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Choi W, Cho JH, Park SH, Kim DS, Lee HP, Kim D, Kim HS, Kim JH, Cho JY. Ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles protect skin from UV irradiation and oxidative stress by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling and limiting the generation of reactive oxygen species. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:211-219. [PMID: 38465216 PMCID: PMC10920011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) have been isolated, and active research was focusing on understanding their properties and functions. In this study, the characteristics and molecular properties of ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GrDENs) were examined in terms of skin protection. Methods HPLC-MS protocols were used to analyze the ginsenoside contents in GrDENs. To investigate the beneficial effect of GrDENs on skin, HaCaT cells were pre-treated with GrDENs (0-2 × 109 particles/mL), and followed by UVB irradiation or H2O2 exposure. In addition, the antioxidant activity of GrDENs was measured using a fluorescence microscope or flow cytometry. Finally, molecular mechanisms were examined with immunoblotting analysis. Results GrDENs contained detectable levels of ginsenosides (Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rf, Rg2 (S), Gyp17, Rd, C-Mc1, C-O, and F2). In UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, GrDENs protected cells from death and reduced ROS production. GrDENs downregulated the mRNA expression of proapoptotic genes, including BAX, caspase-1, -3, -6, -7, and -8 and the ratio of cleaved caspase-8, -9, and -3 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GrDENs reduced the mRNA levels of aging-related genes (MMP2 and 3), proinflammatory genes (COX-2 and IL-6), and cellular senescence biomarker p21, possibly by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling. Conclusions This study demonstrates the protective effects of GrDENs against skin damage caused by UV and oxidative stress, providing new insights into beneficial uses of ginseng. In particular, our results suggest GrDENs as a potential active ingredient in cosmeceuticals to promote skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooram Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Cho
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Pyoung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Rosidi A, Ayuningtyas A, Nurrahman, Dewi L. The potential of Curcuma extract to alleviate muscle damage in amateur soccer players. POTRAVINARSTVO 2022. [DOI: 10.5219/1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with high bioactive are commonly used as a nutritional approach for accelerating muscle damage recovery after strenuous exercise. There are still inconsistent results of post-exercise antioxidant supplementation on the circulating muscle damage biomarker. This study aimed to examine the effect of post-exercise Curcuma extract supplementation in ice cream on muscle damage and inflammatory markers in amateur soccer players. Male amateur soccer athletes (aged 14 – 18 years) participated in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study under two conditions: control group (n = 10) and treatment group (n = 10). The treatment group was treated with Curcuma extract ice cream (250 mg/100 g) for 21 days. Blood samples were drawn before training, considered baseline, and 3 h after training on day 21. The level of creatine kinase, IL-6, haemoglobin (Hb), and lactic acid were quantified. There was a significant decrease in creatine kinase change in the treatment group compared to the control group (p <0.05). No change in IL-6 and Hb levels in the treatment group. Lactic acid decreased by 16.3% from baseline in the treatment group (p <0.05). Curcuma extract ice cream potentiates to ameliorate exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Ikeuchi S, Minamida M, Nakamura T, Konishi M, Kamioka H. Exploratory Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Panax Genus Plant Ingestion Evaluation in Exercise Endurance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061185. [PMID: 35334841 PMCID: PMC8950061 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies that use food containing Panax genus plants (PGPs) have been conducted but most of them have not mentioned the effective compounds ginsenosides and their composition. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of time to exhaustion as an index of exercise endurance with ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides to reveal their effects. Methods: We performed a systematic review with a comprehensive and structured literature search using seven literature databases, four clinical trial databases, and three general web search engines during 15–22 March 2021. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the difference between the mean in the treatment and placebo groups. We evaluated the risk of bias of individual studies along with the risk of bias tool in the Cochrane handbook. This study was funded by Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan). The protocol for this study was registered with the UMIN-CTR (No. UMIN000043341). Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. The number of total participants was 90, with 59 in the ingestion-PGPs group and 64 in the control group, because three studies were crossover-design trials. We found that ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides significantly improved exercise endurance (SMD [95% CI]: 0.58 [0.22–0.95], I2 = 0%). It was suggested that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) and PGPs extract containing Rg1 were significantly effective in improving exercise endurance (SMD [95% CI]: 0.70 [0.14–1.27], I2 = 30%) by additional analysis. Conclusions: This systematic review suggests that the ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides, especially Rg1, is effective in improving exercise endurance in healthy adults. However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required because imprecision and publication bias cannot be ignored in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ikeuchi
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-847-52-6262
| | - Mika Minamida
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Touma Nakamura
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Masatoshi Konishi
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Hiroharu Kamioka
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
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Zhou Y, Cao F, Wu Q, Luo Y, Guo T, Han S, Huang M, Hu Z, Bai J, Luo F, Lin Q. Dietary Supplementation of Octacosanol Improves Exercise-Induced Fatigue and Its Molecular Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7603-7618. [PMID: 34223764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several publications report that octacosanol (OCT) has different biological functions. This study was designed to evaluate the antifatigue effect and molecular mechanism of octacosanol (200 mg/(kg day)) in forced exercise-induced fatigue models of trained male C57BL/6 mice. Results showed that octacosanol ameliorated the mice's autonomic activities, forelimb grip strength, and swimming endurance, and the levels of liver glycogen (LG), muscle glycogen (MG), blood lactic acid (BLA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were also regulated. Gene analysis results showed that treatment with OCT upregulated 29 genes, while 38 genes were downregulated in gastrocnemius tissue. Gene ontology (GO) analyses indicated that these genes enriched functions in relation to myofibril, contractile fiber, and calcium-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Octacosanol supplementation significantly adjusted the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels related to fatigue performance. Octacosanol has an observably mitigating effect in exercise-induced fatigue models, and its molecular mechanism may be related to the regulation of tripartite motif-containing 63 (Trim63), periaxin (Prx), calcium voltage-gated channel subunit α1 H (Cacna1h), and myosin-binding protein C (Mybpc3) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Tianyi Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Mengzhen Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Zuomin Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498, Shaoshan Road, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
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Aquila G, Re Cecconi AD, Brault JJ, Corli O, Piccirillo R. Nutraceuticals and Exercise against Muscle Wasting during Cancer Cachexia. Cells 2020; 9:E2536. [PMID: 33255345 PMCID: PMC7760926 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a debilitating multifactorial syndrome, involving progressive deterioration and functional impairment of skeletal muscles. It affects about 80% of patients with advanced cancer and causes premature death. No causal therapy is available against CC. In the last few decades, our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to muscle wasting during cancer has markedly increased. Both inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) alter anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways mostly culminating with muscle depletion. Several preclinical studies have emphasized the beneficial roles of several classes of nutraceuticals and modes of physical exercise, but their efficacy in CC patients remains scant. The route of nutraceutical administration is critical to increase its bioavailability and achieve the desired anti-cachexia effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that a single therapy may not be enough, and a bimodal intervention (nutraceuticals plus exercise) may be a more effective treatment for CC. This review focuses on the current state of the field on the role of inflammation and OS in the pathogenesis of muscle atrophy during CC, and how nutraceuticals and physical activity may act synergistically to limit muscle wasting and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Aquila
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Andrea David Re Cecconi
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Jeffrey J. Brault
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Oscar Corli
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
- Oncology Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- Neuroscience Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health, IIPH, 20156 Milan, Italy;
