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Yang P, Mustafi D, Pepple KL. Immunology of Retinitis Pigmentosa and Gene Therapy-Associated Uveitis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041305. [PMID: 37037600 PMCID: PMC10562523 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The underlying immune state of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been an emerging area of interest, wherein the consequences have never been greater given the widespread recognition of gene therapy-associated uveitis (GTU) in gene therapy clinical trials. Whereas some evidence suggests that the adaptive immune system may play a role, the majority of studies indicate that the innate immune system is likely the primary driver of neuroinflammation in RP. During retinal degeneration, discrete mechanisms activate resident microglia and promote infiltrating macrophages that can either be protective or detrimental to photoreceptor cell death. This persistent stimulation of innate immunity, overlaid by the introduction of viral antigens as part of gene therapy, has the potential to trigger a complex microglia/macrophage-driven proinflammatory state. A better understanding of the immune pathophysiology in IRD and GTU will be necessary to improve the success of developing novel treatments for IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregan 97239, USA
| | - Debarshi Mustafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roger and Karalis Johnson Retina Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn L Pepple
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roger and Karalis Johnson Retina Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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2
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Valles SL, Singh SK, Campos-Campos J, Colmena C, Campo-Palacio I, Alvarez-Gamez K, Caballero O, Jorda A. Functions of Astrocytes under Normal Conditions and after a Brain Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098434. [PMID: 37176144 PMCID: PMC10179527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS) there are a greater number of glial cells than neurons (between five and ten times more). Furthermore, they have a greater number of functions (more than eight functions). Glia comprises different types of cells, those of neural origin (astrocytes, radial glia, and oligodendroglia) and differentiated blood monocytes (microglia). During ontogeny, neurons develop earlier (at fetal day 15 in the rat) and astrocytes develop later (at fetal day 21 in the rat), which could indicate their important and crucial role in the CNS. Analysis of the phylogeny reveals that reptiles have a lower number of astrocytes compared to neurons and in humans this is reversed, as there have a greater number of astrocytes compared to neurons. These data perhaps imply that astrocytes are important and special cells, involved in many vital functions, including memory, and learning processes. In addition, astrocytes are involved in different mechanisms that protect the CNS through the production of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proteins and they clean the extracellular environment and help neurons to communicate correctly with each other. The production of inflammatory mediators is important to prevent changes in brain homeostasis. On the contrary, excessive, or continued production appears as a characteristic element in many diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and in neurodevelopmental diseases, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. Furthermore, different drugs and techniques have been developed to reverse oxidative stress and/or excess of inflammation that occurs in many CNS diseases, but much remains to be investigated. This review attempts to highlight the functional relevance of astrocytes in normal and neuropathological conditions by showing the molecular and cellular mechanisms of their role in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya L Valles
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Juan Campos-Campos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Colmena
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Campo-Palacio
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Kenia Alvarez-Gamez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar Caballero
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Jorda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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3
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Kleine J, Hohmann U, Hohmann T, Ghadban C, Schmidt M, Laabs S, Alessandri B, Dehghani F. Microglia-Dependent and Independent Brain Cytoprotective Effects of Mycophenolate Mofetil During Neuronal Damage. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:863598. [PMID: 35572146 PMCID: PMC9100558 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.863598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lesions of the central nervous system often lead to permanent limiting deficits. In addition to the initial primary damage, accompanying neuroinflammation is responsible for progression of damage. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as a selective inhibitor of inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) was shown to modulate the inflammatory response and promote neuronal survival when applied in specific time windows after neuronal injury. The application of brain cytoprotective therapeutics early after neuronal damage is a fundamental requirement for a successful immunomodulation approach. This study was designed to evaluate whether MMF can still mediate brain cytoprotection when applied in predefined short time intervals following CNS injury. Furthermore, the role of microglia and changes in IMPDH2 protein expression were assessed. Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) were used as an in vitro model and excitotoxically lesioned with N-methyl-aspartate (NMDA). Clodronate (Clo) was used to deplete microglia and analyze MMF mediated microglia independent effects. The temporal expression of IMPDH2 was studied in primary glial cell cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In excitotoxically lesioned OHSC a significant brain cytoprotective effect was observed between 8 and 36 h but not within 8 and 24 h after the NMDA damage. MMF mediated effects were mainly microglia dependent at 24, 36, 48 h after injury. However, further targets like astrocytes seem to be involved in protective effects 72 h post-injury. IMPDH2 expression was detected in primary microglia and astrocyte cell cultures. Our data indicate that MMF treatment in OHSC should still be started no later than 8–12 h after injury and should continue at least until 36 h post-injury. Microglia seem to be an essential mediator of the observed brain cytoprotective effects. However, a microglia-independent effect was also found, indicating involvement of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kleine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Miriam Schmidt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sebastian Laabs
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Beat Alessandri
- Institute for Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- *Correspondence: Faramarz Dehghani,
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4
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Hohmann U, Ghadban C, Hohmann T, Kleine J, Schmidt M, Scheller C, Strauss C, Dehghani F. Nimodipine Exerts Time-Dependent Neuroprotective Effect after Excitotoxical Damage in Organotypic Slice Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063331. [PMID: 35328753 PMCID: PMC8954806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During injuries in the central nervous system, intrinsic protective processes become activated. However, cellular reactions, especially those of glia cells, are frequently unsatisfactory, and further exogenous protective mechanisms are necessary. Nimodipine, a lipophilic L-type calcium channel blocking agent is clinically used in the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage with neuroprotective effects in different models. Direct effects of nimodipine on neurons amongst others were observed in the hippocampus as well as its influence on both microglia and astrocytes. Earlier studies proposed that nimodipine protective actions occur not only via calcium channel-mediated vasodilatation but also via further time-dependent mechanisms. In this study, the effect of nimodipine application was investigated in different time frames on neuronal damage in excitotoxically lesioned organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Nimodipine, but not nifedipine if pre-incubated for 4 h or co-applied with NMDA, was protective, indicating time dependency. Since blood vessels play no significant role in our model, intrinsic brain cell-dependent mechanisms seems to strongly be involved. We also examined the effect of nimodipine and nifedipine on microglia survival. Nimodipine seem to be a promising agent to reduce secondary damage and reduce excitotoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Hohmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (U.H.); (C.G.); (T.H.); (J.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (U.H.); (C.G.); (T.H.); (J.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (U.H.); (C.G.); (T.H.); (J.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Joshua Kleine
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (U.H.); (C.G.); (T.H.); (J.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Miriam Schmidt
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (U.H.); (C.G.); (T.H.); (J.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Christian Scheller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (U.H.); (C.G.); (T.H.); (J.K.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3455571707
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5
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Preparation and Culture of Organotypic Hippocampal Slices for the Analysis of Brain Metastasis and Primary Brain Tumor Growth. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33742394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1350-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a major challenge for therapy and defines the end stage of tumor progression with a very limited patients' prognosis. Experimental setups that faithfully mimic these processes are necessary to understand the mechanism of brain metastasis and to develop new improved therapeutic strategies. Here, we describe an in vitro model, which closely resembles the in vivo situation. Organotypic hippocampal brain slice cultures (OHSCs) prepared from 3- to 8-day-old mice are well suited for neuro-oncology research including brain metastasis. The original morphology is preserved in OHSCs even after culture periods of several days to weeks. Tumor cells or cells of metastatic origin can be seeded onto OHSCs to evaluate micro-tumor formation, tumor cell invasion, or treatment response. We describe preparation and culture of OHSCs including the seeding of tumor cells. Finally, we show examples of how to treat the OHSCs for life-dead or immunohistochemical staining.
