1
|
Acar IE, Galesloot TE, Luhmann UFO, Fauser S, Gayán J, den Hollander AI, Nogoceke E. Whole Genome Sequencing Identifies Novel Common and Low-Frequency Variants Associated With Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:24. [PMID: 37975850 PMCID: PMC10664724 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify associations of common, low-frequency, and rare variants with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Methods WGS data were obtained for 2123 advanced AMD patients (participants of clinical trials for advanced AMD) and 2704 controls (participants of clinical trials for asthma [N = 2518] and Alzheimer's disease [N = 186]), and joint genotype calling was performed, followed by quality control of the dataset. Single variant association analyses were performed for all identified common, low-frequency, and rare variants. Gene-based tests were executed for rare and low-frequency variants using SKAT-O and three groups of variants based on putative impact information: (1) all variants, (2) modifier impact variants, and (3) high- and moderate-impact variants. To ascertain independence of the identified associations from previously reported AMD and asthma loci, conditional analyses were performed. Results Previously identified AMD variants at the CFH, ARMS2/HTRA1, APOE, and C3 loci were associated with AMD at a genome-wide significance level. We identified new single variant associations for common variants near the PARK7 gene and in the long non-coding RNA AC103876.1, and for a rare variant near the TENM3 gene. In addition, gene-based association analyses identified a burden of modifier variants in eight intergenic and gene-spanning regions and of high- and moderate-impact variants in the C3, CFHR5, SLC16A8, and CFI genes. Conclusions We describe the largest WGS study in AMD to date. We confirmed previously identified associations and identified several novel associations that are worth exploring in further follow-up studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan E. Acar
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich F. O. Luhmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Gayán
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anneke I. den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Everson Nogoceke
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Albtoush N, Queisser KA, Zawerton A, Lauer ME, Beswick EJ, Petrey AC. TSG6 hyaluronan matrix remodeling dampens the inflammatory response during colitis. Matrix Biol 2023; 121:149-166. [PMID: 37391162 PMCID: PMC10530565 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
In response to tissue injury, changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) can directly affect the inflammatory response and contribute to disease progression or resolution. During inflammation, the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) becomes modified by tumor necrosis factor stimulated gene-6 (TSG6). TSG6 covalently transfers heavy chain (HC) proteins from inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) to HA in a transesterification reaction and is to date is the only known HC-transferase. By modifying the HA matrix, TSG6 generates HC:HA complexes that are implicated in mediating both protective and pathological responses. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong chronic disorder with well-described remodeling of the ECM and increased mononuclear leukocyte influx into the intestinal mucosa. Deposition of HC:HA matrices is an early event in inflamed gut tissue that precedes and promotes leukocyte infiltration. However, the mechanisms by which TSG6 contributes to intestinal inflammation are not well understood. The aim of our study was to understand how the TSG6 and its enzymatic activity contributes to the inflammatory response in colitis. Our findings indicate that inflamed tissues of IBD patients show an elevated level of TSG6 and increased HC deposition and that levels of HA strongly associate with TSG6 levels in patient colon tissue specimens. Additionally, we observed that mice lacking TSG6 are more vulnerable to acute colitis and exhibit an aggravated macrophage-associated mucosal immune response characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and diminished anti-inflammatory mediators including IL-10. Surprisingly, along with significantly increased levels of inflammation in the absence of TSG6, tissue HA levels in mice were found to be significantly reduced and disorganized, absent of typical "HA-cable" structures. Inhibition of TSG6 HC-transferase activity leads to a loss of cell surface HA and leukocyte adhesion, indicating that the enzymatic functions of TSG6 are a major contributor to stability of the HA ECM during inflammation. Finally, using biochemically generated HC:HA matrices derived by TSG6, we show that HC:HA complexes can attenuate the inflammatory response of activated monocytes. In conclusion, our data suggests that TSG6 exerts a tissue-protective, anti-inflammatory effect via the generation of HC:HA complexes that become dysregulated in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nansy Albtoush
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112; Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kimberly A Queisser
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112; Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ash Zawerton
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark E Lauer
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Aaron C Petrey
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112; Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Badia A, Duarri A, Salas A, Rosell J, Ramis J, Gusta MF, Casals E, Zapata MA, Puntes V, García-Arumí J. Repeated Topical Administration of 3 nm Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Reverts Disease Atrophic Phenotype and Arrests Neovascular Degeneration in AMD Mouse Models. ACS NANO 2023; 17:910-926. [PMID: 36596252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium is implicated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have been used to treat degenerative retinal pathologies in animal models, although their delivery route is not ideal for chronic patient treatment. In this work, we prepared a formulation for ocular topical delivery that contains small (3 nm), nonaggregated biocompatible CeO2NPs. In vitro results indicate the biocompatible and protective character of the CeO2NPs, reducing oxidative stress in ARPE19 cells and inhibiting neovascularization related to pathological angiogenesis in both HUVEC and in in vitro models of neovascular growth. In the in vivo experiments, we observed the capacity of CeO2NPs to reach the retina after topical delivery and a subsequent reversion of the altered retinal transcriptome of the retinal degenerative mouse model DKOrd8 toward that of healthy control mice, together with signs of decreased inflammation and arrest of degeneration. Furthermore, CeO2NP eye drops' treatment reduced laser-induced choroidal neovascular lesions in mice by lowering VEGF and increasing PEDF levels. These results indicate that CeO2NP eye drops are a beneficial antioxidant and neuroprotective treatment for both dry and wet forms of AMD disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Badia
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Anna Duarri
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Anna Salas
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Jordi Rosell
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Joana Ramis
- Pharmacokinetic Nanoparticles Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Muriel Freixanet Gusta
- Pharmacokinetic Nanoparticles Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Eudald Casals
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Miguel A Zapata
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- Pharmacokinetic Nanoparticles Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Instiut Català de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010,Spain
- Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Josep García-Arumí
