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Ansari MM, Sahu SK, Singh TG, Singh SRJ, Kaur P. Evolving significance of kinase inhibitors in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176816. [PMID: 39038637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative problem with progressive loss of memory and other cognitive function disorders resulting in the imbalance of neurotransmitter activity and signaling progression, which poses the need of the potential therapeutic target to improve the intracellular signaling cascade brought by kinases. Protein kinase plays a significant and multifaceted role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, by targeting pathological mechanisms like tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta production and synaptic dysfunction. In this review, we thoroughly explore the essential protein kinases involved in Alzheimer's disease, detailing their physiological roles, regulatory impacts, and the newest inhibitors and compounds that are progressing into clinical trials. All the findings of studies exhibited the promising role of kinase inhibitors in the management of Alzheimer's disease. However, it still poses the need of addressing current challenges and opportunities involved with this disorder for the future perspective of kinase inhibitors in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Further study includes the development of biomarkers, combination therapy, and next-generation kinase inhibitors with increased potency and selectivity for its future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mustafiz Ansari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Sovia R J Singh
- University Language Centre- Chitkara Business School, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Paranjeet Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
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Valipour M, Mohammadi M, Valipour H. CNS-Active p38α MAPK Inhibitors for the Management of Neuroinflammatory Diseases: Medicinal Chemical Properties and Therapeutic Capabilities. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3911-3933. [PMID: 38041716 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, many p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38α MAPK) inhibitors have been developed and tested in preclinical/clinical studies for the treatment of various disorders, especially problems with the origin of inflammation. Previous studies strongly suggest the involvement of the p38α MAPK pathway in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite the significant progress made in this field, so far no studies have focused on p38α MAPK inhibitors that have the capability to be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In the present review, we evaluated a wide range of well-known p38α MAPK inhibitors (more than 140 small molecules) by measuring key physicochemical parameters to identify those capable of successfully crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As a result, we identify about 50 naturally occurring and synthetic p38α MAPK inhibitors with high potential to cross the BBB, which can be further explored in the future for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, a detailed analysis of the previously released X-ray crystal structure of the inhibitors in the active site of the p38α MAPK enzyme revealed that some residues such as Met109 play a critical role in the occurrence of effective interactions by constructing strong H-bonds. This study can encourage scientists to focus more on the design, production, and biological evaluation of new central nervous system (CNS)-active p38α MAPK inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Habib Valipour
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Singh MK, Shin Y, Ju S, Han S, Kim SS, Kang I. Comprehensive Overview of Alzheimer's Disease: Etiological Insights and Degradation Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6901. [PMID: 39000011 PMCID: PMC11241648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and affects millions of individuals globally. AD is associated with cognitive decline and memory loss that worsens with aging. A statistical report using U.S. data on AD estimates that approximately 6.9 million individuals suffer from AD, a number projected to surge to 13.8 million by 2060. Thus, there is a critical imperative to pinpoint and address AD and its hallmark tau protein aggregation early to prevent and manage its debilitating effects. Amyloid-β and tau proteins are primarily associated with the formation of plaques and neurofibril tangles in the brain. Current research efforts focus on degrading amyloid-β and tau or inhibiting their synthesis, particularly targeting APP processing and tau hyperphosphorylation, aiming to develop effective clinical interventions. However, navigating this intricate landscape requires ongoing studies and clinical trials to develop treatments that truly make a difference. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) across various cohorts identified 40 loci and over 300 genes associated with AD. Despite this wealth of genetic data, much remains to be understood about the functions of these genes and their role in the disease process, prompting continued investigation. By delving deeper into these genetic associations, novel targets such as kinases, proteases, cytokines, and degradation pathways, offer new directions for drug discovery and therapeutic intervention in AD. This review delves into the intricate biological pathways disrupted in AD and identifies how genetic variations within these pathways could serve as potential targets for drug discovery and treatment strategies. Through a comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of AD, researchers aim to pave the way for more effective therapies that can alleviate the burden of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhyun Ju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Sadri I, Nikookheslat SD, Karimi P, Khani M, Nadimi S. Aerobic exercise training improves memory function through modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synaptic proteins in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of type 2 diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:849-858. [PMID: 38932906 PMCID: PMC11196465 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Defective insulin signaling in the brain may disrupt hippocampal neuroplasticity resulting in learning and memory impairments. Thus, this study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise training on cognitive function and synaptic protein markers in diabetic rats. Materials and methods Twenty male Wistar rats (200-250 g), were fed on high-fat diet and received a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p) to induce type 2 diabetes. Then diabetic animals were randomly divided into sedentary and training groups. The exercise training program was treadmill running at 27 m/min for 60 min/day for 8 weeks. One day after the last training session, Morris Water Maze (MWM) task was performed to evaluate spatial learning and memory. Then, the hippocamp and prefrontal cortex tissues were instantly dissected for immunoblotting assay of BDNF, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, P38, p-P38, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, heat shock protein-27 (HSP27), SNAP-25, synaptophysin, and PSD-95. Independent t-test analysis and two-way ANOVA was used to determine the differences under significance level of 0.05 using the 26th version of IBM SPSS statistical software. Results The results showed that aerobic exercise improved memory as assessed in the MWM task. Moreover, aerobic exercise up-regulated HSP27 and BDNF protein levels in the prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus coincided with robust elevations in SNAP25 and PSD-95 levels. Moreover, exercise reduced phosphorylated P38, while increased p-ERK1/2 and p-GSK-3β (p). Conclusion Our findings suggest that aerobic exercise may debilitate the harmful effects of diabetes on the cognitive function possibly through enhancing synaptic protein markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Sadri
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar Branch, Shabestar, 5381637181 Iran
| | - Saeid Dabbagh Nikookheslat
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd, Tabriz, 5166616471 Iran
| | - Pouran Karimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Khani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd, Tabriz, 5166616471 Iran
| | - Sanaz Nadimi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
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Xiao HH, Zhang FR, Li S, Guo FF, Hou JL, Wang SC, Yu J, Li XY, Yang HJ. Xinshubao tablet rescues cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model of vascular dementia: Involvement of neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116219. [PMID: 38310654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) represents a severe cognitive dysfunction syndrome closed linked to cardiovascular function. In the present study, we assessed the potential of Xinshubao tablet (XSB), a traditional Chinese prescription widely used for cardiovascular diseases, to mitigate neuropathological damage in a mouse model of VaD and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Our findings revealed that oral administration of XSB rescued the cardiac dysfunction resulting from bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS), improved the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cognitive function, reduced white matter injury, inhibited excessive microglial and astrocytic activation, stimulated hippocampal neurogenesis, and reduced neural apoptosis in the brains of BCAS mice. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis indicated that XSB treatment was significantly associated with neuroinflammation, vasculature development, and synaptic transmission, which were further confirmed by q-PCR assays. Western blot results revealed that XSB treatment hindered the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), thereby suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. These results collectively demonstrated that XSB could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction caused by BCAS through regulating CBF, reducing white matter lesions, suppressing glial activation, promoting neurogenesis, and mitigating neuroinflammation. Notably, the NF-κB signaling pathway emerged as a pivotal player in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-He Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China; Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian Province 363099, China
| | - Feng-Rong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Sen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fei-Fei Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jin-Li Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shi-Cong Wang
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian Province 363099, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian Province 363099, China.
