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Araújo KAMD, Torres-Rêgo M, Gurgel-Medeiros T, Silva-Júnior AAD, Leite RDS, Daniele-Silva A, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Epidemiological study in Brazil: Scorpion sting cases in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24190. [PMID: 38293345 PMCID: PMC10826653 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Scorpion sting accidents are a public health problem in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The increasing and high incidence of cases in urban areas reveals the importance of studies to determine the epidemiological profile and the spatial distribution of these accidents. This is a retrospective study that describes and analyzes the cases of scorpion stings in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil, from 2007 to 2018. Data from the Information System database of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) were obtained from the Secretary of Health of Rio Grande do Norte. 31,368 accidents due to scorpion stings were reported, more frequently in urban areas of Natal, whose Human Development Index is low. The cases occurred predominantly in hot and humid regions, mainly affecting women aged between 30 and 60 years. Most individuals sought medical attention within 3 h of the incident. The severity and mortality of the injured individuals varied according to the area of occurrence, age of the patient, and the local and systemic symptoms presented. Pain, numbness, and edema were the most frequent local symptoms, and systemic symptoms were frequently described as headache, hyperthermia and sweating. Therefore, scorpionism in the city of Natal is an environmental and public health problem, with a significant growth trend (p < 0.05). Through the data collected on the spatial distribution and risks, this approach allows the creation of effective control strategies to prevent accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliany Adja Medeiros de Araújo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Senador Salgado Filho Avenue, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Gurgel-Medeiros
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Renner de Souza Leite
- Graduate Program of Physiological Sciences Federal University of Campina Grande, Olho D’água da Bica, S/N, Cuité, Paraíba, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Daniele-Silva
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil
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de Oliveira IS, Alano-da-Silva NM, Ferreira IG, Cerni FA, Sachett JDAG, Monteiro WM, Pucca MB, Arantes EC. Understanding the complexity of Tityus serrulatus venom: A focus on high molecular weight components. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230046. [PMID: 38317796 PMCID: PMC10843179 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tityus serrulatus scorpion is responsible for a significant number of envenomings in Brazil, ranging from mild to severe, and in some cases, leading to fatalities. While supportive care is the primary treatment modality, moderate and severe cases require antivenom administration despite potential limitations and adverse effects. The remarkable proliferation of T. serrulatus scorpions, attributed to their biology and asexual reproduction, contributes to a high incidence of envenomation. T. serrulatus scorpion venom predominantly consists of short proteins acting as neurotoxins (α and β), that primarily target ion channels. Nevertheless, high molecular weight compounds, including metalloproteases, serine proteases, phospholipases, and hyaluronidases, are also present in the venom. These compounds play a crucial role in envenomation, influencing the severity of symptoms and the spread of venom. This review endeavors to comprehensively understand the T. serrulatus scorpion venom by elucidating the primary high molecular weight compounds and exploring their potential contributions to envenomation. Understanding these compounds' mechanisms of action can aid in developing more effective treatments and prevention strategies, ultimately mitigating the impact of scorpion envenomation on public health in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Sousa de Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicoly Malachize Alano-da-Silva
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela Gobbo Ferreira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Health and Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Acunha T, Rocha BA, Nardini V, Barbosa F, Faccioli LH. Lipidomic profiling of the Brazilian yellow scorpion venom: new insights into inflammatory responses following Tityus serrulatus envenomation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:283-295. [PMID: 36895096 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2188896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and clinical relevance, scorpionism is a critical public health issue in several Brazilian regions. Tityus serrulatus, commonly known as the Brazilian yellow scorpion, is the most venomous genus found in Brazilian fauna and associated with severe clinical manifestations such as localized pain, hypertension, sweating, tachycardia and complex hyperinflammatory responses. In general, T. serrulatus venom contains a complex mixture of active compounds, including proteins, peptides, and amino acids. Although knowledge of the protein fractions of scorpion venom is available, venom lipid components are not yet comprehensively known. The aim of the present study was to determine and characterize the lipid constituents/profile of the T. serratus venom utilizing liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Lipid species (164 in total) belonging to 3 different lipid categories, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids, were identified. A further search on MetaCore/MetaDrug platform, which is based upon a manually curated database of molecular interactions, molecular pathways, gene-disease associations, chemical metabolism, and toxicity information, exhibited several metabolic pathways for 24 of previously identified lipid species, including activation of nuclear factor kappa B and oxidative stress pathways. Further several bioactive compounds, such as plasmalogens, lyso-platelet-activating factors, and sphingomyelins, associated with systemic responses triggered by T. serrulatus envenomation were detected. Finally, lipidomic data presented provide advanced and valuable information to better comprehend the mechanisms underlying the complex pathophysiology induced by T. serrulatus envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernando Barbosa
- Departamento de Análise Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análise Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Lacerda AB, Lorenz C, De Azevedo TS, Cândido DM, Wen FH, Eloy LJ, Bersusa AAS, Chiaravalloti Neto F. Scorpion envenomation in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: Spatiotemporal analysis of a growing public health concern. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266138. [PMID: 35395017 PMCID: PMC8992990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion envenomation is a significant public health concern in São Paulo, Brazil, and its incidence and mortality have increased in recent decades. The present study analyzed documented scorpion envenomation notifications from 2008 to 2018 throughout the 645 municipalities of São Paulo. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated and stratified according to sex and age. The local empirical Bayesian method and Getis-Ord Gi* statistic were used to represent standardized incidence rates in the municipalities and to identify high- and low-risk agglomerates. The incidence rate of scorpion envenomation quintupled between 2008 and 2018. Overall, the risk was higher for man, and increased with age. Deaths due to envenomation, however, were concentrated almost entirely in children 0–9 years of age. Incidence maps showed that the risk of envenomation increased in almost all regions and municipalities of São Paulo throughout the study period. The highest incidence rates were found in the western, northwestern and northern regions of the state, in contrast to the São Paulo metropolitan area and southern and coastal regions. Hot spots were identified in the Presidente Prudente, Barretos, São José do Rio Preto, and Araçatuba regional health districts, which over time formed a single high-risk cluster. In spatial terms, however, deaths were randomly distributed. In this study, we identified areas and populations at risk of scorpion envenomation and associated–fatalities, which can be used to support decision-making by health services to reduce human contact with these arachnids and avoid fatalities, especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Brian Lacerda
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública–Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Camila Lorenz
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública–Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Salomão De Azevedo
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública–Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Secretaria de Saúde do Município de Santa Bárbara d’Oeste–SP, Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciano José Eloy
- Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac”, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barbosa MDOR, de Paulo MEFDV, Nencioni ALA. Scorpion Envenomation of Lactating Rats Decreases the Seizure Threshold in Offspring. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:853. [PMID: 34941691 PMCID: PMC8707262 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data are available in the literature describing the long-term effects of envenoming in the perinatal period. In this study, the relationship between envenoming of lactating rats and possible behavioral changes in the mother and in her offspring were investigated. Lactating Wistar rats received a single dose of T. serrulatus crude venom on postnatal days 2 (V2), 10 (V10) or 16 (V16), and had their maternal behavior evaluated. The seizure threshold was evaluated in adulthood offspring. A decrease in maternal care during envenoming was observed in V2 and V10 groups. The retrieval behavior was absent in the V2 group, and a lower seizure threshold in the adult offspring of all groups was observed. During envenoming, mothers stayed away from their offspring for a relatively long time. Maternal deprivation during the early postnatal period is one of the most potent stressors for pups and could be responsible, at least in part, for the decrease in the convulsive threshold of the offspring since stress is pointed to as a risk factor for epileptogenesis. Furthermore, the scorpionic accident generates an intense immune response, and inflammation in neonates increases the susceptibility to seizures in adulthood. Therefore, maternal envenoming during lactation can have adverse effects on offspring in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.R.B.); (M.E.F.d.V.d.P.)