- Ophthalmology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feng Z, Hua S, Li W, Han J, Li F, Chen H, Zhang Z, Xie Y, Ouyang Q, Zou X, Liu Z, Li C, Huang S, Lai Z, Cai X, Cai Y, Zou Y, Tang Y, Jiang X. Mesenchymal stem cells protect against TBI-induced pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro through TSG-6. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:125. [PMID: 35982465 PMCID: PMC9387023 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyroptosis, especially microglial pyroptosis, may play an important role in central nervous system pathologies, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), such as human umbilical cord MSCs (hUMSCs), has been a focus of brain injury treatment. Recently, MSCs have been found to play a role in many diseases by regulating the pyroptosis pathway. However, the effect of MSC transplantation on pyroptosis following TBI remains unknown. Tumor necrosis factor α stimulated gene 6/protein (TSG-6), a potent anti-inflammatory factor expressed in many cell types including MSCs, plays an anti-inflammatory role in many diseases; however, the effect of TSG-6 secreted by MSCs on pyroptosis remains unclear. Methods Mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact injury in vivo. To assess the time course of pyroptosis after TBI, brains of TBI mice were collected at different time points. To study the effect of TSG-6 secreted by hUMSCs in regulating pyroptosis, normal hUMSCs, sh-TSG-6 hUMSCs, or different concentrations of rmTSG-6 were injected intracerebroventricularly into mice 4 h after TBI. Neurological deficits, double immunofluorescence staining, presence of inflammatory factors, cell apoptosis, and pyroptosis were assessed. In vitro, we investigated the anti-pyroptosis effects of hUMSCs and TSG-6 in a lipopolysaccharide/ATP-induced BV2 microglial pyroptosis model. Results In TBI mice, the co-localization of Iba-1 (marking microglia/macrophages) with NLRP3/Caspase-1 p20/GSDMD was distinctly observed at 48 h. In vivo, hUMSC transplantation or treatment with rmTSG-6 in TBI mice significantly improved neurological deficits, reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, and inhibited both NLRP3/Caspase-1 p20/GSDMD expression and microglial pyroptosis in the cerebral cortices of TBI mice. However, the therapeutic effect of hUMSCs on TBI mice was reduced by the inhibition of TSG-6 expression in hUMSCs. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide/ATP-induced BV2 microglial pyroptosis was inhibited by co-culture with hUMSCs or with rmTSG-6. However, the inhibitory effect of hUMSCs on BV2 microglial pyroptosis was significantly reduced by TSG-6-shRNA transfection. Conclusion In TBI mice, microglial pyroptosis was observed. Both in vivo and in vitro, hUMSCs inhibited pyroptosis, particularly microglial pyroptosis, by regulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway via TSG-6. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00931-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Feng
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Shiting Hua
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Wangan Li
- Emergency Trauma Center, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Jianbang Han
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Feng Li
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Haijia Chen
- Guangzhou Saliai Stem Cell Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongfei Zhang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Qian Ouyang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zou
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zhizheng Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Cong Li
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Sixian Huang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zelin Lai
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xiaolin Cai
- Emergency Trauma Center, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Yingqian Cai
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yuxi Zou
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yanping Tang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Laing ST, Tassew N, Tesar D, Wang Y, Crowell SR, Gray J, Kwong M, Loyet KM, Andaya R, Kusi A, Kelley RF. Retinal and Lens Degeneration in New Zealand White Rabbits Administered Intravitreal TSG-6 Link Domain-Rabbit FAb Fusion Proteins. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:634-646. [PMID: 33349160 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320969124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusion of biologic therapeutics to hyaluronic acid binding proteins, such as the link domain (LD) of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-Stimulated Gene-6 (TSG-6), is expected to increase vitreous residence time following intravitreal injection and provide for long-acting delivery. The toxicity of a single intravitreal dose of free TSG-6-LD and fusion proteins of TSG-6-LD and a nonbinding rabbit antibody fragment (RabFab) were assessed in New Zealand White rabbits. Animals administered free TSG-6-LD exhibited extensive lens opacities and variable retinal vascular attenuation, correlated with microscopic findings of lens and retinal degeneration. Similar but less severe findings were present in animals dosed with the RabFab-TSG-6-LD fusion proteins. In-life ocular inflammation was noted in all animals from 7-days postdose and was associated with high anti-RabFab antibody titers in animals administered fusion proteins. Inflammation and retinal degeneration were multifocally associated with evidence of retinal detachment, and hypertrophy and migration of vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and glutamine synthetase positive Müller cells to the outer nuclear layer. Further assessment of alternative hyaluronic acid binding protein fusions should consider the potential for retinal degeneration and enhanced immune responses early in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Laing
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nardos Tassew
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Devin Tesar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan R Crowell
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Gray
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mandy Kwong
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roxanne Andaya
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aija Kusi
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Kelley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fang Z, Chen H, Teng W, Qiu P, Yu X, Luo C, Zhu Y, You Y, Fu Q, Ji J, Wang B, Yao K. Systemic Transplantation of Eyelid Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells for Antifibrotic Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Hui Chen
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Wenqi Teng
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Peijin Qiu
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Xiaoning Yu
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Chenqi Luo
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Yongsheng You
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionChina National Ministry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
- Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang UniversityEye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University Hangzhou 310009 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jha KA, Pentecost M, Lenin R, Gentry J, Klaic L, Del Mar N, Reiner A, Yang CH, Pfeffer LM, Sohl N, Gangaraju R. TSG-6 in conditioned media from adipose mesenchymal stem cells protects against visual deficits in mild traumatic brain injury model through neurovascular modulation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:318. [PMID: 31690344 PMCID: PMC6833275 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal inflammation affecting the neurovascular unit may play a role in the development of visual deficits following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We have shown that concentrated conditioned media from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-CCM) can limit retinal damage from blast injury and improve visual function. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), an anti-inflammatory protein released by mesenchymal cells, mediates the observed therapeutic potential of ASCs via neurovascular modulation. METHODS About 12-week-old C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to 50-psi air pulse on the left side of the head overlying the forebrain resulting in an mTBI. Age-matched sham blast mice served as control. About 1 μl of ASC-CCM (siControl-ASC-CCM) or TSG-6 knockdown ASC-CCM (siTSG-6-ASC-CCM) was delivered intravitreally into both eyes. One month following injection, the ocular function was assessed followed by molecular and immunohistological analysis. In vitro, mouse microglial cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of ASC-CCM. Efficacy of ASC-CCM in normalizing retinal vascular permeability was assessed using trans-endothelial resistance (TER) and VE-cadherin expression in the presence of TNFα (1 ng/ml). RESULTS We show that intravitreal injection of ASC-CCM (siControl-ASC-CCM) but not the TSG-6 knockdown ASC-CCM (siTSG-6-ASC-CCM) mitigates the loss of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, retinal expression of genes associated with microglial and endothelial activation, and retinal GFAP immunoreactivity at 4 weeks after blast injury. In vitro, siControl-ASC-CCM but not the siTSG-6-ASC-CCM not only suppressed microglial activation and STAT3 phosphorylation but also protected against TNFα-induced endothelial permeability as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance and decreased STAT3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ASCs respond to an inflammatory milieu by secreting higher levels of TSG-6 that mediates the resolution of the inflammatory cascade on multiple cell types and correlates with the therapeutic potency of the ASC-CCM. These results expand our understanding of innate mesenchymal cell function and confirm the importance of considering methods to increase the production of key analytes such as TSG-6 if mesenchymal stem cell secretome-derived biologics are to be developed as a treatment solution against the traumatic effects of blast injuries and other neurovascular inflammatory conditions of the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Mickey Pentecost
