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Pessôa R, de Souza DRV, Nukui Y, Pereira J, Fernandes LA, Marcusso RN, de Oliveira ACP, Casseb J, da Silva Duarte AJ, Sanabani SS. Small RNA Profiling in an HTLV-1-Infected Patient with Acute Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma at Diagnosis and after Maintenance Therapy: A Case Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10643. [PMID: 37445821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) are epigenetic regulators of essential biological processes associated with the development and progression of leukemias, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), an oncogenic human retrovirus originally discovered in a patient with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Here, we describe the sRNA profile of a 30-year-old woman with ATLL at the time of diagnosis and after maintenance therapy with the aim of correlating expression levels with response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pessôa
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil
| | - Daniela Raguer Valadão de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil
| | - Youko Nukui
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Lorena Abreu Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-002, Brazil
| | - Rosa Nascimento Marcusso
- Department of Neurology, Emilio Ribas Institute of Infectious Diseases, São Paulo 01246-900, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Sabri Saeed Sanabani
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 03, Clinics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, LIM56/03, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 3° andar, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
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Glutathione reductase system changes in HTLV-1 infected patients. Virusdisease 2022; 33:32-38. [PMID: 35493755 PMCID: PMC9005565 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic HTLV-1 infections oxidative stress occurs and contributes in viral pathogenesis. Glutaredoxin (Grx) system is one of the most effective antioxidant components. The system maintains the cellular redox and scavenges reactive oxygen species through the function of glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme, NADPH and reduced glutathione (GSH). This study was performed to investigate potential changes in GR gene expression and activity as well as GSH level, and their association with the viral load in HTLV-1 infection. Forty HTLV-1 seropositive patients divided into two groups: asymptomatic carriers (N = 20) and HAM/TSP (N = 20) with the same number of age and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited in this study. GR cellular gene expression and viral load in PBMCs were determined using Real-time PCR Technique. Enzyme activity and GSH level in sera were measured by commercial kits based on manufacturer's provided protocols. GR gene expression and GR enzyme activity, as well as GSH level, were significantly lower in HTLV-1 patients. A negative correlation between viral load and GR gene expression/enzyme activity was observed in HAM/TSP group. Similarly, a negative relationship between viral load and GSH levels was observed in both carrier and HAM/TSP groups. We also found that in profound complicated condition of HTLV-1 infection, HAM/TSP, Grx system components activity was significantly decreased compared to the controls. Such observation was not the case in clinically healthy HTLV-1 carriers. These findings may shed a light on the conditions contributing in pathogenesis of the complications and exacerbation of the disease in the HAM/TSP cases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00758-y.
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Heym S, Mohr CF, Engelbrecht HC, Fleckenstein B, Thoma-Kress AK. Alternative NF-κB Signaling Discriminates Induction of the Tumor Marker Fascin by the Viral Oncoproteins Tax-1 and Tax-2 of Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030537. [PMID: 35158803 PMCID: PMC8833421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of the actin-bundling protein and tumor marker Fascin is highly diverse depending on cell and tumor type. Previously, we discovered that the viral oncoprotein Tax-1 of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) considerably enhances Fascin expression in T-cells, depending on classical NF-κB signaling. In this study, we asked if the non-oncogenic Tax-2 of the related HTLV-2 is still able to induce Fascin by using luciferase assays, immunoblot, and qPCR. We found that Tax-2 only slightly induces Fascin expression compared to Tax-1; however, both Tax-1 and Tax-2 comparably activated a 1.6 kb fragment in the human Fascin promoter including Tax-responsive elements. Furthermore, we identified a link between Tax-induced activity of the alternative NF-κB pathway and Fascin induction. While treatment with the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC)-mimetic AZD5582, a compound known to robustly activate alternative NF-κB signaling, did not induce Fascin, combination of AZD5582 with activation of classical NF-κB signaling by Tax-2 significantly induced Fascin expression. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that both classical and alternative NF-κB activity are necessary for strong Fascin induction by the viral Tax oncoproteins, thus, shedding new light on the regulation of Fascin in T-cells and during viral transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heym
- FAU-Nachwuchsgruppe “Retroviral Pathogenesis” and BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “Milk-Transmission of Viruses”, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (H.C.E.)
| | - Caroline F. Mohr
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Hanna C. Engelbrecht
- FAU-Nachwuchsgruppe “Retroviral Pathogenesis” and BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “Milk-Transmission of Viruses”, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (H.C.E.)
