1
|
Mairinger E, Wessolly M, Buderath P, Borchert S, Henrich L, Mach P, Steinborn J, Kimming R, Jasani B, Schmid KW, Bankfalvi A, Mairinger FD. Tumor cell cytoplasmic metallothionein expression associates with differential tumor immunogenicity and prognostic outcome in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1252700. [PMID: 38023247 PMCID: PMC10663300 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1252700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying mechanism of high T-cell presence as a favorable prognostic factor in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is not yet understood. In addition to immune cells, various cofactors are essential for immune processes. One of those are metallothioneins (MTs), metal-binding proteins comprising various isoforms. MTs play a role in tumor development and drug resistance. Moreover, MTs influence inflammatory processes by regulating zinc homeostasis. In particular, T-cell function and polarization are particularly susceptible to changes in zinc status. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible role of MT-mediated immune response and its association with prognostic outcome in ovarian cancer. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on a clinically well-characterized cohort of 24 patients with HGSOC treated at the University Hospital of Essen. Gene expression patterns for anti-cancer immunogenicity-related targets were performed using the NanoString nCounter platform for digital gene expression analysis with the appurtenant PanCancer Immune Profiling panel, consisting of 770 targets and 30 reference genes. Tumor-associated immunohistochemical MT protein expression was evaluated using a semi-quantitative four-tier Immunohistochemistry (IHC) scoring. Results MT immunoexpression was detected in 43% (10/23) of all HGSOC samples. MT immunoexpression levels showed a significant association to survival, leading to prolonged progression-free and overall survival in positively stained tumors. Furthermore, T-cell receptor signaling gene signature showed a strong activation in MT-positive tumors. Activated downstream signaling cascades resulting in elevated interferon-gamma expression with a shift in the balance between T helper cells (TH1 and TH2) could be observed in the MT-positive subgroup. In addition, a higher expression pattern of perforin and several granzymes could be detected, overall suggestive of acute, targeted anti-cancer immune response in MT-positive samples. Conclusion This is the first study combining broad, digital mRNA screening of anti-tumor immune response-associated genes and their relation to MT-I/II in ovarian cancer. MT overexpression is associated with molecular characteristics of an anti-cancer immune response and is a strong prognostic marker in ovarian HGSOC. The observed immune cell activation associated with tumor MT expression comprises but is not limited to T cells and natural killer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Wessolly
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul Buderath
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Borchert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Larissa Henrich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pawel Mach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Steinborn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kimming
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bharat Jasani
- Department of Pathology, Targos - A Discovery Life Sciences Company, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Novel Anti-Neuroinflammatory Properties of a Thiosemicarbazone–Pyridylhydrazone Copper(II) Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810722. [PMID: 36142627 PMCID: PMC9505367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has a major role in several brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet at present there are no effective anti-neuroinflammatory therapeutics available. Copper(II) complexes of bis(thiosemicarbazones) (CuII(gtsm) and CuII(atsm)) have broad therapeutic actions in preclinical models of neurodegeneration, with CuII(atsm) demonstrating beneficial outcomes on neuroinflammatory markers in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that copper(II) complexes could be harnessed as a new approach to modulate immune function in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined the anti-neuroinflammatory action of several low-molecular-weight, charge-neutral and lipophilic copper(II) complexes. Our analysis revealed that one compound, a thiosemicarbazone–pyridylhydrazone copper(II) complex (CuL5), delivered copper into cells in vitro and increased the concentration of copper in the brain in vivo. In a primary murine microglia culture, CuL5 was shown to decrease secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf), increase expression of metallothionein (Mt1), and modulate expression of Alzheimer’s disease-associated risk genes, Trem2 and Cd33. CuL5 also improved the phagocytic function of microglia in vitro. In 5xFAD model AD mice, treatment with CuL5 led to an improved performance in a spatial working memory test, while, interestingly, increased accumulation of amyloid plaques in treated mice. These findings demonstrate that CuL5 can induce anti-neuroinflammatory effects in vitro and provide selective benefit in vivo. The outcomes provide further support for the development of copper-based compounds to modulate neuroinflammation in brain diseases.