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Present Address: Pathways to Stem Cell Science, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Raji Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lada Klaic
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nobel Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite#515, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite#515, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Chuan He Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 19 South Manassas Street, Suite#214, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 19 South Manassas Street, Suite#214, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Nicolas Sohl
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite#515, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Zeng R, Wang Y, Huang W, Hu B, Zhu G, Zhang R, Li F, Han J, Li Y. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance microglia M2 polarization and attenuate neuroinflammation through TSG-6. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146422. [PMID: 31472111 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary cells that exert immune function in the central nervous system (CNS), and they play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of neuroinflammation-related diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to promote functional recovery in many neurological diseases. The mechanisms underlying this may be that MSCs can reduce inflammatory responses through various soluble factors. Among these factors, tumor necrosis factor-α-induced gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) is a key factor influencing MSCs immunomodulatory properties; however, the precise mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects are not fully understood. Here, we aim to investigate the potential effects of MSCs on neuroinflammation and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. First, we confirmed that administration of MSCs could inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammatory responses in a mouse model. Then, we found that MSCs promoted M2 polarization and inhibited M1 polarization both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrated that the effect of MSCs on microglial polarization was dependent on TSG-6. This study demonstrated that MSCs promoted M2 polarization of microglia via TSG-6, thus conferring anti-neuroinflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Disease Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yezhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Disease Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Disease Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Disease Research Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, GuangDong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Elshaer SL, Evans W, Pentecost M, Lenin R, Periasamy R, Jha KA, Alli S, Gentry J, Thomas SM, Sohl N, Gangaraju R. Adipose stem cells and their paracrine factors are therapeutic for early retinal complications of diabetes in the Ins2 Akita mouse. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:322. [PMID: 30463601 PMCID: PMC6249931 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-stage diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by neurovascular defects. In this study, we hypothesized that human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) positive for the pericyte marker CD140b, or their secreted paracrine factors, therapeutically rescue early-stage DR features in an Ins2Akita mouse model. METHODS Ins2Akita mice at 24 weeks of age received intravitreal injections of CD140b-positive ASCs (1000 cells/1 μL) or 20× conditioned media from cytokine-primed ASCs (ASC-CM, 1 μL). Age-matched wildtype mice that received saline served as controls. Visual function experiments and histological analyses were performed 3 weeks post intravitreal injection. Biochemical and molecular analyses assessed the ASC-CM composition and its biological effects. RESULTS Three weeks post-injection, Ins2Akita mice that received ASCs had ameliorated decreased b-wave amplitudes and vascular leakage but failed to improve visual acuity, whereas Ins2Akita mice that received ASC-CM demonstrated amelioration of all aforementioned visual deficits. The ASC-CM group demonstrated partial amelioration of retinal GFAP immunoreactivity and DR-related gene expression but the ASC group did not. While Ins2Akita mice that received ASCs exhibited occasional (1 in 8) hemorrhagic retinas, mice that received ASC-CM had no adverse complications. In vitro, ASC-CM protected against TNFα-induced retinal endothelial permeability as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance. Biochemical and molecular analyses demonstrated several anti-inflammatory proteins including TSG-6 being highly expressed in cytokine-primed ASC-CM. CONCLUSIONS ASCs or their secreted factors mitigate retinal complications of diabetes in the Ins2Akita model. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether ASCs or their secreted factors are safe and effective therapeutic modalities long-term as current locally delivered therapies fail to effectively mitigate the progression of early-stage DR. Nonetheless, our study sheds new light on the therapeutic mechanisms of adult stem cells, with implications for assessing relative risks/benefits of experimental regenerative therapies for vision loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally L. Elshaer
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - William Evans
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | | | - Raji Lenin
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Ramesh Periasamy
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Shanta Alli
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Samuel M. Thomas
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Nicolas Sohl
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Monrovia, CA 91016 USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang H, Tian W, Wang S, Liu X, Wang Z, Hou L, Ge J, Zhang X, He Z, Wang X. TSG-6 secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2018; 98:755-772. [PMID: 29483622 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been correlated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Recent evidence suggests that TNF-α-stimulated gene 6 protein (TSG-6) secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) displays a remarkable ability to inhibit inflammatory processes in a variety of diseases. However, it is unknown whether BMSCs exert their therapeutic effect against IDD by secreting TSG-6. Here we investigated the effects of BMSCs and TSG-6 on IDD and explored the possible underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. We found that BMSCs and TSG-6 reduced the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13, and increased the expression of collagen II and aggrecan in the IL-1β-treated nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), but the protective effects of BMSCs and TSG-6 were attenuated when TSG-6 expression was silenced. We also found that the activation of the TLR2/NF-κB pathway was inhibited by BMSCs and TSG-6. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the degenerated NPCs were reduced and the proliferation of IL-1β-treated NPCs was increased in the presence of BMSCs and TSG-6. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that BMSCs and TSG-6 restored the MRI T2-weighted signal intensity and increased collagen II and aggrecan expression in the degenerated nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues. Finally, our results showed that BMSCs and TSG-6 downregulated the TLR2/NF-κB signaling and reduced the expression of MMPs and inflammatory cytokines in the degenerated NP tissues. The present study is the first to demonstrate the involvement of TLR2/NF-κB pathway in the potential anti-IDD therapeutic effect of TSG-6, and the results provide new insight into the beneficial effect of BMSCs in the treatment of IDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Weitian Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shaocheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhankui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiaxi Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhengyu He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xiangrui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feng Y, Liang J, Zhai Y, Sun J, Wang J, She X, Gu Q, Liu Y, Zhu H, Luo X, Sun X. Autophagy activated by SIRT6 regulates Aβ induced inflammatory response in RPEs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1148-1154. [PMID: 29402409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPEs) is considered to be the initial trigger of retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. Although autophagy is upregulated in RPEs during the course of aging, little is known about how autophagy is regulated and its functional role in RPEs. In this study, we found that expression of Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) and autophagic markers are upregulated in RPEs of aged mice where subretinal deposition of amyloid-β is accumulated and in amyloid-β stimulated RPEs. In addition, gain and loss-of-function studies confirmed the positive role of SIRT6 in regulating autophagy. Interesting, inhibition of autophagy attenuates amyloid-β stimulated inflammatory response in RPEs. Collectively, our findings uncover the autophagy modulated by SIRT6 may be a proinflammatory mechanism for amyloid-β induced RPE dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiji Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanqi Zhai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junran Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjun She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Day AJ, Milner CM. TSG-6: A multifunctional protein with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:60-83. [PMID: 29362135 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is an inflammation-associated secreted protein that has been implicated as having important and diverse tissue protective and anti-inflammatory properties, e.g. mediating many of the immunomodulatory and beneficial activities of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. TSG-6 is constitutively expressed in some tissues, which are either highly metabolically active or subject to challenges from the environment, perhaps providing protection in these contexts. The diversity of its functions are dependent on the binding of TSG-6 to numerous ligands, including matrix molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, as well as immune regulators and growth factors that themselves interact with these linear polysaccharides. It is becoming apparent that TSG-6 can directly affect matrix structure and modulate the way extracellular signalling molecules interact with matrix. In this review, we focus mainly on the literature for TSG-6 over the last 10 years, summarizing its expression, structure, ligand-binding properties, biological functions and highlighting TSG-6's potential as a therapeutic for a broad range of disease indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lv YS, Gao R, Lin QM, Jiang T, Chen Q, Tang SX, Mao HP, Zhou HL, Cao LS. The role of TSG-6 and uroplakin III in bladder pain syndrome/ interstitial cystitis in rats and humans. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 20:1242-1249. [PMID: 29299202 PMCID: PMC5749359 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.9540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We investigated the relationship between the expression of tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 (TSG-6) with inflammation and integrity of the bladder epithelium in the bladder tissues of patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) and the mechanism of action using a rat model of BPS/IC. Materials and Methods Expression of TSG-6 and uroplakin III was determined by immuno- histochemistry of bladder biopsy samples from control human subjects and patients with verified BPS/IC. Our rat model of BPS/IC was employed to measure the perfusion of bladders with hyaluronidase, and assessment of the effect of TSG-6 administration on disease progression. Treatment effects were assessed by measurement of metabolic characteristics, RT-PCR of TGR-6 and interleukin-6, bladder histomorphology, and immunohistochemistry of TGR-6 and uroplakin III. Results The bladders of patients with BPS/IC had lower expression of uroplakin III and higher expression of TSG-6 than controls. Rats treated with hyaluronidase for 1 week developed the typical signs and symptoms of BPS/IC, and rats treated with hyaluronidase for 4 weeks had more serious disease. Administration of TSG-6 reversed the effects of hyaluronidase and protected against disease progression. Conclusion Our results indicate that TSG-6 plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the bladder epithelial barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Song Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Qing-Ming Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Song-Xi Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Hou-Ping Mao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Hui-Liang Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Cao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
He Z, Hua J, Qian D, Gong J, Lin S, Xu C, Wei G, Meng H, Yang T, Zhou B, Song Z. Intravenous hMSCs Ameliorate Acute Pancreatitis in Mice via Secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Stimulated Gene/Protein 6. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38438. [PMID: 27917949 PMCID: PMC5137159 DOI: 10.1038/srep38438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of mesenchymal stem cells/multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to enhance tissue repair is currently undergoing clinical trials. Some studies, including our previous work, have also revealed the beneficial effect of MSCs in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP); however, their mechanisms or mode of action remain controversial. In this study, we demonstrated that intravenously (i.v.)-administered human MSCs (hMSCs) remarkably promoted recovery from experimental SAP without significant engraftment of hMSCs in the damaged pancreas. Interestingly, we found that i.v.-administered hMSCs with knockdown of TSG-6 expression lost most of their anti-inflammatory effects and thus could not significantly ameliorate SAP. As expected, the effects of hMSCs were also duplicated by i.v. infusion of recombinant TSG-6. Furthermore, our results showed that the increase of oxidative stress, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling in SAP was substantially inhibited following administration of hMSCs or TSG-6, which was dependent on the presence of CD-44 receptors in acinar cells. In conclusion, our study, for the first time, revealed that novel mechanisms are responsible for the immunomodulatory effect of i.v. hMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daohai Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengping Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Meng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingsong Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenshun Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Atheroprotective Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Stimulated Gene-6. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2016; 1:494-509. [PMID: 30167534 PMCID: PMC6113406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), an anti-inflammatory protein, was shown to be localized in the neointima of injury-induced rat arteries. However, the modulatory effect of TSG-6 on atherogenesis has not yet been reported. We aimed to evaluate the atheroprotective effects of TSG-6 on human endothelial cells (HECs), human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs), human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in vitro, and aortic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, along with expression levels of TSG-6 in coronary lesions and plasma from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). TSG-6 was abundantly expressed in HECs, HMDMs, and HASMCs in vitro. TSG-6 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and lipopolysaccharide-induced up-regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular adhesion molecule-1 in HECs. TSG-6 significantly suppressed inflammatory M1 phenotype and suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation associated with down-regulation of CD36 and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 in HMDMs. In HASMCs, TSG-6 significantly suppressed migration and proliferation, but increased collagen-1 and -3 expressions. Four-week infusion of TSG-6 into apolipoprotein E-deficient mice significantly retarded the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions with decreased vascular inflammation, monocyte/macrophage, and SMC contents and increased collagen fibers. In addition, it decreased peritoneal M1 macrophages with down-regulation of inflammatory molecules and lowered plasma total cholesterol levels. In patients with CAD, plasma TSG-6 levels were significantly increased, and TSG-6 was highly expressed in the fibrous cap within coronary atherosclerotic plaques. These results suggest that TSG-6 contributes to the prevention and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, TSG-6 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for CAD.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
