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Mohite P, Yadav V, Pandhare R, Maitra S, Saleh FM, Saleem RM, Al-malky HS, Kumarasamy V, Subramaniyan V, Abdel-Daim MM, Uti DE. Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Unleashing the Power of Viral Vaccines, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras in the New Era of Immunotherapy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7277-7295. [PMID: 38405458 PMCID: PMC10882662 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of cancer immunotherapy, a profound evolution has ushered in sophisticated strategies that encompass both traditional cancer vaccines and emerging viral vaccines. This comprehensive Review offers an in-depth exploration of the methodologies, clinical applications, success stories, and future prospects of these approaches. Traditional cancer vaccines have undergone significant advancements utilizing diverse modalities such as proteins, peptides, and dendritic cells. More recent innovations have focused on the physiological mechanisms enabling the human body to recognize and combat precancerous and malignant cells, introducing specific markers like peptide-based anticancer vaccines targeting tumor-associated antigens. Moreover, cancer viral vaccines, leveraging engineered viruses to stimulate immune responses against specific antigens, exhibit substantial promise in inducing robust and enduring immunity. Integration with complementary therapeutic methods, including monoclonal antibodies, adjuvants, and radiation therapy, has not only improved survival rates but also deepened our understanding of viral virulence. Recent strides in vaccine design, encompassing oncolytic viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors, mark the frontier of innovation. While these advances hold immense potential, critical challenges must be addressed, such as strategies for immune evasion, potential off-target effects, and the optimization of viral genomes. In the landscape of immunotherapy, noteworthy innovations take the spotlight from the use of immunomodulatory agents for the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune collaboration. The emergence of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as precision tools for cancer therapy is particularly exciting. With a focus on various cancers, from melanoma to formidable solid tumors, this Review critically assesses types of cancer vaccines, mechanisms, barriers in vaccine therapy, vaccine efficacy, safety profiles, and immune-related adverse events, providing a nuanced perspective on the underlying mechanisms involving cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. The Review also underscores the transformative potential of cutting-edge technologies such as clinical studies, molecular sequencing, and artificial intelligence in advancing the field of cancer vaccines. These tools not only expedite progress but also emphasize the multidimensional and rapidly evolving nature of this research, affirming its profound significance in the broader context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Popat Mohite
- AETs
St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra 401404, India
| | - Vaishnavi Yadav
- AETs
St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra 401404, India
| | - Ramdas Pandhare
- MESs
College of Pharmacy, Sonai Tal-Newasa, Maharashtra 414105, India
| | - Swastika Maitra
- Center
for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India
- Department
of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700 126, West Bengal, India
| | - Fayez M. Saleh
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Mohammed Saleem
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan S. Al-malky
- Regional
Drug Information Center, Ministry of Health, Jeddah 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department
of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology
Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar
Sunway, 47500 Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Center
for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Savetha
Dental College, Savetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Savetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box
6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology
Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Daniel E. Uti
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Benue State 970001, Nigeria
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2
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Yadav PK, Gupta SK, Kumar S, Ghosh M, Yadav BS, Kumar D, Kumar A, Saini M, Kataria M. MMP-7 derived peptides with MHC class-I binding motifs from canine mammary tumor tissue elicit strong antigen-specific T-cell responses in BALB/c mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:311-320. [PMID: 32970284 PMCID: PMC7511522 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)-induced altered proteolysis of extracellular matrix proteins and basement membrane holds the key for tumor progression and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases-7 (Matrilysin), the smallest member of the MMP family also performs quite alike; thus serves as a potential candidate for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Conversely, being an endogenous tumor-associated antigen (TAA), targeting MMP-7 for immunization is challenging. But MMP-7-based xenovaccine can surmount the obstacle of poor immunogenicity and immunological tolerance, often encountered in TAA-based conventional vaccine for anti-tumor immunotherapy. This paves the way for investigating the potential of MMP-7-derived major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding peptides to elicit precise epitope-specific T-cell responses towards their possible inclusion in anti-tumor vaccine formulations. Perhaps it also ushers the path of achieving multiple epitope-based broad and universal cellular immunity. In current experiment, an immunoinformatics approach has been employed to identify the putative canine matrix matelloproteinases-7 (cMMP-7)-derived peptides with MHC class-I-binding motifs which can elicit potent antigen-specific immune responses in BALB/c mice. Immunization with the cMMP-7 DNA vaccine induced a strong CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Th1- type response, with high level of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in BALB/c mice. The two identified putative MHC-I-binding nonameric peptides (Peptide32-40 and Peptide175-183) from cMMP-7 induced significant lymphocyte proliferation along with the production of IFN-γ from CD8+ T-cells in mice immunized with cMMP-7 DNA vaccine. The current observation has depicted the immunogenic potential of the two cMMP-7-derived nonapeptides for their possible exploitation in xenovaccine-mediated anti-tumor immunotherapy in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, 231001, India.
