discrete clinical responses, low-dose IL-2 as well as innovative strategies based on IL-2 derivatives, including “muteins,” immunocomplexes, and immunocytokines, are being explored to therapeutically enhance or inhibit the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Pamela Caudana
- Institut Curie, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U932, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Paillet
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U932, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Xu L, Song X, Su L, Zheng Y, Li R, Sun J. New therapeutic strategies based on IL-2 to modulate Treg cells for autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:322-329. [PMID: 31005777 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a multifunctional cytokine in immune regulation. It is essential for the differentiation, expansion and stability of CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, which is an important factor in immune suppression and self-tolerance. Meanwhile, IL-2 also stimulate effector T (Teff) cells to promote immune responses. The opposite and diverse function of IL-2 impedes its application to boost Treg cell populations in autoimmune disease treatment. Thus, it became focus of the research to modulate IL-2 activities to enhance Treg cell functions selectively. Based on the characteristic properties of Treg cells such as constitutively expression of high affinity IL-2 receptors (IL-2Rs), multiple approaches, including IL-2/mAb complexes, IL-2 muteins and low-dose of IL-2 have emerged in recent years to selectively target Treg cells and treat autoimmunity. These therapeutic approaches have achieved favorable results in both clinical trials and experimental animal models, and provided engineering blueprints to develop novel strategies of IL-2 treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, PR China
| | - Lili Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, PR China
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Ru Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital and Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, PR China.
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12
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Tang A, Harding F. The challenges and molecular approaches surrounding interleukin-2-based therapeutics in cancer. Cytokine X 2019. [PMCID: PMC7885892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2018.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL2-based cancer therapies are limited by their toxicity and pleiotropy. Current engineering approaches target IL2 half-life and cell/receptor specificity. IL2 may enhance the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T-based therapies.
Interleukin-2 has had a long history as a promising cancer therapeutic, being capable of eliciting complete and durable remissions in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. Despite high toxicity and efficacy limited to only certain patient subpopulations and cancer types, the prospective use of novel, engineered IL2 formats in combination with the presently expanding repertoire of immuno-oncological targets remains very encouraging. This is possible due to the significant research efforts in the IL2 field that have yielded critical structural and biological insights that have made IL2 more effective and more broadly applicable in the clinic. In this review, we discuss some of the molecular approaches that have been used to further improve IL2 therapy for cancer.
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13
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Loginov VI, Filippova EA, Kurevlev SV, Fridman MV, Burdennyy AM, Braga EA. Suppressive and Hypermethylated MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418070086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Cytokines signal through specific cell surface receptors to broadly regulate immune development, differentiation, proliferation, and survival, thereby influencing cellular fate and function. Accordingly, cytokines are potential therapeutic targets for modulation of immune responses. Indeed, over the last several decades, an increasing number of cytokine-based clinical trials have been performed, collectively using either recombinant forms of cytokines or blocking agents that modulate the actions of cytokines. The pleiotropic actions of cytokines, including their abilities to mediate both inflammatory and protective immune responses, indicate that using or targeting cytokines can have desired but also potentially undesirable effects. Here, we focus on the immunomodulatory cytokine, IL-2. We review the underlying basic science related to IL-2 and its biologic actions, discuss the current state of IL-2-based immunotherapy, and focus on emerging concepts of modulating the activities of this cytokine, including the generation of novel partial cytokine agonists as new potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mitra
- Respiratory, Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Eckert F, Gaipl U, Niedermann G, Hettich M, Schilbach K, Huber S, Zips D. Beyond checkpoint inhibition - Immunotherapeutical strategies in combination with radiation. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017; 2:29-35. [PMID: 29657997 PMCID: PMC5893529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The revival of cancer immunotherapy has taken place with the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibition. However, the spectrum of immunotherapeutic approaches is much broader encompassing T cell engaging strategies, tumour-specific vaccination, antibodies or immunocytokines. This review focuses on the immunological effects of irradiation and the evidence available on combination strategies with immunotherapy. The available data suggest great potential of combined treatments, yet also poses questions about dose, fractionation, timing and most promising multimodal strategies.
