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Holtermann A, Gislon M, Angele M, Subklewe M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Lauber K, Kobold S. Prospects of Synergy: Local Interventions and CAR T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumors. BioDrugs 2024; 38:611-637. [PMID: 39080180 PMCID: PMC11358237 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-024-00669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy has been established in the treatment of various B cell malignancies. However, translating this therapeutic effect to treat solid tumors has been challenging because of their inter-tumoral as well as intratumoral heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment. Local interventions, such as surgery, radiotherapy, local ablation, and locoregional drug delivery, can enhance chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in solid tumors by improving tumor infiltration and reducing systemic toxicities. Additionally, ablation and radiotherapy have proven to (re-)activate systemic immune responses via abscopal effects and reprogram the tumor microenvironment on a physical, cellular, and chemical level. This review highlights the potential synergy of the combined approaches to overcome barriers of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and summarizes recent studies that may pave the way for new treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Holtermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80336, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Mila Gislon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany.
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.
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Wei F, Liu H, Wang Y, Li Y, Han S. Engineering macrophages and their derivatives: A new hope for antitumor therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116925. [PMID: 38878637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central to the immune system and are found in nearly all tissues. Recently, the development of therapies based on macrophages has attracted significant interest. These therapies utilize macrophages' key roles in immunity, their ability to navigate biological barriers, and their tendency to accumulate in tumors. This review explores the advancement of macrophage-based treatments. We discuss the bioengineering of macrophages for improved anti-tumor effects, the use of CAR macrophage therapy for targeting cancer cells, and macrophages as vehicles for therapeutic delivery. Additionally, we examine engineered macrophage products, like extracellular vesicles and membrane-coated nanoparticles, for their potential in precise and less toxic tumor therapy. Challenges in moving these therapies from research to clinical practice are also highlighted. The aim is to succinctly summarize the current status, challenges, and future directions of engineered macrophages in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Department of General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Anesthesia Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China.
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China.
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Dong J, Chai X, Xue Y, Shen S, Chen Z, Wang Z, Yinwang E, Wang S, Chen L, Wu F, Li H, Chen Z, Xu J, Ye Z, Li X, Lu Q. ZIF-8-Encapsulated Pexidartinib Delivery via Targeted Peptide-Modified M1 Macrophages Attenuates MDSC-Mediated Immunosuppression in Osteosarcoma. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309038. [PMID: 38456768 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, the effectiveness of this therapy is limited by its intricate and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, a targeted therapeutic strategy for macrophage loading of drugs is presented to enhance anti-tumor efficacy of macrophages. K7M2-target peptide (KTP) is used to modify macrophages to enhance their affinity for tumors. Pexidartinib-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles (P@ZIF-8) are loaded into macrophages to synergistically alleviate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment synergistically. Thus, the M1 macrophages decorated with KTP carried P@ZIF-8 and are named P@ZIF/M1-KTP. The tumor volumes in the P@ZIF/M1-KTP group are significantly smaller than those in the other groups, indicating that P@ZIF/M1-KTP exhibited enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Mechanistically, an increased ratio of CD4+ T cells and a decreased ratio of MDSCs in the tumor tissues after treatment with P@ZIF/M1-KTP indicated that it can alleviate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. RNA-seq further confirms the enhanced immune cell function. Consequently, P@ZIF/M1-KTP has great potential as a novel adoptive cellular therapeutic strategy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Dong
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Xupeng Chai
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Yucheng Xue
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Shiyun Shen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Zetao Wang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Eloy Yinwang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Fengfeng Wu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Hengyuan Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Zehao Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Xiongfeng Li
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
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Kane G, Lusi C, Brassil M, Atukorale P. Engineering approaches for innate immune-mediated tumor microenvironment remodeling. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2024; 21:100406. [PMID: 38213392 PMCID: PMC10777078 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy offers transformative promise particularly for the treatment of lethal cancers, since a correctly trained immune system can comprehensively orchestrate tumor clearance with no need for continued therapeutic intervention. Historically, the majority of immunotherapies have been T cell-focused and have included immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and T-cell vaccines. Unfortunately T-cell-focused therapies have failed to achieve optimal efficacy in most solid tumors largely because of a highly immunosuppressed 'cold' or immune-excluded tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, a rapidly growing treatment paradigm has emerged that focuses on activation of tumor-resident innate antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, which can drive a proinflammatory immune response to remodel the TME from 'cold' or immune-excluded to 'hot'. Early strategies for TME remodeling centered on free cytokines and agonists, but these approaches have faced significant hurdles in both delivery and efficacy. Systemic toxicity from off-target inflammation is a paramount concern in these therapies. To address this critical gap, engineering approaches have provided the opportunity to add 'built-in' capabilities to cytokines, agonists, and other therapeutic agents to mediate improved delivery and efficacy. Such capabilities have included protective encapsulation to shield them from degradation, targeting to direct them with high specificity to tumors, and co-delivery strategies to harness synergistic proinflammatory pathways. Here, we review innate immune-mediated TME remodeling engineering approaches that focus on cytokines, innate immune agonists, immunogenic viruses, and cell-based methods, highlighting emerging preclinical approaches and strategies that are either being tested in clinical trials or already Food and Drug Administration approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.I. Kane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst
- University of Massachusetts Cancer Center, Worcester
| | - C.F. Lusi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst
- University of Massachusetts Cancer Center, Worcester
| | - M.L. Brassil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst
- University of Massachusetts Cancer Center, Worcester
| | - P.U. Atukorale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst
- University of Massachusetts Cancer Center, Worcester
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, USA
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5
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Yoon J, Jeong M, Park JH. Intratumoral adoptive transfer of inflammatory macrophages engineered by co-activating TLR and STING signaling pathways exhibits robust antitumor activity. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:5025-5037. [PMID: 37535193 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in hematologic malignancies, adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has not been effective in treating solid tumors. Here, we developed an inflammatory macrophage-based ACT to effectively treat solid tumors. We engineered inflammatory macrophages to enhance their antitumor activities, including proinflammatory cytokine secretion and co-stimulatory molecule expression by co-activating toll-like receptor and stimulator of interferon genes signaling pathways. Engineered macrophages maintain an inflammatory phenotype after their adoptive transfer into the anti-inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME), whereas conventional inflammatory macrophages prepared using interferon-γ treatment are repolarized to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In a mouse melanoma model, intratumoral adoptive transfer of engineered macrophages showed robust tumor growth inhibition by increasing CD8+ T cells in the TME and tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the blood. This study demonstrated that engineered inflammatory macrophages have potential as an effective ACT for treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Yoon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkyoung Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Huntoon K, Lee D, Dong S, Antony A, Kim BYS, Jiang W. Targeting phagocytosis to enhance antitumor immunity. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:650-665. [PMID: 37150626 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with metastatic or treatment-resistant cancer have experienced improved outcomes after immunotherapy that targets adaptive immune checkpoints. However, innate immune checkpoints, which can hinder the detection and clearance of malignant cells, are also crucial in tumor-mediated immune escape and may also serve as targets in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of immune evasion by cancer cells via disruption of phagocytic clearance, and the potential effects of blocking phagocytosis checkpoints on the activation of antitumor immune responses. We propose that a more effective combination immunotherapy strategy could be to exploit tumor-intrinsic processes that inhibit key innate immune surveillance processes, such as phagocytosis, and incorporate both innate and adaptive immune responses for treating patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Huntoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - DaeYong Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shiyan Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abin Antony
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Dong X, Fan J, Xie W, Wu X, Wei J, He Z, Wang W, Wang X, Shen P, Bei Y. Efficacy evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor-modified human peritoneal macrophages in the treatment of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:551-562. [PMID: 37386139 PMCID: PMC10403530 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) appears to be the most common pattern of recurrence, and more than half of the GC patients eventually die from PC. Novel strategies for the management of patients with PC are urgently needed. Recently, rapid progress has been made in adoptive transfer therapy by using macrophages as the effector cells due to their capabilities of phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and high penetration. Here, we generated a novel macrophage-based therapy and investigated anti-tumoral effects on GC and potential toxicity. METHODS We developed a novel Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Macrophage (CAR-M) based on genetically modifying human peritoneal macrophages (PMs), expressing a HER2-FcεR1γ-CAR (HF-CAR). We tested HF-CAR macrophages in a variety of GC models in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS HF-CAR-PMs specifically targeted HER2-expressed GC, and harboured the FcεR1γ moieties to trigger engulfment. Intraperitoneal administration of HF-CAR-PMs significantly facilitated the HER2-positive tumour regression in PC mouse model and prolonged the overall survival rate. In addition, the combined use of oxaliplatin and HF-CAR-PMs exhibited significantly augment anti-tumour activity and survival benefit. CONCLUSIONS HF-CAR-PMs could represent an exciting therapeutic option for patients with HER2-positive GC cancer, which should be tested in carefully designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Dong
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiqiang Fan
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangxu Xie
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhonglei He
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xueting Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingping Shen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yuncheng Bei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, PR China.