| | - Shishir Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, 231001, India
| | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, 231001, India
| | - Brijesh Singh Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
- University of Information Science & Technology St. Paul the apostle Partizanska bb., 6000, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
- College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidylaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482004, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Mohini Saini
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Meena Kataria
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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3
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Bordry N, Costa-Nunes CM, Cagnon L, Gannon PO, Abed-Maillard S, Baumgaertner P, Murray T, Letovanec I, Lazor R, Bouchaab H, Rufer N, Romano E, Michielin O, Speiser DE. Pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomatosis after multiple vaccinations of a long-term surviving patient with metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1148-53. [PMID: 25277238 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune side effects are frequent in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint-targeting antibodies, but are rare with cancer vaccines. Here, we present a case report on a patient with metastatic melanoma who developed pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomatosis following repetitive vaccinations with peptides and CpG. Despite multiple metastases, including one lesion in the brain, the patient is alive and well more than 13 years after the diagnosis of metastatic disease. The strongly activated tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells showed robust long-term memory and effector functions. It is possible that long-term survival and adverse autoimmune events may become more common for vaccines inducing robust anticancer immune responses as were present in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bordry
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carla-Marisa Costa-Nunes
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Cagnon
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O Gannon
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed-Maillard
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Murray
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Igor Letovanec
- Department of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Lazor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hasna Bouchaab
- Department of Oncology, CHUV and UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Romano
- Department of Oncology, CHUV and UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel E Speiser
- Clinical and Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Voo KS, Bover L, Harline ML, Weng J, Sugimoto N, Liu YJ. Targeting of TLRs inhibits CD4+ regulatory T cell function and activates lymphocytes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:627-34. [PMID: 24928999 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests elements within tumors induce exhaustion of effector T cells and infiltration of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), thus preventing the development of durable antitumor immunity. Therefore, the discovery of agents that simultaneously block Treg suppressive function and reinvigorate effector function of lymphocytes is key to the development of effective cancer immunotherapy. Previous studies have shown that TLR ligands (TLRLs) could modulate the function of these T cell targets; however, those studies relied on cell-free or accessory cell-based assay systems that do not accurately reflect in vivo responses. In contrast, we used a human PBMC-based proliferation assay system to simultaneously monitor the effect of TLRLs on T cells (CD4(+), CD8(+), Tregs), B cells, and NK cells, which gave different and even conflicting results. We found that the TLR7/8L:CL097 could simultaneously activate CD8(+) T cells, B cells, and NK cells plus block Treg suppression of T cells and B cells. The TLRLs TLR1/2L:Pam3CSK4, TLR5L:flagellin, TLR4L:LPS, and TLR8/7L:CL075 also blocked Treg suppression of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell proliferation, but not B cell proliferation. Besides CL097, TLR2L:PGN, CL075, and TLR9L:CpG-A, CpG-B, and CpG-C) were strong activators of NK cells. Importantly, we found that Pam3CSK4 could: 1) activate CD4(+) T cell proliferation, 2) inhibit the expansion of IL-10(+) naturally occurring FOXP3(+) Tregs and induction of IL-10(+) CD4(+) Tregs (IL-10-producing type 1 Treg), and 3) block naturally occurring FOXP3(+) Tregs suppressive function. Our results suggest these agents could serve as adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of current immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Shin Voo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030;
| | - Laura Bover
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Megan Lundell Harline
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jinsheng Weng
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
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Mirandola L, J Cannon M, Cobos E, Bernardini G, Jenkins MR, Kast WM, Chiriva-Internati M. Cancer testis antigens: novel biomarkers and targetable proteins for ovarian cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 30:127-37. [PMID: 21557639 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.572504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women and the leading cause from gynecological malignancies. Despite the recently improved outcomes of new chemotherapeutical agents in the therapy of ovarian cancer and the increased 5-year survival rate, the mortality of this malignancy disease remains unchanged. Ovarian cancer therapy is often correlated to the stage of the tumor, but the first step is usually surgical treatment. Afterward, various courses of chemotherapy and radiation are suggested. Obviously, the higher the developmental stage of the tumor, the less the probability is in eradicating it surgically, especially in relation to metastasis. It is clear that an early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is important for the survival of these patients. In order to identify ovarian cancer patients in the early stages, a number of studies are focusing on a particular class of antigens called cancer testis antigens. These antigens display high expression in tumors of different histology, but are normally restricted to the testis and have low or no expression in normal tissues. The testes are an immunologically-privileged site due to the presence of tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells that constitute the blood-testis barrier, which prevents auto-immune reactions. In the past few years, some of these antigens were demonstrated to be very promising for the early diagnosis and development of vaccines for ovarian cancer. This review aims to underline the most reliable cancer testis antigens under investigation at this moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA
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6
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Benavides LC, Sears AK, Gates JD, Clifton GT, Clive KS, Carmichael MG, Holmes JP, Mittendorf EA, Ponniah S, Peoples GE. Comparison of different HER2/neu vaccines in adjuvant breast cancer trials: implications for dosing of peptide vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:201-10. [PMID: 21332269 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have performed multiple adjuvant clinical trials using immunogenic peptides from the HER2/neu protein (AE37/E75/GP2) plus (GM-CSF) given intradermally to breast cancer patients. Four trials were performed with similar dose-escalation design with increasing doses of peptide (AE37/E75/GP2) and varying amounts of GM-CSF. Dose reductions (DRs) were made for significant local and/or systemic toxicity by decreasing GM-CSF for subsequent inoculations. Ex vivo and in vivo immunologic responses were used to compare groups. Of 132 patients, 39 required DR (30 for robust local reactions [DR-L]). DR patients, particularly DR-L, had greater immune responses both ex vivo and in vivo. Postvaccine delayed-type hypersensitivity in DR-L patients compared with all others was larger for E75 (p = 0.001), AE37 (p = 0.077) and GP2 (p = 0.076). All three peptide vaccines were safe and well-tolerated. These findings have led to a clinically relevant optimal vaccine dosing strategy, which may be applicable to other peptide-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Benavides
- Department of Surgery, General Surgery Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3851 Roger Brooke Drive, Ft. Sam, Houston, TX 78234, USA
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7
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Roider E, Jellbauer S, Köhn B, Berchtold C, Partilla M, Busch DH, Rüssmann H, Panthel K. Invasion and destruction of a murine fibrosarcoma by Salmonella-induced effector CD8 T cells as a therapeutic intervention against cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:371-80. [PMID: 21132428 PMCID: PMC11028716 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new vaccination strategy by using the Salmonella type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate heterologous antigens into the cytosol of host cells. This leads to an efficient antigen-specific CD8 T cell induction. Recently, we have demonstrated the use of Salmonella's T3SS for the immunoprophylaxis of a solid tumor. The murine fibrosarcoma WEHI 164 was transfected with the DNA sequence encoding the MHC class I-peptide p60(217-225) from Listeria monocytogenes. In the present study, we used this tumor model to investigate the potential of vaccination with recombinant Salmonella in a therapeutic setting. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously challenged with WEHI-p60 cells. Simultaneously or 4 days later, these mice received either an orogastric or intravenous immunization with Salmonella translocating p60. Interestingly, 71-80% of the intravenously and 50-52% of the orogastrically immunized mice showed a complete tumor regression after 14 days. In addition, the distribution of tetramer-positive p60(217-225)-specific CD8 T cell subpopulations in blood and tumor tissue was analyzed. Co-staining with CD62L and CD127 revealed that the frequencies of p60(217-225)-specific effector and effector memory CD8 T cells in blood and in fibrosarcoma tissue were related to the kinetics of tumor regression. In summary, our study demonstrates that therapeutic vaccination with Salmonella leads to efficient induction of tumor-invading effector CD8 T cells that may result in significant tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Roider
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Jellbauer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Köhn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Berchtold
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Partilla
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Antigen-specific Immunotherapy”, Helmholtz Center Munich and TUM, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Holger Rüssmann
- Institute for Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Walterhöferstrasse 11, 14165 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Panthel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gavalas NG, Karadimou A, Dimopoulos MA, Bamias A. Immune response in ovarian cancer: how is the immune system involved in prognosis and therapy: potential for treatment utilization. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:791603. [PMID: 21318181 PMCID: PMC3034919 DOI: 10.1155/2010/791603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women. Resistance to the disease occurs in more than 70% of the cases even after treated with chemotherapy agents such as paclitaxel- and platinum-based agents. The immune system is increasingly becoming a target for intense research in order to study the host's immune response against ovarian cancer. T cell populations, including NK T cells and Tregs, and cytokines have been associated with disease outcome, indicating their increasing clinical significance, having been associated with prognosis and as markers of disease progress, respectively. Harnessing the immune system capacity in order to induce antitumor response remains a major challenge. This paper examines the recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of development of the immune response in ovarian cancer as well as its prognostic significance and the existing experience in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos G. Gavalas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Karadimou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for metastatic melanoma, including interferon alpha and interleukin-2, offer a modest benefit. Immunotherapy, although has not enjoyed high overall response rates, is capable of providing durable responses in a subset of patients. In recent years, new molecular-targeted therapies have become available and offer promise of clinical benefit, although low durability of response. It is not yet clear how best to integrate these 2 novel modalities that target the immune response to melanoma (immune therapy) or that target molecular signaling pathways in the melanoma cells (targeted therapy). Many signal transduction pathways are important in both tumor cell and T-cell proliferation and survival, which generate risk in combining targeted therapy and immunotherapy. This review focuses on the role of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in melanoma, and discusses how to combine the 2 modalities rationally for increased duration and response.
