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Goemaere I, Punj D, Harizaj A, Woolston J, Thys S, Sterck K, De Smedt SC, De Vos WH, Braeckmans K. Response Surface Methodology to Efficiently Optimize Intracellular Delivery by Photoporation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043147. [PMID: 36834558 PMCID: PMC9962540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoporation is an up-and-coming technology for the gentle and efficient transfection of cells. Inherent to the application of photoporation is the optimization of several process parameters, such as laser fluence and sensitizing particle concentration, which is typically done one factor at a time (OFAT). However, this approach is tedious and runs the risk of missing a global optimum. Therefore, in this study, we explored whether response surface methodology (RSM) would allow for more efficient optimization of the photoporation procedure. As a case study, FITC-dextran molecules of 500 kDa were delivered to RAW264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells, making use of polydopamine nanoparticles (PDNPs) as photoporation sensitizers. Parameters that were varied to obtain an optimal delivery yield were PDNP size, PDNP concentration and laser fluence. Two established RSM designs were compared: the central composite design and the Box-Behnken design. Model fitting was followed by statistical assessment, validation, and response surface analysis. Both designs successfully identified a delivery yield optimum five- to eight-fold more efficiently than when using OFAT methodology while revealing a strong dependence on PDNP size within the design space. In conclusion, RSM proves to be a valuable approach to efficiently optimize photoporation conditions for a particular cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Goemaere
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Deep Punj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessica Woolston
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Sterck
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C. De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H. De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-2648098; Fax: +32-9-2648189
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Berdecka D, Harizaj A, Goemaere I, Punj D, Goetgeluk G, De Munter S, De Keersmaecker H, Boterberg V, Dubruel P, Vandekerckhove B, De Smedt SC, De Vos WH, Braeckmans K. Delivery of macromolecules in unstimulated T cells by photoporation with polydopamine nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 354:680-693. [PMID: 36681281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo modification of T cells with exogenous cargo is a common prerequisite for the development of T cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor therapy. Despite the clinical success and FDA approval of several such products, T cell manufacturing presents unique challenges related to therapeutic efficacy after adoptive cell transfer and several drawbacks of viral transduction-based manufacturing, such as high cost and safety concerns. To generate cellular products with optimal potency, engraftment potential and persistence in vivo, recent studies have shown that minimally differentiated T cell phenotypes are preferred. However, genetic engineering of quiescent T cells remains challenging. Photoporation is an upcoming alternative non-viral transfection method which makes use of photothermal nanoparticles, such as polydopamine nanoparticles (PDNPs), to induce transient membrane permeabilization by distinct photothermal effects upon laser irradiation, allowing exogenous molecules to enter cells. In this study, we analyzed the capability of PDNP-photoporation to deliver large model macromolecules (FITC-dextran 500 kDa, FD500) in unstimulated and expanded human T cells. We compared different sizes of PDNPs (150, 250 and 400 nm), concentrations of PDNPs and laser fluences and found an optimal condition that generated high delivery yields of FD500 in both T cell phenotypes. A multiparametric analysis of cell proliferation, surface activation markers and cytokine production, revealed that unstimulated T cells photoporated with 150 nm and 250 nm PDNPs retained their propensity to become activated, whereas those photoporated with 400 nm PDNPs did less. Our findings show that PDNP-photoporation is a promising strategy for transfection of quiescent T cells, but that PDNPs should be small enough to avoid excessive cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Berdecka
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilia Goemaere
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Deep Punj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Munter
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herlinde De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Light Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veerle Boterberg
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Light Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Sauvage F, Nguyen VP, Li Y, Harizaj A, Sebag J, Roels D, Van Havere V, Peynshaert K, Xiong R, Fraire JC, Tassignon MJ, Remaut K, Paulus YM, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC. Laser-induced nanobubbles safely ablate vitreous opacities in vivo. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:552-559. [PMID: 35302088 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In myopia, diabetes and ageing, fibrous vitreous liquefaction and degeneration is associated with the formation of opacities inside the vitreous body that cast shadows on the retina, appearing as 'floaters' to the patient. Vitreous opacities degrade contrast sensitivity function and can cause notable impairment in vision-related quality of life. Here we introduce 'nanobubble ablation' for safe destruction of vitreous opacities. Following intravitreal injection, hyaluronic acid-coated gold nanoparticles and indocyanine green, which is widely used as a dye in vitreoretinal surgery, spontaneously accumulate on collagenous vitreous opacities in the eyes of rabbits. Applying nanosecond laser pulses generates vapour nanobubbles that mechanically destroy the opacities in rabbit eyes and in patient specimens. Nanobubble ablation might offer a safe and efficient treatment to millions of patients suffering from debilitating vitreous opacities and paves the way for a highly safe use of pulsed lasers in the posterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Van Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- NTT-Hitech Institutes, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yanxiu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Sebag