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Martins JG, Santos GC, Procópio REDL, Arantes EC, Bordon KDCF. Scorpion species of medical importance in the Brazilian Amazon: a review to identify knowledge gaps. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210012. [PMID: 34589120 PMCID: PMC8452272 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpionism is a relevant medical condition in Brazil. It is responsible for most accidents involving venomous animals in the country, which leads to severe symptoms that can evolve to death. In recent years, an increase of almost 50% in the incidence of scorpionism has been observed in the Northern Region, where the highest severity of envenoming has been notified since the beginning of the 21st century. This review aims to provide an in-depth assessment of public data and reports on symptoms and epidemiology of envenoming, ecological aspects of scorpions, and characterization of venoms and toxins to access the gaps that need to be filled in the knowledge of the scorpion species of medical importance from the Brazilian Amazon. A systematic search using the string words "Amazon" and "scorpion" was performed on 11 databases. No restriction on date, language or status of the publication was applied. Reports not related to the Brazilian Amazon were excluded. Therefore, 88 studies remained. It is shown that populations of scorpions of medical importance, even of the same species, may present significant toxic variations peculiar to some regions in the Brazilian Amazon, and commercial scorpion antivenoms were not able to shorten the intensity and duration of neurological manifestations in patients stung by T. silvestris, T. apiacas or T. obscurus. It is also highlighted that the toxins responsible for triggering these alterations have not been elucidated yet and this is a fruitful field for the development of more efficient antivenoms. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of scorpions of the genus Tityus in the Brazilian Amazon was revised and updated. The cumulative and detailed information provided in this review may help physicians and scientists interested in scorpionism in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gama Martins
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation and Evolutionary Biology
(PPG GCBEv), National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, AM,
Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Cristina Santos
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP,
Brazil
| | - Rudi Emerson de Lima Procópio
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Natural Resources of Amazon,
University of the State of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP,
Brazil
| | - Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP,
Brazil
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Almeida ACC, Carvalho FM, Mise YF. Risk factors for fatal scorpion envenoming among Brazilian children: a case-control study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:975-983. [PMID: 34352889 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scorpion envenoming is relatively frequent in tropical and subtropical regions and potentially fatal. We aimed to identify risk factors for fatal scorpion envenoming among Brazilian children. METHODS A case-control study investigated all fatal cases of scorpion envenoming among children up to 10 y old, reported to the Brazilian Diseases Surveillance System between 1 January 2007 and 18 July 2016. Controls were randomly sampled from children who survived the envenoming over this period. Data were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 254 cases and 1083 controls investigated, the identified risk factors were age ≤5 y, occurred in a rural area, time-to-treatment ≥3 h, treatment with scorpion antivenom (SAV) but either excessive or insufficient number of vials, treatment with antivenom that was neither SAV nor anti-spider and no antivenom administered compared with the standard recommended treatment. Treatment effectiveness at preventing fatal scorpion envenoming was 77.0% when time-to-treatment was <3 h and 75% in children 9-10 y of age. SAV was 63% effective at preventing death when administered early at the recommended dosage. CONCLUSIONS Fatal scorpion envenoming was associated with younger age, incident occurring in a rural area, late treatment and inadequate antivenom treatment. SAV was effective at preventing death when administered early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline C Almeida
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, s/n, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Carvalho
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, s/n Centro Histórico, Salvador, 40026-010, Brazil
| | - Yukari F Mise
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Basílio da Gama, s/n, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
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Almeida ACCD, Mise YF, Carvalho FM, Silva RMLD. Ecological association between socioeconomic, occupational and sanitation factors and the occurrence of scorpionism in Brazil, 2007-2019. EPIDEMIOLOGIA E SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE 2021; 30:e2021009. [PMID: 34854465 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-49742021000400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze ecological association between socioeconomic, occupational and sanitation characteristics and scorpionism in Brazil. METHODS This was an ecological study with data on scorpion sting accidents reported on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (2007-2019). Negative binomial regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS In the study period there were 1,079,333 scorpion sting accidents, with a cumulative incidence rate of 41.5/100,000 inhabitants. In the adjusted analysis, there was association with the municipal percentages of: women (IRR=1.65 - 95%CI 1.18;2.30) and men (IRR=0.90 - 95%CI 0.88;0.91) working in the construction industry, women (IRR=1.21 - 95%CI 1.18;1.25) and men (IRR=0.73 - 95%CI 0.69;0.77) working in domestic service, women (IRR=1.03 - 95%CI 1.02;1.04) and men (IRR=0.93 - 95%CI 0.92;0.93) working in farming, households with refuse collection (IRR=0.99 - 95%CI 0.98;0.99) and households with refuse left nearby (IRR=1.02 - 95%CI 1.01;1.02), expected years of schooling (IRR=0.88 - 95%CI 0.83;0.92), and unemployment rate (IRR=1.07 - 95%CI 1.05;1.09). CONCLUSION Scorpionism was associated with precarious infrastructure/sanitation, job availability, education and female occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukari Figueroa Mise
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Kalapothakis Y, Miranda K, Pereira AH, Witt ASA, Marani C, Martins AP, Leal HG, Campos-Júnior E, Pimenta AMC, Borges A, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Kalapothakis E. Novel components of Tityus serrulatus venom: A transcriptomic approach. Toxicon 2020; 189:91-104. [PMID: 33181162 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several research groups have studied the components produced by the venom gland of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus, which has one of the most lethal venoms in the world. Various methodologies have been employed to clarify the complex mechanisms of action of these components, especially neurotoxins and enzymes. Transcriptomes and proteomes have provided important information for pharmacological, biochemical, and immunological research. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed the description of new transcripts and completion of partial sequence descriptions for peptides, especially those with low expression levels. In the present work, after NGS sequencing, we searched for new putative venom components. We present a total of nine new transcripts with neurotoxic potential (Ts33-41) and describe the sequences of one hyaluronidase (TsHyal_4); three enzymes involved in amidation (peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase A, peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase, and peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase), which increases the lethal potential of neurotoxins; and also the enzyme Ts_Chitinase1, which may be involved in the venom's digestive action. In addition, we determined the level of transcription of five groups: toxins, metalloproteases, hyaluronidases, chitinases and amidation enzymes, including new components found in this study. Toxins are the predominant group with an expression level of 91.945%, followed by metalloproteases with only 7.790% and other groups representing 0.265%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Kelton Miranda
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana Heloísa Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Amanda S A Witt
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camila Marani
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Martins
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Hortênsia Gomes Leal
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Edimar Campos-Júnior
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriano M C Pimenta
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Borges
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 c/15 de Agosto, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Factors involved in the resilience of incidence and decrease of mortality from scorpion stings in Mexico. Toxicon 2020; 188:65-75. [PMID: 33065199 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Mexico, scorpion sting envenomation (SSE) is a significant public health issue that has engaged the attention of health authorities for more than a century. Rigorously characterized today, scorpion sting incidence is stable around 230 stings per 100,000 population, i.e. 300,000 annual stings treated in Mexican health centers and hospitals. Higher incidence is observed mainly in central and Pacific Mexico. Scorpion populations thrive in populated places, particularly in impoverished areas. Scorpion stings occur in houses. This could explain similar incidence according to gender and age. The number of scorpion stings has remained stable since the mid-2000s. In contrast, mortality, which was over 1500 deaths per year before the 1960s, underwent a dramatic drop after the 1970s, from 500 deaths per year to fewer than 50 annual deaths today. Case fatality rates have shown similar trend. We noted a significantly higher specific mortality in males than in females (0.199 and 0.168 per 100,000 respectively; P < 1.9·10-6). Three causes explained the drop in mortality and case fatality rate, a) ongoing improvement in hospital care, particularly in terms of supportive standardized treatments, b) the use of highly purified immunoglobulin F(ab')2 fragments after 1995 and, c) increasing access to health services for most of the Mexican population. The authors retrace the history of the management of SSE, including the development of antivenoms, in Mexico between 1905 and today.