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Calabrese EJ. Hormesis and Ginseng: Ginseng Mixtures and Individual Constituents Commonly Display Hormesis Dose Responses, Especially for Neuroprotective Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:E2719. [PMID: 32545419 PMCID: PMC7321326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that ginseng mixtures and individual ginseng chemical constituents commonly induce hormetic dose responses in numerous biological models for endpoints of biomedical and clinical relevance, typically providing a mechanistic framework. The principal focus of ginseng hormesis-related research has been directed toward enhancing neuroprotection against conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, stroke damage, as well as enhancing spinal cord and peripheral neuronal damage repair and reducing pain. Ginseng was also shown to reduce symptoms of diabetes, prevent cardiovascular system damage, protect the kidney from toxicities due to immune suppressant drugs, and prevent corneal damage, amongst other examples. These findings complement similar hormetic-based chemoprotective reports for other widely used dietary-type supplements such as curcumin, ginkgo biloba, and green tea. These findings, which provide further support for the generality of the hormetic dose response in the biomedical literature, have potentially important public health and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Flanagan SD, Proessl F, Dunn-Lewis C, Canino MC, Sterczala AJ, Connaboy C, DuPont WH, Caldwell LK, Kraemer WJ. Constitutive and Stress-Induced Psychomotor Cortical Responses to Compound K Supplementation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:315. [PMID: 32322188 PMCID: PMC7158875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated ginsenoside metabolites such as Compound K (CK) are of increasing interest to consumer and clinical populations as safe and non-pharmacological means to enhance psychomotor performance constitutively and in response to physical or cognitive stress. Nevertheless, the influence of CK on behavioral performance and EEG measures of cortical activity in humans is undetermined. In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced within-group study, dose-dependent responses to CK (placebo, 160 and 960 mg) were assessed after 2 weeks of supplementation in nineteen healthy men and women (age: 39.9 ± 7.9 year, height 170.2 ± 8.6 cm, weight 79.7 ± 11.9 kg). Performance on upper- and lower-body choice reaction tests (CRTs) was tested before and after intense lower-body anaerobic exercise. Treatment- and stress-related changes in brain activity were measured with high-density EEG based on event-related potentials, oscillations, and source activity. Upper- (−12.3 ± 3.5 ms, p = 0.002) and lower-body (−12.3 ± 4.9 ms, p = 0.021) response times improved after exercise, with no difference between treatments (upper: p = 0.354; lower: p = 0.926). Analysis of cortical activity in sensor and source space revealed global increases in cortical arousal after exercise. CK increased activity in cortical regions responsible for sustained attention and mitigated exercise-induced increases in arousal. Responses to exercise varied depending on task, but CK appeared to reduce sensory interference from lower-body exercise during an upper-body CRT and improve the general maintenance of task-relevant sensory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Felix Proessl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maria C Canino
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - William H DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lydia K Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Protective Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Oxidative Damage Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Chicken Splenic Lymphocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8465030. [PMID: 31178974 PMCID: PMC6501224 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8465030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigation showed that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Mey has antioxidative effect on oxidative stress in chickens. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Rg1 on chicken lymphocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and the potential mechanisms. Cell viability, apoptotic cells, malondialdehyde, activity of superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial membrane potential, and [Ca2+]i concentration were measured, and transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate the effect of Rg1 on gene expression of the cells. The results showed that treatment of lymphocytes with H2O2 induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, pretreatment of the cells with Rg1 dramatically enhanced cell viability, reduced apoptotic cells, and decreased oxidative stress induced by H2O2. In addition, Rg1 reduced these H2O2-dependent decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential and reversed [Ca2+]i overload. Transcriptome analysis showed that 323 genes were downregulated and 105 genes were upregulated in Rg1-treated cells. The differentially expressed genes were involved in Toll-like receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The present study indicated that Rg1 may act as an antioxidative agent to protect cell damage caused by oxidative stress via regulating expression of genes such as RELT, EDA2R, and TLR4.