| | - Xian-Yu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hong-Jun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Evariste Leonce AA, Devi P, Richard TS, Panda B, Devabattula G, Godugu C, Phelix Bruno T. Anti-melanoma and antioxidant properties of the methanol extract from the leaves of Phragmenthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle and Globimetula braunii (Engl.) Van Tiegh. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 21:88-100. [PMID: 37916849 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2023-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phragmenthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle and Globimetula braunii (Engler.) Van Tiegh are African mistletoe traditionally used in cancers treatment. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the anti-melanoma potential of the methanol extract of Phragmenthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle (PCMe-OH) and Globimetula braunii (Engler.) (GBMe-OH) Van Tiegh. METHODS Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP and hydroxyl assays. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents was also determined. MTT assay was used to estimate the effects on cell viability using SK-MLE28 and B16-F10 cell lines. Colony formation and wound healing were also assessed. Fluorometry methods were used for qualitative analysis of apoptosis and estimate ROS production. Western blot analysis was used for protein expression. RESULTS Phragmenthera capitata (PCMe-OH) showed the highest antioxidant activity and possess the highest phenolic contents (1,490.80 ± 55 mgGAE/g extract) in comparison with G. braunii (GBMe-OH) and (1,071.40 ± 45 mgGAE/g extract). Flavonoid content was similar in both extracts (11.63 ± 5.51 mg CATE/g of extract and 12.46 ± 2.58 mg CATE/g of extract respectively). PC-MeOH showed the highest cytotoxicity effect (IC50 of 55.35 ± 1.17 μg/mL) and exhibited anti-migrative potential on B16-F10 cells. Furthermore, PC-MeOH at 55.35 and 110.7 μg/mL; promoted apoptosis-induced cell death in B16-F10 cells by increasing intracellular ROS levels and reducing Bcl-2 expression level at 110.7 μg/mL. Significant upregulation of P-PTEN expression was recorded with PC-MeOH at 110.7 μg/mL; inhibiting therefore PI3K/AKT/m-Tor signaling pathway. Moreover, at 55.37 μg/mL significant reduction of c-myc and cyclin D1 was observed; dysregulating the MAPK kinase signaling pathway and cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS Phragmenthera capitata may be developed into selective chemotherapy to fight against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azabadji Ashu Evariste Leonce
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Dschang University, Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Priyanka Devi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Tagne Simo Richard
- Department of Biochemistry, Dschang University, Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundere-Cameroon, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Geetanjali Devabattula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Telefo Phelix Bruno
- Department of Biochemistry, Dschang University, Research Unit of Biochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Food Sciences and Nutrition, Dschang, Cameroon
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Zhu M, Long S, Tao Y, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Wang X, Chen W. The P38MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathway is involved in PND in mice. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:109-121. [PMID: 37973625 PMCID: PMC10786957 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the hippocampus contributes to the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND). P38MAPK, a point of convergence for different signaling processes involved in inflammation, can be activated by various stresses. This study aims to investigate the role of the P38MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathway in the development of PND in mice. Aged C57BL/6 mice were subjected to tibial fracture surgery under isoflurane anesthesia to establish a PND animal model. The open field test was used to evaluate the locomotor activity of the mice. Neurocognitive function was assessed with the Morris water maze (MWM) and fear conditioning test (FCT) on postoperative days 1, 3 and 7. The mice exhibited cognitive impairment accompanied by increased expression of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α), proapoptotic molecules (caspase-3, bax) and microglial activation in the hippocampus 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery. Treatment with SB239063 (a P38MAPK inhibitor) decreased the expression of proinflammatory factors, proapoptotic molecules and Iba-1 in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The number of surviving neurons was significantly increased. Inhibition of the P38MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathway attenuates hippocampal neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in aged mice with PND, thus improving the perioperative cognitive function of the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Nanjing Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Si Long
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yizhi Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhifa Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueren Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Wang Z, Gan J, Gao Q, Yang L, Xu P, Jiang X. Inflammatory signaling pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with inhibitors, natural products and metabolites (Review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:111. [PMID: 37800614 PMCID: PMC10558228 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis poses a persistent obstacle to drug development. In recent times, neuroinflammation has emerged as a crucial pathogenic mechanism of AD, and the targeting of inflammation has become a viable approach for the prevention and management of AD. The present study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature between October 2012 and October 2022, identifying a total of 96 references, encompassing 91 distinct pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their potential impact on AD by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Research has shown that pharmaceuticals have the potential to ameliorate AD by reducing neuroinflammation mainly through regulating inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF‑κB, MAPK, NLRP3, PPARs, STAT3, CREB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2 and their respective signaling pathways. Among them, tanshinone IIA has been extensively studied for its anti‑inflammatory effects, which have shown significant pharmacological properties and can be applied clinically. Thus, it may hold promise as an effective drug for the treatment of AD. The present review elucidated the inflammatory signaling pathways of pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in AD and elucidates their underlying mechanisms. This underscores the auspicious potential of pharmaceuticals in ameliorating AD by impeding neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Gan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Pengjuan Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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9
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Valipour M. Therapeutic prospects of naturally occurring p38 MAPK inhibitors tanshinone IIA and pinocembrin for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-induced CNS complications. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3724-3743. [PMID: 37282807 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication and hyperinflammatory responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, blood-brain barrier-penetrating p38 MAPK inhibitors have good potential for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) complications of COVID-19. The aim of the present study is the characterization of the therapeutic potential of tanshinone IIA and pinocembrin for the treatment of CNS complications of COVID-19. Studies published in high-quality journals indexed in databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and so forth were used to review the therapeutic capabilities of selected compounds. In continuation of our previous efforts to identify agents with favorable activity/toxicity profiles for the treatment of COVID-19, tanshinone IIA and pinocembrin were identified with a high ability to penetrate the CNS. Considering the nature of the study, no specific time frame was determined for the selection of studies, but the focus was strongly on studies published after the emergence of COVID-19. By describing the association of COVID-19-induced CNS disorders with p38 MAPK pathway disruption, this study concludes that tanshinone IIA and pinocembrin have great potential for better treatment of these complications. The inclusion of these compounds in the drug regimen of COVID-19 patients requires confirmation of their effectiveness through the conduction of high-quality clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Melchiorri D, Merlo S, Micallef B, Borg JJ, Dráfi F. Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation: will new drugs in clinical trials pave the way to a multi-target therapy? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1196413. [PMID: 37332353 PMCID: PMC10272781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1196413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, no disease-modifying therapeutic option, able to prevent, cure or halt the progression of Alzheimer's disease [AD], is currently available. AD, a devastating neurodegenerative pathology leading to dementia and death, is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of altered hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Both have been widely studied and pharmacologically targeted for many years, without significant therapeutic results. In 2022, positive data on two monoclonal antibodies targeting Aβ, donanemab and lecanemab, followed by the 2023 FDA accelerated approval of lecanemab and the publication of the final results of the phase III Clarity AD study, have strengthened the hypothesis of a causal role of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the magnitude of the clinical effect elicited by the two drugs is limited, suggesting that additional pathological mechanisms may contribute to the disease. Cumulative studies have shown inflammation as one of the main contributors to the pathogenesis of AD, leading to the recognition of a specific role of neuroinflammation synergic with the Aβ and NFTs cascades. The present review provides an overview of the investigational drugs targeting neuroinflammation that are currently in clinical trials. Moreover, their mechanisms of action, their positioning in the pathological cascade of events that occur in the brain throughout AD disease and their potential benefit/limitation in the therapeutic strategy in AD are discussed and highlighted as well. In addition, the latest patent requests for inflammation-targeting therapeutics to be developed in AD will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melchiorri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - John-Joseph Borg
- Malta Medicines Authority, San Ġwann, Malta
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - František Dráfi
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- State Institute for Drug Control, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Braun DJ, Frazier HN, Davis VA, Coleman MJ, Rogers CB, Van Eldik LJ. Early chronic suppression of microglial p38α in a model of Alzheimer's disease does not significantly alter amyloid-associated neuropathology. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286495. [PMID: 37256881 PMCID: PMC10231773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The p38 alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38α) is linked to both innate and adaptive immune responses and is under investigation as a target for drug development in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other conditions with neuroinflammatory dysfunction. While preclinical data has shown that p38α inhibition can protect against AD-associated neuropathology, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Inhibitors of p38α may provide benefit via modulation of microglial-associated neuroinflammatory responses that contribute to AD pathology. The present study tests this hypothesis by knocking out microglial p38α and assessing early-stage pathological changes. Conditional knockout of microglial p38α was accomplished in 5-month-old C57BL/6J wild-type and amyloidogenic AD model (APPswe/PS1dE9) mice using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre/loxP system under control of the Cx3cr1 promoter. Beginning at 7.5 months of age, animals underwent behavioral assessment on the open field, followed by a later radial arm water maze test and collection of cortical and hippocampal tissues at 11 months. Additional endpoint measures included quantification of proinflammatory cytokines, assessment of amyloid burden and plaque deposition, and characterization of microglia-plaque dynamics. Loss of microglial p38α did not alter behavioral outcomes, proinflammatory cytokine levels, or overall amyloid plaque burden. However, this manipulation did significantly increase hippocampal levels of soluble Aβ42 and reduce colocalization of Iba1 and 6E10 in a subset of microglia in close proximity to plaques. The data presented here suggest that rather than reducing inflammation per se, the net effect of microglial p38α inhibition in the context of early AD-type amyloid pathology is a subtle alteration of microglia-plaque interactions. Encouragingly from a therapeutic standpoint, these data suggest no detrimental effect of even substantial decreases in microglial p38α in this context. Additionally, these results support future investigations of microglial p38α signaling at different stages of disease, as well as its relationship to phagocytic processes in this particular cell-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hilaree N. Frazier
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Verda A. Davis
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Meggie J. Coleman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Colin B. Rogers
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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12