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Kitamura H, Sedlik C, Jacquet A, Zaragoza B, Dusseaux M, Premel V, Sastre-Garau X, Lantz O. Long Peptide Vaccination Can Lead to Lethality through CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Cytokine Storm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:892-901. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Bedognetti D, Wang E, Sertoli MR, Marincola FM. Gene-expression profiling in vaccine therapy and immunotherapy for cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:555-65. [PMID: 20518712 PMCID: PMC3411321 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of tumor antigens recognized by T cells led to the design of therapeutic strategies aimed at eliciting adaptive immune responses. The last decade of experience has shown that, although active immunization can induce enhancement of anticancer T-cell precursors (easily detectable in standard assays), most often they are unable to induce tumor regression and, consequently, have scarcely any impact on overall survival. Moreover, in the few occasions when tumor rejection occurs, the mechanisms determining this phenomenon remain poorly understood, and data derived from in vivo human observations are rare. The advent of high-throughput gene-expression analysis (microarrays) has cast new light on unrecognized mechanisms that are now deemed to be central for the development of efficient immune-mediated tumor rejection. The aim of this article is to review the data on the molecular signature associated with this process. We believe that the description of how the mechanism of immune-mediated tissue destruction occurs would contribute to our understanding of why it happens, thereby allowing us to develop more effective immune therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bedognetti
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- S.C. Oncologia Medica B, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario Roberto Sertoli
- S.C. Oncologia Medica B, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Molavi O, Mahmud A, Hamdy S, Hung RW, Lai R, Samuel J, Lavasanifar A. Development of a Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticle Formulation of STAT3 Inhibitor JSI-124: Implication for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:364-74. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900145g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ommoleila Molavi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada, Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R7, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Abdullah Mahmud
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada, Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R7, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Samar Hamdy
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada, Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R7, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Ryan W. Hung
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada, Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R7, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada, Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R7, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - John Samuel
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada, Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R7, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada, Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R7, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G6, Canada
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13
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Anti-tumor immune response in ovarian cancer: clinical implications, prognostic significance and potential for novel treatment strategies. Oncol Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-009-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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14
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Gao YF, Peng RQ, Li J, Ding Y, Zhang X, Wu XJ, Pan ZZ, Wan DS, Zeng YX, Zhang XS. The paradoxical patterns of expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in colon cancer. J Transl Med 2009; 7:71. [PMID: 19695096 PMCID: PMC2736158 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the putative mechanisms of tumor immune escape is based on the hypothesis that carcinomas actively create an immunosuppressed state via the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), both in the cancer cells and in the immune cells among the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). In an attempt to verify this hypothesis, the patterns of expression of IDO in the cancer cells and the immune cells among colon cancers were examined. Methods Seventy-one cases of pathologically-confirmed colon cancer tissues matched with adjacent non-cancerous tissues, lymph node metastases, and TDLN without metastases were collected at the Sun Yat-sen Cancer Center between January 2000 and December 2000. The expression of IDO and Bin1, an IDO regulator, was determined with an immunohistochemical assay. The association between IDO or Bin1 expression and TNM stages and the 5-year survival rate in colon cancer patients was analyzed. Results IDO and Bin1 were detected in the cytoplasm of cancer cells and normal epithelium. In primary colon cancer, the strong expression of IDO existed in 9/71 cases (12.7%), while the strong expression of Bin1 existed in 33/71 cases (46.5%). However, similar staining of IDO and Bin1 existed in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Among the 41 cases with primary colon tumor and lymph node metastases, decreased expression of IDO was documented in the lymph node metastases. Furthermore, among the TDLN without metastases, a higher density of IDO+cells was documented in 21/60 cases (35%). Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the density of IDO+cells in TDLN was an independent prognostic factor. The patients with a higher density of IDO+cells in TDLN had a lower 5-year survival rate (37.5%) than the cells with a lower density (73.1%). Conclusion This study demonstrated paradoxical patterns of expression of IDO in colon cancer. The high density IDO+cells existed in TDLN and IDO was down-regulated in lymph nodes with metastases, implying that IDO in tumor and immune cells functions differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 651 Dongfeng R E, 510060, Guangzhou, PR China.