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Torrez PPQ, Bertolozzi MR, França FODS. Vulnerabilities and clinical manifestations in scorpion envenomations in Santarém, Pará, Brazil: a qualitative study. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2020; 54:e03579. [PMID: 32844964 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2018050403579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe elements of vulnerabilities and clinical manifestations of the victims of scorpionism in Santarem-Pará. METHOD Quantitative and qualitative study with a theoretical framework of Twenty-eight patients stung by scorpions were interviewed by applying a semi-structured instrument. Data were analyzed according to the technique of discourse analysis. RESULTS Seventeen patients (60.7%) were male and eight (28.6%) were illiterate. Twenty-two (78.5%) patients were small farmers. This study revealed that these patients had an important individual, social and programmatic vulnerability. Interviews revealed limited knowledge about prevention and first aid after the envenomation. Programmatic vulnerability is highlighted because there is difficulty in accessing health services due to the great geographical extension of the Amazon region and also a lack of experience of the health care workers in caring for scorpion sting victims. CONCLUSION This research accurately reveals previously described neuromuscular and sensory nervous system disorders in these victims of scorpionism. As far as we know, this is the first study that addresses the vulnerability of scorpionism using qualitative methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Rita Bertolozzi
- Departamento de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Furtado AA, Daniele-Silva A, Silva-Júnior AAD, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. Biology, venom composition, and scorpionism induced by brazilian scorpion Tityus stigmurus (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpiones: Buthidae): A mini-review. Toxicon 2020; 185:36-45. [PMID: 32585220 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scorpionism is a serious public health problem in various regions of the world. In Brazil, a high number of accidents by scorpions have been reported. From 2014 to 2018, about 547,000 cases were recorded, resulting in 466 deaths. The scorpion Tityus stigmurus is the predominant species in the northeast of Brazil, being responsible for most scorpionism cases in this region. With the aid of the transcriptomic approach of the venom gland of this species, components as neurotoxins, antimicrobials, metal chelating peptides and hypotensins, have been identified and characterized in silico, showing different biologic activity in vitro. In addition, the neuronal, pancreatic, renal, and enzymatic effects have been demonstrated for the crude T. stigmurus venom. Therefore, the T. stigmurus scorpion venom constitutes a rich arsenal of bioactive molecules with high potential for therapeutic and biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allanny Alves Furtado
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Daniele-Silva
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal, 59012-570, Brazil.
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Ahmadi S, Knerr JM, Argemi L, Bordon KCF, Pucca MB, Cerni FA, Arantes EC, Çalışkan F, Laustsen AH. Scorpion Venom: Detriments and Benefits. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050118. [PMID: 32408604 PMCID: PMC7277529 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venom may cause severe medical complications and untimely death if injected into the human body. Neurotoxins are the main components of scorpion venom that are known to be responsible for the pathological manifestations of envenoming. Besides neurotoxins, a wide range of other bioactive molecules can be found in scorpion venoms. Advances in separation, characterization, and biotechnological approaches have enabled not only the development of more effective treatments against scorpion envenomings, but have also led to the discovery of several scorpion venom peptides with interesting therapeutic properties. Thus, scorpion venom may not only be a medical threat to human health, but could prove to be a valuable source of bioactive molecules that may serve as leads for the development of new therapies against current and emerging diseases. This review presents both the detrimental and beneficial properties of scorpion venom toxins and discusses the newest advances within the development of novel therapies against scorpion envenoming and the therapeutic perspectives for scorpion toxins in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ahmadi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eşkisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eşkisehir, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (A.H.L.); Tel.: +45-7164-6042 (S.A.); +45-2988-1134 (A.H.L.)
| | - Julius M. Knerr
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Lídia Argemi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Karla C. F. Bordon
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima 69310-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cerni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Eliane C. Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto—São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (K.C.F.B.); (E.C.A.)
| | - Figen Çalışkan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eşkisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eşkisehir, Turkey;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.M.K.); (L.A.); (M.B.P.); (F.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (A.H.L.); Tel.: +45-7164-6042 (S.A.); +45-2988-1134 (A.H.L.)
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Taniele-Silva J, Martins LG, de Sousa MB, de Souza LM, Cardoso RMB, Velasco SRU, Ramos GDS, de Miranda CT, Moura AÁ, Anderson L, Bassi ÊJ. Retrospective clinical and epidemiological analysis of scorpionism at a referral hospital for the treatment of accidents by venomous animals in Alagoas State, Northeast Brazil, 2007-2017. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e26. [PMID: 32401958 PMCID: PMC7232956 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpionism has a high incidence rate in Brazil. It is considered a serious public health problem mainly in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The number of scorpion accidents have increased over the years and the highest frequencies have been reported mainly in the Brazilian Northeast region. Therefore, in this study we report a retrospective clinical and epidemiological analysis of scorpion stings from 2007 to 2017 in Alagoas State, Northeast Brazil, at a referral hospital for assistance and treatment of accidents by venomous animals. During the analyzed period, the referral hospital treated 27,988 cases, and an increase in the number of cases has taken place over the years. The highest frequency of scorpion stings was observed in females, and the age range most affected was from 20 to 29 years old. The most stung body site was the foot, followed by finger, toe or hand. Regarding the severity, most severe cases were reported in children up to 4 years old (69.4%) and 50% of the total cases treated with serotherapy corresponded to patients in this age range. Interestingly, it was also found that the occurrence of systemic manifestations and the severity of the cases were significantly associated with pediatric patients. In this way, this study highlights the scorpionism as an environmental public health problem in Alagoas State, Northeast Brazil, as well as the need to intensify the epidemiological surveillance and educational campaigns to prevent and control scorpion accidents throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile Taniele-Silva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Lycia Gama Martins
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Faculdade de Medicina, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas, Hospital Escola Dr. Hélvio Auto, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Geymerson dos Santos Ramos
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Computação, Laboratório de Computação Científica e Análise Numérica, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Ávila Moura
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Faculdade de Medicina, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas, Hospital Escola Dr. Hélvio Auto, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Letícia Anderson
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia e Imunologia, Grupo de Pesquisa em Regulação da Resposta Imune, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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Costa GG, Serejo LDFM, Coelho JDS, Cândido DM, Gadelha MADC, Pardal PPDO. First report of scorpionism caused by Tityus serrulatus, described by Lutz and Mello, 1922 (Scorpiones, Buthidae), a species non-native to the state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190285. [PMID: 32187336 PMCID: PMC7094041 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0285-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This reports a case of scorpionism caused by Tityus serrulatus.
A male adult was stung while unloading bananas at the supply center in Belém,
Pará, Brazil. The bananas originated in another state (Bahia) and were brought
to Belém by truck. The patient presented with pain, edema, and erythema at the
sting site, and was classified as low-risk. The specimen was identified as
T. serrulatus and symptomatic treatment and clinical
observation were advised. The patient was discharged later without further
complications. This is the first known envenomation caused by T.
serrulatus, a non-native species to Pará, in the Brazilian
Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Góes Costa
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Johne de Souza Coelho
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Entomologia médica e Artrópodes Peçonhentos, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | | | | | - Pedro Pereira de Oliveira Pardal
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Belém, PA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Entomologia médica e Artrópodes Peçonhentos, Belém, PA, Brasil
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16
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Reis MB, Elias-Oliveira J, Pastore MR, Ramos SG, Gardinassi LG, Faccioli LH. Interleukin-1 Receptor-Induced Nitric Oxide Production in the Pancreas Controls Hyperglycemia Caused by Scorpion Envenomation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030163. [PMID: 32150895 PMCID: PMC7150851 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tityus serrulatus causes numerous scorpion envenomation accidents and deaths worldwide. The symptoms vary from local to systemic manifestations, culminating in pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock. Among these events, transitory hyperglycemia is a severe manifestation that influences pulmonary edema, hemodynamic alterations, and cardiac disturbances. However, the molecular mechanism that leads to increased glucose levels after T. serrulatus envenomation remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate our hypothesis that hyperglycemia due to scorpion envenomation involves inflammatory signaling in the pancreas. The present study showed that T. serrulatus venom induces the production of IL-1α and IL-1β in the pancreas, which signal via IL-1R and provoke nitric oxide (NO) production as well as edema in β-cells in islets. Il1r1−/− mice were protected from transitory hyperglycemia and did not present disturbances in insulin levels in the serum. These results suggest that the pathway driven by IL-1α/IL-1β-IL-1R-NO inhibits insulin release by β-cells, which increases systemic glucose concentration during severe scorpion envenomation. A supportive therapy that inhibits NO production, combined with antiserum, may help to prevent fatal outcomes of scorpion envenomation. Our findings provide novel insights into the design of supportive therapy with NO inhibitors combined with antiscorpion venom serum to overcome fatal outcomes of scorpion envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouzarllem B. Reis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.B.R.); (J.E.-O.); (M.R.P.); (L.G.G.)