Collapse
|
3
|
Comes G, Fernandez-Gayol O, Molinero A, Giralt M, Capdevila M, Atrian S, Hidalgo J. Mouse metallothionein-1 and metallothionein-2 are not biologically interchangeable in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, EAE. Metallomics 2020; 11:327-337. [PMID: 30543238 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mouse metallothionein-1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2) are often considered physiologically equivalent, because they are normally regulated coordinately by a wide range of stimuli, and it is assumed that in vivo they will be normally fully loaded with zinc(ii) (Zn7-MT1/2), although other metal ions, such as copper(i), may be eventually found as well. However, mouse MT2, in contrast to MT1, exhibits a preference for Zn(ii) coordination in comparison to that for Cu(i), which might underlie putatively different biological functions for these two mammalian isoforms. We have characterized the effects of exogenously administered mouse MT1 and MT2, and of transgenic Mt1 overexpression, in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), by active immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. Mice treated daily with MT2 showed a significant amelioration of the clinical course, with decreased peak and cumulative scores and delayed onset of EAE. In contrast, treatment with MT1 or its transgenic overexpression only caused a non-significant trend. MT2 treatment preserved better the myelin of the spinal cord, and the pattern of leukocyte infiltrates and gene expression are compatible with an inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation. Splenocytes from these animals in culture responded adequately to MOG35-55 peptide, but a bias for a Th2 profile seemed to be present in the MT2-treated mice. Interestingly, MT1 but not MT2 decreased the number of cytokines in the serum. The present results indicate that mouse MT1 and MT2 are not biologically interchangeable in the EAE model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Comes
- Animal Physiology Unit, C/Vall Moronta s/n, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Merlos Rodrigo MA, Jimenez Jimemez AM, Haddad Y, Bodoor K, Adam P, Krizkova S, Heger Z, Adam V. Metallothionein isoforms as double agents - Their roles in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and chemoresistance. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 52:100691. [PMID: 32615524 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small cysteine-rich intracellular proteins with four major isoforms identified in mammals, designated MT-1 through MT-4. The best known biological functions of MTs are their ability to bind and sequester metal ions as well as their active role in redox homeostasis. Despite these protective roles, numerous studies have demonstrated that changes in MT expression could be associated with the process of carcinogenesis and participation in cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Hence, MTs have the role of double agents, i.e., working with and against cancer. In view of their rich biochemical properties, it is not surprising that MTs participate in the emergence of chemoresistance in tumor cells. Many studies have demonstrated that MT overexpression is involved in the acquisition of resistance to anticancer drugs including cisplatin, anthracyclines, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mitomycin. The evidence is gradually increasing for a cellular switch in MT functions, showing that they indeed have two faces: protector and saboteur. Initially, MTs display anti-oncogenic and protective roles; however, once the oncogenic process was launched, MTs are utilized by cancer cells for progression, survival, and contribution to chemoresistance. The duality of MTs can serve as a potential prognostic/diagnostic biomarker and can therefore pave the way towards the development of new cancer treatment strategies. Herein, we review and discuss MTs as tumor disease markers and describe their role in chemoresistance to distinct anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ana Maria Jimenez Jimemez
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yazan Haddad
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Khaldon Bodoor
- Department of Applied Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Pavlina Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Role of Zinc and Zinc Homeostasis in Macrophage Function. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6872621. [PMID: 30622979 PMCID: PMC6304900 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6872621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc has long been recognized as an essential trace element, playing roles in the growth and development of all living organisms. In recent decades, zinc homeostasis was also found to be important for the innate immune system, especially for maintaining the function of macrophages. It is now generally accepted that dysregulated zinc homeostasis in macrophages causes impaired phagocytosis and an abnormal inflammatory response. However, many questions remain with respect to the mechanisms that underlie these processes, particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles that zinc and zinc transporters play in regulating macrophage function.