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Andrea K. Thoma-Kress
- FAU-Nachwuchsgruppe “Retroviral Pathogenesis” and BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “Milk-Transmission of Viruses”, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (H.C.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-43662
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Characterizing the Interaction between the HTLV-1 Transactivator Tax-1 with Transcription Elongation Factor ELL2 and Its Impact on Viral Transactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413597. [PMID: 34948391 PMCID: PMC8705299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-encoded transactivator and oncoprotein Tax-1 is essential for HTLV-1 replication. We recently found that Tax-1 interacts with transcription elongation factor for RNA polymerase II 2, ELL2, which enhances Tax-1-mediated transactivation of the HTLV-1 promotor. Here, we characterize the Tax-1:ELL2 interaction and its impact on viral transactivation by confocal imaging, co-immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays. We found that Tax-1 and ELL2 not only co-precipitate, but also co-localize in dot-like structures in the nucleus. Tax-1:ELL2 complex formation occurred independently of Tax-1 point mutations, which are crucial for post translational modifications (PTMs) of Tax-1, suggesting that these PTMs are irrelevant for Tax-1:ELL2 interaction. In contrast, Tax-1 deletion mutants lacking either N-terminal (aa 1-37) or C-terminal regions (aa 150-353) of Tax-1 were impaired in interacting with ELL2. Contrary to Tax-1, the related, non-oncogenic Tax-2B from HTLV-2B did not interact with ELL2. Finally, we found that ELL2-R1 (aa 1-353), which carries an RNA polymerase II binding domain, and ELL2-R3 (aa 515-640) are sufficient to interact with Tax-1; however, only ELL2-truncations expressing R1 could enhance Tax-1-mediated transactivation of the HTLV-1 promoter. Together, this study identifies domains in Tax-1 and ELL2 being required for Tax-1:ELL2 complex formation and for viral transactivation.
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Restoration of ceramide de novo synthesis by the synthetic retinoid ST1926 as it induces adult T-cell leukemia cell death. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226649. [PMID: 33048123 PMCID: PMC7593536 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide (Cer) is a bioactive cellular lipid with compartmentalized and tightly regulated levels. Distinct metabolic pathways lead to the generation of Cer species with distinguishable roles in oncogenesis. Deregulation of Cer pathways has emerged as an important mechanism for acquired chemotherapeutic resistance. Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells are defective in Cer synthesis. ATL is an aggressive neoplasm that develops following infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) where the viral oncogene Tax contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. ATL cells, resistant to all-trans-retinoic acid, are sensitive to pharmacologically achievable concentrations of the synthetic retinoid ST1926. We studied the effects of ST1926 on Cer pathways in ATL cells. ST1926 treatment resulted in early Tax oncoprotein degradation in HTLV-1-treated cells. ST1926 induced cell death and a dose- and time-dependent accumulation of Cer in malignant T cells. The kinetics and degree of Cer production showed an early response upon ST1926 treatment. ST1926 enhanced de novo Cer synthesis via activation of ceramide synthase CerS(s) without inhibiting dihydroceramide desaturase, thereby accumulating Cer rather than the less bioactive dihydroceramide. Using labeling experiments with the unnatural 17-carbon sphinganine and measuring the generated Cer species, we showed that ST1926 preferentially induces the activities of a distinct set of CerS(s). We detected a delay in cell death response and interruption of Cer generation in response to ST1926 in Molt-4 cells overexpressing Bcl-2. These results highlight the potential role of ST1926 in inducing Cer levels, thus lowering the threshold for cell death in ATL cells.