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Hu J, Yang Q, Yue Z, Liao B, Cheng H, Li W, Zhang H, Wang S, Tian Q. Emerging advances in engineered macrophages for tumor immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:235-244. [PMID: 36008206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile antigen-presenting cells. Recent studies suggest that engineered modifications of macrophages may confer better tumor therapy. Genetic engineering of macrophages with specific chimeric antigen receptors offers new possibilities for treatment of solid tumors and has received significant attention. In vitro gene editing of macrophages and infusion into the body can inhibit the immunosuppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment in solid tumors. This strategy is flexible and can be applied to all stages of cancer treatment. In contrast, nongenetic engineering tools are used to block relevant signaling pathways in immunosuppressive responses. In addition, macrophages can be loaded with drugs and engineered into cellular drug delivery systems. Here, we analyze the effect of the chimeric antigen receptor platform on macrophages and other existing engineering modifications of macrophages, highlighting their status, challenges and future perspectives. Indeed, our analyses show that new approaches in the treatment of solid tumors will likely exploit macrophages, an innate immune cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongyu Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boting Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huijuan Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingchang Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Cockey JR, Leifer CA. Racing CARs to veterinary immuno-oncology. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1130182. [PMID: 36876006 PMCID: PMC9982037 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have demonstrated remarkable promise in human oncology over the past two decades, yet similar strategies in veterinary medicine are still in development. CARs are synthetically engineered proteins comprised of a specific antigen-binding single chain variable fragment (ScFv) fused to the signaling domain of a T cell receptor and co-receptors. Patient T cells engineered to express a CAR are directed to recognize and kill target cells, most commonly hematological malignancies. The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved multiple human CAR T therapies, but translation of these therapies into veterinary medicine faces many challenges. In this review, we discuss considerations for veterinary use including CAR design and cell carrier choice, and discuss the future promise of translating CAR therapy into veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia A. Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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10
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Liu Q, Li J, Zheng H, Yang S, Hua Y, Huang N, Kleeff J, Liao Q, Wu W. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for solid neoplasms beyond CAR-T. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:28. [PMID: 36750830 PMCID: PMC9903509 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy are two milestone achievements in clinical immunotherapy. However, both show limited efficacies in most solid neoplasms, which necessitates the exploration of new immunotherapeutic modalities. The failure of CAR-T and immune checkpoint blockade in several solid neoplasms is attributed to multiple factors, including low antigenicity of tumor cells, low infiltration of effector T cells, and diverse mechanisms of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. New adoptive cell therapies have been attempted for solid neoplasms, including TCR-T, CAR-natural killer cells (CAR-NK), and CAR-macrophages (CAR-M). Compared to CAR-T, these new adoptive cell therapies have certain advantages in treating solid neoplasms. In this review, we summarized the 40-year evolution of adoptive cell therapies, then focused on the advances of TCR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M in solid neoplasms and discussed their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofei Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jiayi Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Huaijin Zheng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Sen Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yuze Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Nan Huang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jorg Kleeff
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Wenming Wu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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11
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Ligon JA, Wessel KM, Shah NN, Glod J. Adoptive Cell Therapy in Pediatric and Young Adult Solid Tumors: Current Status and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846346. [PMID: 35273619 PMCID: PMC8901720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances from novel adoptive cellular therapies have yet to be fully realized for the treatment of children and young adults with solid tumors. This review discusses the strategies and preliminary results, including T-cell, NK-cell and myeloid cell-based therapies. While each of these approaches have shown some early promise, there remain challenges. These include poor trafficking to the tumor as well as a hostile tumor microenvironment with numerous immunosuppressive mechanisms which result in exhaustion of cellular therapies. We then turn our attention to new strategies proposed to address these challenges including novel clinical trials that are ongoing and in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ligon