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Lim HJ, Prajapati R, Seong SH, Jung HA, Choi JS. Antioxidant and Antineuroinflammatory Mechanisms of Kaempferol-3- O-β-d-Glucuronate on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 Microglial Cells through the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Cascade and MAPK/NF-κB Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6538-6549. [PMID: 36844518 PMCID: PMC9948190 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aglycone- and glycoside-derived forms of flavonoids exist broadly in plants and foods such as fruits, vegetables, and peanuts. However, most studies focus on the bioavailability of flavonoid aglycone rather than its glycosylated form. Kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucuronate (K3G) is a natural flavonoid glycoside obtained from various plants that have several biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the molecular mechanism related to the antioxidant and antineuroinflammatory activity of K3G has not yet been demonstrated. The present study was designed to demonstrate the antioxidant and antineuroinflammatory effect of K3G against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and to evaluate the underlying mechanism. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The inhibition rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by DCF-DA assay, Griess assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blotting. K3G inhibited the LPS-induced release of nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as the expression of prostaglandin E synthase 2. Additionally, K3G reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) related proteins. Mechanistic studies found that K3G downregulated phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and upregulated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling cascade. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of K3G on antineuroinflammation by inactivating phosphorylation of MPAKs and on antioxidants by upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway through decreasing ROS in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lim
- Institute
of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National
University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Ritu Prajapati
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Division
of Natural Products Research, Honam National
Institute of Biological Resource, Mokpo 58762, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department
of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk
National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Institute
of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National
University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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13
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Tzioras M, McGeachan RI, Durrant CS, Spires-Jones TL. Synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:19-38. [PMID: 36513730 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline in older individuals accompanied by the presence of two pathological protein aggregates - amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau - in the brain. The disease results in brain atrophy caused by neuronal loss and synapse degeneration. Synaptic loss strongly correlates with cognitive decline in both humans and animal models of AD. Indeed, evidence suggests that soluble forms of amyloid-β and tau can cause synaptotoxicity and spread through neural circuits. These pathological changes are accompanied by an altered phenotype in the glial cells of the brain - one hypothesis is that glia excessively ingest synapses and modulate the trans-synaptic spread of pathology. To date, effective therapies for the treatment or prevention of AD are lacking, but understanding how synaptic degeneration occurs will be essential for the development of new interventions. Here, we highlight the mechanisms through which synapses degenerate in the AD brain, and discuss key questions that still need to be answered. We also cover the ways in which our understanding of the mechanisms of synaptic degeneration is leading to new therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makis Tzioras
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert I McGeachan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire S Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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14
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Li T, Lu L, Pember E, Li X, Zhang B, Zhu Z. New Insights into Neuroinflammation Involved in Pathogenic Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease and Its Potential for Therapeutic Intervention. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121925. [PMID: 35741054 PMCID: PMC9221885 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting more than 50 million people worldwide with an estimated increase to 139 million people by 2050. The exact pathogenic mechanisms of AD remain elusive, resulting in the fact that the current therapeutics solely focus on symptomatic management instead of preventative or curative strategies. The two most widely accepted pathogenic mechanisms of AD include the amyloid and tau hypotheses. However, it is evident that these hypotheses cannot fully explain neuronal degeneration shown in AD. Substantial evidence is growing for the vital role of neuroinflammation in AD pathology. The neuroinflammatory hypothesis provides a new, exciting lead in uncovering the underlying mechanisms contributing to AD. This review aims to highlight new insights into the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD, mainly including the involvement of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1 axis, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cGAS-STING as key influencers in augmenting AD development. The inflammasomes related to the pathways of NF-κB, NLRP3, TREM2, and cGAS-STING as biomarkers of the neuroinflammation associated with AD, as well as an overview of novel AD treatments based on these biomarkers as potential drug targets reported in the literature or under clinical trials, are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (T.L.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Li Lu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (T.L.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Eloise Pember
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (T.L.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Xinuo Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211112, China;
| | - Bocheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (T.L.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Zheying Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (T.L.); (L.L.); (E.P.); (B.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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A novel nitronyl nitroxide radical HPN-C6 attenuates brain damage in an acute hypobaric hypoxia mouse model through inhibition of the oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 2022; 782:136650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Liu P, Wang Y, Sun Y, Peng G. Neuroinflammation as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer’s Disease. Clin Interv Aging 2022; 17:665-674. [PMID: 35520949 PMCID: PMC9064449 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s357558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide accumulation is considered as a key early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the precise pathophysiology of this deadly illness remains unclear and no effective remedies capable of inhibiting disease progression have been discovered. In addition to deposition of extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation has been identified as the third core characteristic crucial in the pathogenesis of AD. More and more evidence from laboratory and clinical studies have suggested that anti-inflammatory treatments could defer or prevent the occurrence of AD. In this review, we will discuss multifaceted evidence of neuroinflammation presented in AD and the newly emerged anti-inflammatory targets both in pre-clinical and clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Shengzhou People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guoping Peng, Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13588150613, Email
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17
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Nikkar R, Esmaeili-Bandboni A, Badrikoohi M, Babaei P. Effects of inhibiting astrocytes and BET/BRD4 chromatin reader on spatial memory and synaptic proteins in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1119-1131. [PMID: 35244824 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Communication between astrocytes and neurons has a profound effect on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocytes regulate homeostasis and increase synaptic plasticity in physiological situations, however, they become activated during the progression of AD. Whether or not these reactions are supportive or detrimental for the central nervous system have not been understood yet. Considering epigenetic regulation of neuroinflammatory genes by chromatin readers, particularly bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) family, here we examined the effect of chronic co-inhibition of astrocytes metabolism (with fluorocitrate) and also BRD4 (with JQ1) on cognition deficit at early stages of AD. Forty adult male Wistar rats underwent stereotaxic cannulation for inducing AD by intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 (4 μg/8 μl/rat). Then animals were divided into five groups of Saline+DMSO, Aβ + saline+DMSO, Aβ + JQ1, Aβ + FC (fluorocitrate), and Aβ + JQ1 + FC and received the related treatments. Two weeks later, spatial memory was recorded by Morris Water Maze (MWM), and the levels of phosphorylated cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB), postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), synaptophysin (SYP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured in the hippocampus by western blotting and RT-qPCR. Administration of JQ1 significantly improved both acquisition and retrieval of spatial memory, which were evident by decreased escape latency and increased total time spent (TTS) in target quadrant, and significant rise in p-CREB, PSD95, and synaptophysin compared with Aβ + saline+DMSO group. In contrast, both groups receiving FC demonstrated memory decline, and reduction in p-CREB, PSD95 and synaptophysin in parallel with increase in TNF-α. Our data indicate that chronic inhibition of BRD4 significantly restores memory impaired by amyloid β partly via CREB signaling and upregulating synaptic proteins of PSD95 and synaptophysin. However, inhibition of astrocytes nullifies the memory-boosting effects of JQ1 and reduces CREB/PSD95/synaptophysin levels in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastin Nikkar
- Cellular &Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Aghil Esmaeili-Bandboni
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahshid Badrikoohi
- Cellular &Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvin Babaei
- Cellular &Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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18
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Varela L, Garcia-Rendueles MER. Oncogenic Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063223. [PMID: 35328644 PMCID: PMC8952192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are two of the leading causes of premature death in modern societies. Their incidence continues to increase, and in the near future, it is believed that cancer will kill more than 20 million people per year, and neurodegenerative diseases, due to the aging of the world population, will double their prevalence. The onset and the progression of both diseases are defined by dysregulation of the same molecular signaling pathways. However, whereas in cancer, these alterations lead to cell survival and proliferation, neurodegenerative diseases trigger cell death and apoptosis. The study of the mechanisms underlying these opposite final responses to the same molecular trigger is key to providing a better understanding of the diseases and finding more accurate treatments. Here, we review the ten most common signaling pathways altered in cancer and analyze them in the context of different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's (HD) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Varela
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, 310 Cedar St. BML 330, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Correspondence: (L.V.); (M.E.R.G.-R.)
| | - Maria E. R. Garcia-Rendueles
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, IMDEA Food Institute, Campus Excelencia Internacional UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.V.); (M.E.R.G.-R.)
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19
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De Felice FG, Gonçalves RA, Ferreira ST. Impaired insulin signalling and allostatic load in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:215-230. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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p38 Inhibition Decreases Tau Toxicity in Microglia and Improves Their Phagocytic Function. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1632-1648. [PMID: 35006531 PMCID: PMC8882095 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies are histopathologically characterized by tau aggregation, along with a chronic inflammatory response driven by microglia. Over the past few years, the role of microglia in AD has been studied mainly in relation to amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. Consequently, there is a substantial knowledge gap concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in tau-mediated toxicity and neuroinflammation, thus hindering the development of therapeutic strategies. We previously demonstrated that extracellular soluble tau triggers p38 MAPK activation in microglia. Given the activation of this signaling pathway in AD and its involvement in neuroinflammation processes, here we evaluated the effect of p38 inhibition on primary microglia cultures subjected to tau treatment. Our data showed that the toxic effect driven by tau in microglia was diminished through p38 inhibition. Furthermore, p38 blockade enhanced microglia-mediated tau phagocytosis, as reflected by an increase in the number of lysosomes. In conclusion, these results contribute to our understanding of the functions of p38 in the central nervous system (CNS) beyond tau phosphorylation in neurons and provide further insights into the potential of p38 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to halt neuroinflammation in tauopathies.