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Harnish JM, Link N, Yamamoto S. Drosophila as a Model for Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2724. [PMID: 33800390 PMCID: PMC7962867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used to understand fundamental principles of genetics and biology for over a century. Drosophila is now also considered an essential tool to study mechanisms underlying numerous human genetic diseases. In this review, we will discuss how flies can be used to deepen our knowledge of infectious disease mechanisms in vivo. Flies make effective and applicable models for studying host-pathogen interactions thanks to their highly conserved innate immune systems and cellular processes commonly hijacked by pathogens. Drosophila researchers also possess the most powerful, rapid, and versatile tools for genetic manipulation in multicellular organisms. This allows for robust experiments in which specific pathogenic proteins can be expressed either one at a time or in conjunction with each other to dissect the molecular functions of each virulent factor in a cell-type-specific manner. Well documented phenotypes allow large genetic and pharmacological screens to be performed with relative ease using huge collections of mutant and transgenic strains that are publicly available. These factors combine to make Drosophila a powerful tool for dissecting out host-pathogen interactions as well as a tool to better understand how we can treat infectious diseases that pose risks to public health, including COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Harnish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nichole Link
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Maali Y, Journo C, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. Microbial Biofilms: Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 First in Line for Viral Biofilm but Far Behind Bacterial Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2041. [PMID: 33042035 PMCID: PMC7523422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). To date, it is the unique published example of a virus able to form a biofilm at the surface of infected cells. Deeply studied in bacteria, bacterial biofilms represent multicellular assemblies of bacteria in contact with a surface and shielded by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Microbial lifestyle in biofilms, either viral or bacterial, is opposed structurally and physiologically to an isolated lifestyle, in which viruses or bacteria freely float in their environment. HTLV-1 biofilm formation is believed to be promoted by viral proteins, mainly Tax, through remodeling of the ECM of the infected cells. HTLV-1 biofilm has been linked to cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. However, in comparison to bacterial biofilms, very little is known on kinetics of viral biofilm formation or dissemination, but also on its pathophysiological roles, such as escape from immune detection or therapeutic strategies, as well as promotion of leukemogenesis. The switch between production of cell-free isolated virions and cell-associated viral biofilm, although not fully apprehended yet, remains a key step to understand HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Maali
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
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Valadão de Souza DR, Pessôa R, Nascimento A, Nukui Y, Pereira J, Casseb J, Penalva de Oliveira AC, da Silva Duarte AJ, Clissa PB, Sanabani SS. Small RNA profiles of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers with monoclonal and polyclonal rearrangement of the T-cell antigen receptor γ-chain using massively parallel sequencing: A pilot study. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2311-2321. [PMID: 32782548 PMCID: PMC7400997 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present pilot study, massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology was used to investigate cellular small RNA (sRNA) levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV–I) infected asymptomatic carriers with monoclonal (ASM) and polyclonal (ASP) T cell receptor (TCR) γ gene. Blood samples from 15 HTLV–I asymptomatic carriers (seven ASM and eight ASP) were tested for the clonal TCR-γ gene and submitted for sRNA library construction together with blood samples of five healthy controls (HCs) using Illumina sequencing platform. The sRNA-sequencing reads were aligned, annotated and profiled using various bioinformatics tools. Based on these results, possible markers were validated in the study samples by performing reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR analysis. A total of 76 known sRNAs and 52 putative novel sRNAs were identified. Among them, 44 known and 34 potential novel sRNAs were differentially expressed in the ASM and ASP libraries compared with HCs. In addition, 10 known sRNAs were exclusively dysregulated in the ASM group and one (transfer RNA 65) was significantly upregulated in the ASP group. Homo sapiens (hsa) microRNA (miRNA/mir)-23a-3p, −28-5p, hsa-let-7e-5p and hsa-mir-28-3p and −361-5p were the most abundantly upregulated mature miRNAs and hsa-mir-363-3p, −532-5p, −106a-5p, −25-3p and −30e-5p were significantly downregulated miRNAs (P<0.05) with a >2-fold difference between the ASM and ASP groups compared with HCs. Based on these results, hsa-mir-23a-3p and −363-3p were selected for additional validation. However, the quantification of these two miRNAs using RT-qPCR did not provide any significant differences. While the present study failed to identify predictive sRNA markers to distinguish between ASM and ASP, the MPS results revealed differential sRNA expression profiles in the PBMCs of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ASM and ASP) compared with HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Raguer Valadão de Souza