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kristin M Wessel
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John Glod
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Zangeneh Z, Khamisipour G, Andalib AR. Induced overexpression of MARCH-1 in human macrophages altered to M2 phenotype for suppressing inflammation process. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:474-482. [PMID: 35656075 PMCID: PMC9150814 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.62893.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The M1 macrophage is characterized by enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokines production, whereas macrophage (M2) has anti-inflammatory features. Macrophage polarization as a therapeutic target for controlling immune responses could be performed by gene transduction to control the regulation of exaggerated innate/adaptive immune responses. Materials and Methods Macrophages were prepared from THP-1 cell line and human monocytes that were transduced with (Membrane-Associated RING-CH-type finger) MARCH-1 viral lentivector produced in HEK-293T cells. RT-PCR and Western blotting confirmed MARCH-1 gene transduction. Cytokine production, CD markers assay, macrophage phagocytosis potential activity and mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) with CFSE were performed for M1/M2 plasticity. Results The mean fluorescent intensity of HLA-DR and CD64 expression reduced in MARCH-1+ transduced macrophage population. However, CD206 and CD163 expression increased in these macrophages. The concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α and iNOS were decreased in MARCH-1 transduced cells, and TGF-β production showed an augmentation in concentration. Western blotting and real-time PCR measurement confirmed that the expression levels of MARCH-1 protein and arginase-1 enzyme were increased in transduced macrophages. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory features of MARCH-1 revealed the reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors and maintained M2 phenotype characterized by high levels of scavenger receptors. Therefore, targeting MARCH-1 in monocytes/macrophages could represent a new autologous cell-based therapies strategy for inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivar Zangeneh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Khamisipour
- Department of Hematology, School of Para Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Andalib
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ,National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Ali Reza Andalib. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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13
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Understanding and improving cellular immunotherapies against cancer: From cell-manufacturing to tumor-immune models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114003. [PMID: 34653533 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is shaped by dynamic metabolic and immune interactions between precancerous and cancerous tumor cells and stromal cells like epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hematopoietically-derived immune cells. The metabolic states of the TME, including the hypoxic and acidic niches, influence the immunosuppressive phenotypes of the stromal and immune cells, which confers resistance to both host-mediated tumor killing and therapeutics. Numerous in vitro TME platforms for studying immunotherapies, including cell therapies, are being developed. However, we do not yet understand which immune and stromal components are most critical and how much model complexity is needed to answer specific questions. In addition, scalable sourcing and quality-control of appropriate TME cells for reproducibly manufacturing these platforms remain challenging. In this regard, lessons from the manufacturing of immunomodulatory cell therapies could provide helpful guidance. Although immune cell therapies have shown unprecedented results in hematological cancers and hold promise in solid tumors, their manufacture poses significant scale, cost, and quality control challenges. This review first provides an overview of the in vivo TME, discussing the most influential cell populations in the tumor-immune landscape. Next, we summarize current approaches for cell therapies against cancers and the relevant manufacturing platforms. We then evaluate current immune-tumor models of the TME and immunotherapies, highlighting the complexity, architecture, function, and cell sources. Finally, we present the technical and fundamental knowledge gaps in both cell manufacturing systems and immune-TME models that must be addressed to elucidate the interactions between endogenous tumor immunity and exogenous engineered immunity.