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Shi Q, Chen X, Sun G, Wang L, Cui L. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells from toxicity of high glucose by up-regulation of miR-26a. Life Sci 2019; 221:152-158. [PMID: 30763577 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The therapeutic strategies for diabetic retinopathy (DR) are disappointing. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) extracted from Panax ginseng can induce glucose uptake and lower oxidative stress. We aimed to explore the effect of Rg1 on DR using human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19). MAIN METHODS ARPE-19 cells were grown in high glucose (HG) to simulate DR. Cell viability, apoptosis, ROS generation and miR-26a level were examined by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry assay, DCFH-DA staining and RT-qPCR, respectively. Expression of proteins associated with viability, apoptosis and oxidative stress was measured by Western blot analysis. Effects of Rg1 on HG-induced alteration were assessed. Moreover, whether miR-26a was involved in Rg1-associated modulation was verified. Finally, the involvements of the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were analyzed by Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS HG reduced cell viability while promoted apoptosis and oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells. Rg1 ameliorated HG-induced cell injury. The expression of miR-26a was up-regulated by Rg1 in HG-treated cells, and miR-26a inhibition obviously reversed the effects of Rg1 on HG-treated cells. Finally, we found the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were inhibited by Rg1 through up-regulation of miR-26a. SIGNIFICANCE Rg1 protected ARPE-19 cells against HG-induced injury through up-regulating miR-26a, along with inhibition of the ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Rg1 might be a potential therapeutic drug for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Longjiang Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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Jeong HJ, So HK, Jo A, Kim HB, Lee SJ, Bae GU, Kang JS. Ginsenoside Rg1 augments oxidative metabolism and anabolic response of skeletal muscle in mice. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:475-481. [PMID: 31308819 PMCID: PMC6606823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to exert various pharmacological activities with health benefits. Previously, we have reported that Rg1 promoted myogenic differentiation and myotube growth in C2C12 myoblasts. In this study, the in vivo effect of Rg1 on fiber-type composition and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle was examined. Methods To examine the effect of Rg1 on skeletal muscle, 3-month-old mice were treated with Rg1 for 5 weeks. To assess muscle strength, grip strength tests were performed, and the lower hind limb muscles were harvested, followed by various detailed analysis, such as histological staining, immunoblotting, immunostaining, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In addition, to verify the in vivo data, primary myoblasts isolated from mice were treated with Rg1, and the Rg1 effect on myotube growth was examined by immunoblotting and immunostaining analysis. Results Rg1 treatment increased the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms characteristic for both oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers; increased myofiber sizes were accompanied by enhanced muscle strength. Rg1 treatment also enhanced oxidative muscle metabolism with elevated oxidative phosphorylation proteins. Furthermore, Rg1-treated muscles exhibited increased levels of anabolic S6 kinase signaling. Conclusion Rg1 improves muscle functionality via enhancing muscle gene expression and oxidative muscle metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Jeong
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung So
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Jo
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Been Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author. Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-Gu, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Flanagan SD, DuPont WH, Caldwell LK, Hardesty VH, Barnhart EC, Beeler MK, Post EM, Volek JS, Kraemer WJ. The Effects of a Korean Ginseng, GINST15, on Hypo-Pituitary-Adrenal and Oxidative Activity Induced by Intense Work Stress. J Med Food 2018; 21:104-112. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William H. DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lydia K. Caldwell
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent H. Hardesty
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily C. Barnhart
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew K. Beeler
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily M. Post
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeff S. Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - William J. Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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12
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Li F, Li X, Peng X, Sun L, Jia S, Wang P, Ma S, Zhao H, Yu Q, Huo H. Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents starvation-induced muscle protein degradation via regulation of AKT/mTOR/FoxO signaling in C2C12 myotubes. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1241-1247. [PMID: 28781621 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is often caused by catabolic conditions including fasting, disuse, aging and chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy occurs when the protein degradation rate exceeds the rate of protein synthesis. Therefore, maintaining a balance between the synthesis and degradation of protein in muscle cells is a major way to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is a primary active ingredient in Panax ginseng, which is considered to be one of the most valuable herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. In the current study, Rg1 was observed to inhibit the expression of MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 in C2C12 muscle cells in a starvation model. Rg1 also activated the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT), and forkhead transcription factor O, subtypes 1 and 3a. This phosphorylation was inhibited by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. These data suggest that Rg1 may participate in the regulation of the balance between protein synthesis and degradation, and that the function of Rg1 is associated with the AKT/mTOR/FoxO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Li