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pessôa
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Nascimento
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Youko Nukui
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
| | | | - Sabri Saeed Sanabani
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 03,Clinics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403 000, Brazil
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Mota TM, Jones RB. HTLV-1 as a Model for Virus and Host Coordinated Immunoediting. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2259. [PMID: 31616431 PMCID: PMC6768981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoediting is a process that occurs in cancer, whereby the immune system acts to initially repress, and subsequently promote the outgrowth of tumor cells through the stages of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Here we present a model for a virus that causes cancer where immunoediting is coordinated through synergistic viral- and host-mediated events. We argue that the initial viral replication process of the Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1), which causes adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in ~5% of individuals after decades of latency, harmonizes with the host immune system to create a population of cells destined for malignancy. Furthermore, we explore the possibility for HIV to fit into this model of immunoediting, and propose a non-malignant escape phase for HIV-infected cells that persist beyond equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia M Mota
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
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Hirata M, Shinden Y, Nagata A, Nomoto Y, Saho H, Nakajo A, Arigami T, Kurahara H, Maemura K, Natsugoe S, Kijima Y. Clinical Features of Breast Cancer Patients with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 Infection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1909-1912. [PMID: 31244317 PMCID: PMC7021630 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.6.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes adult T-cell
leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive form of T-cell malignancy. The relationship between HTLV-1 infection and
cancer progression is controversial. HTLV-1 encodes oncogenic protein TAX1 and it is hypothesized that HTLV-1
infection is associated with breast cancer progression. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between HTLV-1
infection and clinicopathological factors in breast cancer patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 610 patients
with primary breast cancer who underwent surgical treatment without preoperative chemotherapy at Kagoshima
University Hospital between January 2001 and January 2015. Results: When patients with and without HTLV-1 infection
were compared, no differences in clinicopathological factors were observed, except for age. Disease-free survival and
overall survival rates did not differ between groups. Conclusions: HTLV-1–positive patients were significantly older
than HTLV-1–negative patients. It was supposed to be due to the fact that the HTLV-1 infection rate is decreasing. Any
effect of HTLV-1 infection on breast cancer progression appears to be negligibly small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetsugu Hirata
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujita Medical University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Shinden
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Ayako Nagata
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nomoto
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Hazuki Saho
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Nakajo
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Arigami
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Kosei Maemura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Yuko Kijima
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujita Medical University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Naito T, Yasunaga JI, Mitobe Y, Shirai K, Sejima H, Ushirogawa H, Tanaka Y, Nakamura T, Hanada K, Fujii M, Matsuoka M, Saito M. Distinct gene expression signatures induced by viral transactivators of different HTLV-1 subgroups that confer a different risk of HAM/TSP. Retrovirology 2018; 15:72. [PMID: 30400920 PMCID: PMC6219256 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected individuals, there is an association between HTLV-1 tax subgroups (subgroup-A or subgroup-B) and the risk of HAM/TSP in the Japanese population. To investigate the role of HTLV-1 subgroups in viral pathogenesis, we studied the functional difference in the subgroup-specific viral transcriptional regulators Tax and HBZ using microarray analysis, reporter gene assays, and evaluation of viral-host protein–protein interaction. Results (1) Transcriptional changes in Jurkat Tet-On human T-cells that express each subgroup of Tax or HBZ protein under the control of an inducible promoter revealed different target gene profiles; (2) the number of differentially regulated genes induced by HBZ was 2–3 times higher than that induced by Tax; (3) Tax and HBZ induced the expression of different classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs); (4) the chemokine CXCL10, which has