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14
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Success from checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapy has brought a new hope in cancer immunotherapy. Adoptive cell therapy involves the isolation of immune cells, ex vivo activation and/or expansion, and reinfusion into the patients, and their effect can be dramatically increased by the incorporation of chimeric antigen receptors specific to molecules expressed on tumor cells. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells have shown exciting results in the treatment of liquid malignancies; nevertheless, they suffer from limitations including severe adverse effects such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity seen in patients as well as a potential for causing graft-versus-host disease in an allogeneic setting. It is thus imperial to explore innate immune cells including natural killer cells, macrophages, natural killer T cells, and γδ T cells. Here, we provide a broad overview of the major innate immune cells and their potential for adoptive cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor engineering.
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15
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Salah A, Li Y, Wang H, Qi N, Wu Y. Macrophages as a Double-Edged Weapon: The Use of Macrophages in Cancer Immunotherapy and Understanding the Cross-Talk Between Macrophages and Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:429-440. [PMID: 33481665 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕs) play an essential role in maintaining body homeostasis. They perform dual functions produced by different subtypes. Mϕs not only fight against pathogens and foreign bodies such as bacteria or cancer cells but also participate in healing and repairing damaged tissue since they maintain both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects sequentially. Tumors possess the ability to polarize Mϕs from proinflammatory M1 subtype to anti-inflammatory M2-like Mϕs called tumor-associated macrophages, which, in turn, help the tumors to acquire cancer hallmarks. Consequently, this polarization allows tumors to grow and spread. In this light, Mϕs have been a subject of intense study, and researchers have developed protocols to derive different Mϕs subtypes either as a new state-of-the-art therapeutic approach or to understand the cross-talk between cancer and Mϕs. In this review, we present the use of primary Mϕs in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer, illustrate the reciprocating interplay between cancer and Mϕs, and the resulting structural and functional change on both cell types. Furthermore, we summarize the recent cutting-edge approaches of using Mϕs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanqin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hangzhou Biaomo Biosciences Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Asia Stem Cell Therapies Co., Limited, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nianmin Qi
- Hangzhou Biaomo Biosciences Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Asia Stem Cell Therapies Co., Limited, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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16
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Anderson NR, Minutolo NG, Gill S, Klichinsky M. Macrophage-Based Approaches for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2020; 81:1201-1208. [PMID: 33203697 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with genetically modified T cells has generated exciting outcomes in hematologic malignancies, but its application to solid tumors has proven challenging. This gap has spurred the investigation of alternative immune cells as therapeutics. Macrophages are potent immune effector cells whose functional plasticity leads to antitumor as well as protumor function in different settings, and this plasticity has led to notable efforts to deplete or repolarize tumor-associated macrophages. Alternatively, macrophages could be adoptively transferred after ex vivo genetic modification. In this review, we highlight the role of macrophages in solid tumors, the progress made with macrophage-focused immunotherapeutic modalities, and the emergence of chimeric antigen receptor macrophage cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saar Gill
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Harizaj A, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I, Braeckmans K. Physical transfection technologies for macrophages and dendritic cells in immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:229-247. [PMID: 32985919 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1828340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, two important antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system, are being explored for the use in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. For this application, the therapeutic potential of patient-derived APCs is increased by delivering different types of functional macromolecules, such as mRNA and pDNA, into their cytosol. Compared to the use of viral and non-viral delivery vectors, physical intracellular delivery techniques are known to be more straightforward, more controllable, faster and generate high delivery efficiencies. AREAS COVERED This review starts with electroporation as the most traditional physical transfection method, before continuing with the more recent technologies such as sonoporation, nanowires and microfluidic cell squeezing. A description is provided of each of those intracellular delivery technologies with their strengths and weaknesses, especially paying attention