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Lili Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Qingmiao Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Huo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
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Teng YS, Wu D. Anti-Fatigue Effect of Green Tea Polyphenols (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG). Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:326-331. [PMID: 28539729 PMCID: PMC5421434 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.204546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant of the green tea polyphenols that exhibit a variety of bioactivities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue effect of EGCG by forced swimming exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were divided into one control group and three EGCG-treated groups. The control group was administered with distilled water and EGCG-treated groups were administered with different dose of EGCG (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 28 days. On the last day of experiment, the forced swimming exercise was performed and corresponding biochemical parameters were measured. RESULTS The data showed that EGCG prolonged exhaustive swimming time, decreasing the levels of blood lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatine kinase and malondialdehyde, which were accompanied by corresponding increase in liver and muscle glycogen contents, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that EGCG had an anti-fatigue effect. SUMMARY EGCG significantly prolonged exhaustive swimming time and decreased the levels of BLA, SUN, SCK and MDA, which were accompanied by corresponding increases in liver and muscle glycogen contents, and SOD, CAT, and GPx activities.EGCG can be used to design nutraceutical supplements aimed to facilitate recovery from fatigue and attenuate exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative damage. Abbreviations used: EGCG: (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ROS: reactive oxygen species, BLA: blood lactic acid, SUN: serum urea nitrogen, SOD: superoxide dismutase, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, CAT: catalase, SCK: serum creatine kinase, MDA: malondialdehyde, C: control, LET: Low-dose EGCG-treated, MET: Middle-dose EGCG-treated, HET: High-dose EGCG-treated, GTE: green tea extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-song Teng
- School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, P.R. China
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14
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Haam S, Park H. Six week swimming followed by acute uptakes of ginsenoside Rg1 may affect aerobic capacity of SD rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 19:311-7. [PMID: 27274464 PMCID: PMC4886839 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of six-weeks of endurance swim training and short-term intake of Rg1 on the expression of related proteins as well as improvement of aerobic exercise capacity in 8-week-old male SD rats. METHODS The groups were divided into placebo (NP, n=6), Rg1 (NRG, n=6), exercise+placebo (EP, n=7), and exercise+Rg1 (ERG, n=7). On completion of the 6-week swimming exercise, Rg1-intake groups were treated with acute uptakes (3 times within 24hrs) of Rg1. After the treatment, all groups were subjected to a swim to exhaustion test, and then the mass of muscle tissue, mRNA expression level and activity of citrate synthase (CS) were analyzed on plantaris. RESULTS There were no differences in the effect of 6-week swimming exercise and short-term intake of Rg1 on body weight and muscle mass between groups. Although the CS mRNA expression was elevated in the exercise group and combined treatment group, there was no significant difference in CS activity. Acute uptakes of Rg1 did not affect swimming time to exhaustion, but it was increased by 235% and 314% by the 6-weeks of exercise and combined treatment of exercise and Rg1, respectively, which suggests that the combined treatment increased the effect on the capacity of aerobic exercise. CONCLUSION Based on these results, it was confirmed that even a short-term treatment of Rg1 can give an additive effect for improvement of exercise function, and additional studies are needed for the mechanisms and modes of its working.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saebom Haam
- Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon Park
- Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Yongin Republic of Korea
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15
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Koh EJ, Kim KJ, Choi J, Jeon HJ, Seo MJ, Lee BY. Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses early stage of adipocyte development via activation of C/EBP homologous protein-10 in 3T3-L1 and attenuates fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish. J Ginseng Res 2015; 41:23-30. [PMID: 28123318 PMCID: PMC5223064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rg1 is a class of steroid glycoside and triterpene saponin in Panax ginseng. Many studies suggest that Rg1 suppresses adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1. However, the detail molecular mechanism of Rg1 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 is still not fully understood. Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocyte was used to evaluate the effect of Rg1 on adipocyte development in the differentiation in a stage-dependent manner in vitro. Oil Red O staining and Nile red staining were conducted to measure intracellular lipid accumulation and superoxide production, respectively. We analyzed the protein expression using Western blot in vitro. The zebrafish model was used to investigate whether Rg1 suppresses the early stage of fat accumulation in vivo. Results Rg1 decreased lipid accumulation in early-stage differentiation of 3T3-L1 compared with intermediate and later stages of adipocyte differentiation. Rg1 dramatically increased CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein-10 (CHOP10) and subsequently reduced the C/EBPβ transcriptional activity that prohibited the initiation of adipogenic marker expression as well as triglyceride synthase. Rg1 decreased the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β, which are also essential for stimulating the expression of CEBPβ. Rg1 also reduced reactive oxygen species production because of the downregulated protein level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4). While Rg1 increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, it also dramatically decreased the accumulation of lipid and triglyceride in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish. Conclusion We demonstrated that Rg1 suppresses early-stage differentiation via the activation of CHOP10 and attenuates fat accumulation in vivo. These results indicate that Rg1 might have the potential to reduce body fat accumulation in the early stage of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Koh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jia Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hui Jeon Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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17
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Liu QF, Deng ZY, Ye JM, He AL, Li SS. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects chronic cyclosporin a nephropathy from tubular cell apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:566-9. [PMID: 25769608 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study tested the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) in cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress on renal tubular cell apoptosis in a rat model of chronic CsA nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 3 groups: a control group, a model group (CsA 25 mg/kg per day), and a G-Rg1 treatment group (CsA 25 mg/kg per day and G-Rg1 20 mg/kg per day). We examined the effects of G-Rg1 on histopathology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining, and expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, and caspase-3 by using Western blot analysis. RESULTS G-Rg1 attenuated CsA-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis and reduced tubular epithelial cell apoptosis as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining and caspase-3 expression. Compared with the model group, it reduced the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (0.12 ± 0.03 vs 0.48 ± 0.05 [P < .01]; 0.55 ± 0.11 vs 1.08 ± 0.07 [P < .05]), respectively. CONCLUSIONS G-Rg1 mitigates the progression of chronic CsA nephropathy, at least in part, through inhibition of ER stress-triggered tubular cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-F Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z-Y Deng
- Department of Pathology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - J-M Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - A-L He
- Centre Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - S-S Li
- Centre Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Zhu G, Wang Y, Li J, Wang J. Chronic treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 promotes memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation in middle-aged mice. Neuroscience 2015; 292:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Xu D, Huang P, Yu Z, Xing DH, Ouyang S, Xing G. Efficacy and Safety of Panax notoginseng Saponin Therapy for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Meta-Analysis, and Mini Review of Potential Mechanisms of Action. Front Neurol 2015; 5:274. [PMID: 25620952 PMCID: PMC4288044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial/intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of death and disability in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. No proven drug is available for ICH. Panax notoginseng (total saponin extraction, PNS) is one of the most valuable herb medicines for stroke and cerebralvascular disorders in China. We searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving PNS injection to treat cerebral hemorrhage for meta-analysis from various databases including the Chinese Stroke Trials Register, the trials register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Chinese BioMedical disk, and China Doctorate/Master Dissertations Databases. The quality of the eligible trials was assessed by Jadad’s scale. Twenty (20) of the 24 identified randomized controlled trials matched the inclusive criteria including 984 ICH patients with PNS injection and 907 ICH patients with current treatment (CT). Compared to the CT groups, PNS-treated patients showed better outcomes in the effectiveness rate (ER), neurological deficit score, intracranial hematoma volume, intracerebral edema volume, Barthel index, the number of patients died, and incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: PNS injection is superior to CT for acute ICH. A review of the literature shows that PNS may exert multiple protective mechanisms against ICH-induced brain damage including hemostasis, anti-coagulation, anti-thromboembolism, cerebral vasodilation, invigorated blood dynamics, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Since vitamin C and other brain cell activators (BCA) that are not considered common practice were also used as parts of the CT in several trials, potential PNS and BCA interactions could exist that may have made the effect of PNS therapy less or more impressive than by PNS therapy alone. Future PNS trials with and without the inclusion of such controversial BCAs as part of the CT could clarify the situation. As PNS has a long clinical track record in Asia, it could potentially become a therapy option to treat ICH in the US and Europe. Further clinical trials with better experimental design could determine the long-term effects of PNS treatment for TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Xu
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Ping Huang
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Huanggang , China
| | | | - Shuai Ouyang
- School of Business, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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Zhang LJ, Zhou EF. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on proliferation of colon cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:4599-4603. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i30.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on colon cancer cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro, and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism.