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute/UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri Roels
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viktor Van Havere
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Peynshaert
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-José Tassignon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yannis M Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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Xiong R, Hua D, Van Hoeck J, Berdecka D, Léger L, De Munter S, Fraire JC, Raes L, Harizaj A, Sauvage F, Goetgeluk G, Pille M, Aalders J, Belza J, Van Acker T, Bolea-Fernandez E, Si T, Vanhaecke F, De Vos WH, Vandekerckhove B, van Hengel J, Raemdonck K, Huang C, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K. Photothermal nanofibres enable safe engineering of therapeutic cells. Nat Nanotechnol 2021; 16:1281-1291. [PMID: 34675410 PMCID: PMC7612007 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-sensitized photoporation is an upcoming approach for the intracellular delivery of biologics, combining high efficiency and throughput with excellent cell viability. However, as it relies on close contact between nanoparticles and cells, its translation towards clinical applications is hampered by safety and regulatory concerns. Here we show that light-sensitive iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in biocompatible electrospun nanofibres induce membrane permeabilization by photothermal effects without direct cellular contact with the nanoparticles. The photothermal nanofibres have been successfully used to deliver effector molecules, including CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes and short interfering RNA, to adherent and suspension cells, including embryonic stem cells and hard-to-transfect T cells, without affecting cell proliferation or phenotype. In vivo experiments furthermore demonstrated successful tumour regression in mice treated with chimeric antibody receptor T cells in which the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) is downregulated after nanofibre photoporation with short interfering RNA to PD1. In conclusion, cell membrane permeabilization with photothermal nanofibres is a promising concept towards the safe and more efficient production of engineered cells for therapeutic applications, including stem cell or adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranhua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dawei Hua
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelter Van Hoeck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominika Berdecka
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurens Léger
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Munter
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Raes
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Pille
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey Aalders
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joke Belza
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Van Acker
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chaobo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Wang J, Harizaj A, Wu Y, Jiang X, Brans T, Fraire JC, Mejía Morales J, De Smedt SC, Tang Z, Xiong R, Braeckmans K. Black phosphorus mediated photoporation: a broad absorption nanoplatform for intracellular delivery of macromolecules. Nanoscale 2021; 13:17049-17056. [PMID: 34622916 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-sensitized photoporation for intracellular delivery of external compounds usually relies on the use of spherical gold nanoparticles as sensitizing nanoparticles. As they need stimulation with visible laser light, they are less suited for transfection of cells in thick biological tissues. In this work, we have explored black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) as alternative sensitizing nanoparticles for photoporation with a broad and uniform absorption spectrum from the visible to the near infra-red (NIR) range. We demonstrate that BPQD sensitized photoporation allows efficient intracellular delivery of both siRNA (>80%) and mRNA (>40%) in adherent cells as well as in suspension cells. Cell viability remained high (>80%) irrespective of whether irradiation was performed with visible (532 nm) or near infrared (800 nm) pulsed laser light. Finally, as a proof of concept, we used BPQD sensitized photoporation to deliver macromolecules in cells with thick phantom tissue in the optical path. NIR laser irradiation resulted in only 1.3× reduction in delivery efficiency as compared to photoporation without the phantom gel, while with visible laser light the delivery efficiency was reduced 2×.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Wang
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Research Center of Photoelectric Detection Instrument Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Yongbo Wu
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Research Center of Photoelectric Detection Instrument Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaofang Jiang
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Research Center of Photoelectric Detection Instrument Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Julián Mejía Morales
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Zhilie Tang
- School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Research Center of Photoelectric Detection Instrument Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Belgium
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6