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15
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Kawabe M, Mandic M, Taylor JL, Vasquez CA, Wesa AK, Neckers LM, Storkus WJ. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitor 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin enhances EphA2+ tumor cell recognition by specific CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6995-7003. [PMID: 19690146 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EphA2, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, is commonly expressed by a broad range of cancer types, where its level of (over)expression correlates with poor clinical outcome. Because tumor cell expressed EphA2 is a nonmutated "self" protein, specific CD8(+) T cells are subject to self-tolerance mechanisms and typically exhibit only moderate-to-low functional avidity, rendering them marginally competent to recognize EphA2(+) tumor cells in vitro or in vivo. We have recently reported that the ability of specific CD8(+) T cells to recognize EphA2(+) tumor cells can be augmented after the cancer cells are pretreated with EphA2 agonists that promote proteasomal degradation and up-regulated expression of EphA2/class I complexes on the tumor cell membrane. In the current study, we show that treatment of EphA2(+) tumor cells with the irreversible heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), similarly enhances their recognition by EphA2-specific CD8(+) T-cell lines and clones in vitro via a mechanism that is dependent on proteasome and transporter-associated protein function as well as the retrotranslocation of EphA2 into the tumor cytoplasm. When 17-DMAG and agonist anti-EphA2 monoclonal antibodies are coapplied, T-cell recognition of tumor cells is further increased over that observed for either agent alone. These studies suggest that EphA2 represents a novel heat shock protein 90 client protein and that the treatment of cancer patients with 17-DMAG-based "pulse" therapy may improve the antitumor efficacy of CD8(+) T effector cells reactive against EphA2-derived epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Kawabe
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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16
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Wang E, Worschech A, Marincola FM. The immunologic constant of rejection. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:256-62. [PMID: 18457994 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The complexity underlying a pathologic process does not necessarily require a complex explanation. The biology determining allograft or cancer rejection, autoimmunity or tissue damage during pathogen infections is complex; however, common patterns are emerging that lead to a common final outcome. For instance, tissue destruction occurs with resolution of the pathogenic process (cancer, infection) or tissue damage and organ failure (autoimmunity, allograft rejection). Observations in humans based on transcriptional profiling converge into what we call an 'immunologic constant of rejection' that characterizes such occurrences. This constant includes the coordinate activation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and immune effector functions (IEFs). Understanding this final effector pathway may suggest novel strategies for the induction or inhibition of tissue-specific destruction with therapeutic intent in cancer and other immune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Synergistic antitumor effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and STAT3 inhibitory agent JSI-124 in a mouse melanoma tumor model. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:506-14. [PMID: 18392040 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the major limitations for cancer immunotherapy is related to the frequent existence of an intra-tumoral immunosuppressive environment, to which STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3) activation in tumor and dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to contribute. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the combination of CpG (a DC activator) and JSI-124 (a STAT3 inhibitor) may generate synergistic antitumor effects compared to CpG or JSI-124 alone. B16-F10, a mouse melanoma cell line that has constitutively active STAT3, was grafted in C57BL/6 mice and then tumor-bearing mice treated intra-tumorally with (a) phosphate buffered saline, (b) 10 microg CpG, (c) 1 mg kg(-1) JSI-124 or (d) 10 microg CpG+1 mg kg(-1) JSI-124. The effects of treatments on tumor growth, survival and antitumor immune responses were evaluated. Although significant antitumor effects were detected with the single-agent treatments, the CpG+JSI-124 treatment resulted in synergistic antitumor effects compared to CpG or JSI-124 alone. Correlating with these findings, the combination therapy resulted in significantly higher intra-tumoral levels of several proinflammatory, TH1-related cytokines (including IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-2), increases in intra-tumoral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells expressing activation/memory markers and NK cells and increases in activated DCs in the tumors and regional lymph nodes (LNs). Concomitantly, the combination therapy led to a significantly decreased level of immunosuppression, as evidenced by lower intra-tumoral level of VEGF and TGF-beta, and decreased number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the regional LNs. This study has provided the proof-of-principle for combining CpG and JSI-124 to enhance antitumor immune responses.
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18
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Chiriva-Internati M, Ferrari R, Prabhakar M, Yu Y, Baggoni L, Moreno J, Gagliano N, Portinaro N, Jenkins MR, Frezza EE, Hardwicke F, D'Cunha N, Kast W, Cobos E. The pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG-1): an immunological target for multiple myeloma. J Transl Med 2008; 6:15. [PMID: 18384692 PMCID: PMC2323366 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple Myeloma is a cancer of B plasma cells, which produce non-specific antibodies and proliferate uncontrolled. Due to the potential relapse and non-specificity of current treatments, immunotherapy promises to be more specific and may induce long-term immunity in patients. The pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG-1) has been shown to be a novel oncogene, expressed in the testis, thymus, colon, lung and placenta (undetectable in most other tissues). Furthermore, it is over expressed in many tumors such as the pituitary adenoma, breast, gastrointestinal cancers, leukemia, lymphoma, and lung cancer and it seems to be associated with tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and cancer progression. The purpose was to investigate the presence/rate of expression of PTTG-1 in multiple myeloma patients. Methods We analyzed the PTTG-1 expression at the transcriptional and the protein level, by PCR, immunocytochemical methods, Dot-blot and ELISA performed on patient's sera in 19 multiple myeloma patients, 6 different multiple myeloma cell lines and in normal human tissue. Results We did not find PTTG-1 presence in the normal human tissue panel, but PTTG-1 mRNA was detectable in 12 of the 19 patients, giving evidence of a 63% rate of expression (data confirmed by ELISA). Four of the 6 investigated cell lines (66.6%) were positive for PTTG-1. Investigations of protein expression gave evidence of 26.3% cytoplasmic expression and 16% surface expression in the plasma cells of multiple myeloma patients. Protein presence was also confirmed by Dot-blot in both cell lines and patients. Conclusion We established PTTG-1's presence at both the transcriptional and protein levels. These data suggest that PTTG-1 is aberrantly expressed in multiple myeloma plasma cells, is highly immunogenic and is a suitable target for immunotherapy of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Substantial evidence shows that inflammation promotes oncogenesis and, occasionally, participates in cancer rejection. This paradox can be accounted for by a dynamic switch from chronic smouldering inflammation promoting cancer-cell survival to florid, tissue-disruptive inflammatory reactions that trigger cancer-cell destruction. Clinical and experimental observations suggest that the mechanism of this switch recapitulates the events associated with pathogen infection, which stimulate immune cells to recognise danger signals and activate immune effector functions. Generally, cancers do not have danger signals and, therefore, they cannot elicit strong immune reactions. Synthetic molecules have been developed that mimic pathogen invasion at the tumour site. These compounds activate dendritic cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines, which in turn trigger cytotoxic mechanisms leading to cancer death. Simultaneously, dendritic cells capture antigen shed by dying cancer cells, undergo activation, and stimulate antigen-specific T and B cells. This process results in massive amplification of the antineoplastic inflammatory process. Thus, although anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent onset of some malignant diseases, induction of T cells specific for tumour antigen by active immunisation, combined with powerful activation signals within the cancer microenvironment, might yield the best strategy for treatment of established cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas and Institute of Pathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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20