Collapse
|
6
|
Waller R, Murphy M, Garwood CJ, Jennings L, Heath PR, Chambers A, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Ince PG, Wharton SB, Simpson JE. Metallothionein‐I/II expression associates with the astrocyte DNA damage response and not Alzheimer‐type pathology in the aging brain. Glia 2018; 66:2316-2323. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Waller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Mark Murphy
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Luke Jennings
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle Chambers
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and SocietyUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle United Kingdom
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public HealthUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Wu X, Wu X, Yu J, Yuan Q, Du Z, Hu J. Admission circulating monocytes level is an independent predictor of outcome in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2018; 32:515-522. [PMID: 29355430 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1429023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehai Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoying Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Terrell AM, Riggio BA, Anand D, Lachke SA, Duncan MK. β1-Integrin Deletion From the Lens Activates Cellular Stress Responses Leading to Apoptosis and Fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3896-3922. [PMID: 28763805 PMCID: PMC5539801 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous research showed that the absence of β1-integrin from the mouse lens after embryonic day (E) 13.5 (β1MLR10) leads to the perinatal apoptosis of lens epithelial cells (LECs) resulting in severe microphthalmia. This study focuses on elucidating the molecular connections between β1-integrin deletion and this phenotype. Methods RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially regulated genes (DRGs) in β1MLR10 lenses at E15.5. By using bioinformatics analysis and literature searching, Egr1 (early growth response 1) was selected for further study. The activation status of certain signaling pathways (focal adhesion kinase [FAK]/Erk, TGF-β, and Akt signaling) was studied via Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Mice lacking both β1-integrin and Egr1 genes from the lenses were created (β1MLR10/Egr1−/−) to study their relationship. Results RNA sequencing identified 120 DRGs that include candidates involved in the cellular stress response, fibrosis, and/or apoptosis. Egr1 was investigated in detail, as it mediates cellular stress responses in various cell types, and is recognized as an upstream regulator of numerous other β1MLR10 lens DRGs. In β1MLR10 mice, Egr1 levels are elevated shortly after β1-integrin loss from the lens. Further, pErk1/2 and pAkt are elevated in β1MLR10 LECs, thus providing the potential signaling mechanism that causes Egr1 upregulation in the mutant. Indeed, deletion of Egr1 from β1MLR10 lenses partially rescues the microphthalmia phenotype. Conclusions β1-integrin regulates the appropriate levels of Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in LECs, whereas its deficiency results in the overexpression of Egr1, culminating in reduced cell survival. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the microphthalmia observed in β1MLR10 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Anne M Terrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Brittany A Riggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vuillermot S, Luan W, Meyer U, Eyles D. Vitamin D treatment during pregnancy prevents autism-related phenotypes in a mouse model of maternal immune activation. Mol Autism 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28316773 PMCID: PMC5351212 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to infection is a recognized environmental risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders of developmental origins such as autism or schizophrenia. Experimental work in animals indicates that this link is mediated by maternal immune activation (MIA) involving interactions between cytokine-associated inflammatory events, oxidative stress, and other pathophysiological processes such as hypoferremia and zinc deficiency. Maternal administration of the viral mimic polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) in mice produces several behavioral phenotypes in adult offspring of relevance to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS Here, we investigated whether some of these phenotypes might also present in juveniles. In addition, given the known immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of vitamin D, we also investigated whether the co-administration of vitamin D could block MIA-induced ASD-related behaviors. We co-administered the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1α,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25OHD), simultaneously with poly(I:C) and examined (i) social interaction, stereotyped behavior, emotional learning and memory, and innate anxiety-like behavior in juveniles and (ii) the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in maternal plasma and fetal brains. RESULTS We show that like adult offspring that were exposed to MIA, juveniles display similar deficits in social approach behavior. Juvenile MIA offspring also show abnormal stereotyped digging and impaired acquisition and expression of tone-cued fear conditioning. Importantly, our study reveals that prenatal administration of 1,25OHD abolishes all these behavioral deficits in poly(I:C)-treated juveniles. However, prenatal administration of vitamin D had no effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in dams or in fetal brains suggesting the anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D are not the critical mechanism for its preventive actions in this ASD animal model. CONCLUSIONS This work raises the possibility that early dietary supplementation with vitamin D may open new avenues for a successful attenuation or even prevention of neurodevelopmental disorders following maternal inflammation during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vuillermot