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Raes L, Pille M, Harizaj A, Goetgeluk G, Van Hoeck J, Stremersch S, Fraire JC, Brans T, de Jong OG, Maas-Bakker R, Mastrobattista E, Vader P, De Smedt SC, Vandekerckhove B, Raemdonck K, Braeckmans K. Cas9 RNP transfection by vapor nanobubble photoporation for ex vivo cell engineering. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2021; 25:696-707. [PMID: 34589287 PMCID: PMC8463438 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 technology represents a powerful tool for genome engineering in eukaryotic cells, advancing both fundamental research and therapeutic strategies. Despite the enormous potential of the technology, efficient and direct intracellular delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes in target cells poses a significant hurdle, especially in refractive primary cells. In the present work, vapor nanobubble (VNB) photoporation was explored for Cas9 RNP transfection in a variety of cell types. Proof of concept was first demonstrated in H1299-EGFP cells, before proceeding to hard-to-transfect stem cells and T cells. Gene knock-out levels over 80% and up to 60% were obtained for H1299 cells and mesenchymal stem cells, respectively. In these cell types, the unique possibility of VNB photoporation to knock out genes according to user-defined spatial patterns was demonstrated as well. Next, effective targeting of the programmed cell death 1 receptor and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene in primary human T cells was demonstrated, reaching gene knock-out levels of 25% and 34%, respectively. With a throughput of >200,000 T cells per second, VNB photoporation is a scalable and versatile intracellular delivery method that holds great promise for CRISPR-Cas9-mediated ex vivo engineering of cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Raes
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Pille
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelter Van Hoeck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C. Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Gerrit de Jong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Maas-Bakker
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaan C. De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author: Kevin Braeckmans, Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.E-mail:
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7
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Van Hoeck J, Van de Vyver T, Harizaj A, Goetgeluk G, Merckx P, Liu J, Wels M, Sauvage F, De Keersmaecker H, Vanhove C, de Jong OG, Vader P, Dewitte H, Vandekerckhove B, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Hydrogel-Induced Cell Membrane Disruptions Enable Direct Cytosolic Delivery of Membrane-Impermeable Cargo. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008054. [PMID: 34106486 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of membrane-impermeable cargo offers unique opportunities for biological research and the development of cell-based therapies. Despite the breadth of available intracellular delivery tools, existing protocols are often suboptimal and alternative approaches that merge delivery efficiency with both biocompatibility, as well as applicability, remain highly sought after. Here, a comprehensive platform is presented that exploits the unique property of cationic hydrogel nanoparticles to transiently disrupt the plasma membrane of cells, allowing direct cytosolic delivery of uncomplexed membrane-impermeable cargo. Using this platform, which is termed Hydrogel-enabled nanoPoration or HyPore, the delivery of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran macromolecules in various cancer cell lines and primary bovine corneal epithelial cells is convincingly demonstrated. Of note, HyPore demonstrates efficient FITC-dextran delivery in primary human T cells, outperforming state-of-the-art electroporation-mediated delivery. Moreover, the HyPore platform enables cytosolic delivery of functional proteins, including a histone-binding nanobody as well as the enzymes granzyme A and Cre-recombinase. Finally, HyPore-mediated delivery of the MRI contrast agent gadobutrol in primary human T cells significantly improves their T1 -weighted MRI signal intensities compared to electroporation. Taken together, HyPore is proposed as a straightforward, highly versatile, and cost-effective technique for high-throughput, ex vivo manipulation of primary cells and cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelter Van Hoeck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Thijs Van de Vyver
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Pieterjan Merckx
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Jing Liu
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Mike Wels
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Herlinde De Keersmaecker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Infinity Lab, Medical Imaging and Signal Processing Group-IBiTech, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Olivier G de Jong
- CDL Research, Division LAB, UMC Utrecht, Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- CDL Research, Division LAB, UMC Utrecht, Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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8