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Andersen MH, Sørensen RB, Schrama D, Svane IM, Becker JC, Thor Straten P. Cancer treatment: the combination of vaccination with other therapies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1735-43. [PMID: 18286284 PMCID: PMC2522294 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing of the immune system by the development of ‘therapeutic’ vaccines, for the battle against cancer has been the focus of tremendous research efforts over the past two decades. As an illustration of the impressive amounts of data gathered over the past years, numerous antigens expressed on the surface of cancer cells, have been characterized. To this end, recent years research has focussed on characterization of antigens that play an important role for the growth and survival of cancer cells. Anti-apoptotic molecules like survivin that enhance the survival of cancer cells and facilitate their escape from cytotoxic therapies represent prime vaccination candidates. The characterization of a high number of tumor antigens allow the concurrent or serial immunological targeting of different proteins associated with such cancer traits. Moreover, while vaccination in itself is a promising new approach to fight cancer, the combination with additional therapy could create a number of synergistic effects. Herein we discuss the possibilities and prospects of vaccination when combined with other treatments. In this regard, cell death upon drug exposure may be immunogenic or non-immunogenic depending on the specific chemotherapeutics. Also, chemotherapy represents one of several options available for clearance of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Moreover, therapies based on monoclonal antibodies may have synergistic potential in combination with vaccination, both when used for targeting of tumor cells and endothelial cells. The efficacy of therapeutic vaccination against cancer will over the next few years be studied in settings taking advantage of strategies in which vaccination is combined with other treatment modalities. These combinations should be based on current knowledge not only regarding the biology of the cancer cell per se, but also considering how treatment may influence the malignant cell population as well as the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Hald Andersen
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Herlev University Hospital, 54P4, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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21
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Cavanagh WA, Tjoa BA, Ragde H. Chemotherapy followed by syngeneic dendritic cell injection in the mouse: findings and implications for human treatment. Urology 2008; 70:36-41. [PMID: 18194710 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.06.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 02/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have described an apparent synergy between systemic chemotherapy administration and the intratumoral injection of dendritic cells (DCs) in the successful treatment of murine tumors. A review of several of these studies is undertaken here and possible combinations of DC therapy and conventional cancer therapies are discussed with the goal of contemplating the exploitation of current findings and theory toward the treatment of human patients with cancer. The methods and results of several murine studies are described in detail and additional reference is made to other relevant murine studies. Hypothetical routes of synergy between DC therapy, chemotherapy, and ablative therapies are explored, and the potentially significant role played by the regulatory immune system is discussed. Given the results of preclinical studies and the current understanding of cancer immunity, it is possible to consider a human treatment that calls for focal ablation of cancer followed by intratumoral DC injection, in the setting of chemotherapy-based regulatory T-cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Cavanagh
- Haakon Ragde Foundation for Advanced Cancer Studies, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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22
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Wang E, Selleri S, Marincola FM. The Requirements for CTL-Mediated Rejection of Cancer in Humans: NKG2D and Its Role in the Immune Responsiveness of Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7228-31. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Selleri S, Rumio C, Sabatino M, Marincola FM, Wang E. Tumor Microenvironment and the Immune Response. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2007; 16:737-53, vii-viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Wall EM, Milne K, Martin ML, Watson PH, Theiss P, Nelson BH. Spontaneous mammary tumors differ widely in their inherent sensitivity to adoptively transferred T cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6442-50. [PMID: 17616705 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer can lead to the selection of antigen loss variants, which provides strong rationale to target oncogenes that are essential for tumor growth or viability. To investigate this concept, we tagged the HER2/neu oncogene with epitopes from ovalbumin to confer recognition by T-cell receptor transgenic CD8(+) (OT-I) and CD4(+) (OT-II) T cells. Transgenic mice expressing neu(OT-I/OT-II) developed mammary adenocarcinomas at 6 to 10 months of age. Adoptively transferred naive OT-I cells (with or without OT-II cells) proliferated vigorously on encountering neu(OT-I/OT-II)-expressing tumors. This was followed by the complete regression of 37% of tumors, whereas others showed partial/stable responses (40%) or progressive disease (23%). Those tumors undergoing complete regression never recurred. In mice with multiple primary tumors, simultaneous regressions and nonregressions were often seen, indicating that immune evasion occurred at a local rather than systemic level. The majority of nonregressing tumors expressed Neu(OT-I/OT-II) and MHC class I, and many avoided rejection through a profound block to T-cell infiltration. Thus, T cells directed against an essential oncogene can permanently eradicate a subset of spontaneous, established mammary tumors. However, in other tumors, local barriers severely limit the therapeutic response. To maximize the efficacy of immunotherapy against spontaneous cancers, predictive strategies that take into account the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Wall
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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25
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Barabas AZ, Cole CD, Barabas AD, Lafreniere R. Preventative and therapeutic vaccination to combat an experimental autoimmune kidney disease. Biologics 2007; 1:59-68. [PMID: 19707349 PMCID: PMC2721341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new vaccination method called modified vaccination technique (MVT). The technique is able to achieve downregulation of pathogenic autoimmune events leading to a chronic progressive disorder in rats called slowly progressive Heymann nephritis. Downregulation of immunopathological events is achieved by injections of immune complex (IC) made up of the target native antigen (ag) and specific naturally occurring immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody (ab) directed against it. Repeated injections of IC maintain high levels of specific circulating IgM autoantibodies (aabs) against the kidney ag. The developing physiologic IgM aabs assist in the catabolism of both modified and unmodified renal ags from the circulation. No disease-causing renal ags in the circulation results in no stimulation of pathogenic immunoglobulin G aab producing cell lines. Such specific targeted therapy leads to termination of disease-causing processes and reestablishment of tolerance. The MVT can be employed both prophylactically and therapeutically with equal effectiveness. A redirected immune response is achieved by specifically stimulating the animals' own IgM-producing cell lines with the injected ICs, resulting in a natural cure. Such ICs are nontoxic and nonirritant and cause no side effects. We surmise that the MVT, employing the appropriate components in each instance, can also be used to treat human ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Z Barabas