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Key Words
- Bispecific antibodies
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CAR-T-cells
- CDN, cyclic dinucleotides
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
- IR, irradiation
- Immunocytokines
- Immunotherapy
- PD-1, Programmed cell death protein 1 receptor
- PD-L1, PD-1 ligand
- Radiotherapy
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- Vaccination
- bsAb, bispecific antibody
- scFv, single chain variable fragment
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - U.S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G. Niedermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Hettich
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Schilbach
- Department of General Pediatrics/Pediatric Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S.M. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - D. Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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16
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Breast cancer gene therapy using an adenovirus encoding human IL-2 under control of mammaglobin promoter/enhancer sequences. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:178-87. [PMID: 27151235 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been used clinically for the treatment of some malignancies, but the toxicities associated with systemic IL-2 therapy are a major challenge. Here we have determined whether transcriptional targeting of IL-2 to breast cancer (BrCa) using an engineered human mammaglobin promoter/enhancer (MPE2) is a feasible option for reducing IL-2-associated toxicities while still achieving a meaningful antitumor effect. We have constructed nonreplicating adenovirus vectors encoding either a reporter gene (luciferase) or human IL-2 (hIL-2) complementary DNA under control of the MPE2 sequence, the murine cytomegalovirus immediate early (MCMV) promoter or the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter. Luciferase and hIL-2 complementary DNAs under the control of the MPE2 sequence in adenovirus vectors were expressed at high levels in BrCa cells and at lower levels in normal cells of human and murine origin. Cancer specificity of the hTERT promoter was found to be similar to that of the MPE2 promoter in cells of human origin, but reduced specificity in murine cells. The MPE2 regulatory sequence demonstrated excellent tissue specificity in a mouse tumor model. Whereas the MCMV promoter-controlled IL-2 vector generated high liver toxicity in mice, the MPE2-controlled IL-2 vector generated little or no liver toxicity. Both IL-2 vectors exerted significant tumor growth delay; however, attempts to further enhance antitumor activity of the IL-2 vectors by combining with the proapoptotic drug procaspase activating compound 1 (PAC1) were unsuccessful.
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17
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Interleukin-2: Biology, Design and Application. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:763-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Müller D. Antibody fusions with immunomodulatory proteins for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:57-66. [PMID: 26145167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential of immunomodulatory proteins, in particular cytokines, for cancer therapy is well recognized, but hampered by the toxicity associated with their systemic application. In order to address this problem, targeted delivery by antibody fusion proteins has been early proposed and their development intensively pursued over the last decade. Here, factors influencing the selection and modification of cytokines and antibody formats for this approach are being discussed, indicating current developments and translational advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Müller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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19
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Hao MZ, Zhou WY, Du XL, Chen KX, Wang GW, Yang Y, Yang JL. Novel anti-melanoma treatment: focus on immunotherapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 33:458-65. [PMID: 25189718 PMCID: PMC4190435 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an intractable cancer that is aggressive, lethal, and metastatic. The prognosis of advanced melanoma is very poor because it is insensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The incidence of melanoma has been ascending stably for years worldwide, accompanied by increasing mortality. New approaches to managing this deadly disease are much anticipated to enhance the cure rate and to extend clinical benefits to patients with metastatic melanoma. Due to its high degree of immunogenicity, melanoma could be a good target for immunotherapy, which has been developed for decades and has achieved certain progress. This article provides an overview of immunotherapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ze Hao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 30060, P. R. China.
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20
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van den Heuvel MM, Verheij M, Boshuizen R, Belderbos J, Dingemans AMC, De Ruysscher D, Laurent J, Tighe R, Haanen J, Quaratino S. NHS-IL2 combined with radiotherapy: preclinical rationale and phase Ib trial results in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer following first-line chemotherapy. J Transl Med 2015; 13:32. [PMID: 25622640 PMCID: PMC4320467 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NHS-IL2 (selectikine, EMD 521873, MSB0010445) consists of human NHS76 (antibody specific for necrotic DNA) fused to genetically modified human interleukin 2 (IL-2) and selectively activates the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. Based on an evolving investigational concept to prime the tumor microenvironment with ionizing radiation prior to initiating immunotherapy, 2 related studies were conducted and are reported here. The first, a preclinical study, tests the systemic effect of the immunocytokine NHS-IL2 and radiotherapy in a lung carcinoma animal model; the second, a phase Ib trial in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), was designed to determine the safety and tolerability of NHS-IL2 in combination with radiotherapy directly following first-line palliative chemotherapy. METHODS Tumor-bearing C57Bl/6 mice were treated with NHS-IL2 alone (5 mg/kg; days 7-9), fractionated radiotherapy (3.6 Gy; days 0-4) plus cisplatin (4 mg/kg; day 0), or the triple combination. Metastatic NSCLC patients who achieved disease control with first-line palliative chemotherapy were enrolled in the phase Ib trial. Patients received local irradiation (5x 4 Gy) of a single pulmonary nodule. Dose-escalated NHS-IL2 was administered as 1-h intravenous infusion on 3 consecutive days every 3 weeks. RESULTS NHS-IL2 plus radiotherapy induced immune response activation and complete tumor growth regressions in 80%-100% of mice. In patients with metastatic NSCLC treated with NHS-IL2 (3, 3, and 7 patients in the 0.15-mg/kg, 0.30-mg/kg, and 0.45-mg/kg cohorts, respectively), maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Most frequently reported adverse events were fatigue, anorexia, and rash. Transient increases in leukocyte subsets were observed. In 3 patients, thyroid gland dysfunction occurred. No objective responses were reported; long-term survival was observed in 2 patients, including 1 patient with long-term tumor control. CONCLUSIONS Combining NHS-IL2 with radiotherapy achieved synergistic antitumor activity in preclinical studies, supporting the use in lung cancer patients. This combination was well tolerated and 2 of 13 patients achieved long-term survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00879866.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M van den Heuvel
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Verheij