- ACAT1, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1
- AngII, angiotensin II
- ApoE−/−, apolipoprotein E deficient
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HASMC, human aortic smooth muscle cell
- HMDM, human monocyte-derived macrophage
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase
- TSG, tumor necrosis factor stimulated gene
- TSG-6
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell
- atherosclerosis
- coronary artery disease
- endothelial cell
- macrophage
- oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- vascular smooth muscle cell
Collapse
|
16
|
Neuroprotective effect of mesenchymal stem cell through complement component 3 downregulation after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 633:227-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
17
|
Zhu Y, Tan W, Demetriades AM, Cai Y, Gao Y, Sui A, Lu Q, Shen X, Jiang C, Xie B, Sun X. Interleukin-17A neutralization alleviated ocular neovascularization by promoting M2 and mitigating M1 macrophage polarization. Immunology 2016; 147:414-28. [PMID: 26694999 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization (NV), as a cardinal complication of several ocular diseases, has been intensively studied, and research has shown its close association with inflammation and immune cells. In the present study, the role of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in angiogenesis in the process of ocular NV both in vivo and in vitro was investigated. Also, a paracrine role of IL-17A was demonstrated in the crosstalk between endothelial cells and macrophages in angiogenesis. In the retinas of mice with retinopathy of prematurity, the IL-17A expression increased significantly at postnatal day 15 (P15) and P18 during retinal NV. Mice given IL-17A neutralizing antibody (NAb) developed significantly reduced choroidal NV and retinal NV. Studies on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) over-expressing mice suggested that IL-17A modulated NV through the VEGF pathway. Furthermore, IL-17A deficiency shifted macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype during retinal NV with significantly reduced M1 cytokine expression compared with wild-type controls. In vitro assays revealed that IL-17A treated macrophage supernatant gave rise to elevated human umbilical vascular endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation and VEGF receptor 1 and receptor 2 expression. Therefore, IL-17A could potentially serve as a novel target for treating ocular NV diseases. The limitation of this study involved the potential mechanisms, such as which transcription accounted for macrophage polarization and how the subsequent cytokines were modulated when macrophages were polarized. Further studies need to be undertaken to definitively determine the extent to which IL-17A neutralizing anti-angiogenic activity depends on macrophage modulation compared with anti-VEGF treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanji Zhu
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Tan
- The Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Anna M Demetriades
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yujuan Cai
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushuo Gao
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ailing Sui
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lu
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Shen
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Xie
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Y, Hanus JW, Abu-Asab MS, Shen D, Ogilvy A, Ou J, Chu XK, Shi G, Li W, Wang S, Chan CC. NLRP3 Upregulation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E73. [PMID: 26760997 PMCID: PMC4730317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and possibly associated with an activation of neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein/class II transcription activator of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)/heterokaryon incompatibility/telomerase-associated protein 1, leucine-rich repeat or nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing family, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. In the present study, we used a translational approach to address this hypothesis. In patients with AMD, we observed increased mRNA levels of NLRP3, pro-interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and pro-IL-18 in AMD lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor. In vitro, a similar increase was evoked by oxidative stress or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in the adult retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cell line, and the increase was reduced in siRNA transfected cells to knockdown NLRP3. Ultrastructural studies of ARPE-19 cells showed a swelling of the cytoplasm, mitochondrial damage, and occurrence of autophagosome-like structures. NLRP3 positive dots were detected within autophagosome-like structures or in the extracellular space. Next, we used a mouse model of AMD, Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double knockout on rd8 background (DKO rd8) to ascertain the in vivo relevance. Ultrastructural studies of the RPE of these mice showed damaged mitochondria, autophagosome-like structures, and cytoplasmic vacuoles, which are reminiscent of the pathology seen in stressed ARPE-19 cells. The data suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome may contribute in AMD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Jakub W Hanus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Defen Shen
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Alexander Ogilvy
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jingxing Ou
- Unit on Retinal Neurophysiology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xi K Chu
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Guangpu Shi
- Experimental Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Unit on Retinal Neurophysiology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tuo J, Wang Y, Cheng R, Li Y, Chen M, Qiu F, Qian H, Shen D, Penalva R, Xu H, Ma JX, Chan CC. Wnt signaling in age-related macular degeneration: human macular tissue and mouse model. J Transl Med 2015; 13:330. [PMID: 26476672 PMCID: PMC4609061 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt) signaling is a group of signal transduction pathways. In canonical Wnt pathway, Wnt ligands bind to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 or 6 (LRP5 or LRP6), resulting in phosphorylation and activation of the receptor. We hypothesize that canonical Wnt pathway plays a role in the retinal lesion of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible central visual loss in elderly. Methods We examined LRP6 phosphorylation and Wnt signaling cascade in human retinal sections and plasma kallistatin, an endogenous inhibitor of the Wnt pathway in AMD patients and non-AMD subjects. We also used the Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 and Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mouse models with AMD-like retinal degeneration to further explore the involvement of Wnt signaling activation in the retinal lesions in those models and to preclinically evaluate the role of Wnt signaling suppression as a potential therapeutic option for AMD. Results We found higher levels of LRP6 (a key Wnt signaling receptor) protein phosphorylation and transcripts of the Wnt pathway-targeted genes, as well as higher beta-catenin protein in AMD macula compared to controls. Kallistatin was decreased in the plasma of AMD patients. Retinal non-phosphorylated-β-catenin and phosphorylated-LRP6 were higher in Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 mice than that in wild type. Intravitreal administration of an anti-LRP6 antibody slowed the progression of retinal lesions in Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 and Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice. Electroretinography of treated eyes exhibited larger amplitudes compared to controls in both mouse models. A2E, a retinoid byproduct associated with AMD was lower in the treated eyes of Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 mice. Anti-LRP6 also suppressed the expression of Tnf-α and Icam-1 in Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/−/rd8 retinas. Conclusions Wnt signaling may be disturbed in AMD patients, which could contribute to the retinal inflammation and increased A2E levels found in AMD. Aberrant activation of canonical Wnt signaling might also contribute to the focal retinal degenerative lesions of mouse models with Ccl2 and Cx3cr1 deficiency, and intravitreal administration of anti-LRP6 antibody could be beneficial by deactivating the canonical Wnt pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0683-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Tuo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Yichao Li