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6
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Glaser D, Torok KS. Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric Localized Scleroderma: Pearls and Updates. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-021-00170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Cardinal von Widdern J, Hohmann T, Dehghani F. Abnormal Cannabidiol Affects Production of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Astrocyte Wound Closure in Primary Astrocytic-Microglial Cocultures. Molecules 2020; 25:E496. [PMID: 31979350 PMCID: PMC7037200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cannabidiol (abn-CBD) exerts neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the impact of abn-CBD on the glial production of proinflammatory mediators and scar formation within in vitro models. Primary astrocytic-microglial cocultures and astrocytic cultures from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and CB2 receptor knockout mice were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitrite were determined. Furthermore, we performed a live cell microscopy-based scratch-wound assay. After LPS stimulation, TNFα, IL-6 and nitrite production was more strongly increased in cocultures than in isolated astrocytes. Abn-CBD treatment attenuated the LPS-induced production of TNFα and nitrite in cocultures, while IL-6 production remained unaltered. In isolated astrocytes, only LPS-induced TNFα production was reduced by abn-CBD. Similar effects were observed after abn-CBD application in cocultures of CB2 knockout mice. Interestingly, LPS-induced TNFα and nitrite levels were far lower in CB2 knockout cultures compared to wildtypes, while IL-6 levels did not differ. In the scratch-wound assay, treatment with abn-CBD decelerated wound closure when microglial cells were present. Our data shows a differential role of abn-CBD for modulation of glial inflammation and astrocytic scar formation. These findings provide new explanations for mechanisms behind the neuroprotective potential of abn-CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany; (J.C.v.W.); (T.H.)
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Williams G, Gatt A, Clarke E, Corcoran J, Doherty P, Chambers D, Ballard C. Drug repurposing for Alzheimer's disease based on transcriptional profiling of human iPSC-derived cortical neurons. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:220. [PMID: 31492831 PMCID: PMC6731247 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex disorder encompassing multiple pathological features with associated genetic and molecular culprits. However, target-based therapeutic strategies have so far proved ineffective. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology harnessing the transcriptional changes associated with Alzheimer's disease to develop a high content quantitative disease phenotype that can be used to repurpose existing drugs. Firstly, the Alzheimer's disease gene expression landscape covering severe disease stage, early pathology progression, cognitive decline and animal models of the disease has been defined and used to select a set of 153 drugs tending to oppose disease-associated changes in the context of immortalised human cancer cell lines. The selected compounds have then been assayed in the more biologically relevant setting of iPSC-derived cortical neuron cultures. It is shown that 51 of the drugs drive expression changes consistently opposite to those seen in Alzheimer's disease. It is hoped that the iPSC profiles will serve as a useful resource for drug repositioning within the context of neurodegenerative disease and potentially aid in generating novel multi-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Ariana Gatt
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Earl Clarke
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan Corcoran
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - David Chambers
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Clive Ballard
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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9