| | - Jefferson Elias-Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.B.R.); (J.E.-O.); (M.R.P.); (L.G.G.)
| | - Marcella R. Pastore
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.B.R.); (J.E.-O.); (M.R.P.); (L.G.G.)
| | - Simone G. Ramos
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - Luiz G. Gardinassi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.B.R.); (J.E.-O.); (M.R.P.); (L.G.G.)
| | - Lúcia H. Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.B.R.); (J.E.-O.); (M.R.P.); (L.G.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Santana CR, Oliveira MG. Avaliação do uso de soros antivenenos na emergência de um hospital público regional de Vitória da Conquista (BA), Brasil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:869-878. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020253.16362018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico de vítimas de acidentes escorpiônicos e ofídicos e avaliar a adequação das prescrições de soros antivenenos. Estudo transversal cujas fontes de dados foram as fichas de notificação de acidentes por animais peçonhentos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no município de Vitória da Conquista (BA), Brasil. Foram incluídas as informações de acidentes escorpiônicos ou ofídicos no período entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2017 atendidos no município. Os dados obtidos e as variáveis de interesse foram analisadas de acordo com as perguntas deste estudo. No período observado foram atendidas 293 vítimas de acidentes por animais peçonhentos. Destas, 149 (50,9%) foram homens e 114 (38,9%) possuíam entre 20 a 59 anos. Foram 235 (80,9%) casos de escorpionismo e 58 (19,1%) de ofidismo. Destes, 203 (69,3%) foram classificados como leves e em 200 (68,5%) casos foi prescrita soroterapia para estes pacientes. Quanto à adequação das prescrições, 172 (59,7%) foram julgadas inadequadas e destas, o uso de número de ampolas acima do indicado foi a mais frequente. A prescrição inapropriada de soros antivenenos ocorreu em aproximadamente em 60% dos casos avaliados. Apesar disso, a maioria dos acidentes foi classificada como leve, em homens jovens.
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Fan HW, Natal Vigilato MA, Augusto Pompei JC, Gutiérrez JM. [Situation of public laboratories manufacturing antivenoms in Latin AmericaA situação dos laboratórios públicos produtores de soros antivenenos na América Latina]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 43:e92. [PMID: 31772565 PMCID: PMC6863067 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Se analiza la situación de los laboratorios públicos productores de antivenenos en América Latina, con base a los resultados de en un taller coordinado por el Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa (PANAFTOSA) de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Nueve países en la región poseen doce laboratorios públicos que producen y distribuyen antivenenos contra venenos de diferentes animales ponzoñosos. Se discutió la situación de cada laboratorio, se analizó el escenario actual caracterizado por las crecientes demandas regulatorias y la heterogeneidad de estos en términos de infraestructura y capacidad productiva y se planteó la necesidad de concertar procesos de cooperación regional dirigidos a mejorar la disponibilidad de antivenenos, incluyendo proyectos de investigación y desarrollo para el mejoramiento de los procesos y las tecnologías; estudios del perfil de la capacidad neutralizante de los antivenenos contra diferentes venenos, y programas de capacitación técnica de profesionales y personal técnico. En el contexto actual, en el que la Organización Mundial de la Salud elaboró una estrategia global para la prevención y el control de los envenenamientos ofídicos, el Centro PANAFTOSA de la OPS ha asumido la coordinación de estas acciones en las Américas, mejorar la disponibilidad de antivenenos es prioritaria. Como resultado de ese taller, se creó la Red de Laboratorios Públicos Productores de Antivenenos de América Latina (RELAPA), con el objetivo de fortalecer estos laboratorios y de aumentar la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de antivenenos eficaces y seguros a toda América Latina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen Fan
- Instituto Butantan Instituto Butantan São Paulo Brazil Instituto Butantan, São Paulo. Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Natal Vigilato
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa Organización Panamericana de la Salud Rio de Janeiro Brasil Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Rio de Janeiro. Brasil
| | - Julio Cesar Augusto Pompei
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa Organización Panamericana de la Salud Rio de Janeiro Brasil Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Rio de Janeiro. Brasil
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Reis MB, Zoccal KF, Gardinassi LG, Faccioli LH. Scorpion envenomation and inflammation: Beyond neurotoxic effects. Toxicon 2019; 167:174-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Carmo ÉA, Nery AA, Nascimento CL, Casotti CA. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of scorpionism in the interior of the state of Bahia, Brazil: retrospective epidemiological study. SAO PAULO MED J 2019; 137:162-168. [PMID: 31314877 PMCID: PMC9721235 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0388070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scorpion accidents have gained great visibility around the world because of the high frequency and severity with which they occur, and have become a global medical-sanitary problem. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological profile of scorpionism in the municipality of Jequié, Bahia, Brazil, from 2007 to 2015. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective epidemiological study in the municipality of Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS This study was based on data collected from the epidemiological investigation notification forms of the injury information system. RESULTS There was an increase in the coefficient of incidence of scorpion accidents in Jequié from 23.4/100,000 in 2007 to 413.6/100,000 in 2015. There were 3565 cases: 54.9% were female, 58.8% were aged 20-59 years, 63.5% had brown skin color and 48.6% had incomplete primary education. Most accidents occurred in urban areas (93.1%). Homes were the main place of occurrence (84.5%) and upper limbs were the commonest sting sites (53.0%). Regarding clinical aspects, 66.4% of the cases received hospital assistance within one hour after the bite, 84.1% presented mild severity, 97.1% had local manifestations and 10.2% had systemic symptoms. Serum therapy was administered in 17.3% of the cases, and 99.9% evolved to cure. CONCLUSION There was an increase in the incidence of scorpion accidents in the municipality, which demonstrates the need for investment in actions that reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by these accidents, such as educational campaigns and improvements in socioeconomic and health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Assunção Carmo
- MSc. Nurse and Doctoral Student, Postgraduate Program on Nursing and Health, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié (BA), Brazil.
| | - Adriana Alves Nery
- PhD. Nurse and Professor, Department of Health II and Postgraduate Program on Nursing and Health, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié (BA), Brazil.
| | - Carlito Lopes Nascimento
- PhD. Doctor and Professor, Department of Health and Postgraduate Program on Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana (BA), Brazil.
| | - Cezar Augusto Casotti
- PhD. Dentist and Professor, Department of Health I and Postgraduate Program on Nursing and Health, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié (BA), Brazil.
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Biodegradable cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles improve anti-Candida and anti-biofilm activity of TistH, a peptide identified in the venom gland of the Tityus stigmurus scorpion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109830. [PMID: 31349502 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among several bioactive peptides identified from the venom glands of the Tityus stigmurus scorpion, one peptide with hypotensive action (TistH, Tityus stigmurus Hypotensin) showed multifunctional and biotechnological applications. The maximum efficacy of this class of compounds can be achieved by immobilizing it in specific and suitable biomaterials or suitable carriers. In this study, distinct entrapment methods of TistH in chitosan nanoparticles was tested using its incorporation (CN-TistH-Inc) or adsorption (CN-TistH-Ads) methods by ionotropic gelification. Physico-chemical properties as well as biocompatibility and antifungal efficacy were assessed for different samples. Atomic force microscopy and field emission gun scanning electronic microscopy images associated with particle size measurements demonstrated that the two methods induced cationic spherical, small (< 160 nm), and narrow-sized (PdI about 0.3) nanoparticles, even after peptide loading greater than 96.5%, which was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The colloidal suspensions showed to be stable for 8 weeks and were able to induce the desired slow in vitro peptide release. Cytotoxicity assays performed in normal cells originated from murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and kidneys of African green monkeys (Vero E6) suggested biocompatibility of samples. The CN-TistH-Inc and CN-TistH-Ads showed a minimal inhibitory concentration of 89.2 μg.mL-1 against Candida albicans, 11.1 μg.mL-1 for C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis, confirmed by minimum fungicidal concentrations assay. Moreover, the TistH-loaded cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles significantly reduced the biofilm formation of clinical yeast sepsis of C. tropicalis and C. krusei, as well as clinical yeasts of vulvovaginal candidiasis of C. albicans. In this approach, biodegradable nanocarriers prepared using simple and reproducible methods demonstrated the ability to deliver the TistH peptide from T. stigmurus and improve its antifungal efficacy.