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Fangfang Qiu
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Defen Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
| | - Rosana Penalva
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Y, Zhang R, Yan K, Chen F, Huang W, Lv B, Sun C, Xu L, Li F, Jiang X. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses of BV2 microglial cells through TSG-6. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:135. [PMID: 25088370 PMCID: PMC4128538 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immunocompetent cells in brain tissue and microglia-mediated inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of various neuronal disorders. Recently, many studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display a remarkable ability to modulate inflammatory and immune responses through the release of a variety of bioactive molecules, thereby protecting the central nervous system. Previously, we reported that MSCs have the ability to modulate inflammatory responses in a traumatic brain injury model and that the potential mechanisms may be partially attributed to upregulated TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) expression. However, whether TSG-6 exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by affecting microglia is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs and TSG-6 in an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial activation model. We found that MSCs and TSG-6 significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in activated microglia. However, MSC effects on microglia were attenuated when TSG-6 expression was silenced. In addition, we found that the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells was significantly inhibited by TSG-6. Furthermore, we found that the presence of CD44 in BV2 microglial cells was essential for MSC- and TSG-6-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory gene expression and of NF-κB and MAPK activation in BV2 microglial cells. The results of this study suggest that MSCs can modulate microglia activation through TSG-6 and that TSG-6 attenuates the inflammatory cascade in activated microglia. Our study indicates that novel mechanisms are responsible for the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs on microglia and that MSCs, as well as TSG-6, might be promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurotraumatic injuries or neuroinflammatory diseases associated with microglial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaodan Jiang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, the Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# Gongye Road, Guangzhou 510282, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Y, Yin Z, Zhang R, Yan K, Chen L, Chen F, Huang W, Lv B, Sun C, Jiang X. MSCs inhibit bone marrow-derived DC maturation and function through the release of TSG-6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1409-15. [PMID: 25014173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that are characterized by the ability to take up and process antigens and prime T cell responses. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that have been shown to have immunomodulatory abilities, including inhibition of DC maturation and function in vivo and in vitro; however, the underlying mechanism is far from clear. In this study we found that MSCs can inhibit the maturation and function of bone marrow-derived DCs by releasing TSG-6. In the presence of MSCs, lower expression of mature DC surface phenotype (CD80, CD86, MHC-II, and CD11c) was observed. In addition, typical DC functions, such as the production of IL-12 and the ability to prime T cells, were decreased when co-cultured with MSCs. In contrast, knockdown of TSG-6 reduced the inhibitory effect of MSCs on DC. Moreover, we found that TSG-6 can suppress the activation of MAPKs, and NF-κB signaling pathways within DCs during Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation. In conclusion, we suggest that TSG-6 plays an important role in MSCs-mediated immunosuppressive effect on DC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zhilin Yin
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Run Zhang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Ke Yan
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Bingke Lv
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Chengmei Sun
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang Y, Abu-Asab MS, Yu CR, Tang Z, Shen D, Tuo J, Li X, Chan CC. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C inhibits neuroretinal apoptosis in a murine model of focal retinal degeneration. J Transl Med 2014; 94:674-82. [PMID: 24709779 PMCID: PMC4039574 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C is a member of the PDGF family and is critical for neuronal survival in the central nervous system. We studied the possible survival and antiapoptotic effects of PDGF-C on focal retinal lesions in Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) on C57BL/6N [Crb1(rd8)] (DKO rd8) background mice, a model for progressive and focal retinal degeneration. We found no difference in transcript and protein expression of PDGF-C in the retina between DKO rd8 mice and wild type (WT, C57BL/6N). Recombinant PDGF-CC protein (500 ng/eye) was injected intravitreally into the right eye of DKO rd8 mice with phosphate-buffered saline as controls into the left eye. The retinal effects of PDGF-C were assessed by fundoscopy, ocular histopathology, A2E levels, apoptotic molecule analysis, and direct flat mount retinal vascular labeling. We found that the PDGF-CC-treated eyes showed slower progression or attenuation of the focal retinal lesions, lesser photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial degeneration resulting in better-preserved photoreceptor structure. Lower expression of apoptotic molecules was detected in the PDGF-CC-treated eyes than in controls. In addition, no retinal neovascularization was observed after PDGF-CC treatment. Our results demonstrate that PDGF-C potently ameliorates photoreceptor degeneration via the suppression of apoptotic pathways without inducing retinal angiogenesis. The protective effects of PDGF-C suggest a novel alternative approach for potential age-related retinal degeneration treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Mones S. Abu-Asab
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhongshu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Defen Shen
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jingsheng Tuo
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ardeljan D, Wang Y, Park S, Shen D, Chu XK, Yu CR, Abu-Asab M, Tuo J, Eberhart CG, Olsen TW, Mullins RF, White G, Wadsworth S, Scaria A, Chan CC. Interleukin-17 retinotoxicity is prevented by gene transfer of a soluble interleukin-17 receptor acting as a cytokine blocker: implications for age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95900. [PMID: 24780906 PMCID: PMC4004582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common yet complex retinal degeneration that causes irreversible central blindness in the elderly. Pathology is widely believed to follow loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor degeneration. Here we report aberrant expression of interleukin-17A (IL17A) and the receptor IL17RC in the macula of AMD patients. In vitro, IL17A induces RPE cell death characterized by the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipids and autophagosomes with subsequent activation of pro-apoptotic Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. This pathology is reduced by siRNA knockdown of IL17RC. IL17-dependent retinal degeneration in a mouse model of focal retinal degeneration can be prevented by gene therapy with adeno-associated virus vector encoding soluble IL17 receptor. This intervention rescues RPE and photoreceptors in a MAPK-dependent process. The IL17 pathway plays a key role in RPE and photoreceptor degeneration and could hold therapeutic potential in AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ardeljan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stanley Park