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21
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Yadav RK, Mehan S, Sahu R, Kumar S, Khan A, Makeen HA, Al Bratty M. Protective effects of apigenin on methylmercury-induced behavioral/neurochemical abnormalities and neurotoxicity in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221084276. [PMID: 35373622 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221084276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxin that induces neurotoxicity and cell death in neurons. MeHg increases oligodendrocyte death, glial cell activation, and motor neuron demyelination in the motor cortex and spinal cord. As a result, MeHg plays an important role in developing neurocomplications similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent research has implicated c-JNK and p38MAPK overactivation in the pathogenesis of ALS. Apigenin (APG) is a flavonoid having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and c-JNK/p38MAPK inhibitory activities. The purpose of this study is to determine whether APG possesses neuroprotective effects in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity in adult rats associated with ALS-like neuropathological alterations. In the current study, the neurotoxin MeHg causes an ALS-like phenotype in Wistar rats after 21 days of oral administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Prolonged administration of APG (40 and 80 mg/kg) improved neurobehavioral parameters such as learning memory, cognition, motor coordination, and grip strength. This is mainly associated with the downregulation of c-JNK and p38MAPK signaling as well as the restoration of myelin basic protein within the brain. Furthermore, APG inhibited neuronal apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3), restored neurotransmitter imbalance, decreased inflammatory markers (TNF- and IL-1), and alleviated oxidative damage. As a result, the current study shows that APG has neuroprotective potential as a c-JNK and p38MAPK signaling inhibitor against MeHg-induced neurotoxicity in adult rats. Based on these promising findings, we suggested that APG could be a potential new therapeutic approach over other conventional therapeutic approaches for MeHg-induced neurotoxicity in neurobehavioral, molecular, and neurochemical abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Kumar Yadav
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, 75126ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, 75126ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Sahu
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, 75126ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, 75126ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Antar Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Chen J, Mao K, Yu H, Wen Y, She H, Zhang H, Liu L, Li M, Li W, Zou F. p38-TFEB pathways promote microglia activation through inhibiting CMA-mediated NLRP3 degradation in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:295. [PMID: 34930303 PMCID: PMC8686293 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), accompanied by accumulation of α-synuclein, chronic neuroinflammation and autophagy dysfunction. Previous studies suggested that misfolded α-synuclein induces the inflammatory response and autophagy dysfunction in microglial cells. The NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the neuroinflammatory process in the central nervous system. However, the relationship between autophagy deficiency and NLRP3 activation induced by α-synuclein accumulation is not well understood. Methods Through immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, ELISA and behavioral tests, we investigated the role of p38-TFEB-NLRP3 signaling pathways on neuroinflammation in the α-synuclein A53T PD models. Results Our results showed that increased protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in the α-synuclein A53T PD models. P38 is activated by overexpression of α-synuclein A53T mutant, which inhibited the master transcriptional activator of autophagy TFEB. And we found that NLRP3 was degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in microglial cells. Furthermore, p38-TFEB pathways inhibited CMA-mediated NLRP3 degradation in Parkinson's disease. Inhibition of p38 had a protective effect on Parkinson's disease model via suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Moreover, both p38 inhibitor SB203580 and NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 not only prevented neurodegeneration in vivo, but also alleviated movement impairment in α-synuclein A53T-tg mice model of Parkinson’s disease. Conclusion Our research reveals p38-TFEB pathways promote microglia activation through inhibiting CMA-mediated NLRP3 degradation in Parkinson's disease, which could be a potential therapeutic strategy for PD. Graphical abstract p38-TFEB pathways promote microglia activation through inhibiting CMA-mediated NLRP3 degradation in Parkinson's disease. In this model, p38 activates NLRP3 inflammasome via inhibiting TFEB in microglia. TFEB signaling negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome through increasing LAMP2A expression, which binds to NLRP3 and promotes its degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). NLRP3-mediated microglial activation promotes the death of dopaminergic neurons. ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02349-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kanmin Mao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Honglin Yu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yue Wen
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua She
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - He Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingque Li
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
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23
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Tian W, Heo S, Kim DW, Kim IS, Ahn D, Tae HJ, Kim MK, Park BY. Ethanol Extract of Maclura tricuspidata Fruit Protects SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Damage via Inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136946. [PMID: 34203307 PMCID: PMC8268219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radical generation and oxidative stress push forward an immense influence on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Maclura tricuspidata fruit (MT) contains many biologically active substances, including compounds with antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of MT fruit on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with MT, and cell damage was induced by H2O2. First, the chemical composition and free radical scavenging properties of MT were analyzed. MT attenuated oxidative stress-induced damage in cells based on the assessment of cell viability. The H2O2-induced toxicity caused by ROS production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was ameliorated by MT pretreatment. MT also promoted an increase in the expression of genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). MT pretreatment was associated with an increase in the expression of neuronal genes downregulated by H2O2. Mechanistically, MT dramatically suppressed H2O2-induced Bcl-2 downregulation, Bax upregulation, apoptotic factor caspase-3 activation, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (JNK, ERK, and p38), and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, thereby preventing H2O2-induced neurotoxicity. These results indicate that MT has protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells and can be used to prevent and protect against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishun Tian
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Suyoung Heo
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Dae-Woon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - In-Shik Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Dongchoon Ahn
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.-K.K.); (B.-Y.P.); Tel.: +82-63-270-4874 (B.-Y.P.)
| | - Byung-Yong Park
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.-K.K.); (B.-Y.P.); Tel.: +82-63-270-4874 (B.-Y.P.)
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24
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17-β Estradiol Rescued Immature Rat Brain against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration via Regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and MAP-Kinase Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060892. [PMID: 34206065 PMCID: PMC8229583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated glutamate signaling, leading to neuronal excitotoxicity and death, has been associated with neurodegenerative pathologies. 17β-estradiol (E2) is a human steroid hormone having a role in reproduction, sexual maturation, brain health and biological activities. The study aimed to explain the neuroprotective role of E2 against glutamate-induced ROS production, MAP kinase-dependent neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the cortex and hippocampus of postnatal day 7 rat brain. Biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses were applied. Our results showed that a single subcutaneous injection of glutamate (10 mg/kg) induced brain oxidative stress after 4 h by disturbing the homeostasis of glutathione (GSH) and revealed an upsurge in ROS and LPO levels and downregulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant protein. The glutamate-exposed P7 pups illustrated increased phosphorylation of stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase (p38) and downregulated expression of P-Erk1/2. This was accompanied by pathological neuroinflammation as revealed by enhanced gliosis with upregulated expression of GFAP and Iba-1, and the activation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in glutamate-injected P7 pups. Moreover, exogenous glutamate also reduced the expression of synaptic markers (PSD-95, SYP) and induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the cortical and hippocampal regions by dysregulating the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in the developing rat brain. On the contrary, co-treatment of E2 (10 mg/kg) with glutamate significantly abrogated brain neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and synapse loss by alleviating brain oxidative stress by upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and by deactivating pro-apoptotic P-JNK/P-p38 and activation of pro-survival P-Erk1/2 MAP kinase pathways. In brief, the data demonstrate the neuroprotective role of E2 against glutamate excitotoxicity-induced neurodegeneration. The study also encourages future studies investigating if E2 may be a potent neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic agent in different neurodegenerative diseases.
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25
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When Good Kinases Go Rogue: GSK3, p38 MAPK and CDKs as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's and Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115911. [PMID: 34072862 PMCID: PMC8199025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a mostly sporadic brain disorder characterized by cognitive decline resulting from selective neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex whereas Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic inherited disorder characterized by motor abnormalities and psychiatric disturbances resulting from selective neurodegeneration in the striatum. Although there have been numerous clinical trials for these diseases, they have been unsuccessful. Research conducted over the past three decades by a large number of laboratories has demonstrated that abnormal actions of common kinases play a key role in the pathogenesis of both AD and HD as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases. Prominent among these kinases are glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and some of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). After a brief summary of the molecular and cell biology of AD and HD this review covers what is known about the role of these three groups of kinases in the brain and in the pathogenesis of the two neurodegenerative disorders. The potential of targeting GSK3, p38 MAPK and CDKS as effective therapeutics is also discussed as is a brief discussion on the utilization of recently developed drugs that simultaneously target two or all three of these groups of kinases. Multi-kinase inhibitors either by themselves or in combination with strategies currently being used such as immunotherapy or secretase inhibitors for AD and knockdown for HD could represent a more effective therapeutic approach for these fatal neurodegenerative diseases.