to delivery efficiency and safety profile. EXPERT OPINION Given the common use of electroporation for the production of therapeutic APCs, it is recommended that more detailed studies are performed on the effect of electroporation on APC fitness, even down to the genetic level. Newer intracellular delivery technologies seem to have less impact on APC functionality but further work is needed to fully uncover their suitability to transfect APCs with different types of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Arndt C, Fasslrinner F, Loureiro LR, Koristka S, Feldmann A, Bachmann M. Adaptor CAR Platforms-Next Generation of T Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051302. [PMID: 32455621 PMCID: PMC7281723 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of conventional chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in the treatment of refractory hematologic malignancies has triggered the development of novel exciting experimental CAR technologies. Among them, adaptor CAR platforms have received much attention. They combine the flexibility and controllability of recombinant antibodies with the power of CARs. Due to their modular design, adaptor CAR systems propose answers to the central problems of conventional CAR therapy, such as safety and antigen escape. This review provides an overview on the different adaptor CAR platforms available, discusses the possibilities and challenges of adaptor CAR therapy, and summarizes the first clinical experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arndt
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frederick Fasslrinner
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Liliana R. Loureiro
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-260-3170
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19
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Klichinsky M, Ruella M, Shestova O, Lu XM, Best A, Zeeman M, Schmierer M, Gabrusiewicz K, Anderson NR, Petty NE, Cummins KD, Shen F, Shan X, Veliz K, Blouch K, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Kenderian SS, Kim MY, O'Connor RS, Wallace SR, Kozlowski MS, Marchione DM, Shestov M, Garcia BA, June CH, Gill S. Human chimeric antigen receptor macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:947-953. [PMID: 32361713 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown promise in hematologic malignancies, but its application to solid tumors has been challenging1-4. Given the unique effector functions of macrophages and their capacity to penetrate tumors5, we genetically engineered human macrophages with CARs to direct their phagocytic activity against tumors. We found that a chimeric adenoviral vector overcame the inherent resistance of primary human macrophages to genetic manipulation and imparted a sustained pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype. CAR macrophages (CAR-Ms) demonstrated antigen-specific phagocytosis and tumor clearance in vitro. In two solid tumor xenograft mouse models, a single infusion of human CAR-Ms decreased tumor burden and prolonged overall survival. Characterization of CAR-M activity showed that CAR-Ms expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, converted bystander M2 macrophages to M1, upregulated antigen presentation machinery, recruited and presented antigen to T cells and resisted the effects of immunosuppressive cytokines. In humanized mouse models, CAR-Ms were further shown to induce a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment and boost anti-tumor T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klichinsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Carisma Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olga Shestova
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xueqing Maggie Lu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Best
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Carisma Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas E Petty
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine D Cummins
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Feng Shen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinhe Shan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Veliz
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristin Blouch
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Saad S Kenderian
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Miriam Y Kim
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roddy S O'Connor
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen R Wallace
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Miroslaw S Kozlowski
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan M Marchione
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maksim Shestov
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saar Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Slavyanskaya TA, Salnikova SV. Precision oncology: myth or reality? BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence rates are growing at an alarming pace pressing for the development of innovative personalized approaches to treating this disease. The absence of clinical symptoms in the early stages delays the onset of adequate treatment. Traditional therapies are not always as effective as they should be and do not guarantee long-lasting relapse-free survival. Metastatic cancers pose a particular challenge to healthcare professionals. This review touches upon the immunologic mechanisms underlying the development of malignancies, talks about conventional and innovative therapeutic modalities, such as targeted, gene or specific immunotherapies, and analyzes the literature on the use of different approaches that form a basis for precision oncology.