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Wei Luan
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4076 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang B, Gensel J. Is neuroinflammation in the injured spinal cord different than in the brain? Examining intrinsic differences between the brain and spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
11
|
Anderson G, Maes M. Schizophrenia: linking prenatal infection to cytokines, the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, NMDA receptor hypofunction, neurodevelopment and neuroprogression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:5-19. [PMID: 22800757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, the macrophage-T lymphocyte theory of schizophrenia (Smith and Maes, 1995) considered that activated immuno-inflammatory pathways may account for the higher neurodevelopmental pathology linked with gestational infections through the detrimental effects of activated microglia, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), cytokine-induced activation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway and consequent modulation of the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) and glutamate production. The aim of the present paper is to review the current state-of-the art regarding the role of the above pathways in schizophrenia. Accumulating data suggest a powerful role for prenatal infection, both viral and microbial, in driving an early developmental etiology to schizophrenia. Models of prenatal rodent infection show maintained activation of immuno-inflammatory pathways coupled to increased microglia activation. The ensuing activation of immuno-inflammatory pathways in schizophrenia may activate the TRYCAT pathway, including increased kynurenic acid (KA) and neurotoxic TRYCATs. Increased KA, via the inhibition of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, lowers gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA)ergic post-synaptic current, contributing to dysregulated glutamatergic activity. Hypofunctioning of the NMDAr on GABAergic interneurons will contribute to glutamatergic dysregulation. Many susceptibility genes for schizophrenia are predominantly expressed in early development and will interact with these early developmental driven changes in the immuno-inflammatory and TRYCAT pathways. Maternal infection and subsequent immuno-inflammatory responses are additionally associated with O&NS, including lowered antioxidants such as glutathione. This will contribute to alterations in neurogenesis and myelination. In such a scenario a) a genetic or epigenetic potentiation of immuno-inflammatory pathways may constitute a double hit on their own, stimulating wider immuno-inflammatory responses and thus potentiating the TRYCAT pathway and subsequent NMDAr dysfunction and neuroprogression; and b) antipsychotic-induced changes in immuno-inflammatory, TRYCAT and O&NS pathways would modulate the CNS glia-neuronal interactions that determine synaptic plasticity as well as myelin generation and maintenance.
Collapse
|
12
|
TSUJI TOSHIFUMI, NAITO YUJI, TAKAGI TOMOHISA, KUGAI MUNEHIRO, YORIKI HIROYUKI, HORIE RYUSUKE, FUKUI AKIFUMI, MIZUSHIMA KATSURA, HIRAI YASUKO, KATADA KAZUHIRO, KAMADA KAZUHIRO, UCHIYAMA KAZUHIKO, HANDA OSAMU, KONISHI HIDEYUKI, YAGI NOBUAKI, ICHIKAWA HIROSHI, YANAGISAWA RIE, SUZUKI JUNKOS, TAKANO HIROHISA, SATOH MASAHIKO, YOSHIKAWA TOSHIKAZU. Role of metallothionein in murine experimental colitis. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1037-46. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
13
|
Emri E, Egervari K, Varvolgyi T, Rozsa D, Miko E, Dezso B, Veres I, Mehes G, Emri G, Remenyik E. Correlation among metallothionein expression, intratumoural macrophage infiltration and the risk of metastasis in human cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:e320-7. [PMID: 22817475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of metastases and the efficacy of systemic therapies in cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) depend on the characteristics of the tumour cells and the host immune response. Aberrant expression of metallothionein (MT) has been observed in several types of cancers with poor prognoses. OBJECTIVE To perform an immunohistochemical study on primary CMM comparing the MT expression of tumours without metastases (n = 23) to that of samples with haematogenous metastases (n = 23) and to examine the correlation between MT staining and immunological markers relevant in CMM progression. METHODS The immunohistochemical labelling of different tumour sections was analysed using tissue microarrays for the evaluation of the suitability of this method in future studies. RESULTS Our results suggest that MT overexpression is significantly more frequent in primary CMM with haematogenous metastases (P = 0.018) and that the overexpression is independent of the Breslow tumour thickness (R = 0.102, P = 0.501). Interestingly, MT overexpression of the tumour cells was correlated with the presence of tumour-infiltrating CD68(+) macrophages (P = 0.003), a known predictive factor for melanoma progression, thereby suggesting a role for MT in the development of a defective host immune response. Furthermore, the presence of CD163(+) macrophages infiltrating the tumours correlated with metastasis formation (P < 0.001), whereas the presence CD1a(+) dendritic cells surrounding the tumours was associated with a lower risk of haematogenous spread (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that MT may represent a suitable prognostic factor that can characterize the metastasising ability of CMM and the tumour-promoting host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Emri
- Department of Dermatology, and Institute of Pathology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|