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Defen Shen
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xi Kathy Chu
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jingsheng Tuo
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. Olsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gary White
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sam Wadsworth
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abraham Scaria
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Pigment epithelium-derived factor reduces apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in a murine model of focal retinal degeneration. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00126. [PMID: 24160756 PMCID: PMC3840469 DOI: 10.1042/an20130028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AMD (age-related macular degeneration) is a neurodegenerative disease causing irreversible central blindness in the elderly. Apoptosis and inflammation play important roles in AMD pathogenesis. PEDF (pigment epithelium-derived factor) is a potent neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory glycoprotein that protects the retinal neurons and photoreceptors against cell death caused by pathological insults. We studied the effects of PEDF on focal retinal lesions in DKO rd8 (Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− on C57BL/6N [Crb1rd8]) mice, a model for progressive, focal rd (retinal degeneration). First, we found a significant decrease in PEDF transcript expression in DKO rd8 mouse retina and RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) than WT (wild-type, C57BL/6N). Next, cultured DKO rd8 RPE cells secreted lower levels of PEDF protein in the media than WT. Then the right eyes of DKO rd8 mice were injected intravitreously with recombinant human PEDF protein (1 μg), followed by a subconjunctival injection of PEDF (3 μg) 4 weeks later. The untreated left eyes served as controls. The effect of PEDF was assessed by fundoscopy, ocular histopathology and A2E {[2,6-dimethyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1E,3E,5E,7E-octatetra-enyl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-[4-methyl-6(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl) 1E,3E,5E,7E-hexatrienyl]-pyridinium} levels, as well as apoptotic and inflammatory molecules. The PEDF-treated eyes showed slower progression or attenuation of the focal retinal lesions, fewer and/or smaller photoreceptor and RPE degeneration, and significantly lower A2E, relative to the untreated eyes. In addition, lower expression of apoptotic and inflammatory molecules were detected in the PEDF-treated than untreated eyes. Our results establish that PEDF potently stabilizes photoreceptor degeneration via suppression of both apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. The multiple beneficial effects of PEDF represent a novel approach for potential AMD treatment. Apoptosis and inflammation play important roles in age-related macular degeneration. As a potent neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory glycoprotein, PEDF potently stabilizes photoreceptor degeneration via suppression of apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in a mouse model of progressive, focal rd.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ramkumar HL, Tuo J, Shen DF, Zhang J, Cao X, Chew EY, Chan CC. Nutrient supplementation with n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, lutein, and zeaxanthin decrease A2E accumulation and VEGF expression in the retinas of Ccl2/Cx3cr1-deficient mice on Crb1rd8 background. J Nutr 2013; 143:1129-35. [PMID: 23677863 PMCID: PMC3681547 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.169649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Age-Related Eye Diseases Study 2 (AREDS2) clinical trial is assessing the effects of higher dietary xanthophyll (lutein and zeaxanthin) and long-chain n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake on progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study's purpose was to examine the retinal effects of the AREDS2 formulation on Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2(-/-))/CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (Cx3cr1(-/-)) mice on Crumbs homolog 1 retinal degeneration phenotype 8 (Crb1(rd8)) background (DKO), which develop focal retinal lesions with certain features similar to AMD. DKO and C57BL/6N rd8 background mice (WT) were bred and randomized into 4 groups. Two groups, WT mice on AREDS2 diet (A-WT) and DKO mice on AREDS2 diet (A-DKO), were supplemented daily with 1.76 μmol of lutein, 35.1 μmol of zeaxanthin, 215 μmol EPA, and 107 μmol of DHA, and 2 control groups, WT mice on control diet (C-WT) and DKO mice on control diet (C-DKO), were fed an isocaloric diet. All mice had monthly fundus photos and were killed after 3 mo for biochemical and histologic analyses. After 3 mo, 81% of A-DKO mice had lesion regression compared with 25% of C-DKO mice (P < 0.05). Toxic retinal 2-[2,6-dimethyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1E,3E,5E,7E-octatetra-enyl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-[4-methyl-6(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl) 1E,3E,5E,7E-hexatrienyl]-pyridinium (A2E) concentrations were significantly lower in A-DKO compared with C-DKO mice. The outer nuclear layer thickness in A-DKO mice was significantly greater than that in C-DKO mice. Retinal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α), Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), interleukin1beta (IL-1β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) was significantly lower in A-DKO compared with C-DKO mice. Xanthophylls and LCPUFAs have antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, and antiangiogenic properties. Our data provide potential mechanisms by which the AREDS2 formula has a protective effect on retinal lesions in DKO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hema L. Ramkumar
- Laboratory of Immunology,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD,Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoguang Cao
- Laboratory of Immunology,Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology,Histology Core, and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang J, Tuo J, Cao X, Shen D, Li W, Chan CC. Early degeneration of photoreceptor synapse in Ccl2/Cx3cr1-deficient mice on Crb1(rd8) background. Synapse 2013; 67:515-31. [PMID: 23592324 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor ribbon synapse releases glutamate to postsynaptic targets. The synaptic ribbon may play multiple roles in ribbon synapse development, synaptic vesicle recycling, and synaptic transmission. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients appear to have fewer or no detectable synaptic ribbons as well as abnormal swelling in the photoreceptor terminals in the macula. However, reports on changes of photoreceptor synapses in AMD are scarce and photoreceptor type and quantity affected in early AMD is still unclear. Here, we employed multiple anatomical techniques to investigate these questions in Ccl2⁻/⁻/Cx3cr1⁻/⁻ mouse on Crb1(rd8) background (DKO rd8) at one month of age. We found that approximately 17% of photoreceptors over the focal lesion were lost. Immunostaining for synapse-associated proteins (CtBP2, synaptophysin, and vesicular glutamate transporter 1) showed significantly reduced expression and ectopic localization. Cone opsins demonstrated dramatic reduction in expression (S-opsins) and extensive mislocalization (M-opsins). Quantitative ultrastructural analysis confirmed a significant decrease in the number of cone terminals and nuclei, numerous vacuoles in remaining cone terminals, reduction in the number of synaptic ribbons in photoreceptor terminals, and ectopic rod ribbon synapses. In addition, glutamate receptor immunoreactivity on aberrant sprouting of rod bipolar cells and horizontal cells were identified at the ectopic synapses. These results indicate that synaptic alterations occur at the early stages of disease and cones are likely more susceptible to damage caused by DKO rd8 mutation. They provide a new insight into potential mechanism of vision function lost due to synaptic degeneration before cell death in the early stages of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Histology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Francischetti IMB, Assumpção TCF, Ma D, Li