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Goebel A, Jacob A, Frank B, Sacco P, Alexander G, Philips C, Bassett P, Moots R. Mycophenolate for persistent complex regional pain syndrome, a parallel, open, randomised, proof of concept trial. Scand J Pain 2019; 18:29-37. [PMID: 29794285 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2017-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current therapies for persistent complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) are grossly inadequate. With accruing evidence to support an underlying immunological process and anecdotal evidence suggesting potential efficacy of mycophenolate, we wished to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of this treatment in patients with CRPS. METHODS A randomised, open, parallel, proof of concept trial was conducted. Patients with Budapest research criteria CRPS of >2-year duration and moderate or high pain intensity (numeric rating scale score ≥5) were enrolled. Eligible patients were randomised 1:1 to openly receive mycophenolate as add-on treatment, or their usual treatment alone, over 5.5 months. They then switched to the other treatment arm for 5.5 months. The main outcome was average the patients' average pain intensity recorded over 14 days, between 5.0 and 5.5 months post randomisation, on 11-point (0-10) numeric rating scales, compared between trial arms. Skin sensitivities and additional outcomes were also assessed. RESULTS Twelve patients were enrolled. Nine provided outcomes and were analysed for the main outcome. Mycophenolate treatment was significantly more effective than control [drug-group mean (SD): pre: 7.4 (1.2)- post: 5.2 (1.3), n=4, control: pre: 7.7 (1.4)- post: 8.1 (0.9), n=5; -2.8 (95% CI: -4.7, -1.0), p=0.01, analysis of covariance]. There were four treatment responders (to mycophenolate treatment either before, or after switch), whose initial exquisite skin hyper-sensitivities, function and quality of life strongly improved. Side effects including itchiness, skin-cryptitis, increased pain, and increased depression caused 45% of the subjects to stop taking mycophenolate. CONCLUSIONS Mycophenolate appears to reduce pain intensity and improve quality of life in a subgroup of patients with persistent CRPS. IMPLICATIONS These results support the feasibility of conducting a definite trial to confirm the efficacy and effect size of mycophenolate treatment for persistent CRPS (EudraCT 2015-000263-14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goebel
- Pain Research Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK, Phone: +44 151 529 5820, E-mail:
| | - Anu Jacob
- Department of Neurology, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Bernhard Frank
- Department of Pain Medicine, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - Paul Sacco
- Pain Research Institute, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, England, UK
| | | | - Ceri Philips
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Singelton Park, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | | | - Robert Moots
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, England, UK
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10
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Grabiec U, Hohmann T, Ghadban C, Rothgänger C, Wong D, Antonietti A, Groth T, Mackie K, Dehghani F. Protective Effect of N-Arachidonoyl Glycine-GPR18 Signaling after Excitotoxical Lesion in Murine Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061266. [PMID: 30871175 PMCID: PMC6470786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) is an endocannabinoid involved in the regulation of different immune cells. It was shown to activate the GPR18 receptor, which was postulated to switch macrophages from cytotoxic to reparative. To study GPR18 expression and neuroprotection after NAGly treatment we used excitotoxically lesioned organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC). The effect of NAGly was also tested in isolated microglia and astrocytes as these cells play a crucial role during neuronal injury. In the present study, the GPR18 receptor was found in OHSC at mRNA level and was downregulated after N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) treatment at a single time point. Furthermore, treatment with NAGly reduced neuronal damage and this effect was abolished by GPR18 and cannabinoid receptor (CB)2 receptor antagonists. The activation but not motility of primary microglia and astrocytes was influenced when incubated with NAGly. However, NAGly alone reduced the phosphorylation of Akt but no changes in activation of the p44/42 and p38 MAPK and CREB pathways in BV2 cells could be observed. Given NAGly mediated actions we speculate that GPR18 and its ligand NAGly are modulators of glial and neuronal cells during neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Grabiec
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Candy Rothgänger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Daniel Wong
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Alexandra Antonietti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Materials Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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11