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Hua D, Harizaj A, Wels M, Brans T, Stremersch S, De Keersmaecker H, Bolea-Fernandez E, Vanhaecke F, Roels D, Braeckmans K, Xiong R, Huang C, De Smedt SC, Sauvage F. Bubble Forming Films for Spatial Selective Cell Killing. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008379. [PMID: 34050986 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic and photothermal cell killing at the surface of tissues finds applications in medicine. However, a lack of control over heat dissipation following a treatment with light might damage surrounding tissues. A new strategy to kill cells at the surface of tissues is reported. Polymeric films are designed in which iron oxide nanoparticles are embedded as photosensitizers. Irradiation of the films with pulsed laser light generates water vapor bubbles at the surface of the films. It is found that "bubble-films" can kill cells in close proximity to the films due to mechanical forces which arise when the bubbles collapse. Local irradiation of bubble-films allows for spatial selective single cell killing. As nanosurgery becomes attractive in ophthalmology to remove superficial tumors, bubble-films are applied on the cornea and it is found that irradiation of the bubble-films allows spatial and selective killing of corneal cells. As i) the photosensitizer is embedded in the films, which reduces its uptake by cells and spreading into tissues and ii) the bubble-films can be removed from the tissue after laser treatment, while iii) a low laser fluence is sufficient to generate vapor bubbles, it is foreseen that bubble-films might become promising for safe resection of superficial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Hua
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Mike Wels
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Herlinde De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry - A&MS research group, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry - A&MS research group, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Roels
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Chaobo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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9
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Harizaj A, Descamps B, Mangodt C, Stremersch S, Stoppa A, Balcaen L, Brans T, De Rooster H, Devriendt N, Fraire JC, Bolea-Fernandez E, De Wever O, Willaert W, Vanhaecke F, Stevens CV, De Smedt SC, Roman B, Vanhove C, Lentacker I, Braeckmans K. Cytosolic delivery of gadolinium via photoporation enables improved in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4005-4018. [PMID: 33899850 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00479d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal in vivo monitoring of transplanted cells is crucial to perform cancer research or to assess the treatment outcome of cell-based therapies. While several bio-imaging techniques can be used, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly stands out in terms of high spatial resolution and excellent soft-tissue contrast. However, MRI suffers from low sensitivity, requiring cells to be labeled with high concentrations of contrast agents. An interesting option is to label cells with clinically approved gadolinium chelates which generate a hyperintense MR signal. However, spontaneous uptake of the label via pinocytosis results in its endosomal sequestration, leading to quenching of the T1-weighted relaxation. To avoid this quenching effect, delivery of gadolinium chelates directly into the cytosol via electroporation or hypotonic cell swelling have been proposed. However, these methods are also accompanied by several drawbacks such as a high cytotoxicity, and changes in gene expression and phenotype. Here, we demonstrate that nanoparticle-sensitized laser induced photoporation forms an attractive alternative to efficiently deliver the contrast agent gadobutrol into the cytosol of both HeLa and SK-OV-3 IP1 cells. After intracellular delivery by photoporation the quenching effect is clearly avoided, leading to a strong increase in the hyperintense T1-weighted MR signal. Moreover, when compared to nucleofection as a state-of-the-art electroporation platform, photoporation has much less impact on cell viability, which is extremely important for reliable cell tracking studies. Additional experiments confirm that photoporation does not induce any change in the long-term viability or the migratory capacity of the cells. Finally, we show that gadolinium 'labeled' SK-OV-3 IP1 cells can be imaged in vivo by MRI with high soft-tissue contrast and spatial resolution, revealing indications of potential tumor invasion or angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Harizaj A, Van Hauwermeiren F, Stremersch S, De Rycke R, De Keersmaecker H, Brans T, Fraire JC, Grauwen K, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I, Lamkanfi M, Braeckmans K. Nanoparticle-sensitized photoporation enables inflammasome activation studies in targeted single cells. Nanoscale 2021; 13:6592-6604. [PMID: 33885539 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that guard against cellular stress and microbial infections. Inflammasome activation studies frequently require delivery of pathogen-derived virulence factors into the cytosol of macrophages and other innate immune cells. This is a challenging requirement since primary macrophages are difficult-to-transfect, especially when it comes to the intracellular delivery of proteins. Here, we report on the use of nanoparticle-sensitized photoporation as a promising upcoming intracellular delivery technology for delivering proteins of various molecular weights into the cytosol of primary macrophages. While 60-70 nm gold nanoparticles are the most commonly used sensitizing nanoparticles for photoporation, here we find that 0.5 μm iron oxide nanoparticles perform markedly better on primary macrophages. We demonstrate that LFn-FlaA or lipopolysaccharides can be delivered in primary macrophages resulting in activation of the NLRC4 or the non-canonical inflammasome, respectively. We furthermore show that photoporation can be used for targeted delivery of these toxins into selected cells, opening up the possibility to study the interaction between inflammasome activated cells and surrounding healthy cells. Taken together, these results show that nanoparticle-sensitized photoporation is very well suited to deliver pathogenic virulence factors in primary macrophages, thus constituting an effective new enabling technology for inflammasome activation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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11