been proposed as a prognostic biomarker for HAM/TSP, was more efficiently induced by subgroup-A Tax (Tax-A) than subgroup-B Tax (Tax-B), in vitro as well as in unmanipulated (ex vivo) PBMCs obtained from HAM/TSP patients; (5) reporter gene assays indicated that although transient Tax expression in an HTLV-1-negative human T-cell line activated the CXCL10 gene promoter through the NF-κB pathway, there was no difference in the ability of each subgroup of Tax to activate the CXCL10 promoter; however, (6) chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the ternary complex containing Tax-A is more efficiently recruited onto the promoter region of CXCL10, which contains two NF-κB binding sites, than that containing Tax-B. Conclusions Our results indicate that different HTLV-1 subgroups are characterized by different patterns of host gene expression. Differential expression of pathogenesis-related genes by subgroup-specific Tax or HBZ may be associated with the onset of HAM/TSP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-018-0454-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadasuke Naito
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Mitobe
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shirai
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroe Sejima
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushirogawa
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Nakamura
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Human and Social Studies, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch Machi, Sasebo, Nagasaki, 859-3298, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hanada
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mineki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
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12
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Fochi S, Mutascio S, Bertazzoni U, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. HTLV Deregulation of the NF-κB Pathway: An Update on Tax and Antisense Proteins Role. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:285. [PMID: 29515558 PMCID: PMC5826390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive CD4+/CD25+ T-cell malignancy and of a severe neurodegenerative disease, HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The chronic activation or deregulation of the canonical and non-canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways play a crucial role in tumorigenesis. The HTLV-1 Tax-1 oncoprotein is a potent activator of the NF-κB transcription factors and the NF-κB response is required for promoting the development of HTLV-1 transformed cell lines. The homologous retrovirus HTLV-2, which also expresses a Tax-2 transforming protein, is not associated with ATL. In this review, we provide an updated synopsis of the role of Tax-1 in the deregulation of the NF-κB pathway, highlighting the differences with the homologous Tax-2. Special emphasis is directed toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in NF-κB activation resulting from Tax interaction with host factors affecting several cellular processes, such as cell cycle, apoptosis, senescence, cell proliferation, autophagy, and post-translational modifications. We also discuss the current knowledge on the role of the antisense viral protein HBZ in down-regulating the NF-κB activation induced by Tax, and its implication in cellular senescence. In addition, we review the recent studies on the mechanism of HBZ-mediated inhibition of NF-κB activity as compared to that exerted by the HTLV-2 antisense protein, APH-2. Finally, we discuss recent advances aimed at understanding the role exerted in the development of ATL by the perturbation of NF-κB pathway by viral regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria G. Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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Marziali F, Bugnon Valdano M, Brunet Avalos C, Moriena L, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Interference of HTLV-1 Tax Protein with Cell Polarity Regulators: Defining the Subcellular Localization of the Tax-DLG1 Interaction. Viruses 2017; 9:E355. [PMID: 29168728 PMCID: PMC5744130 DOI: 10.3390/v9120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 Tax (Tax) protein is very important in viral replication and cell transformation. Tax localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm in association with organelles. Some activities of Tax depend on interactions with PDZ (PSD-95/Discs Large/Z0-1) domain-containing proteins such as Discs large protein 1 (DLG1) which is involved in cell polarity and proliferation. The DLG1 interaction results in a cytoplasmic co-localization pattern resembling vesicular aggregates, the nature of which is still unknown. To further explore the role of PDZ proteins in HTLV-1 cell transformation, we deeply investigated the Tax-DLG1 association. By fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we detected, for the first time, the direct binding of Tax to DLG1 within the cell. We showed that the interaction specifically affects the cellular distribution of not only DLG1, but also Tax. After studying different cell structures, we demonstrated that the aggregates distribute into the Golgi apparatus in spatial association with the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). This study contributes to understand the biological significance of Tax-PDZ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Clarisse Brunet Avalos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Moriena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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14