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Yi NX, Zhou LY, Wang XY, Song YJ, Han HH, Zhang TS, Wang YJ, Shi Q, Xu H, Liang QQ, Zhang T. MK-801 attenuates lesion expansion following acute brain injury in rats: a meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1919-1931. [PMID: 31290450 PMCID: PMC6676887 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of MK-801 and its effect on lesion volume in rat models of acute brain injury. DATA SOURCES: Key terms were “stroke”, “brain diseases”, “brain injuries”, “brain hemorrhage, traumatic”, “acute brain injury”, “dizocilpine maleate”, “dizocilpine”, “MK-801”, “MK801”, “rat”, “rats”, “rattus” and “murine”. PubMed, Cochrane library, EMBASE, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang database, the VIP Journal Integration Platform (VJIP) and SinoMed databases were searched from their inception dates to March 2018. DATA SELECTION: Studies were selected if they reported the effects of MK-801 in experimental acute brain injury. Two investigators independently conducted literature screening, data extraction, and methodological quality assessments. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes included lesion volume and brain edema. The secondary outcomes included behavioral assessments with the Bederson neurological grading system and the water maze test 24 hours after brain injury. RESULTS: A total of 52 studies with 2530 samples were included in the systematic review. Seventeen of these studies had a high methodological quality. Overall, the lesion volume (34 studies, n = 966, MD = −58.31, 95% CI: −66.55 to −50.07; P < 0.00001) and degree of cerebral edema (5 studies, n = 75, MD = −1.21, 95% CI: −1.50 to −0.91; P < 0.00001) were significantly decreased in the MK-801 group compared with the control group. MK-801 improved spatial cognition assessed with the water maze test (2 studies, n = 60, MD = −10.88, 95% CI: −20.75 to −1.00; P = 0.03) and neurological function 24 hours after brain injury (11 studies, n = 335, MD = −1.04, 95% CI: −1.47 to −0.60; P < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis suggested an association of reduction in lesion volume with various injury models (34 studies, n = 966, MD = −58.31, 95% CI: −66.55 to −50.07; P = 0.004). Further network analysis showed that 0–1 mg/kg MK-801 may be the optimal dose for treatment in the middle cerebral artery occlusion animal model. CONCLUSION: MK-801 effectively reduces brain lesion volume and the degree of cerebral edema in rat models of experimental acute brain injury, providing a good neuroprotective effect. Additionally, MK-801 has a good safety profile, and its mechanism of action is well known. Thus, MK-801 may be suitable for future clinical trials and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Xing Yi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Yun Zhou
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jia Song
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Hui Han
- Institute of Spine; Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Song Zhang
- Jing'an District Center Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education; Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Qian Liang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Comparative Examination of Temporal Glyoxalase 1 Variations Following Perforant Pathway Transection, Excitotoxicity, and Controlled Cortical Impact Injury. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:412-421. [PMID: 28900826 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following acute neuronal lesions, metabolic imbalance occurs, the rate of glycolysis increases, and methylglyoxal (MGO) forms, finally leading to metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. The glyoxalase system is the main detoxification system for MGO and is impaired following excitotoxicity and stroke. However, it is not known yet whether alterations of the glyoxalase system are also characteristic for other neuronal damage models. Neuronal damage was induced in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures by transection of perforant pathway (PPT; 5 min to 72 h) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 50 μM for 4 h) or in vivo after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury (2 h to 14 days). Temporal and spatial changes of glyoxalase I (GLO1) were investigated by Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. In immunoblot, the GLO1 protein content was not significantly affected by PPT at all investigated time points. As described previously, NMDA treatment led to a GLO1 increase 24 and 48 h after the lesion, whereas PPT increased GLO1 immunoreactivity within neurons only at 48 h postinjury. Immunohistochemistry of brain tissue subjected to CCI unveiled positive GLO1 immunoreactivity in neurons and astrocytes at 1 and 3 days after injury. Two hours and 14 days after CCI, no GLO1 immunoreactivity was observed. GLO1 protein content changes are associated with excitotoxicity but seemingly not to fiber transection. Cell-specific changes in GLO1 immunoreactivity after different in vitro and in vivo lesion types might be a common phenomenon in the aftermath of neuronal lesions.