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chad D Cole
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Arpad D Barabas
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rene Lafreniere
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Littman BH, Di Mario L, Plebani M, Marincola FM. What's next in translational medicine? Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112:217-27. [PMID: 17223795 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Translational medicine is the integrated application of innovative pharmacology tools, biomarkers, clinical methods, clinical technologies and study designs to improve disease understanding, confidence in human drug targets and increase confidence in drug candidates, understand the therapeutic index in humans, enhance cost-effective decision making in exploratory development and increase phase II success. Translational research is one of the most important activities of translational medicine as it supports predictions about probable drug activities across species and is especially important when compounds with unprecedented drug targets are brought to humans for the first time. Translational research has the potential to deliver many practical benefits for patients and justify the extensive investments placed by the private and public sector in biomedical research. Translational research encompasses a complexity of scientific, financial, ethical, regulatory, legislative and practical hurdles that need to be addressed at several levels to make the process efficient. Several have resisted the idea of supporting translational research because of its high costs and the fear that it may re-direct funds from other biomedical disciplines. Resistance also comes from those more familiar with traditional clinical research methods. In this review, we argue that translational research should be seen as enabled by ongoing efforts in basic and clinical research and not competing with them. Translational research provides the knowledge necessary to draw important conclusions from clinical testing regarding disease and the viability of novel drug mechanisms. Advancing translational research requires education and new sources of funding. This could be achieved through public and congressional education by a joint coalition of patients' advocacy groups, academia, drug regulatory agencies and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Littman
- Global Translational Medicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, New London, CT 23240, USA
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27
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Kilinc MO, Aulakh KS, Nair RE, Jones SA, Alard P, Kosiewicz MM, Egilmez NK. Reversing tumor immune suppression with intratumoral IL-12: activation of tumor-associated T effector/memory cells, induction of T suppressor apoptosis, and infiltration of CD8+ T effectors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:6962-73. [PMID: 17082611 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A single intratumoral injection of IL-12 and GM-CSF-loaded slow-release microspheres induces T cell-dependent eradication of established primary and metastatic tumors in a murine lung tumor model. To determine how the delivery of cytokines directly to the microenvironment of a tumor nodule induces local and systemic antitumor T cell activity, we characterized therapy-induced phenotypic and functional changes in tumor-infiltrating T cell populations. Analysis of pretherapy tumors demonstrated that advanced primary tumors were infiltrated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with an effector/memory phenotype and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T suppressor cells. Tumor-associated effector memory CD8+ T cells displayed impaired cytotoxic function, whereas CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells effectively inhibited T cell proliferation demonstrating functional integrity. IL-12/GM-CSF treatment promoted a rapid up-regulation of CD43 and CD69 on CD8+ effector/memory T cells, augmented their ability to produce IFN-gamma, and restored granzyme B expression. Importantly, treatment also induced a concomitant and progressive loss of T suppressors from the tumor. Further analysis established that activation of pre-existing effector memory T cells was short-lived and that both the effector/memory and the suppressor T cells became apoptotic within 4 days of treatment. Apoptotic death of pre-existing effector/memory and suppressor T cells was followed by infiltration of the tumor with activated, nonapoptotic CD8+ effector T lymphocytes on day 7 posttherapy. Both CD8+ T cell activation and T suppressor cell purge were mediated primarily by IL-12 and required IFN-gamma. This study provides important insight into how local IL-12 therapy alters the immunosuppressive tumor milieu to one that is immunologically active, ultimately resulting in tumor regression.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/therapy
- Animals
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Immunologic Memory
- Injections, Intralesional
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Microspheres
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet O Kilinc
- J.G. Brown Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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28
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Savage P, Dyson J, Milrain M, Mathews D, King B, Chan HTC, Barber L, Epenetos A, Ogg G, McMichael A, Glennie MJ, French RR. Immunotherapy with Antibody-Targeted HLA Class I Complexes: Results of in vivo Tumour Cell Killing and Therapeutic Vaccination. Tumour Biol 2007; 28:205-11. [PMID: 17709989 DOI: 10.1159/000107416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The delivery of antibody-targeted major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I complexes containing immunogenic peptides to the surface of tumour cells allows cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of non-tumour specificity to recognise and kill the tumour cell. Previous studies have demonstrated the activity of this system in vitro and in a simple pre-clinical model. This system has also been shown to be an effective method of expanding antigen-specific CTLs in vitro when used to target MHC class I complexes to the surface of B cells. METHODS Mice were immunised with ovalbumin and the survival of EL4Hu20 lymphoma cells targeted with H2-D(b)/Ova complexes and control MHC complexes was compared by FACS analysis. A tumour protection assay was performed where immunised mice were injected B16Hu20 melanoma cells targeted with H2-K(b)/Ova or control complexes. T cell expansion in vivo was examined by administering B cells targeted with MHC class I/peptide complexes and assessing T cell expansion by tetramer analysis. RESULTS In vivo killing of H2-D(b)/Ova-targeted lymphoma cells in the immunised mice was demonstrated with these cells present at only 12% of the level of the control cells. In contrast, in non-immunised mice the survival of H2-D(b)/Ova-targeted and control cells was comparable. In the tumour protection assay, injection of melanoma cells targeted with H2-K(b)/Ova complexes resulted in the development of only a solitary metastasis in each mouse. This compared to an average of 130 metastases in the control mice injected with B16Hu20 cells targeted with a control MHC peptide complex. In vivo CTL expansion was demonstrated after a single intravenous administration of Daudi B cells coated with H2-D(b)/Uty complexes produced an increase in the proportion of Uty-reactive CTLs from 3.3 to 21.5%. CONCLUSION This study supports the development of antibody-delivered MHC complexes as a method of producing CTL-mediated lysis of cancer cells in vivo. As a therapeutic vaccine, the system may provide an effective approach for expanding oligoclonal T cell responses in vivo in the treatment of malignancy and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Savage
- Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
There is overwhelming evidence that the human immune system can keep in check the growth of autologous tumors. Yet, this phenomenon is rare and most often tumors survive striking a balance with the host's immune system. The well-documented coexistence of immune cells that can recognize cancer and their targets within the same host is reminiscent of chronic allograft rejection well-controlled by immune suppression or of a lingering tissue-specific autoimmune reaction. In this review, we argue that autologous tumor rejection represents a distinct form of tissue-specific rejection similar to acute allograft rejection or to flares of autoimmunity. Here we discuss similarities within the biology of these phenomena that may converge into a common immunological constant of rejection. The purpose is to simplify the basis of immune rejection to its bare bones critically dissecting the significance of those components proposed by experimental models as harbingers of this final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Immunogenetics Section, The Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ridolfi R, Petrini M, Fiammenghi L, Stefanelli M, Ridolfi L, Ballardini M, Migliori G, Riccobon A. Improved overall survival in dendritic cell vaccination-induced immunoreactive subgroup of advanced melanoma patients. J Transl Med 2006; 4:36. [PMID: 16914047 PMCID: PMC1562447 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present our experience of therapeutic vaccination using dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with autologous tumor antigens in patients with advanced melanoma. METHODS Twenty-one pretreated advanced melanoma patients were vaccinated with autologous DC pulsed with 100 microg/ml of autologous-tumor-lysate (ATL) or -homogenate (ATH) and 50 microg/ml of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The first 8 patients were treated subcutaneously or intradermally with immature-DC (iDC) (range 4.5-82 x 10(6)) and the remaining 13 intradermally with in vitro matured DC (mDC) (range 1.2-26 x 10(6)). Subcutaneous interleukin-2 (3 x 10(6) IU) was administered from days 3 to 7 of each treatment cycle. RESULTS Three of the 8 iDC patients obtained stabilizations (SD), each of 6 months' duration. The 13 mDC patients showed 1 complete response (8 months), 1 partial response (3 months), 2 mixed responses (6 and 12 months) and 3 SD (9, 7+, and 3+ months). Overall responses (OR) were observed in 4/21 (19%) patients, or 4/13 (30.7%) considering mDC treatment only. 10/21 (47.6%) patients showed non progressive disease (NPD), with 7/13 (53.8%) cases of NPD for mDC-treated patients. No major toxicities were observed. The positive delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) test to ATL/ATH and/or KLH correlated with increased overall survival (OS). Median OS was 24 months (range 3-45) for the 10 DTH-positive (1 iDC and 9 mDC) and 5 months (range 3-14) for the 11 DTH-negative patients (P < 0.001). The in vitro evaluation of gamma IFN-secreting T-cells in 10 patients showed good correlation with both DTH (75%) and clinical outcome (70%). CONCLUSION Vaccination using DC pulsed with ATL/ATH and KLH in advanced melanoma patients is well tolerated and can induce a clinical response, especially when mDC are used. Successful immunization, verified by positive DTH, leads to longer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Ridolfi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Via Forlanini 34, 47100 Forlì, Italy
| | | | - Laura Fiammenghi
- Istituto Oncologico Romagnolo, Via Forlanini 34, 47100 Forlì, Italy
| | - Monica Stefanelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Via Forlanini 34, 47100 Forlì, Italy
| | - Laura Ridolfi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Via Forlanini 34, 47100 Forlì, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Migliori
- Blood Transfusion Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Via Forlanini 34, 47100 Forlì, Italy
| | - Angela Riccobon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Via Forlanini 34, 47100 Forlì, Italy
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31
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Nair RE, Kilinc MO, Jones SA, Egilmez NK. Chronic immune therapy induces a progressive increase in intratumoral T suppressor activity and a concurrent loss of tumor-specific CD8+ T effectors in her-2/neu transgenic mice bearing advanced spontaneous tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7325-34. [PMID: 16751376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A single intratumoral injection of IL-12 and GM-CSF-encapsulated microspheres induces the complete regression of advanced spontaneous tumors in her-2/neu transgenic mice. However, tumor regression in this model is transient and long-term cure is not achieved due to recurrence. Posttherapy molecular analysis of immune activation/suppression markers within the tumor microenvironment demonstrated a dramatic up-regulation of IFN-gamma and a concomitant down-regulation of Forkhead/winged-helix protein 3 (Foxp3), TGFbeta, and IL-10 expression. Therapy-induced reversion of immune suppression was transient since all three markers of suppression recovered rapidly and surpassed pretherapy levels by day 7 after treatment, resulting in tumor resurgence. Repeated treatment enhanced short-term tumor regression, but did not augment long-term survival. Serial long-term analysis demonstrated that although chronic stimulation enhanced the IFN-gamma response, this was countered by a parallel increase in Foxp3, TGFbeta, and IL-10 expression. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocyte populations showed that the expression of Foxp3 and IL-10 was associated with CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. Repeated treatment resulted in a progressive increase in tumor-infiltrating CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T suppressor cells establishing their role in long-term neutralization of antitumor activity. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells demonstrated that although treatment enhanced IFN-gamma production, antitumor cytotoxicity was diminished. Monitoring of CD8(+) T cells that specifically recognized a dominant MHC class I her-2/neu peptide showed a dramatic increase in tetramer-specific CD8(+) T cells after the first treatment; however, continuous therapy resulted in the loss of this population. These results demonstrate that both enhanced suppressor activity and deletion of tumor-specific T cells are responsible for the progressive loss of efficacy that is associated with chronic immune therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Genes, erbB-2
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy, Active/methods
- Injections, Intralesional
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/mortality
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji E Nair
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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32
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Gillis JS. Microarray evidence of glutaminyl cyclase gene expression in melanoma: implications for tumor antigen specific immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2006; 4:27. [PMID: 16820060 PMCID: PMC1557589 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years encouraging progress has been made in developing vaccine treatments for cancer, particularly with melanoma. However, the overall rate of clinically significant results has remained low. The present research used microarray datasets from previous investigations to examine gene expression patterns in cancer cell lines with the goal of better understanding the tumor microenvironment. METHODS Principal Components Analyses with Promax rotational transformations were carried out with 90 cancer cell lines from 3 microarray datasets, which had been made available on the internet as supplementary information from prior publications. RESULTS In each of the analyses a well defined melanoma component was identified that contained a gene coding for the enzyme, glutaminyl cyclase, which was as highly expressed as genes from a variety of well established biomarkers for melanoma, such as MAGE-3 and MART-1, which have frequently been used in clinical trials of melanoma vaccines. CONCLUSION Since glutaminyl cyclase converts glutamine and glutamic acid into a pyroglutamic form, it may interfere with the tumor destructive process of vaccines using peptides having glutamine or glutamic acid at their N-terminals. Finding ways of inhibiting the activity of glutaminyl cyclase in the tumor microenvironment may help to increase the effectiveness of some melanoma vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stuart Gillis