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Bochner R, de Souza CMV. Divergences between the Brazilian national information systems for recording deaths from venomous animals. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e143018. [PMID: 31130995 PMCID: PMC6533933 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1430-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This paper aims to highlight and analyze discrepancies in reporting of deaths
due to venomous animals in Brazil, from 2001 to 2015, between two national
information systems: The Notifiable Diseases Information System
(Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação -
SINAN) and the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações
sobre Mortalidade - SIM). Methods: Descriptive and comparative study of the SINAN and SIM information systems,
was conducted via the following steps: collecting the death notices from
SINAN and SIM; constructing tables and comparative graphics; and, only in
scorpion sting fatalities, analyzing the distribution of deaths by age group
as described in the specialized literature. Results: While SINAN identifies strong growth in the number of deaths from scorpion
stings, SIM shows greater increase in the number of reported deaths from bee
stings, especially in the South and Southeast regions. Notably, bees are the
sole etiological agent that received more reports in SIM than in SINAN for
every year in the period studied. The age-group distribution of the data on
deaths from scorpion stings reinforced the indication of problems occurring
in their registration in SINAN, especially since 2007, which may have an
effect on analyses based on these data. Conclusion: Comparative analysis of these databases permits identification of important
differences between profiles presented by these systems, which have equal
relevance for Brazil as a whole and for its regions. These differences may
influence the construction of various scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosany Bochner
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Fiocruz. Institute for Scientific and Technological Information and Communication - ICICT, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Torrez PPQ, Dourado FS, Bertani R, Cupo P, França FODS. Scorpionism in Brazil: exponential growth of accidents and deaths from scorpion stings. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180350. [PMID: 31141047 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0350-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pasesa Pascuala Quispe Torrez
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávio Santos Dourado
- Coordenação-Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Rogério Bertani
- Laboratório Especial de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Palmira Cupo
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Francisco Oscar de Siqueira França
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Dorce VAC, da Rocha MMT, Candido DM, Nencioni ALA, Auada AVV, Barbaro KC, Lebrun I. Influence of different processing techniques on the toxicity and biochemical characteristics of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 2018; 156:41-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Albuquerque PLMM, Magalhaes KDN, Sales TDC, Paiva JHHGL, Daher EDF, da Silva GB. Acute kidney injury and pancreatitis due to scorpion sting: case report and literature review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e30. [PMID: 29972468 PMCID: PMC6029862 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high number of accidents due to scorpion stings in Brazil, severe cases in adults are seldomly reported. In the Northeast region of Brazil, Tityus stigmurus is the most prevalent species. A 69 year-old woman who was stung by a scorpion attended the emergency room 5 hours after envenomation. She got worse due to abdominal pain. Clinical findings were concordant with class III scorpion envenomation (major systemic manifestations), complicated by acute kidney injury and acute pancreatitis. Intensive supportive therapy was adopted. In the follow-up, 3 months later, she was completely recovered. This report is being brought to recommend the thorough management of victims of scorpion accidents, enabling early diagnosis of severe complications, which could lead to death if aggressive supportive measures are not early and adequately taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira Albuquerque
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Instituto Dr. José Frota, Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Tamiris de Castro Sales
- Instituto Dr. José Frota, Centro de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo Bezerra da Silva
- Universidade de Fortaleza, Curso de Medicina, Programas de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva e Ciências Médicas, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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de Oliveira UC, Nishiyama MY, dos Santos MBV, Santos-da-Silva ADP, Chalkidis HDM, Souza-Imberg A, Candido DM, Yamanouye N, Dorce VAC, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IDLM. Proteomic endorsed transcriptomic profiles of venom glands from Tityus obscurus and T. serrulatus scorpions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193739. [PMID: 29561852 PMCID: PMC5862453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Except for the northern region, where the Amazonian black scorpion, T. obscurus, represents the predominant and most medically relevant scorpion species, Tityus serrulatus, the Brazilian yellow scorpion, is widely distributed throughout Brazil, causing most envenoming and fatalities due to scorpion sting. In order to evaluate and compare the diversity of venom components of Tityus obscurus and T. serrulatus, we performed a transcriptomic investigation of the telsons (venom glands) corroborated by a shotgun proteomic analysis of the venom from the two species. Results The putative venom components represented 11.4% and 16.7% of the total gene expression for T. obscurus and T. serrulatus, respectively. Transcriptome and proteome data revealed high abundance of metalloproteinases sequences followed by sodium and potassium channel toxins, making the toxin core of the venom. The phylogenetic analysis of metalloproteinases from T. obscurus and T. serrulatus suggested an intraspecific gene expansion, as we previously observed for T. bahiensis, indicating that this enzyme may be under evolutionary pressure for diversification. We also identified several putative venom components such as anionic peptides, antimicrobial peptides, bradykinin-potentiating peptide, cysteine rich protein, serine proteinases, cathepsins, angiotensin-converting enzyme, endothelin-converting enzyme and chymotrypsin like protein, proteinases inhibitors, phospholipases and hyaluronidases. Conclusion The present work shows that the venom composition of these two allopatric species of Tityus are considerably similar in terms of the major classes of proteins produced and secreted, although their individual toxin sequences are considerably divergent. These differences at amino acid level may reflect in different epitopes for the same protein classes in each species, explaining the basis for the poor recognition of T. obscurus venom by the antiserum raised against other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Castro de Oliveira
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Milton Yutaka Nishiyama
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Norma Yamanouye
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nencioni ALA, Neto EB, de Freitas LA, Dorce VAC. Effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:3. [PMID: 29410679 PMCID: PMC5781280 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the scorpion species responsible for most severe incidents belong to the Tityus genus and, among this group, T. serrulatus, T. bahiensis, T. stigmurus and T. obscurus are the most dangerous ones. Other species such as T. metuendus, T. silvestres, T. brazilae, T. confluens, T. costatus, T. fasciolatus and T. neglectus are also found in the country, but the incidence and severity of accidents caused by them are lower. The main effects caused by scorpion venoms - such as myocardial damage, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and shock - are mainly due to the release of mediators from the autonomic nervous system. On the other hand, some evidence show the participation of the central nervous system and inflammatory response in the process. The participation of the central nervous system in envenoming has always been questioned. Some authors claim that the central effects would be a consequence of peripheral stimulation and would be the result, not the cause, of the envenoming process. Because, they say, at least in adult individuals, the venom would be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. In contrast, there is some evidence showing the direct participation of the central nervous system in the envenoming process. This review summarizes the major findings on the effects of Brazilian scorpion venoms on the central nervous system, both clinically and experimentally. Most of the studies have been performed with T. serrulatus and T. bahiensis. Little information is available regarding the other Brazilian Tityus species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emidio Beraldo Neto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Graduation Program in Sciences – Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Lucas Alves de Freitas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Graduation Program in Sciences – Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Miyamoto JG, Andrade FB, Ferraz CR, Cândido DM, Knysak I, Venancio ÉJ, Verri WA, Landgraf MA, Landgraf RG, Kwasniewski FH. A comparative study of pathophysiological alterations in scorpionism induced by Tityus serrulatus and Tityus bahiensis venoms. Toxicon 2018; 141:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ebrahimi V, Hamdami E, Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Ezzatzadegan Jahromi S. Predictive determinants of scorpion stings in a tropical zone of south Iran: use of mixed seasonal autoregressive moving average model. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:39. [PMID: 28852405 PMCID: PMC5569496 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 1.2 million scorpion stings occur annually worldwide, particularly in tropical regions. In the absence of proper medical care, mortality due to venomous scorpion stings is an important public health issue. The aim of the present study is to explore the temporal trend of scorpionism with time series models and determine the effective factors on this event using regression models. Methods A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted on 853 scorpion stung patients. They were referred to Haji-Abad Hospital of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (HUMS), south Iran, from May 2012 to July 2016. A linear model to describe and predict the monthly trend of scorpion sting cases is fit with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. Results Of 853 victims, 384 (45%) patients were female and 30.2% of them lived in urban areas. The mean (± SD) age of patients was 30.1 (± 19.6) years and the most affected age group was 20-29 years (21.8%). Most victims were unemployed people and farmers (54.7%) followed by housewives (30.2%). The majority of the stings occurred indoors (53.7%), between midnight and 6 a.m. (29.2%), in the summer (44.2%), and the most affected limbs were hands and legs (81.2%). Patient genders and occasions of being stung by scorpions were significantly different between outdoors and indoors (p < 0.001). Scorpion stings due to Odontobuthus doriae were significantly higher than due to other species in urban and rural patients (p = 0.04). Mixed seasonal ARMA at lag 12, ARMA (1, 1) × (0, 1), was selected as the best process for monthly trend of data. Regression results indicated that significant climate factors associated with scorpion stings are temperature (p < 0.001) and relative humidity (p = 0.002). Conclusions Scorpion stings have a noticeable effect on tropical rural populations, mainly farmers. Two effective climate factors associated positively and negatively with scorpion sting cases are temperature and relative humidity, respectively. The results of time series and regression models to predict the trends and determinants of scorpion stings are almost the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ebrahimi
- Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmael Hamdami
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, 79391-83417 Iran
| | - Mohammad Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71645 Iran
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Araújo KAMD, Tavares AV, Marques MRDV, Vieira AA, Leite RDS. Epidemiological study of scorpion stings in the Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e58. [PMID: 28793026 PMCID: PMC5553945 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This communication is a retrospective epidemiological study of the scorpion sting cases recorded from 2007 to 2014 in the Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil. The data was collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Rio Grande do Norte State. A total of 20,555 cases were studied. The cases were distributed over all months of the period studied and occurred mainly in urban areas. Victims were predominantly 20-29 year-old women. Most victims were stung on the foot and received medical care within 1-3 h after being stung. The cases were mostly classified as mild and progressed to cure. Scorpion stings in Rio Grande do Norte State are an environmental public health problem that needs to be monitored and controlled throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliany Adja Medeiros de Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Educação e Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Ciências Naturais, campus Cuité, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Aluska Vieira Tavares
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Educação e Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Ciências Naturais, campus Cuité, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Michael Radan de Vasconcelos Marques
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Educação e Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Ciências Naturais, campus Cuité, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alecxandro Alves Vieira
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Educação e Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Ciências Naturais, campus Cuité, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Renner de Souza Leite
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Educação e Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Ciências Naturais, campus Cuité, Paraíba, Brazil
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Nejati J, Saghafipour A, Mozaffari E, Keyhani A, Jesri N. Scorpions and scorpionism in Iran's central desert. Acta Trop 2017; 166:293-298. [PMID: 27923555 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Venomous scorpions have extreme importance in field of medicine and public health. This descriptive - analytic study was done to identify scorpion fauna, their ecological aspects as well as scorpionism for risk management and prevention of this health problem in Iran's central desert. Four urban and fifteen rural areas with various climates and topography locations were selected for monthly scorpion collection through a randomly cluster sampling in 2013. The clinical data was obtained from questionnaires provided in 2009-2014. Totally, 1481 scorpion sting cases were recorded. The majority were treated less than 6h after the sting. Statistical tests showed significant difference between season, scorpion's color, living place of patients and scorpionism cases. Plain areas had the most occurrence of scorpionism followed by foothills. Moreover, 311 scorpion samples belonged to 7 species of Buthidae were collected. Mesobuthus eupeus was the dominant species in both rural and urban areas. Most of the collected samples were from indoors, yards and around the houses. The most scorpion activity was recorded in the summer. The studied areas had rich scorpion fauna due to various climates and topography locations. Scorpion stings can be important and fatal in this area, particularly in the plain regions with semi-desert climate. An investigation for assessment of peoples' awareness on prevention methods of scorpionism and also the determination and the assessment of effective factors on reducing the elapsed time between scorpion stings and receiving medical care are here recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Nejati
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Medical Entomology & Vector control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abedin Saghafipour
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Mozaffari
- Department of Medical Entomology & Vector control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Keyhani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nahid Jesri
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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de Paula Santos-da-Silva A, Candido DM, Nencioni ALA, Kimura LF, Prezotto-Neto JP, Barbaro KC, Chalkidis HM, Dorce VAC. Some pharmacological effects of Tityus obscurus venom in rats and mice. Toxicon 2016; 126:51-58. [PMID: 28012802 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are a great number of studies about Brazilian scorpions. However, little is known about the venom of scorpions of northern Brazil, mainly about Tityus obscurus, which is responsible for the most number of accidents in the Amazon. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate some pharmacological effects of T. obscurus venom in rats and mice. In rats, the venom (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused hemorrhagic patches in the lung parenchyma but did not lead to pulmonary edema. There was a decrease in general activity, observed in the activity box after venom injection. The venom did not induce changes in the occurrence and intensity of experimentally induced convulsions, nor did it cause hippocampal neuronal loss. In mice, the LD50 obtained was 3.13 mg/kg (i.p.). Different doses of the venom (0.2; 1; 5; 10; 15 μg/30 μL per hind paw) induced edematogenic and moderate nociceptive activity in mice. The Tiyus serrulatus venom used as comparison caused more intense symptomatology in mice. Comparing to the venom of other Tityus scorpions of medical importance, that have convulsant and intense nociceptive effects and cause lung edema, as described in the literature, we can conclude that the venom of T. obscurus probably has different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Maria Candido
- Laboratory of Arthropods, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Leonor A Nencioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Louise F Kimura
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José P Prezotto-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Cristina Barbaro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, Av. Dr. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hipócrates M Chalkidis
- Laboratory of Biological Research, Integrated Tapajos College/Amazon University FIT/UNAMA, Rua Rosa Vermelha, 335, 68010-200, Santarém, PA, Brazil
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de Oliveira GH, Cerni FA, Cardoso IA, Arantes EC, Pucca MB. Tityus serrulatus envenoming in non-obese diabetic mice: a risk factor for severity. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016; 22:26. [PMID: 27660634 PMCID: PMC5027101 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-016-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, accidents with venomous animals are considered a public health problem. Tityus serrulatus (Ts), popularly known as the yellow scorpion, is most frequently responsible for the severe accidents in the country. Ts envenoming can cause several signs and symptoms classified according to their clinical manifestations as mild, moderate or severe. Furthermore, the victims usually present biochemical alterations, including hyperglycemia. Nevertheless, Ts envenoming and its induced hyperglycemia were never studied or documented in a patient with diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, this is the first study to evaluate the glycemia during Ts envenoming using a diabetic animal model (NOD, non-obese diabetic). METHODS Female mice (BALB/c or NOD) were challenged with a non-lethal dose of Ts venom. Blood glucose level was measured (tail blood using a glucose meter) over a 24-h period. The total glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured 30 days after Ts venom injection. Moreover, the insulin levels were analyzed at the glycemia peak. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the envenomed NOD animals presented a significant increase of glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels compared to the envenomed BALB/c control group, corroborating that DM victims present great risk of developing severe envenoming. Moreover, the envenomed NOD animals presented highest risk of death and sequelae. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the diabetic victims stung by Ts scorpion should be always considered a risk group for scorpion envenoming severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Honda de Oliveira
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- Medical School of Roraima, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Av. Capitão Ene Garcez, 2413, Boa Vista, RR 69310-000 Brazil
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Rigoni VLS, Kwasniewski FH, Vieira RP, Linhares IS, da Silva JLV, Nogueira-Pedro A, Zamuner SR. Human bronchial epithelial cells injury and cytokine production induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom: An in vitro study. Toxicon 2016; 120:22-8. [PMID: 27452928 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Scorpionism by Tityus silvestris in eastern Brazilian Amazon. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016; 22:24. [PMID: 27570532 PMCID: PMC5000479 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-016-0079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scorpionism is a serious public health problem in Brazil. Although cases of envenomation by scorpions are frequent in Brazil, Tityus silvestris - found throughout the Amazon region - is considered of minor medical significance and with only a few descriptions in the literature. This article aims to describe for the first time the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of scorpion stings by T. silvestris that occurred in eastern Brazilian Amazon. METHODS A prospective and observational study was carried out on 13 confirmed cases of T. silvestris envenomation registered from 2007 to 2011 in the cities of Belém and Ananindeua, Pará state, Brazil. RESULTS The stings occurred mainly during daytime, at domiciliary environment, and the scorpions were found in clothing, fruits or vegetables. Envenomation was more frequent in the age group between 21 and 30 years old, upper limbs were more affected and medical aid was usually provided within two hours. Men and women were equally affected. Regarding severity, ten patients were classified as Class I and three patients as Class II according to the Scorpion Consensus Expert Group. Local manifestations were present in all patients, being pain the most common symptom. Mild systemic manifestations including nausea, vomiting, somnolence, malaise and prostration were observed in three victims. Symptomatic treatment of pain was offered to all patients, and only one received specific antivenom. All victims had a favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the systemic symptomatology of envenomation by T. silvestris in the Brazilian Amazon, highlighting the medical relevance of the species in this region. Further research on the venom and clinical manifestations of envenomation by T. silvestris should be conducted in order to verify the relevance of this species to public health.