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13
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Pieroh P, Wagner DC, Ghadban C, Birkenmeier G, Dehghani F. Ethyl pyruvate does not require microglia for mediating neuroprotection after excitotoxic injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:798-807. [PMID: 28836378 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ethyl pyruvate (EP) mediates protective effects after neuronal injury. Besides a direct conservation of damaged neurons, the modulation of indigenous glial cells has been suggested as one important mechanism for EP-related neuroprotection. However, the specific contribution of glial cells is still unknown. METHODS Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) were excitotoxically lesioned by 50 μmol/L N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, for 4 hours) or left untreated. In an additional OHSC subset, microglia was depleted using the bisphosphonate clodronate (100 μg/mL) before lesion. After removal of NMDA, EP containing culture medium (0.84 μmol/L, 8.4 μmol/L, 42 μmol/L, 84 μmol/L, 168 μmol/L) was added and incubated for 72 hours. OHSC were stained with propidium iodide to visualize degenerating neurons and isolectin IB4 -FITC to identify microglia. Effects of EP at concentrations of 0.84, 8.4, and 84 μmol/L (0-48 hours) were analyzed in the astrocytic scratch wound assay. RESULTS EP significantly reduced neurodegeneration following induced excitotoxicity except for 168 μmol/L. For 84 μmol/L, a reduction in the microglia cells was observed. Microglia depletion did not affect neuronal survival after EP treatment. EP decelerated astrocytic wound closure at 48 hours after injury. CONCLUSION EP-mediated neuroprotection seems to be mediated by astrocytes and/or neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Pieroh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Birkenmeier
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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14
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Dhande IS, Zhu Y, Braun MC, Hicks MJ, Wenderfer SE, Doris PA. Mycophenolate mofetil prevents cerebrovascular injury in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Genomics 2016; 49:132-140. [PMID: 28011882 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00110.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-A3) develop strokes and progressive kidney disease as a result of naturally occurring genetic variations. We recently identified genetic variants in immune signaling pathways that contribute to end-organ injury. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a dysregulated immune response promotes stroke susceptibility. We salt-loaded 20 wk old male SHR-A3 rats and treated them with the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 25 mg/kg/day po) (n = 8) or vehicle (saline) (n = 9) for 8 wk. Blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly by telemetry. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, MMF-treated SHR-A3 rats had improved survival and lower neurological deficit scores (1.44 vs. 0.125; P < 0.02). Gross morphology of the brain revealed cerebral edema in 8 of 9, and microbleeds and hemorrhages in 5 of 9 vehicle-treated rats. These lesions were absent in MMF-treated rats. Brain CD68 expression, indicating macrophage/microglial activation, was upregulated in vehicle-treated rats with microbleeds and hemorrhages but was undetectable in the brains of MMF-treated rats. MMF also prevented renal injury in SHR-A3 rats, evidenced by reduced proteinuria (albumin:creatinine) from 7.52 to 1.05 mg/mg (P < 0.03) and lower tubulointerstitial injury scores (2.46 vs. 1.43; P < 0.01). Salt loading resulted in a progressive increase in BP, which was blunted in rats receiving MMF. Our findings provide evidence that abnormal immune activation predisposes to cerebrovascular and renal injury in stroke-prone SHR-A3 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha S Dhande
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Yaming Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Michael C Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - M John Hicks
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E Wenderfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter A Doris
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
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15
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Current status of neuronal cell xenotransplantation. Int J Surg 2015; 23:267-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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The temporal and spatial dynamics of glyoxalase I following excitoxicity and brain ischaemia. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:534-7. [PMID: 24646274 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MG (methylglyoxal) is an inevitable metabolite derived from glycolysis leading to protein modification, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. The ubiquitous glyoxalase system detoxifies MG under GSH consumption by mean of Glo1 (glyoxalase I) as the rate-limiting enzyme. Neurons are highly vulnerable to MG, whereas astrocytes seem less susceptible due to their highly expressed glyoxalases. In neurodegenerative diseases, MG and Glo1 were found to be pivotal players in chronic CNS (central nervous system) diseases. Comparable results obtained upon MG treatment and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor activation provided evidence of a possible link. Additional evidence was presented by alterations in Glo1 expression upon stimulation of excitotoxicity as an event in the aftermath of brain ischaemia. Glo1 expression was remarkably changed following ischaemia, and beneficial effects were found after exogenous application of Tat (transactivator of transcription)-Glo1. In summary, there are strong indications that Glo1 seems to be a suitable target to modulate the consequences of acute neuronal injury.