METHODS: The proliferation of normal colon cells and colon cancer cells treated with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 was assessed in vitro, and related protein expression was also detected. A mouse model of colon cancer was created, and model mice were given different concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 by gavage administration. Tumor growth and related protein expression in tumor tissue were then measured.
RESULTS: Ginsenoside Rg1 could not only inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and alter cell cycle progression in vitro, but also suppress tumor growth and decrease cancer growth related protein expression in vivo.
CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rg1 can inhibit colon cancer growth and proliferation effectively possibly by down-regulating the expression of cell cycle- and proliferation-related proteins.
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Jee HS, Chang KH, Park SH, Kim KT, Paik HD. Morphological Characterization, Chemical Components, and Biofunctional Activities ofPanax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, andPanax notoginsengRoots: A Comparative Study. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.883631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang ZG, Niu XY, He XJ, Shu J. Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces toxicity of fine particulate matter on human alveolar epithelial cells: a preliminary observation. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:989-92. [PMID: 24346058 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a significant environmental pollutant responsible for a number of human diseases. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is likely to have the potential to relieve PM2.5‑induced cell injury. The present study is designed to preliminarily observe the harmful effect of PM2.5 and the protective effect of Rg1 against PM2.5 on human A549 lung epithelial cells in vitro. The cytotoxic effects of the PM2.5 or Rg1 on A549 cells were measured by means of cell viability, and then exposure concentration of PM2.5 and pretreatment concentration of Rg1 used in the following assays were established. The A549 cells were pretreated with Rg1 for 1 h and then exposed to PM2.5 for 24 h. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell culture supernatant and malondialdehyde (MDA) within the cells were assayed. The present results revealed that 200‑1,200 µg/ml of PM2.5 decreased the viability of A549 cells significantly in a concentration‑dependent manner; however, 50‑400 µg/ml of Rg1 had no significant effect. Pretreatment with 100, 200 or 400 µg/ml Rg1 significantly diminished the 200 µg/ml PM2.5‑induced A549 cell viability and decreased LDH leakage and MDA generation in a concentration‑dependent manner. These results indicated that PM2.5 induced cell injury and Rg1, antagonized PM2.5‑induced cell injury to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Zhang
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Yan Niu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jun Shu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Kim YJ, Jeon JN, Jang MG, Oh JY, Kwon WS, Jung SK, Yang DC. Ginsenoside profiles and related gene expression during foliation in Panax ginseng Meyer. J Ginseng Res 2013; 38:66-72. [PMID: 24558313 PMCID: PMC3915334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng is one of the most important medicinal plants in Asia. Triterpene saponins, known as ginsenosides, are the major pharmacological compounds in P. ginseng. The present study was conducted to evaluate the changes in ginsenoside composition according to the foliation stage of P. ginseng cultured in a hydroponic system. Among the three tested growth stages (closed, intermediate, and opened), the highest amount of total ginsenoside in the main and fine roots was in the intermediate stage. In the leaves, the highest amount of total ginsenoside was in the opened stage. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaf was markedly increased in the transition from the closed to intermediate stage, and increased more slowly from the intermediate to opened leaf stage, suggesting active biosynthesis of ginsenosides in the leaf. Conversely, the total ginsenoside content of the main and fine roots decreased from the intermediate to opened leaf stage. This suggests movement of ginsenosides during foliation from the root to the leaf, or vice versa. The difference in the composition of ginsenosides between the leaf and root in each stage of foliation suggests that the ginsenoside profile is affected by foliation stage, and this profile differs in each organ of the plant. These results suggest that protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides are produced according to growth stage to meet different needs in the growth and defense of ginseng. The higher content of PPT-type ginsenosides in leaves could be related to the positive correlation between light and PPT-type ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Corresponding author. Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 449-701, Korea.