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Almeida TSOD, Fook SML, França FODS, Monteiro TMR, Silva EL, Gomes LCF, Farias AMG. Spatial distribution of scorpions according to the socioeconomic conditions in Campina Grande,State of Paraíba, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:477-85. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0128-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Potassium channel blockers from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus (). Toxicon 2016; 119:253-65. [PMID: 27349167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K(+)) channels are trans-membrane proteins, which play a key role in cellular excitability and signal transduction pathways. Scorpion toxins blocking the ion-conducting pore from the external side have been invaluable probes to elucidate the structural, functional, and physio-pathological characteristics of these ion channels. This review will focus on the interaction between K(+) channels and their peptide blockers isolated from the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus, which is considered as the most dangerous scorpion in Brazil, in particular in Minas-Gerais State, where many casualties are described each year. The primary mechanisms of action of these K(+) blockers will be discussed in correlation with their structure, very often non-canonical compared to those of other well known K(+) channels blockers purified from other scorpion venoms. Also, special attention will be brought to the most recent data obtained by proteomic and transcriptomic analyses on Tityus serrulatus venoms and venom glands.
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Cupo P. Clinical update on scorpion envenoming. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:642-9. [PMID: 26676487 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0237-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion stings are currently the leading cause of venom-related injury to humans in Brazil and are a significant public health problem globally. Only scorpions of the Tityus genus are of medical importance in Brazil, and Tityus serrulatus is responsible for the most serious envenomations and deaths. The toxic effects of scorpion envenomation are due to a massive release of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters; the severity is related to cardiac and hemodynamic changes, with cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema contributing to the main causes of death. The pathophysiology of cardiac involvement has been discussed for decades and has been attributed to adrenergic discharge and a possible toxic effect of venom on the myocardium, while acute pulmonary edema may have a cardiogenic and/or non-cardiogenic origin. Currently, the clinical data point to catecholamine excess as the cause for reversible scorpion cardiomyopathy . These data include electrocardiographic changes, profiling of cardiac enzymes and troponin I, echocardiographic data with global or regional left ventricle dysfunction, and myocardial perfusion alterations compatible with spasm in the coronary microcirculation. Furthermore, recent data on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings, which are similar to those observed for stress-induced cardiomyopathy, have also been linked to catecholamine excess. The efficiency of antivenom serum treatment is controversial in the literature. Our experience in Brazil is that the management of patients with systemic manifestations of scorpion stings is based on three approaches, all of which are extremely important. These include symptomatic treatment, antivenom serum, and cardiorespiratory support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Cupo
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Furtado SDS, Belmino JFB, Diniz AGQ, Leite RDS. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCORPION ENVENOMATION IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:15. [PMID: 27007558 PMCID: PMC4804552 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This report is a retrospective study of the epidemiology of scorpion sting cases recorded from 2007 to 2013 in the State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. Data were collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Ceará. A total of 11,134 cases were studied and distributed across all the months of the studied period and they occurred mainly in urban areas. Victims were predominantly 20-29 years-old women. Most victims were bitten on the hand; and received medical assistance within 1-3 hours after being bitten. Cases were mostly classified as mild and progressed to cure. Scorpion envenomation in Ceará is an environmental public health problem that needs to be monitored and controlled throughout the year.
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Casella-Martins A, Ayres LR, Burin SM, Morais FR, Pereira JC, Faccioli LH, Sampaio SV, Arantes EC, Castro FA, Pereira-Crott LS. Immunomodulatory activity of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom on human T lymphocytes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:46. [PMID: 26566386 PMCID: PMC4642687 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom (TsV) contains toxins that act on K+ and Na+ channels and account for the venom’s toxic effects. TsV can activate murine peritoneal macrophages, but its effects on human lymphocytes have been poorly investigated. Considering that lymphocytes may play an important role in envenomation, we assessed whether TsV affects the expression of phenotypic (CD3, CD4, and CD8) and activation (CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR) markers, cell proliferation, and cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods Cytotoxicity of TsV was evaluated via the MTT assay. Cell proliferation, expression of phenotypic and activation markers, and release of cytokines were assessed using flow cytometry, after treatment with non-cytotoxic concentrations of TsV. The combined use of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester and monoclonal antibodies against phenotypic and activation markers enabled us to simultaneously assess cell proliferation extent and cell activation status, and to discriminate among cell subpopulations. Results TsV at concentrations of 25 to 100 μg/mL were not cytotoxic towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TsV did not induce significant changes in lymphocyte subpopulations or in the expression of activation markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. TsV inhibited the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, particularly in the CD8+ CD25+ T lymphocyte subset. TsV alone, at 50 and 100 μg/mL, did not induce peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, but elicited the production and release of IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Conclusions TsV is a potential source of molecules with immunomodulatory action on human T lymphocytes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40409-015-0046-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Casella-Martins
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Lorena R Ayres
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES Brazil
| | - Sandra M Burin
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Fabiana R Morais
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Juliana C Pereira
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Fabiola A Castro
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Luciana S Pereira-Crott
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
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Khatony A, Abdi A, Fatahpour T, Towhidi F. The epidemiology of scorpion stings in tropical areas of Kermanshah province, Iran, during 2008 and 2009. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:45. [PMID: 26550009 PMCID: PMC4636075 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scorpion stings are an acute health problem in tropical regions. Awareness of this problem is fundamental for establishing preventive interventions, thus prompting the present study to determine the scorpion-sting incidence in tropical areas of Kermanshah province during 2008 and 2009. Methods In a retrospective study, all records related to scorpion sting patients from the health centers of tropical areas of Kermanshah were studied by a census and checklist. Data were analyzed by the software SPSS-16 using descriptive and inferential tests. Results The incidence of scorpion stings was 334.37/100,000 inhabitants in 2008 and 339.07/100000 in 2009. Mean and standard deviation of age were 30.55 ± 16.99. Scorpion stings were more common in rural areas (59.6 %) and occurred more often in summer (52.9 %). Nearly 48 % of bites were to patients’ hands and 47.5 % of patients were injured between midnight and 6 a.m. While 92.9 % of patients had mild symptoms, scorpion antivenom was prescribed to 88.8 % of victims, 94.5 % of whom were discharged after outpatient treatment. The relationship between antivenom therapy and clinical symptoms was not significant. Conclusions Due to the relatively high incidence of scorpion stings in tropical areas of Kermanshah, it is recommended that the inhabitants be educated through the mass media about how to prevent the stings and apply preliminary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khatony
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tahereh Fatahpour
- Abolfazl Hospital of Ghasre-shirin, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Towhidi
- Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Cordeiro FA, Amorim FG, Anjolette FAP, Arantes EC. Arachnids of medical importance in Brazil: main active compounds present in scorpion and spider venoms and tick saliva. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:24. [PMID: 26273285 PMCID: PMC4535291 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachnida is the largest class among the arthropods, constituting over 60,000 described species (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, palpigrades, pseudoscorpions, solpugids and harvestmen). Many accidents are caused by arachnids, especially spiders and scorpions, while some diseases can be transmitted by mites and ticks. These animals are widely dispersed in urban centers due to the large availability of shelter and food, increasing the incidence of accidents. Several protein and non-protein compounds present in the venom and saliva of these animals are responsible for symptoms observed in envenoming, exhibiting neurotoxic, dermonecrotic and hemorrhagic activities. The phylogenomic analysis from the complementary DNA of single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes shows that these animals share some common protein families known as neurotoxins, defensins, hyaluronidase, antimicrobial peptides, phospholipases and proteinases. This indicates that the venoms from these animals may present components with functional and structural similarities. Therefore, we described in this review the main components present in spider and scorpion venom as well as in tick saliva, since they have similar components. These three arachnids are responsible for many accidents of medical relevance in Brazil. Additionally, this study shows potential biotechnological applications of some components with important biological activities, which may motivate the conducting of further research studies on their action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle A Cordeiro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Amorim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
| | - Fernando A P Anjolette
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.040-903 Brazil
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Brites-Neto J, Duarte KMR. Modeling of spatial distribution for scorpions of medical importance in the São Paulo State, Brazil. Vet World 2015; 8:823-30. [PMID: 27047160 PMCID: PMC4774672 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.823-830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this work, we aimed to develop maps of modeling geographic distribution correlating to environmental suitability for the two species of scorpions of medical importance at São Paulo State and to develop spatial configuration parameters for epidemiological surveillance of these species of venomous animals. Materials and Methods: In this study, 54 georeferenced points for Tityus serrulatus and 86 points for Tityus bahiensis and eight environmental indicators, were used to generate species distribution models in Maxent (maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions) version 3.3.3k using 70% of data for training (n=38 to T. serrulatus and n=60 to T. bahiensis) and 30% to test the models (n=16 for T. serrulatus and n=26 for T. bahiensis). The logistic threshold used to cut models in converting the continuous probability model into a binary model was the “maximum test sensitivity plus specificity,” provided by Maxent, with results of 0.4143 to T. serrulatus and of 0.3401 to T. bahiensis. The models were evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC), using the omission error and the binomial probability. With the data generated by Maxent, distribution maps were produced using the “ESRI® ArcGIS 10.2.2 for Desktop” software. Results: The models had high predictive success (AUC=0.7698±0.0533, omission error=0.2467 and p<0.001 for T. serrulatus and AUC=0.8205±0.0390, omission error=0.1917 and p<0.001 for T. bahiensis) and the resultant maps showed a high environmental suitability in the north, central, and southeast of the state, confirming the increasing spread of these species. The environmental variables that mostly contributed to the scorpions species distribution model were rain precipitation (28.9%) and tree cover (28.2%) for the T. serrulatus and temperature (45.8%) and thermal amplitude (12.6%) for the T. bahiensis. Conclusion: The distribution model of these species of medical importance scorpions in São Paulo State revealed a higher environmental suitability of these species in the regions north, central, and southeast of the state, warning to emergencies actions for prevention and surveillance from scorpion stings in several counties. There is also a need to best conservation strategies related to neighboring territories, with the implementation of new environmental protected areas and measures of spread control of these species in urban areas of several counties.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Brites-Neto
- Epidemiological Surveillance Department, Secretariat of Health, Americana, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keila Maria Roncato Duarte
- Department of Genetics and Animal Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Queiroz AM, Sampaio VS, Mendonça I, Fé NF, Sachett J, Ferreira LCL, Feitosa E, Wen FH, Lacerda M, Monteiro W. Severity of Scorpion Stings in the Western Brazilian Amazon: A Case-Control Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128819. [PMID: 26061734 PMCID: PMC4465172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scorpion stings are a major public health problem in Brazil, with an increasing number of registered cases every year. Affecting mostly vulnerable populations, the phenomenon is not well described and is considered a neglected disease. In Brazil, the use of anti-venom formulations is provided free of charge. The associate scorpion sting case is subject to compulsory reporting. This paper describes the epidemiology and identifies factors associated with severity of scorpions stings in the state of Amazonas, in the Western Brazilian Amazon. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study included all cases of scorpion stings in the state of Amazonas reported to the Brazilian Diseases Surveillance System from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2014. A case-control study was conducted to identify factors associated with scorpions sting severity. A total of 2,120 cases were reported during this period. The mean incidence rate in the Amazonas was 7.6 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Scorpion stings showed a large spatial distribution in the state and represent a potential occupational health problem for rural populations. There was a positive correlation between the absolute number of cases and the altimetric river levels in the Central (p<0.001; Rs = 0.479 linear) and Southwest (p = 0.032; linear Rs = 0.261) regions of the state. Cases were mostly classified as mild (68.6%), followed by moderate (26.8%), and severe (4.6%). The overall lethality rate was 0.3%. Lethality rate among children ≤10 years was 1.3%. Age <10 years [OR = 2.58 (95%CI = 1.47-4.55; p = 0.001)], stings occurring in the rural area [OR = 1.97 (95%CI = 1.18-3.29; p = 0.033) and in the South region of the state [OR = 1.85 (95%CI = 1.17-2.93; p = 0.008)] were independently associated with the risk of developing severity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Scorpion stings show an extensive distribution in the Western Brazilian Amazon threatening especially rural populations, children ≤10 in particular. Thus, the mapping of scorpions fauna in different Amazon localities is essential and must be accompanied by the characterization of the main biological activities of the venoms. Urban and farming planning, in parallel with awareness of workers at risk for scorpion stings on the need for personal protective equipment use should be considered as public policies for preventing scorpionism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Queiroz
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson S. Sampaio
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iran Mendonça
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nelson F. Fé
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos L. Ferreira
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Esaú Feitosa
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Lacerda
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas & Maria Deane (FIOCRUZ), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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Chippaux JP. Epidemiology of envenomations by terrestrial venomous animals in Brazil based on case reporting: from obvious facts to contingencies. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:13. [PMID: 26042152 PMCID: PMC4453217 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Envenomation remains a neglected public health issue in most tropical countries. A better understanding of the epidemiology of bites and stings by venomous animals should facilitate their prevention and management. This study aimed to explore the benefits that could be derived from the compulsory notification of cases as it is now routinely practiced in Brazil. Methods The Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) was consulted online for the 2001–2012 period on all envenomations by venomous terrestrial animals. We studied the incidence, severity, number of deaths, gender, season of accident and time between the accident and hospital consultation. Results In total, 1,192,667 accidents and 2,664 deaths from terrestrial venomous animals (snakes, scorpions, spiders, bees and caterpillars) were reported in Brazil during these 12 years, the circumstances of which are detailed in this study. Most envenomations and deaths were caused by snakebites and scorpion stings. However, incidence and mortality showed high regional variations. During this period, the steady and parallel increase of the cases from all the species resulted from several factors including the human population increase, gradual improvement of data collection system and, probably, environmental and socioeconomic factors affecting in a different way the incidence of envenomation by each zoological group and by region. Conclusion Mandatory reporting of cases appears to be a useful tool to improve the management of envenomations. However, local studies should be continued to account for the variability of accident circumstances and refine measures necessary for their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- UMR 216, Mother and Child Facing Tropical Diseases, Research Institute for Development (IRD), 08 BP 841 Cotonou, Benin ; School of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
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