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17
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Liu Y, Zeng X, Hui Y, Zhu C, Wu J, Taylor DH, Ji J, Fan W, Huang Z, Hu J. Activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors protects astrocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis: implications for Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2014; 91:87-96. [PMID: 25486621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have been implicated in the immune responses associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Inhibition of astrocyte apoptosis is a novel strategy for the treatment of PD. Recent studies suggest that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs) expressed in glial cells are critical links between inflammation and neurodegeneration in PD. However, little is known about their contribution to astrocyte apoptosis during the development of this disorder. In the present study, we showed that nicotine exerts a protective effect on H2O2-induced astrocyte apoptosis and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) downregulation, and this effect was abolished by an α7-nAChR-selective antagonist. The underlying mechanisms might involve alleviation of mitochondrial membrane potential loss, stabilization of the Bax/Bcl-2 balance, and inhibition of cleaved caspase-9 activity through α7-nAChR activation. Systemic administration of nicotine dramatically alleviated MPTP-induced symptoms, protected dopaminergic neurons against degeneration, inhibited astrocytes and microglia activation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and blocked the decrease of GDNF in the striatum by activating α7-nAChRs. Taken together these findings demonstrate, for the first time, that nicotine suppresses H2O2-induced astrocyte apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway through the stimulation of α7-nAChRs. Targeting α7-nAChRs expressed in astrocytes may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yujian Hui
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chenlei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Devin H Taylor
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Juan Ji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zuhu Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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18
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Sajja VSSS, Perrine SA, Ghoddoussi F, Hall CS, Galloway MP, VandeVord PJ. Blast neurotrauma impairs working memory and disrupts prefrontal myo-inositol levels in rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 59:119-26. [PMID: 24534010 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory, which is dependent on higher-order executive function in the prefrontal cortex, is often disrupted in patients exposed to blast overpressure. In this study, we evaluated working memory and medial prefrontal neurochemical status in a rat model of blast neurotrauma. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane and exposed to calibrated blast overpressure (17 psi, 117 kPa) while sham animals received only anesthesia. Early neurochemical effects in the prefrontal cortex included a significant decrease in betaine (trimethylglycine) and an increase in GABA at 24 h, and significant increases in glycerophosphorylcholine, phosphorylethanolamine, as well as glutamate/creatine and lactate/creatine ratios at 48 h. Seven days after blast, only myo-inositol levels were altered showing a 15% increase. Compared to controls, short-term memory in the novel object recognition task was significantly impaired in animals exposed to blast overpressure. Working memory in control animals was negatively correlated with myo-inositol levels (r=-.759, p<0.05), an association that was absent in blast exposed animals. Increased myo-inositol may represent tardive glial scarring in the prefrontal cortex, a notion supported by GFAP changes in this region after blast overexposure as well as clinical reports of increased myo-inositol in disorders of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI
| | - Farhad Ghoddoussi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI; Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI
| | - Christina S Hall
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew P Galloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI; Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI
| | - Pamela J VandeVord
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Salem VA Medical Center, Research & Development Service, Salem, VA, USA.
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Temporal dynamics of glyoxalase 1 in secondary neuronal injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87364. [PMID: 24498315 PMCID: PMC3911945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enhanced glycolysis leads to elevated levels of the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal which contributes to loss of protein-function, metabolic imbalance and cell death. Neurons were shown being highly susceptible to methylglyoxal toxicity. Glyoxalase 1 as an ubiquitous enzyme reflects the main detoxifying enzyme of methylglyoxal and underlies changes during aging and neurodegeneration. However, little is known about dynamics of Glyoxalase 1 following neuronal lesions so far. Methods To determine a possible involvement of Glyoxalase 1 in acute brain injury, we analysed the temporal dynamics of Glyoxalase 1 distribution and expression by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot analysis. Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were excitotoxically (N-methyl-D-aspartate, 50 µM for 4 hours) lesioned in vitro (5 minutes to 72 hours). Additionally, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed (75 minutes to 60 days). Results We found (i) a predominant localisation of Glyoxalase 1 in endothelial cells in non-lesioned brains (ii) a time-dependent up-regulation and re-distribution of Glyoxalase 1 in neurons and astrocytes and (iii) a strong increase in Glyoxalase 1 dimers after neuronal injury (24 hours to 72 hours) when compared to monomers of the protein. Conclusions The high dynamics of Glyoxalase 1 expression and distribution following neuronal injury may indicate a novel role of Glyoxalase 1.