- Science and Technology Studies, St, Thomas University, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
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33
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Jin P, Wang E, Provenzano M, Deola S, Selleri S, Ren J, Voiculescu S, Stroncek D, Panelli MC, Marincola FM. Molecular signatures induced by interleukin-2 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cell subsets. J Transl Med 2006; 4:26. [PMID: 16805915 PMCID: PMC1557669 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally, interleukin-2 (IL-2) exerts complex immunological functions promoting the proliferation, survival and activation of T cells on one hand and inducing immune regulatory mechanisms on the other. This complexity results from a cross talk among immune cells which sways the effects of IL-2 according to the experimental or clinical condition tested. Recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 47 donors of different genetic background induced generalized T cell activation and anti-apoptotic effects. Most effects were dependent upon interactions among immune cells. Specialized functions of CD4 and CD8 T cells were less dependent upon and often dampened by the presence of other PBMC populations. In particular, cytotoxic T cell effector function was variably affected with a component strictly dependent upon the direct stimulation of CD8 T cells in the absence of other PBMC. This observation may provide a roadmap for the interpretation of the discrepant biological activities of rIL-2 observed in distinct pathological conditions or treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Immune Oncology Section, Department of Surgery, University Hospital ZLF, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Deola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Silvia Selleri
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Ren
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Sonia Voiculescu
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - David Stroncek
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Monica C Panelli
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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34
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Huijbers IJ, Krimpenfort P, Chomez P, van der Valk MA, Song JY, Inderberg-Suso EM, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Berns A, Van den Eynde BJ. An inducible mouse model of melanoma expressing a defined tumor antigen. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3278-86. [PMID: 16540681 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy based on vaccination with defined tumor antigens has not yet shown strong clinical efficacy, despite promising results in preclinical models. This discrepancy might result from the fact that available preclinical models rely on transplantable tumors, which do not recapitulate the long-term host-tumor interplay that occurs in patients during progressive tumor development and results in tumor tolerance. To create a faithful preclinical model for cancer immunotherapy, we generated a transgenic mouse strain developing autologous melanomas expressing a defined tumor antigen recognized by T cells. We chose the antigen encoded by P1A, a well-characterized murine cancer germ line gene. To transform melanocytes, we aimed at simultaneously activating the Ras pathway and inactivating tumor suppressor Ink4a/Arf, thereby reproducing two genetic events frequently observed in human melanoma. The melanomas are induced by s.c. injection of 4-OH-tamoxifen (OHT). By activating a CreER recombinase expressed from a melanocyte-specific promoter, this treatment induces the loss of the conditional Ink4a/Arf gene in melanocytes. Because the CreER gene itself is also flanked by loxP sites, the activation of CreER also induces the deletion of its own coding sequence and thereby allows melanocyte-specific expression of genes H-ras and P1A, which are located downstream on the same transgene. All melanomas induced in those mice with OHT show activation of the Ras pathway and deletion of gene Ink4a/Arf. In addition, these melanomas express P1A and are recognized by P1A-specific T lymphocytes. This model will allow to characterize the interactions between the immune system and naturally occurring tumors and thereby to optimize immunotherapy approaches targeting a defined tumor antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo J Huijbers
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Gillis JS. An avian influenza vaccine for humans targeting the polymerase B2 protein inside the capsid instead of hemagglutinin or neuramidase on the virus surface. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:975-7. [PMID: 16403603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines for avian influenza typically are aimed at hemagglutinin or neuramidase on the outside of the virus capsid. A major problem with such an approach is that the genes coding for these proteins have a very rapid mutation rate, forcing commercial producers to wait for mutations to occur before developing effective new versions of standard vaccines. However, a recent study has revealed that the 1918 flu virus, like the H5N1 avian flu virus, has an E627K mutation in its polymerase B2 component, which is located inside the virus capsid. Other research has indicated that this mutation strongly influences the virulence of H5N1. It seems reasonable to believe that the constancy, over more than 80 years, of the E627K mutation could be exploited to begin developing a vaccine now, rather than waiting for new mutations. Consequently, a publicly available database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website, and the SYFPEITHI online computer algorithm, were used to generate a hypothesis about a peptide-based vaccine targeted at the E627K mutation in PB2 of the avian influenza virus. It was found that the peptide sequence, DTVQIIKLL, present in the PB2 protein of the H5N1 virus, would be expected to bind to HLA-A26 restricted immune system cell surface receptors. Hence, the bound peptide might be capable of stimulating protection from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Should the present hypothesis be confirmed in laboratory studies, and an effective vaccine developed for individuals expressing the HLA-A26 receptor; further research would be indicated. This research would be aimed at determining whether molecular modifications to the DTVQIIKLL peptide could make it effective with other members of the HLA-A1 supertype to which HLA-A26 belongs. In addition to allowing vaccine development to begin now, this peptide-based approach would have the advantage of avoiding the use of dangerous, live, avian influenza virus during mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stuart Gillis
- Science and Technology Studies, St. Thomas University, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
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36
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Lucignani G, Rescigno M. The role of molecular imaging in the development of dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32:725-30. [PMID: 15995874 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-1858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Wang E, Panelli MC, Marincola FM. Gene profiling of immune responses against tumors. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:423-7. [PMID: 15950448 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials of tumor-antigen-specific immunization have clearly shown that immune-mediated tumor rejection requires more than simple T cell-target cell interactions. In vivo generation of tumor-specific T cells is one of a series of steps necessary for the induction of clinically relevant immune responses. In recent years, high-throughput functional genomics exposed the complexity of tumor immune biology, which underlies the kaleidoscopic array of variables associated with cancer instability and immunogenetic variability in humans. In the quest to understand immune rejection, hypothesis-driven approaches have failed to take into account the intricacy of human pathology by relying mostly on hypotheses derived from experimental models rather than direct clinical observation. Future investigations should reframe scientific thinking when applied to humans, utilizing descriptive tools to generate novel hypotheses relevant to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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