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Icariin supplementation protects mice from exercise-induced oxidant stress in liver. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Ma J, Liu J, Wang Q, Yu H, Chen Y, Xiang L. The beneficial effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on Schwann cells subjected to hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative injury. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:624-36. [PMID: 23847444 PMCID: PMC3708042 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) has been considered to have therapeutic potential in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery after sciatic nerve injuries. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of GRg1 on peripheral nerve regeneration is currently unclear. The possible effect of GRg1 on Schwann cells (SCs), which were subjected to oxidative injury after nerve injury, might contribute to the beneficial effect of GRg1 on nerve regeneration. The present study was designed to investigate the potential beneficial effect of GRg1 on SCs exposed to oxidative injury. The oxidative injury to SCs was induced by hydrogen peroxide. The effect of GRg1 (50 μM) on SCs exposed to oxidative injury was measured by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in SCs. The cell number and cell viability of SCs were evaluated through fluorescence observation and MTT assay. The apoptosis of SCs induced by oxidative injury was evaluated by an apoptosis assay. The expression and secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were evaluated using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and an ELISA method. We found that GRg1 significantly up-regulated the level of SOD, GSH and CAT, and decreased the level of MDA in SCs treated with hydrogen peroxide. In addition, GRg1 has been shown to be able to inhibit the proapoptotic effect of hydrogen peroxide, as well as inhibit the detrimental effect of hydrogen peroxide on cell number and cell viability. Furthermore, GRg1 also increased the mRNA levels, protein levels and secretion of NGF and BDNF in SCs after incubation of hydrogen peroxide. Further study showed that preincubation with H89 (a PKA inhibitor) significantly inhibited the effects induced by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that the PKA pathway might be involved in the antioxidant effect and neurotrophic factors (NTFs) promoting effect of GRg1. In addition, a short-term in vivo study was performed to confirm and validate the antioxidant effect and nerve regeneration-promoting effect of GRg1 in a sciatic crush injury model in rats. We found that GRg1 significantly increased SOD, CAT and GSH, decreased MDA, as well as promoted nerve regeneration after crush injury. In conclusion, the present study showed that GRg1 is capable of helping SCs recover from the oxidative insult induced by hydrogen peroxide, which might account, at least in part, for the beneficial effect of GRg1 on nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning, China
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Oliynyk S, Oh S. Actoprotective effect of ginseng: improving mental and physical performance. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:144-66. [PMID: 23717168 PMCID: PMC3659633 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actoprotectors are preparations that increase the mental performance and enhance body stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold a significant capacity to increase physical performance. The focus of this article is studying adaptogen herbs of genus Panax (P. ginseng in particular) and their capabilities as actoprotectors. Some animal experiments and human studies about actoprotective properties of genus Panax attest that P. ginseng (administered as an extract) significantly increased the physical and intellectual work capacities, and the data provided suggests that ginseng is a natural source of actoprotectors. Preparations of ginseng can be regarded as potential actoprotectors which give way to further research of its influence on physical and mental work capacity, endurance and restoration after exhaustive physical loads while compared with reference actoprotectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Oliynyk
- Department of Neuroscience and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
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