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21
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Bazzi S, El-Darzi E, McDowell T, Modjtahedi H, Mudan S, Achkar M, Akle C, Kadara H, Bahr GM. Defining Genome-Wide Expression and Phenotypic Contextual Cues in Macrophages Generated by Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, and Heat-Killed Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1253. [PMID: 29046677 PMCID: PMC5632758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium obuense (NCTC13365) is currently being evaluated in the clinic as an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. Yet, the molecular underpinnings underlying immunomodulatory properties of HK M. obuense are still largely undefined. To fill this void, we sought to perform immunophenotyping, chemokine/cytokine release analysis and genome-wide characterization of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in which monocytes were originally isolated from healthy donors and differentiated by HK M. obuense (Mob-MDM) relative to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-MDM) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-MDM). Immunophenotyping and cytokine release analysis revealed downregulated surface expression of CD36, decreased spontaneous release of CCL2 and increased spontaneous secretion of CCL5, CXCL8/IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α in Mob-MDM relative to M-MDM and GM-MDM. Analysis of cytostatic activity showed that Mob-MDM exhibited similar growth inhibitory effects on immortalized and malignant epithelial cells compared with GM-MDM but at an elevated rate relative to M-MDM. To understand global cues in Mob-MDM, we performed comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of Mob-MDM relative to GM-MDM and M-MDM (n = 4 donors). Clustering analysis underscored expression profiles (n = 256) that were significantly modulated in Mob-MDM versus both M-MDM and GM-MDM including, among others, chemokines/cytokines and their receptors, enzymes and transcriptions factors. Topological functional analysis of these profiles identified pathways and gene sets linked to Mob-MDM phenotype including nitric oxide production, acute phase response signaling and microbe recognition pathways as well as signaling cues mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma, and the intracellular pattern recognition receptor, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2. Taken together, our study highlights molecular immune phenotypes and global signaling cues in Mob-MDM that may underlie immunomodulatory properties of HK M. obuense. Such properties could be of valuable use in immunotherapy approaches such as adoptive cell therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bazzi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Emale El-Darzi
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Tina McDowell
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- St George's University of London, Imperial College, London and The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Achkar
- Clinical Laboratory, Nini Hospital, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Charles Akle
- Immodulon Therapeutics Ltd., Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Humam Kadara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges M Bahr
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
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22
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Fraser AR, Pass C, Burgoyne P, Atkinson A, Bailey L, Laurie A, W A McGowan N, Hamid A, Moore JK, Dwyer BJ, Turner ML, Forbes SJ, Campbell JDM. Development, functional characterization and validation of methodology for GMP-compliant manufacture of phagocytic macrophages: A novel cellular therapeutic for liver cirrhosis. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1113-1124. [PMID: 28673774 PMCID: PMC5571439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background aims Autologous macrophage therapy represents a potentially significant therapeutic advance for the treatment of severe progressive liver cirrhosis. Administration of macrophages has been shown to reduce inflammation and drive fibrotic scar breakdown and tissue repair in relevant models. This therapeutic approach is being assessed for safety and feasibility in a first-in-human trial (MAcrophages Therapy for liver CirrHosis [MATCH] trial). Methods We outline the development and validation phases of GMP production. This includes use of the CliniMACS Prodigy cell sorting system to isolate CD14+ cells; optimizing macrophage culture conditions, assessing cellular identity, product purity, functional capability and determining the stability of the final cell product. Results The GMP-compliant macrophage products have a high level of purity and viability, and have a consistent phenotypic profile, expressing high levels of mature macrophage markers 25F9 and CD206 and low levels of CCR2. The macrophages demonstrate effective phagocytic capacity, are constitutively oriented to an anti-inflammatory profile and remain responsive to cytokine and TLR stimulation. The process validation shows that the cell product in excipient is remarkably robust, consistently passing the viability and phenotypic release criteria up to 48 hours after harvest. Conclusions This is the first report of validation of a large-scale, fully Good Manufacturing Practice–compliant, autologous macrophage cell therapy product for the potential treatment of cirrhosis. Phenotypic and functional assays confirm that these cells remain functionally viable for up to 48 h, allowing significant flexibility in administration to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair R Fraser
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Pass
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Burgoyne
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Atkinson
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bailey
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Laurie
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil W A McGowan
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Akib Hamid
- Red Cell Integrated Laboratory, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna K Moore
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Dwyer
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc L Turner
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John D M Campbell
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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23