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26
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Tormählen NM, Martorelli M, Kuhn A, Maier F, Guezguez J, Burnet M, Albrecht W, Laufer SA, Koch P. Design and Synthesis of Highly Selective Brain Penetrant p38α Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1225-1242. [PMID: 33974419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced p38α mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation modulates cytokine overproduction and is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. As a potential therapeutic approach, novel Skepinone-based p38α MAP kinase inhibitors were optimized to cross the blood-brain barrier via either amino acid transporters or hydrophobic diffusion. To enhance absorption from the oral route, we used methyl ester prodrugs of the active carboxy analogs. Of these, 3-(8-((2,4-difluorophenyl)amino)-5-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-3-carboxamido)propanoic acid (43; p38α, IC50 = 5.5 nM) and 4-(8-((2,4-difluorophenyl)amino)-5-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-3-carboxamido)butanoic acid (44; p38α, IC50 = 12 nM) had brain-to-plasma ratios of 1.4 and 4.4, respectively. Compound 70, 3-(8-((2-aminophenyl)amino)-5-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-3-carboxamido)propanoic acid (p38α, IC50 = 1.0 nM), the Skepinone-N counterpart of 43, was most present in the mouse brain (brain-to-plasma ratio of 4.7; 0.4 mg/kg p.o., 2 h, 580 nmol/kg). Compounds 43, 44, and 70 were p38α-MAP-kinase-selective, metabolically stable, hERG nonbinding, and able to modulate IL-6 and TNF-α production in cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas M Tormählen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Annette Kuhn
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jamil Guezguez
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Burnet
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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27
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Hugon J, Paquet C. The PKR/P38/RIPK1 Signaling Pathway as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063136. [PMID: 33808629 PMCID: PMC8003462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological lesions in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include amyloid plaques formed by the accumulation of amyloid peptides, neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, synaptic and neuronal degenerations, and neuroinflammation. The cause of AD is unknown, but according to the amyloid hypothesis, amyloid oligomers could lead to the activation of kinases such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (PKR), p38, and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), which all belong to the same stress-activated pathway. Many toxic kinase activations have been described in AD patients and in experimental models. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor was recently tested in clinical trials but with unsuccessful results. The complex PKR/P38/RIPK1 (PKR/dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MKK6)/P38/MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2)/RIPK1) is highly activated in AD brains and in the brains of AD transgenic animals. To delineate the implication of this pathway in AD, we carried out a search on PubMed including PKR/MKK6/p38/MK2/RIPK1, Alzheimer, and therapeutics. The involvement of this signaling pathway in the genesis of AD lesions, including Aβ accumulations and tau phosphorylation as well as cognitive decline, is demonstrated by the reports described in this review. A future combination strategy with kinase inhibitors should be envisaged to modulate the consequences for neurons and other brain cells linked to the abnormal activation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Hugon
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-140-054-313; Fax: +33-140-054-339
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28
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Yadav RK, Minz E, Mehan S. Understanding Abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK Signaling in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Potential Drug Targets and Influences on Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:417-429. [PMID: 33557726 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210126113848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
c-JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members work in a cell-specific manner to regulate neuronal signals. The abnormal activation of these cellular signals can cause glutamate excitotoxicity, disrupted protein homeostasis, defective axonal transport, and synaptic dysfunction. Various pre-clinical and clinical findings indicate that the up-regulation of c-JNK and p38MAPK signaling is associated with neurological disorders. Exceptionally, a significant amount of experimental data has recently shown that dysregulated c-JNK and p38MAPK are implicated in the damage to the central nervous system, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, currently available information has shown that c- JNK/p38MAPK signaling inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic alternative for improving histopathological, functional, and demyelination defects related to motor neuron disabilities. Understanding the abnormal activation of c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling and the prediction of motor neuron loss may help identify important therapeutic interventions that could prevent neurocomplications. Based on the involvement of c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling in the brain, we have assumed that the downregulation of the c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling pathway could trigger neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects towards clinicopathological presentations of ALS and other brain diseases. Thus, this research-based review also outlines the inhibition of c-JNK and p38MAPK signal downregulation in the pursuit of disease-modifying therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Kumar Yadav
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Elizabeth Minz
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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29
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Sun P, Yue H, Xing Q, Deng W, Ou Y, Pan G, Zhong X, Hu W. Compound AD16 Reduces Amyloid Plaque Deposition and Modifies Microglia in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1100-1110. [PMID: 33344892 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglial dysfunction is involved in the pathological cascade of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The regulation of microglial function may be a novel strategy for AD therapy. We previously reported the discovery of AD16, an antineuroinflammatory molecule that could improve learning and memory in the AD model. Here, we studied its properties of microglial modification in the AD mice model. In this study, AD16 reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression in the lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β-Luc transgenic mice model. Compared with mice receiving placebo, the group treated with AD16 manifested a significant reduction of microglial activation, plaque deposition, and peri-plaques microgliosis, but without alteration of the number of microglia surrounding the plaque. We also found that AD16 decreased senescent microglial cells marked with SA-β-gal staining. Furthermore, altered lysosomal positioning, enhanced Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 1 (LAMP1) expression, and elevated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration were found with AD16 treatment in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. The underlying mechanisms of AD16 might include regulating the microglial activation/senescence and recovery of its physiological function via the improvement of lysosomal function. Our findings provide new insights into the AD therapeutic approach through the regulation of microglial function and a promising lead compound for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Hu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Qi Xing
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Wenmin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yitao Ou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Guangjin Pan
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhong
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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30
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Ling L, Alattar A, Tan Z, Shah FA, Ali T, Alshaman R, Koh PO, Li S. A Potent Antioxidant Endogenous Neurohormone Melatonin, Rescued MCAO by Attenuating Oxidative Stress-Associated Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1220. [PMID: 32973495 PMCID: PMC7472569 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an acute neurological syndrome either due to permanent or temporary obstruction of blood. Such obstruction immediately triggers abrupt pathological cascading processes, which collectively lead to neuronal cell death. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke are critical regulating events that ultimately lead to neuronal death. Complicated interplay exists between the two processes which occur through several stages. Most often, oxidative stress precedes the inflammatory mechanisms and includes several interconnected cascades that underlie the ischemic stroke pathology. In continuation of the previously published data, here, we further ruled out the protective role of melatonin in focal cerebral ischemic injury model. Administration of 5 mg/kg dose of melatonin 30 min prior to ischemia reduced brain infarction associated with sequentially rescued neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, melatonin attenuated neuroinflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced by ischemic stroke, via halting the key players of mitogen stress family (p38/JNK). Besides, melatonin modulated the endogenously produced antioxidant enzyme, thioredoxin (Trx) pathway. These broader therapeutic efficacies of melatonin suggest that melatonin could be further investigated for its diverse therapeutic actions with multiple targets in recovering, preventing and halting the detrimental outcomes of MCAO, such as elevated oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ling
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Abdullah Alattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhen Tan
- Health Management Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fawad Ali Shah
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ali
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reem Alshaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Phil Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
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31
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Fagiani F, Lanni C, Racchi M, Govoni S. Targeting dementias through cancer kinases inhibition. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12044. [PMID: 32671184 PMCID: PMC7341824 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The failures in Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy strongly suggest the importance of reconsidering the research strategies analyzing other mechanisms that may take place in AD as well as, in general, in other neurodegenerative dementias. Taking into account that in AD a variety of defects result in neurotransmitter activity and signaling efficiency imbalance, neuronal cell degeneration and defects in damage/repair systems, aberrant and abortive cell cycle, glial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, a target may be represented by the intracellular signaling machinery provided by the kinome. In particular, based on the observations of a relationship between cancer and AD, we focused on cancer kinases for targeting neurodegeneration, highlighting the importance of targeting the intracellular pathways at the intersection between cell metabolism control/duplication, the inhibition of which may stop a progression in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fagiani
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section)University of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section)University of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section)University of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section)University of PaviaPaviaItaly
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32
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Schnöder L, Gasparoni G, Nordström K, Schottek A, Tomic I, Christmann A, Schäfer KH, Menger MD, Walter J, Fassbender K, Liu Y. Neuronal deficiency of p38α-MAPK ameliorates symptoms and pathology of APP or Tau-transgenic Alzheimer's mouse models. FASEB J 2020; 34:9628-9649. [PMID: 32475008 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902731rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia with very limited therapeutic options. Amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) are key pathogenic molecules in AD. P38α-MAPK is specifically activated in AD lesion sites. However, its effects on AD pathogenesis, especially on p-Tau-associated brain pathology, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We mated human APP-transgenic mice and human P301S Tau-transgenic mice with mapk14-floxed and neuron-specific Cre-knock-in mice. We observed that deletion of p38α-MAPK specifically in neurons improves the cognitive function of both 9-month-old APP and Tau-transgenic AD mice, which is associated with decreased Aβ and p-Tau load in the brain. We further used next-generation sequencing to analyze the gene transcription in brains of p38α-MAPK deficient and wild-type APP-transgenic mice, which indicated that deletion of p38α-MAPK regulates the transcription of calcium homeostasis-related genes, especially downregulates the expression of grin2a, a gene encoding NMDAR subunit NR2A. Cell culture experiments further verified that deletion of p38α-MAPK inhibits NMDA-triggered calcium influx and neuronal apoptosis. Our systemic studies of AD pathogenic mechanisms using both APP- and Tau-transgenic mice suggested that deletion of neuronal p38α-MAPK attenuates AD-associated brain pathology and protects neurons in AD pathogenesis. This study supports p38α-MAPK as a novel target for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schnöder