Y, Vicente EC, Uieda W, Ribeiro JMC. The "Vampirome": Transcriptome and proteome analysis of the principal and accessory submaxillary glands of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, a vector of human rabies. J Proteomics 2013; 82:288-319. [PMID: 23411029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vampire bats are notorious for being the sole mammals that strictly feed on fresh blood for their survival. While their saliva has been historically associated with anticoagulants, only one antihemostatic (plasminogen activator) has been molecularly and functionally characterized. Here, RNAs from both principal and accessory submaxillary (submandibular) salivary glands of Desmodus rotundus were extracted, and ~200 million reads were sequenced by Illumina. The principal gland was enriched with plasminogen activators with fibrinolytic properties, members of lipocalin and secretoglobin families, which bind prohemostatic prostaglandins, and endonucleases, which cleave neutrophil-derived procoagulant NETs. Anticoagulant (tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI), vasodilators (PACAP and C-natriuretic peptide), and metalloproteases (ADAMTS-1) were also abundantly expressed. Members of the TSG-6 (anti-inflammatory), antigen 5/CRISP, and CCL28-like (antimicrobial) protein families were also sequenced. Apyrases (which remove platelet agonist ADP), phosphatases (which degrade procoagulant polyphosphates), and sphingomyelinase were found at lower transcriptional levels. Accessory glands were enriched with antimicrobials (lysozyme, defensin, lactotransferrin) and protease inhibitors (TIL-domain, cystatin, Kazal). Mucins, heme-oxygenase, and IgG chains were present in both glands. Proteome analysis by nano LC-MS/MS confirmed that several transcripts are expressed in the glands. The database presented herein is accessible online at http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/D_rotundus/Supplemental-web.xlsx. These results reveal that bat saliva emerges as a novel source of modulators of vascular biology. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Vampire bat saliva emerges as a novel source of antihemostatics which modulate several aspects of vascular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo M B Francischetti
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu Y, Zhu W, Li YH, Yu J. Aspirin and age related macular degeneration; the possible relationship. MEDICAL HYPOTHESIS, DISCOVERY & INNOVATION OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 2:59-68. [PMID: 24600645 PMCID: PMC3939755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is becoming the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. The exact etiology and pathophysiology of AMD is still unclear. A number of risk factors of AMD have been recognized, such as cigarette smoking, a family history of AMD and being Caucasian. On the other hand, aspirin is a widespread medication, which is thought to be associated with the prevalence or the survival of myocardial infarction and cancers. However, the evidence from the epidemiological studies has been contradictory and no persuasive conclusions have been made. Several problems, such as the parameters of aspirin use, the inclusion and exclusion of the participants and the required long-term follow-up, made it hard to conclude a definite relationship between aspirin use and AMD. Aspirin, as an anti-inflammatory agent, could prevent the inflammation and decrease the inflammatory damage, and might act as a deterrent for the progression of AMD. However, aspirin is an anticoagulant which might increase the risk of ocular hemorrhage in AMD patients. Decades ago, the use of aspirin was reported associated with decreased rates of CNV among AMD patients nevertheless recently, the association between aspirin use and increased risk of neovascular AMD was identified. Therefore, these current results should be challenged and acknowledged by well-designed, large-scale and long term follow-up studies. A consultation might be needed when aspirin is used in the neovascular AMD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China,, Department of First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China,, Department of First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Popp N, Chu XK, Shen D, Tuo J, Chan CC. Evaluating Potential Therapies in a Mouse Model of Focal Retinal Degeneration with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)-Like Lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4:1000296. [PMID: 24432192 PMCID: PMC3890246 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9570.1000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the mouse has no macula leutea, its neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can develop lesions mimicking certain features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Differences between the Ccl2 and Cx3cr1 double deficient mouse on Crb1rd8(rd8) background (DKOrd8) and the Crb1rd8 mouse in photoreceptor and RPE pathology, as well as ocularA2E contents and immune responses, show that DKOrd8 recapitulates some human AMD-like features in addition to rd8 retinal dystrophy/degeneration. Different therapeutic interventions have been demonstrated to be effective on the AMD-like features of DKOrd8 mice. The use of the DKOrd8 model and C57BL/6N (wild type, WT) mice as group controls (4 groups) to test treatments such as high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3) diet has, for example, shown the beneficial effect of n-3 on AMD-like lesions by anti-inflammatory action of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The use of self-control in the DKOrd8 mouse by treating one eye and using the contralateral eye as the control for the same mouse allows for appropriate interventional experiments and evaluates various novel therapeutic agents. Three examples will be briefly presented and discussed: (1) tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 recombinant protein (TSG-6) arrests the AMD-like lesions via modulation of ocular immunological gene expression, e.g., Il-17a; (2) adeno-associated virus encoding sIL-17R (AAV2.sIL17R) stabilizes the AMD-like lesions; and (3) pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) ameliorates the AMD-lesions by its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective roles. Therefore, the DKOrd8 mouse model can be useful and appropriate for therapeutic compound screening in the management of human AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Popp
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., 10/10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| | - Xi K Chu
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., 10/10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| | - Defen Shen
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., 10/10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| | - Jingsheng Tuo
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., 10/10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., 10/10N103, NIH/NEI, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1857, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chu XK, Wang Y, Ardeljan D, Tuo J, Chan CC. Controversial view of a genetically altered mouse model of focal retinal degeneration. Bioengineered 2012. [PMID: 23196746 PMCID: PMC3669152 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuo et al. (2012) demonstrated tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 recombinant protein (TSG-6) arrest of focal retinal lesions on a Ccl2 and Cx3cr1 double deficient mouse (DKO) on rd8 background (hereon referred to as DKO rd8). DKO rd8, a model of focal retinal degeneration with earlier onset and higher penetrance than Ccl2 and Cx3cr1 single knockout strains, demonstrates characteristic features of AMD such as focal photoreceptor atrophy, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) degeneration, elevated ocular A2E levels and complement deposition in addition to retinal dystrophy. The discovery of the accidently introduced Crb1 mutation (rd8) in the C57BL/6N strain has led to the recent opinion that DKO rd8 is not a model of AMD but solely a model of Crb1‑associated retinal degeneration. Differences between DKO rd8 and Crb1rd8 photoreceptor and RPE pathology, as well as increased A2E and immune dysfunction, show that DKO rd8 recapitulates some AMD‑like features in addition to rd8 retinal dystrophy. The appearance of rd8 lesions and Ccl2/Cx3cr1 lesions and the amelioration of most Ccl2/Cx3cr1 lesions in intervention studies show DKO rd8 to be a useful and appropriate model for therapeutic compound screening, such as the case with anti-inflammatory TSG‑6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi K Chu
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|