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Harizaj A, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I, Braeckmans K. Physical transfection technologies for macrophages and dendritic cells in immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:229-247. [PMID: 32985919 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1828340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, two important antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system, are being explored for the use in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. For this application, the therapeutic potential of patient-derived APCs is increased by delivering different types of functional macromolecules, such as mRNA and pDNA, into their cytosol. Compared to the use of viral and non-viral delivery vectors, physical intracellular delivery techniques are known to be more straightforward, more controllable, faster and generate high delivery efficiencies. AREAS COVERED This review starts with electroporation as the most traditional physical transfection method, before continuing with the more recent technologies such as sonoporation, nanowires and microfluidic cell squeezing. A description is provided of each of those intracellular delivery technologies with their strengths and weaknesses, especially paying attention to delivery efficiency and safety profile. EXPERT OPINION Given the common use of electroporation for the production of therapeutic APCs, it is recommended that more detailed studies are performed on the effect of electroporation on APC fitness, even down to the genetic level. Newer intracellular delivery technologies seem to have less impact on APC functionality but further work is needed to fully uncover their suitability to transfect APCs with different types of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Liu J, Li C, Brans T, Harizaj A, Van de Steene S, De Beer T, De Smedt S, Szunerits S, Boukherroub R, Xiong R, Braeckmans K. Surface Functionalization with Polyethylene Glycol and Polyethyleneimine Improves the Performance of Graphene-Based Materials for Safe and Efficient Intracellular Delivery by Laser-Induced Photoporation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1540. [PMID: 32102402 PMCID: PMC7073198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle mediated laser-induced photoporation is a physical cell membrane disruption approach to directly deliver extrinsic molecules into living cells, which is particularly promising in applications for both adherent and suspension cells. In this work, we explored surface modifications of graphene quantum dots (GQD) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to enhance colloidal stability while retaining photoporation functionality. After photoporation with FITC-dextran 10 kDa (FD10), the percentage of positive HeLa cells (81% for GQD-PEG, 74% for rGO-PEG and 90% for rGO-PEI) increased approximately two-fold compared to the bare nanomaterials. While for Jurkat suspension cells, the photoporation efficiency with polymer-modified graphene-based nanomaterial reached as high as 80%. Cell viability was >80% in all these cases. In addition, polymer functionalization proved to be beneficial for the delivery of larger macromolecules (FD70 and FD500) as well. Finally, we show that rGO is suitable for photoporation using a near-infrared laser to reach 80% FD10 positive HeLa cells at 80% cell viability. We conclude that modification of graphene-based nanoparticles with PEG and especially PEI provide better colloidal stability in cell medium, resulting in more uniform transfection and overall increased efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (T.B.); (A.H.); (S.D.S.); (R.X.)
| | - Chengnan Li
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, University Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (S.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (T.B.); (A.H.); (S.D.S.); (R.X.)
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (T.B.); (A.H.); (S.D.S.); (R.X.)
| | - Shana Van de Steene
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (T.D.B.)
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium (T.D.B.)
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (T.B.); (A.H.); (S.D.S.); (R.X.)
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Technology (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, University Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (S.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, University Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.L.); (S.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (T.B.); (A.H.); (S.D.S.); (R.X.)
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.L.); (T.B.); (A.H.); (S.D.S.); (R.X.)
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Drijvers E, Liu J, Harizaj A, Wiesner U, Braeckmans K, Hens Z, Aubert T. Efficient Endocytosis of Inorganic Nanoparticles with Zwitterionic Surface Functionalization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:38475-38482. [PMID: 31559824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation, which has traditionally been the method of choice to enhance the colloidal stability of nanostructures designed for biological applications and to prevent nonspecific protein adsorption, is now being challenged by short zwitterionic ligands. Inspired by the zwitterionic nature of cell membranes, these ligands have the potential to push forward the field of nanoparticles for nanomedicine. In this work, we report a thorough analysis of the surface chemistry of silica-coated luminescent CdSe/CdS quantum dots functionalized with either PEG-silane or zwitterionic sulfobetaine-silane by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We demonstrate the differences in the cellular uptake propensity between particles with these two ligands. Although both ligands offer good colloidal stability in a crowded cell culture medium, the zwitterionic-functionalized nanoparticles with an optimized ligand density showed to be more easily endocytosed by HeLa cells. This approach can readily be transferred to other nanoparticle systems offering a wealth of unique properties, with great potential for intracellular bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | | | | | - Tangi Aubert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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