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karl Nordström
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andrea Schottek
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Inge Tomic
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne Christmann
- Working Group Enteric Nervous System, University of Applied Sciences, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Karl H Schäfer
- Working Group Enteric Nervous System, University of Applied Sciences, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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33
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Van Eldik LJ, Sawaki L, Bowen K, Laskowitz DT, Noveck RJ, Hauser B, Jordan L, Spears TG, Wu H, Watt K, Raja S, Roy SM, Watterson DM, Guptill JT. First-in-Human Studies of MW01-6-189WH, a Brain-Penetrant, Antineuroinflammatory Small-Molecule Drug Candidate: Phase 1 Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Studies in Healthy Adult Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 10:131-143. [PMID: 32255549 PMCID: PMC7541708 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MW01‐6‐189WH (MW189) is a novel central nervous system–penetrant small‐molecule drug candidate that selectively attenuates stressor‐induced proinflammatory cytokine overproduction and is efficacious in intracerebral hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury animal models. We report first‐in‐human, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 1 studies to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single and multiple ascending intravenous doses of MW189 in healthy adult volunteers. MW189 was safe and well tolerated in single and multiple doses up to 0.25 mg/kg, with no clinically significant concerns. The most common drug‐related treatment‐emergent adverse event was infusion‐site reactions, likely related to drug solution acidity. No clinically concerning changes were seen in vital signs, electrocardiograms, physical or neurological examinations, or safety laboratory results. PK analysis showed dose‐proportional increases in plasma concentrations of MW189 after single or multiple doses, with approximately linear kinetics and no significant drug accumulation. Steady state was achieved by dose 3 for all dosing cohorts. A pilot pharmacodynamic study administering low‐dose endotoxin to induce a systemic inflammatory response was done to evaluate the effects of a single intravenous dose of MW189 on plasma cytokine levels. MW189 treatment resulted in lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF‐α and higher levels of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 compared with placebo treatment. The outcomes are consistent with the pharmacological mechanism of MW189. Overall, the safety profile, PK properties, and pharmacodynamic effect support further development of MW189 for patients with acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Lumy Sawaki
- Department of Physical Medicine & RehabilitationUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Karen Bowen
- Bluegrass Research Consultants, Inc.VersaillesKentuckyUSA
| | - Daniel T. Laskowitz
- Department of NeurologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Byron Hauser
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research UnitDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lynn Jordan
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research UnitDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Huali Wu
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kevin Watt
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shruti Raja
- Department of NeurologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research UnitDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey T. Guptill
- Department of NeurologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research UnitDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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Flores-Muñoz C, Gómez B, Mery E, Mujica P, Gajardo I, Córdova C, Lopez-Espíndola D, Durán-Aniotz C, Hetz C, Muñoz P, Gonzalez-Jamett AM, Ardiles ÁO. Acute Pannexin 1 Blockade Mitigates Early Synaptic Plasticity Defects in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:46. [PMID: 32265655 PMCID: PMC7103637 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss induced by soluble oligomeric forms of the amyloid β peptide (sAβos) is one of the earliest events in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is thought to be the major cause of the cognitive deficits. These abnormalities rely on defects in synaptic plasticity, a series of events manifested as activity-dependent modifications in synaptic structure and function. It has been reported that pannexin 1 (Panx1), a nonselective channel implicated in cell communication and intracellular signaling, modulates the induction of excitatory synaptic plasticity under physiological contexts and contributes to neuronal death under inflammatory conditions. Here, we decided to study the involvement of Panx1 in functional and structural defects observed in excitatory synapses of the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic (Tg) mice, an animal model of AD. We found an age-dependent increase in the Panx1 expression that correlates with increased Aβ levels in hippocampal tissue from Tg mice. Congruently, we also observed an exacerbated Panx1 activity upon basal conditions and in response to glutamate receptor activation. The acute inhibition of Panx1 activity with the drug probenecid (PBN) did not change neurodegenerative parameters such as amyloid deposition or astrogliosis, but it significantly reduced excitatory synaptic defects in the AD model by normalizing long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression and improving dendritic arborization and spine density in hippocampal neurons of the Tg mice. These results suggest a major contribution of Panx1 in the early mechanisms leading to the synaptopathy in AD. Indeed, PBN induced a reduction in the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a kinase widely implicated in the early neurotoxic signaling in AD. Our data strongly suggest that an enhanced expression and activation of Panx1 channels contribute to the Aβ-induced cascades leading to synaptic dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Flores-Muñoz
- Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Bárbara Gómez
- Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Elena Mery
- Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paula Mujica
- Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ivana Gajardo
- Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudio Córdova
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Daniela Lopez-Espíndola
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Durán-Aniotz
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Muñoz
- Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Arlek M Gonzalez-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Álvaro O Ardiles
- Centro de Neurología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
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35
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Zerumbone ameliorates behavioral impairments and neuropathology in transgenic APP/PS1 mice by suppressing MAPK signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:61. [PMID: 32066466 PMCID: PMC7027354 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major clinical problem, but there is a distinct lack of effective therapeutic drugs for this disease. We investigated the potential therapeutic effects of zerumbone, a subtropical ginger sesquiterpene, in transgenic APP/PS1 mice, rodent models of AD which exhibit cerebral amyloidosis and neuroinflammation. Methods The N9 microglial cell line and primary microglial cells were cultured to investigate the effects of zerumbone on microglia. APP/PS1 mice were treated with zerumbone, and non-cognitive and cognitive behavioral impairments were assessed and compared between the treatment and control groups. The animals were then sacrificed, and tissues were collected for further analysis. The potential therapeutic mechanism of zerumbone and the signaling pathways involved were also investigated by RT-PCR, western blot, nitric oxide detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry analysis. Results Zerumbone suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induced a switch in microglial phenotype from the classic inflammatory phenotype to the alternative anti-inflammatory phenotype by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in vitro. After a treatment period of 20 days, zerumbone significantly ameliorated deficits in both non-cognitive and cognitive behaviors in transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Zerumbone significantly reduced β-amyloid deposition and attenuated pro-inflammatory microglial activation in the cortex and hippocampus. Interestingly, zerumbone significantly increased the proportion of anti-inflammatory microglia among all activated microglia, potentially contributing to reduced β-amyloid deposition by enhancing phagocytosis. Meanwhile, zerumbone also reduced the expression of key molecules of the MAPK pathway, such as p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Conclusions Overall, zerumbone effectively ameliorated behavioral impairments, attenuated neuroinflammation, and reduced β-amyloid deposition in transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Zerumbone exhibited substantial anti-inflammatory activity in microglial cells and induced a phenotypic switch in microglia from the pro-inflammatory phenotype to the anti-inflammatory phenotype by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway, which may play an important role in its neuroprotective effects. Our results suggest that zerumbone is a potential therapeutic agent for human neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD.
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36
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Reddy D, Ghosh P, Kumavath R. Strophanthidin Attenuates MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways in Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1469. [PMID: 32010609 PMCID: PMC6978703 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most prevalent in cancer-related deaths, while breast carcinoma is the second most dominant cancer in women, accounting for the most number of deaths worldwide. Cancers are heterogeneous diseases that consist of several subtypes based on the presence or absence of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Several drugs have been developed targeting cancer biomarkers; nonetheless, their efficiency are not adequate due to the high reemergence rate of cancers and fundamental or acquired resistance toward such drugs, which leads to partial therapeutic possibilities. Recent studies on cardiac glycosides (CGs) positioned them as potent cytotoxic agents that target multiple pathways to initiate apoptosis and autophagic cell death in many cancers. In the present study, our aim is to identify the anticancer activity of a naturally available CG (strophanthidin) in human breast (MCF-7), lung (A549), and liver cancer (HepG2) cells. Our results demonstrate a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of strophanthidin in MCF-7, A549, and HepG2 cells, which was further supported by DNA damage on drug treatment. Strophanthidin arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase; this effect was further validated by checking the inhibited expressions of checkpoint and cyclin-dependent kinases in strophanthidin-induced cells. Moreover, strophanthidin inhibited the expression of several key proteins such as MEK1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Gsk3α, and β-catenin from MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The current study adequately exhibits the role of strophanthidin in modulating the expression of various key proteins involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Our in silico studies revealed that strophanthidin can interact with several key proteins from various pathways. Taken together, this study demonstrates the viability of strophanthidin as a promising anticancer agent, which may serve as a new anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekhar Reddy
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
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37
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Mini review-vanadium-induced neurotoxicity and possible targets. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:763-768. [PMID: 31838631 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium, a transition metal, ubiquitous in nature is known to have therapeutic effect as well as toxic effect. It is known to possess antidiabetic, antitumor and antiparasitic activity. However, on long term exposure, it produces neurotoxicity which may result in memory impairment. The possible mechanism known to cause neurotoxicity suggested is oxidative stress and inflammation of neuronal cells. The present review has focused on discussing the role of protein P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and oxidative stress as possible targets to treat vanadium-induced neurotoxicity.