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rogier Boshuizen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - José Belderbos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne-Marie C Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonology and GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Maastro, Maastricht, The Netherlands and University Hospitals Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Robert Tighe
- EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, USA subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - John Haanen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sonia Quaratino
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. .,Present address: Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Spangler JB, Moraga I, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC. Insights into cytokine-receptor interactions from cytokine engineering. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:139-67. [PMID: 25493332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often mitigated by toxicity or lack of efficacy, either of which results from cytokine receptor pleiotropy and/or undesired activation of off-target cells. As our understanding of the structural principles of cytokine-receptor interactions has advanced, mechanism-based manipulation of cytokine signaling through protein engineering has become an increasingly feasible and powerful approach. Modified cytokines, both agonists and antagonists, have been engineered with narrowed target cell specificities, and they have also yielded important mechanistic insights into cytokine biology and signaling. Here we review the theory and practice of cytokine engineering and rationalize the mechanisms of several engineered cytokines in the context of structure. We discuss specific examples of how structure-based cytokine engineering has opened new opportunities for cytokines as drugs, with a focus on the immunotherapeutic cytokines interferon, interleukin-2, and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; , , ,
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22
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Rosalia RA, Arenas-Ramirez N, Bouchaud G, Raeber ME, Boyman O. Use of enhanced interleukin-2 formulations for improved immunotherapy against cancer. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 23:39-46. [PMID: 25271022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of interleukin-2 (IL-2) for the stimulation of an effector immune response against metastatic cancer dates back to the early 1980s. Administration of unmodified IL-2, either alone or together with antigen-specific approaches, has resulted in remarkably long-term survival of some patients suffering from metastatic melanoma. However, such treatment is usually hampered by the appearance of toxic adverse effects, which has motivated the engineering of modified IL-2 formulations showing reduced toxicity while being more potent at stimulating anti-tumor effector immune cells. In this review we summarize and discuss the features and biological relevance of several enhanced IL-2 formulations, compare these to IL-15-based therapeutics, and try to foreshadow their potential in immunological research and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Rosalia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Arenas-Ramirez
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Bouchaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627 Cedex 03, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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List T, Casi G, Neri D. A chemically defined trifunctional antibody-cytokine-drug conjugate with potent antitumor activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2641-52. [PMID: 25205656 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The combination of immunostimulatory agents with cytotoxic drugs is emerging as a promising approach for potentially curative tumor therapy, but advances in this field are hindered by the requirement of testing individual combination partners as single agents in dedicated clinical studies, often with suboptimal efficacy. Here, we describe for the first time a novel multipayload class of targeted drugs, the immunocytokine-drug conjugates (IDC), which combine a tumor-homing antibody, a cytotoxic drug, and a proinflammatory cytokine in the same molecular entity. In particular, the IL2 cytokine and the disulfide-linked maytansinoid DM1 microtubular inhibitor could be coupled to the F8 antibody, directed against the alternatively spliced EDA domain of fibronectin, in a site-specific manner, yielding a chemically defined product with selective tumor-homing performance and potent anticancer activity in vivo, as tested in two different immunocompetent mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas List
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Young PA, Morrison SL, Timmerman JM. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins for treatment of cancer: engineering cytokines for improved efficacy and safety. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:623-36. [PMID: 25440607 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The true potential of cytokine therapies in cancer treatment is limited by the inability to deliver optimal concentrations into tumor sites due to dose-limiting systemic toxicities. To maximize the efficacy of cytokine therapy, recombinant antibody-cytokine fusion proteins have been constructed by a number of groups to harness the tumor-targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies. The aim is to guide cytokines specifically to tumor sites where they might stimulate more optimal anti-tumor immune responses while avoiding the systemic toxicities of free cytokine therapy. Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins containing interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-21, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and interferons (IFNs) α, β, and γ have been constructed and have shown anti-tumor activity in preclinical and early-phase clinical studies. Future priorities for development of this technology include optimization of tumor targeting, bioactivity of the fused cytokine, and choice of appropriate agents for combination therapies. This review is intended to serve as a framework for engineering an ideal antibody-cytokine fusion protein, focusing on previously developed constructs and their clinical trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Young
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sherie L Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John M Timmerman
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
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25
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Müller D. Antibody–Cytokine Fusion Proteins for Cancer Immunotherapy: An Update on Recent Developments. BioDrugs 2013; 28:123-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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List T, Neri D. Immunocytokines: a review of molecules in clinical development for cancer therapy. Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:29-45. [PMID: 23990735 PMCID: PMC3753206 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s49231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of therapeutically enhancing the immune system’s responsiveness to tumors is
long standing. Several cytokines have been investigated in clinical trials for their therapeutic
activity in cancer patients. However, substantial side effects and unfavorable pharmacokinetic
properties have been a major drawback hampering the administration of therapeutically relevant
doses. The use of recombinant antibody–cytokine fusion proteins promises to significantly
enhance the therapeutic index of cytokines by targeting them to the site of disease. This review
aims to provide a concise and complete overview of the preclinical data and clinical results
currently available for all immunocytokines having reached clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas List
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
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