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Lee S, Kivimäe S, Dolor A, Szoka FC. Macrophage-based cell therapies: The long and winding road. J Control Release 2016; 240:527-540. [PMID: 27422609 PMCID: PMC5064880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the quest for better medicines, attention is increasingly turning to cell-based therapies. The rationale is that infused cells can provide a targeted therapy to precisely correct a complex disease phenotype. Between 1987 and 2010, autologous macrophages (MΦs) were used in clinical trials to treat a variety of human tumors; this approach provided a modest therapeutic benefit in some patients but no lasting remissions. These trials were initiated prior to an understanding of: the complexity of MΦ phenotypes, their ability to alter their phenotype in response to various cytokines and/or the environment, and the extent of survival of the re-infused MΦs. It is now known that while inflammatory MΦs can kill tumor cells, the tumor environment is able to reprogram MΦs into a tumorigenic phenotype; inducing blood vessel formation and contributing to a cancer cell growth-promoting milieu. We review how new information enables the development of large numbers of ex vivo generated MΦs, and how conditioning and gene engineering strategies are used to restrict the MΦ to an appropriate phenotype or to enable production of therapeutic proteins. We survey applications in which the MΦ is loaded with nanomedicines, such as liposomes ex vivo, so when the drug-loaded MΦs are infused into an animal, the drug is released at the disease site. Finally, we also review the current status of MΦ biodistribution and survival after transplantation into an animal. The combination of these recent advances opens the way for improved MΦ cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lee
- The UC-Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, USA
| | - Saul Kivimäe
- Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Aaron Dolor
- Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Francis C Szoka
- The UC-Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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24
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Moore JK, Mackinnon AC, Wojtacha D, Pope C, Fraser AR, Burgoyne P, Bailey L, Pass C, Atkinson A, Mcgowan NWA, Manson L, Turner ML, Campbell JDM, Forbes SJ. Phenotypic and functional characterization of macrophages with therapeutic potential generated from human cirrhotic monocytes in a cohort study. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1604-16. [PMID: 26342993 PMCID: PMC4596388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Macrophages have complex roles in the liver. The aim of this study was to compare profiles of human monocyte-derived macrophages between controls and cirrhotic patients, to determine whether chronic inflammation affects precursor number or the phenotype, with the eventual aim to develop a cell therapy for cirrhosis. METHODS Infusion of human macrophages in a murine liver fibrosis model demonstrated a decrease in markers of liver injury (alanine transaminase, bilirubin, aspartate transaminase) and fibrosis (transforming growth factor-β, α-smooth muscle actin, phosphatidylserine receptor) and an increase in markers of liver regeneration (matrix metalloproteinases [MMP]-9, MMP-12 and TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis). CD14+ monocytes were then isolated from controls. Monocytes were matured into macrophages for 7 days using a Good Manufacturing Practice-compatible technique. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the mean number of CD14+ monocytes isolated from cirrhotic patients (n = 9) and controls (n = 10); 2.8 ± SEM 0.54 × 10(8) and 2.5 ± 0.56 × 10(8), respectively. The mean yield of mature macrophages cultured was also not significantly different between cirrhotic patients and controls (0.9 × 10(8) ± 0.38 × 10(8), with more than 90% viability and 0.65 × 10(8) ± 0.16 × 10(8), respectively. Maturation to macrophages resulted in up-regulation of a number of genes (MMP-9, CCL2, interleukin [IL]-10 and TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis). A cytokine and chemokine polymerase chain reaction array, comparing the control and cirrhotic macrophages, revealed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages can be differentiated from cirrhotic patients' apheresis-derived CD14 monocytes and develop the same pro-resolution phenotype as control macrophages, indicating their suitability for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Moore
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Mackinnon
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dvina Wojtacha
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Pope
- Scottish Universities Life Sciences Alliance (SULSA), Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair R Fraser
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Burgoyne
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bailey
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Pass
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Atkinson
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil W A Mcgowan
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Manson
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Mark L Turner
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - John D M Campbell
- Research, Development and Innovation, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Max Born Crescent, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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25
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Kitamura H, Tsukamoto T. Immunotherapy for urothelial carcinoma: current status and perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3055-72. [PMID: 24212945 PMCID: PMC3759186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is based on the BCG-induced immune response, which eradicates and prevents bladder cancer. The results of recent studies have suggested that not only major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-nonrestricted immune cells such as natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, etc., but also MHC-restricted CD8+ T cells play an important role and are one of the main effectors in this therapy. Better understanding of the mechanism of BCG immunotherapy supports the idea that active immunotherapy through its augmented T cell response can have great potential for the treatment of advanced UC. In this review, progress in immunotherapy for UC is discussed based on data from basic, translational and clinical studies. We also review the escape mechanism of cancer cells from the immune system, and down-regulation of MHC class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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