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38
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Du Y, Du Y, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Fu M, Li J, Pang Y, Lei P, Wang YT, Song W, He G, Dong Z. MKP-1 reduces Aβ generation and alleviates cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease models. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:58. [PMID: 31840000 PMCID: PMC6895219 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) is an essential negative regulator of MAPKs by dephosphorylating MAPKs at both tyrosine and threonine residues. Dysregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of MKP-1 in AD pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we report that MKP-1 levels were decreased in the brain tissues of patients with AD and an AD mouse model. The reduction in MKP-1 gene expression appeared to be a result of transcriptional inhibition via transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) cis-acting binding elements in the MKP-1 gene promoter. Amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced Sp1 activation decreased MKP-1 expression. However, upregulation of MKP-1 inhibited the expression of both Aβ precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 by inactivating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK)/MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, upregulation of MKP-1 reduced Aβ production and plaque formation and improved hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate that MKP-1 impairment facilitates the pathogenesis of AD, whereas upregulation of MKP-1 plays a neuroprotective role to reduce Alzheimer-related phenotypes. Thus, this study suggests that MKP-1 is a novel molecule for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Du
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Yexiang Du
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Zhilin Huang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Min Fu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Yayan Pang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Peng Lei
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
- Brain Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Guiqiong He
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 PR China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
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Shah FA, Li T, Kury LTA, Zeb A, Khatoon S, Liu G, Yang X, Liu F, Yao H, Khan AU, Koh PO, Jiang Y, Li S. Pathological Comparisons of the Hippocampal Changes in the Transient and Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rat Models. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1178. [PMID: 31798514 PMCID: PMC6868119 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes are categorized by permanent or transient obstruction of blood flow, which impedes delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients to brain. In the last decade, the therapeutic window for tPA has increased from 3 to 5-6 h, and a new technique, involving the mechanical removal of the clot (endovascular thrombectomy) to allow reperfusion of the injured area, is being used more often. This last therapeutic approach can be done until 24 h after stroke onset. Due to this fact, more acute ischemic stroke patients are now being recanalized, and so tMCAO is probably the "best" model to address these patients that have a potential good outcome in terms of survival and functional recovery. However, permanent occlusion patients are also important, not only to increase survival rate but also to improve functional outcomes, although these are more difficult to achieve. So, both models are important, and which target different stroke patients in the clinical scenario. Hippocampus has a vital role in memory and cognition, is prone to ischemic induced neurodegeneration. This study was designed to delineate the molecular, pathological, and neurological changes in rat models of t-MCAO, permanent MCAO (pMCAO), and pMCAO with diabetic conditions in hippocampal tissue. Our results showed that these three models showed distinct discrepancies at numerous pathological process, including key signaling molecules involved in neuronal apoptosis, glutamate induced excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic changes. Our result suggests that the two commonly used MCAO models exhibited tremendous differences in terms of neuronal cell loss, glutamate excitotoxic related signaling, synaptic transmission markers, neuron inflammatory and oxidative stress molecules. These differences may reflect the variations in different models, which may provide valuable information for mechanistic and therapeutic inconsistences as experienced in both preclinical models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Tariq Al Kury
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alam Zeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Khatoon
- Department of Anatomy, Khyber Medical College, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Gongping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Arif-Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Phil Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, South Korea
| | - Yuhua Jiang
- Cancer Centre, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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40
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Kim KB, Lee S, Kim JH. Neuroprotective effects of urolithin A on H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells. Nutr Res Pract 2019; 14:3-11. [PMID: 32042368 PMCID: PMC6997143 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress causes cell damage and death, which contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Urolithin A (UA), a gut microbial-derived metabolite of ellagitannins and ellagic acid, has high bioavailability and various health benefits such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is unknown whether it has protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cell death. We investigated whether UA ameliorates H2O2-induced neuronal cell death. MATERIALS/METHODS We induced oxidative damage with 300 µM H2O2 after UA pretreatment at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 µM in SK-N-MC cells. Cytotoxicity and cell viability were determined using the CCK-8 assay. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using a 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. Hoechst 33342 staining was used to characterize morphological changes in apoptotic cells. The expressions of apoptosis proteins were measured using Western blotting. RESULTS UA significantly increased cell viability and decreased intracellular ROS production in a dose-dependent manner in SK-N-MC cells. It also decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the expressions of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP. In addition, it suppressed the phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CONCLUSIONS UA attenuates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via inhibiting the mitochondrial-related apoptosis pathway and modulating the p38 MAPK pathway, suggesting that it may be an effective neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kkot Byeol Kim
- Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Korea
| | - Seonah Lee
- Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul Medical Center, 156 Shinnea-ro, Seoul 02053, Korea
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41
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Alvariño R, Alonso E, Abbasov ME, Chaheine CM, Conner ML, Romo D, Alfonso A, Botana LM. Gracilin A Derivatives Target Early Events in Alzheimer's Disease: in Vitro Effects on Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4102-4111. [PMID: 31387354 PMCID: PMC7654966 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for compounds capable of targeting early pathological changes of Alzheimer̀s disease (AD), such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, is an important challenge. Gracilin A derivatives were recently synthesized, using a pharmacophore-directed retrosynthesis (PDR) strategy, and found to possess potent neuroprotective effects. In this work, the previously described derivatives 1-7 which demonstrated mitochondrial-mediated, antioxidant effects were chosen for further study. The ability of compounds to modulate the expression of antioxidant genes (CAT, GPx, SODs, and Nrf2) was determined in SH-SY5Y cells, and the simplified derivatives 2 and 3 were found to be the most effective. The anti-neuroinflammatory properties of all derivatives were assessed in BV2 microglial cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Several derivatives decreased the release of cytokines (Il-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF, and TNF-α) and other damaging molecules (ROS, NO) and also regulated the translocation of Nrf2 and NFκB, and reduced p38 activation. These protective effects were confirmed in a trans-well coculture with BV2 and SH-SY5Y cells and several derivatives increased SH-SY5Y survival. This present work demonstrates the neuroprotective properties of gracilin A derivatives, making them promising candidate drugs for AD. Particularly, derivatives 2 and 3 showed the greatest potential as lead compounds for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitario Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Mikail E. Abbasov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Christian M. Chaheine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Michael L. Conner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
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42
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Shaping the Nrf2-ARE-related pathways in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 54:100942. [PMID: 31415806 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A failure in redox homeostasis is a common hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD), two age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), causing increased oxidative stress, oxidized/damaged biomolecules, altered neuronal function and consequent cell death. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a redox-regulated transcription factor, results in upregulation of cytoprotective and antioxidant enzymes/proteins, protecting against oxidative stress. Nrf2 regulation is achieved by various proteins and pathways, at both cytoplasmatic and nuclear level; however, the elaborate network of mechanisms involved in Nrf2 regulation may restrain Nrf2 pathway normal activity. Indeed, altered Nrf2 activity is involved in aging and NDD, such as AD and PD. Therefore, understanding the diversity of Nrf2 control mechanisms and regulatory proteins is of high interest, since more effective NDD therapeutics can be identified. In this review, we first introduce Keap1-Nrf2-ARE structure, function and regulation, with a special focus on the several pathways involved in Nrf2 positive and negative modulation, namely p62, PKC, PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β, NF-kB and p38 MAPK. We then briefly describe the evidences for oxidative stress and Nrf2 pathway deregulation in different stages of NDDs. Finally, we discuss the potential of Nrf2-related pathways as potential therapeutic targets to possibly prevent or slowdown NDD progression.