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20
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Hagemann C, Fuchs S, Monoranu CM, Herrmann P, Smith J, Hohmann T, Grabiec U, Kessler AF, Dehghani F, Löhr M, Ernestus RI, Vince GH, Stein U. Impact of MACC1 on human malignant glioma progression and patients' unfavorable prognosis. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1696-709. [PMID: 24220141 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) has been established as an independent prognostic indicator of metastasis formation and metastasis-free survival for patients with colon cancer and other solid tumors. However, no data are available concerning MACC1 expression in human astrocytic tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary brain tumor of adulthood, and due to its invasive and rapid growth, patients have unfavorable prognoses. Although these tumors rarely metastasize, their invasive and migratory behavior is similar to those of metastatic cells of tumors of different origin. Thus, we hypothesized that MACC1 may be involved in progression of human gliomas. METHODS We performed real-time measurements of proliferation and migration in MACC1-transfected GBM cell lines (U138, U251) and evaluated tumor formation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures of mice. Semiquantitative and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR analyses were performed for MACC1 and for its transcriptional target c-Met in human astrocytoma of World Health Organization grade II (low-grade astrocytoma) and GBM biopsies. Data were validated by MACC1 immunohistochemistry in independent matched samples of low-grade astrocytoma and GBM. RESULTS MACC1 increases the proliferative, migratory, and tumor-formation abilities of GBM cells. The c-Met inhibitor crizotinib reduced MACC1-induced migration and tumor formation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures of mice. Analyzing patients' biopsies, MACC1 expression increased concomitantly with increasing World Health Organization grade. Moreover, MACC1 expression levels allowed discrimination of dormant and recurrent low-grade astrocytomas and of primary and secondary GBM. Strong MACC1 expression correlated with reduced patient survival. CONCLUSIONS MACC1 may represent a promising biomarker for prognostication and a new target for treatment of human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hagemann
- Corresponding Author: Ulrike Stein, PhD, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Gao K, Wang CR, Jiang F, Wong AYK, Su N, Jiang JH, Chai RC, Vatcher G, Teng J, Chen J, Jiang YW, Yu ACH. Traumatic scratch injury in astrocytes triggers calcium influx to activate the JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 pathway and switch on GFAP expression. Glia 2013; 61:2063-77. [PMID: 24123203 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation is a hallmark of central nervous system injuries resulting in glial scar formation (astrogliosis). The activation of astrocytes involves metabolic and morphological changes with complex underlying mechanisms, which should be defined to provide targets for astrogliosis intervention. Astrogliosis is usually accompanied by an upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Using an in vitro scratch injury model, we scratched primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes and observed an influx of calcium in the form of waves spreading away from the wound through gap junctions. Using the calcium blocker BAPTA-AM and the JNK inhibitor SP600125, we demonstrated that the calcium wave triggered the activation of JNK, which then phosphorylated the transcription factor c-Jun to facilitate the binding of AP-1 to the GFAP gene promoter to switch on GFAP upregulation. Blocking calcium mobilization with BAPTA-AM in an in vivo stab wound model reduced GFAP expression and glial scar formation, showing that the calcium signal, and the subsequent regulation of downstream signaling molecules, plays an essential role in brain injury response. Our findings demonstrated that traumatic scratch injury to astrocytes triggered a calcium influx from the extracellular compartment and activated the JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 pathway to switch on GFAP expression, identifying a previously unreported signaling cascade that is important in astrogliosis and the physiological response following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory for Neuroscience (National Health and Family Planning Commission), Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
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