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43
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Kheiri G, Dolatshahi M, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. Role of p38/MAPKs in Alzheimer's disease: implications for amyloid beta toxicity targeted therapy. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:9-30. [PMID: 29804103 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of environmental and genetic factors, as well as the physiologic process of aging, contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Neuroinflammation is and has been a focus of interest, as a common gateway for initiation of many of the underlying pathologies of AD. Amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity, increasing RAGE expression, tau hyperphosphorylation, induction of apoptosis, and deregulated autophagy are among other mechanisms, partly entangled and being explained by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK signaling. p38 MAPK is the most essential regulator of Aβ induced toxicity from this family. p38 induces NF-κB activation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and disruption of synaptic plasticity, which are other implications of all justifying the p38 MAPK as a potential target to break the vicious Aβ toxicity cycle. Until recently, many in vivo and in vitro studies have investigated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibitors in AD. The pyridinyl imidazole compounds SB202190 and SB203580 have shown promising anti-apoptotic results in vivo. MW108 inhibits activation of p38 and is able to postpone cognitive decline in animal models. The PD169316, with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic features, has improved spatial memory in vivo. Natural compounds from Camellia sinensis (green tea), polyphenols from olive oil, pinocembrin from propolis, and the puerarine extract isoflavones, have shown strong anti-apoptotic features, mediated by p38 MAPK inhibition. Use of these drug targets is limited due to central nervous system side effects or cross-reactivity with other kinases, predicting the low efficacy of these drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Kheiri
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
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44
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Heider F, Ansideri F, Tesch R, Pantsar T, Haun U, Döring E, Kudolo M, Poso A, Albrecht W, Laufer SA, Koch P. Pyridinylimidazoles as dual glycogen synthase kinase 3β/p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:309-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Shah FA, Kury LA, Li T, Zeb A, Koh PO, Liu F, Zhou Q, Hussain I, Khan AU, Jiang Y, Li S. Polydatin Attenuates Neuronal Loss via Reducing Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rat MCAO Models. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:663. [PMID: 31293416 PMCID: PMC6606791 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is characterized by permanent or transient obstruction of blood flow, which initiates a cascading pathological process, starting from acute ATP loss and ionic imbalance to subsequent membrane depolarization, glutamate excitotoxicity, and calcium overload. These initial events are followed by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, eventually causing neuronal neurosis and apoptosis. Complicated interplays exist between these steps happening across various stages, which not only represent the complicated nature of ischemic pathology but also warrant a detailed delineation of the underlying molecular mechanisms to develop better therapeutic options. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of polydatin against ischemic brain injury using a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Our results demonstrated that polydatin treatment reduced the infarction volume and mitigated the neurobehavioral deficits, sequentially rescued neuronal apoptosis. Ischemic stroke induced an elevation of neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen species, which could be attenuated by polydatin via the reduced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In addition, polydatin upregulated the endogenous antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, the thioredoxin pathway, and eventually reversed ischemic-stroke-induced elevation of ROS and inflammation in ischemic cortical tissue. The diverse and broad actions of polydatin suggested that it could be a multiple targeting neuroprotective agent in ameliorating the detrimental effects of MCAO, such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis. As repetitive clinical trials of neuroprotectants targeting a single step of stroke pathological process have failed previously, our results suggested that a neuroprotective strategy of acting at different stages may be more advantageous to intervene in the vicious cycles in MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China.,Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lina Al Kury
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Alam Zeb
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Phil Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Arif Ullah Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yuhua Jiang
- Cancer Centre, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China.,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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46
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Sadlon A, Takousis P, Alexopoulos P, Evangelou E, Prokopenko I, Perneczky R. miRNAs Identify Shared Pathways in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:662-672. [PMID: 31221572 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the identification of several dozens of common genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), most of the genetic risk remains uncharacterised. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of regulatory elements, such as miRNAs. Dysregulated miRNAs are implicated in AD and PD, with potential value in dissecting the shared pathophysiology between the two disorders. miRNAs relevant to both neurodegenerative diseases are related to axonal guidance, apoptosis, and inflammation, therefore, AD and PD likely arise from similar underlying biological pathway defects. Furthermore, pathways regulated by APP, L1CAM, and genes of the caspase family may represent promising therapeutic miRNA targets in AD and PD since they are targeted by dysregulated miRNAs in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Sadlon
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Petros Takousis
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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47
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Wagdy R, Abdelkader RM, El-Khatib AH, Linscheid MW, Hamdi N, Handoussa H. Neuromodulatory Activity of Dietary Phenolics Derived from Corchorus olitorius L. J Food Sci 2019; 84:1012-1022. [PMID: 31017668 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phenolics are known for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, making them promising candidates for protection against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Hydroalcohol extract of Egyptian species of Corchorus olitorius L. (Co) leaves was investigated for its neuroprotective effects in a lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory mouse model. Twenty five metabolites were characterized from the bioactive extract using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC/PDA/HRESI/MSn , revealing 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (Co11) as one of the major constituents (5.7%), which was isolated and its identity was confirmed by spectral data as first report. Co significantly protected microglia against H2 O2 -induced cytotoxicity and immunohistochemistry showed reduced expression of the astrocytic marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and the inflammatory marker, cyclooxygenase-2. These findings correlated with significant improvement of cognitive functions and reduction of LPS-induced neurodegeneration in Co-treated mice as revealed by histopathology. The current study shows promising effects of Co in limiting neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation and glial cell activation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Information presented here shed light on the promising effects of Corchorus olitorius (Co) for the modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways improving the neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. This makes Co a promising candidate as a nutraceutical supplement to be used against neuroinflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Wagdy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biology, German Univ. in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham M Abdelkader
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German Univ. in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.,Dept. of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nabila Hamdi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German Univ. in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Handoussa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biology, German Univ. in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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48
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Roy SM, Minasov G, Arancio O, Chico LW, Van Eldik LJ, Anderson WF, Pelletier JC, Watterson DM. A Selective and Brain Penetrant p38αMAPK Inhibitor Candidate for Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders That Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5298-5311. [PMID: 30978288 PMCID: PMC6580366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The p38αMAPK
is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a key
node in the intracellular signaling networks that transduce and amplify
stress signals into physiological changes. A preponderance of preclinical
data and clinical observations established p38αMAPK as a brain
drug discovery target involved in neuroinflammatory responses and
synaptic dysfunction in multiple degenerative and neuropsychiatric
brain disorders. We summarize the discovery of highly selective, brain-penetrant,
small molecule p38αMAPK inhibitors that are efficacious in diverse
animal models of neurologic disorders. A crystallography and pharmacoinformatic
approach to fragment expansion enabled the discovery of an efficacious
hit. The addition of secondary pharmacology screens to refinement
delivered lead compounds with improved selectivity, appropriate pharmacodynamics,
and efficacy. Safety considerations and additional secondary pharmacology
screens drove optimization that delivered the drug candidate MW01-18-150SRM
(MW150), currently in early stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saktimayee M Roy
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - George Minasov
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Columbia University , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - Laura W Chico
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | | | - Wayne F Anderson
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Jeffrey C Pelletier
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - D Martin Watterson
- Northwestern University , 320 East Superior Street , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
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49
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Jha NK, Jha SK, Kar R, Nand P, Swati K, Goswami VK. Nuclear factor-kappa β as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:113-137. [PMID: 30802950 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorder with worldwide prevalence. Its clinical manifestation involves the presence of extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). NFTs occur in brain tissues as a result of both Aβ agglomeration and Tau phosphorylation. Although there is no known cure for AD, research into possible cures and treatment options continues using cell-cultures and model animals/organisms. The nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κβ) plays an active role in the progression of AD. Impairment to this signaling module triggers undesirable phenotypic changes such as neuroinflammation, activation of microglia, oxidative stress related complications, and apoptotic cell death. These imbalances further lead to homeostatic abnormalities in the brain or in initial stages of AD essentially pushing normal neurons toward the degeneration process. Interestingly, the role of NF-κβ signaling associated receptor-interacting protein kinase is currently observed in apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and has been reported in brains. Conversely, the NF-κβ signaling pathway has also been reported to be involved in normal brain functioning. This pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining synaptic plasticity and balancing between learning and memory. Since any impairment in the pathways associated with NF-κβ signaling causes altered neuronal dynamics, neurotherapeutics using compounds including, antioxidants, bioflavonoids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against such abnormalities offer possibilities to rectify aberrant excitatory neuronal activity in AD. In this review, we have provided an extensive overview of the crucial role of NF-κβ signaling in normal brain homeostasis. We have also thoroughly outlined several established pathomechanisms associated with NF-κβ pathways in AD, along with their respective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rohan Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Kumari Swati
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
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50
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Li Y, Ba M, Du Y, Xia C, Tan S, Ng KP, Ma G. Aβ1-42 increases the expression of neural KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 via the NF-κB, p38 MAPK and PKC signal pathways in rat primary cholinergic neurons. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:665-674. [PMID: 30868916 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119833742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) may mediate a potential neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that exposure to Aβ1-42 in cultured primary cholinergic neurons for 72 h significantly upregulates the expression of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1, we aim to study the underlying signal transduction mechanisms that are involved in Aβ1-42-induced upregulation of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1. In the present study, we first identified the primary cultured rat cortical and hippocampal neurons using immunocytochemistry. 0.5 μM NF-κB inhibitor SN-50, 2 μM p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or 2 μM PKC inhibitor Chelerythrine chloride (CTC) were then added in three separate groups, followed by 2 μM Aβ1-42 30 min later in all 3 groups. Western Blot was performed 72 h later to detect the expression of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1. We found that Aβ1-42 significantly increased the level of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression at 72 h when compared with the control group ( p < 0.05). However, when compared with the Aβ1-42 group, the level of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression at 72 h significantly decreased in the SN50 + Aβ1-42 group, SB203580 + Aβ1-42 group, and the CTC + Aβ1-42 group ( p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that the NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and PKC signal pathways are partially involved in the upregulation of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression induced by Aβ1-42 cytotoxicity in neurons, which supports a potential theoretical basis of targeting these signal pathways in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - M Ba
- 2 Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai City, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Du
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - C Xia
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - S Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - K P Ng
- 3 Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G Ma
- 4 Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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