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Kozakai T, Takahashi M, Higuchi M, Hara T, Saito K, Tanaka Y, Masuko M, Takizawa J, Sone H, Fujii M. MAGI-1 expression is decreased in several types of human T-cell leukemia cell lines, including adult T-cell leukemia. Int J Hematol 2017; 107:337-344. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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15
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HTLV-1 Tax upregulates early growth response protein 1 through nuclear factor-κB signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51123-51133. [PMID: 28881635 PMCID: PMC5584236 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a complex retrovirus that causes adult T cell leukemia (ATL) in susceptible individuals. The HTLV-1-encoded oncoprotein Tax induces persistent activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) is overexpressed in HTLV-1-infected T cell lines and ATL cells. Here, we showed that both Tax expression and HTLV-1 infection promoted EGR1 overexpression. Loss of the NF-κB binding site in the EGR1 promotor or inhibition of NF-κB activation reduced Tax-induced EGR1 upregulation. Tax mutants unable to activate NF-κB induced only slight EGR1 upregulation as compared with wild-type Tax, confirming NF-κB pathway involvement in EGR1 regulation. Tax also directly interacted with the EGR1 protein and increased endogenous EGR1 stability. Elevated EGR1 in turn promoted p65 nuclear translocation and increased NF-κB activation. These results demonstrate a positive feedback loop between EGR1 expression and NF-κB activation in HTLV-1-infected and Tax-expressing cells. Both NF-κB activation and Tax-induced EGR1 stability upregulated EGR1, which in turn enhanced constitutive NF-κB activation and facilitated ATL progression in HTLV-1-infected cells. These findings suggest EGR1 may be an effective anti-ATL therapeutic target.
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16
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Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Induced Overexpression of Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM) Facilitates Trafficking of Infected Lymphocytes through the Blood-Brain Barrier. J Virol 2016; 90:7303-7312. [PMID: 27252538 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00539-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This disease develops upon infiltration of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes into the central nervous system, mostly the thoracic spinal cord. The central nervous system is normally protected by a physiological structure called the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists primarily of a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. In this study, we investigated the role of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, in the crossing of the BBB by HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes. We demonstrated that ALCAM is overexpressed on the surface of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes, both in chronically infected cell lines and in primary infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes. ALCAM overexpression results from the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway by the viral transactivator Tax. In contrast, staining of spinal cord sections of HAM/TSP patients showed that ALCAM expression is not altered on the BBB endothelium in the context of HTLV-1 infection. ALCAM blockade or downregulation of ALCAM levels significantly reduced the migration of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes across a monolayer of human BBB endothelial cells. This study suggests a potential role for ALCAM in HAM/TSP pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This disease is the consequence of the infiltration of HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes into the central nervous system (CNS), mostly the thoracic spinal cord. The CNS is normally protected by a physiological structure called the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists primarily of a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. The mechanism of migration of lymphocytes into the CNS is unclear. Here, we show that the viral transactivator Tax increases activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) expression. This molecule facilitates the migration of lymphocytes across the BBB endothelium. Targeting this molecule could be of interest in preventing or reducing the development of HAM/TSP.
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17
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Murphy J, Hall WW, Ratner L, Sheehy N. Novel interactions between the HTLV antisense proteins HBZ and APH-2 and the NFAR protein family: Implications for the HTLV lifecycles. Virology 2016; 494:129-42. [PMID: 27110706 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1/HTLV-2) antisense proteins HBZ and APH-2 play key roles in the HTLV lifecycles and persistence in the host. Nuclear Factors Associated with double-stranded RNA (NFAR) proteins NF90/110 function in the lifecycles of several viruses and participate in host innate immunity against infection and oncogenesis. Using GST pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays we demonstrate specific novel interactions between HBZ/APH-2 and NF90/110 and characterised the protein domains involved. Moreover we show that NF90/110 significantly enhance Tax mediated LTR activation, an effect that was abolished by HBZ but enhanced by APH-2. Additionally we found that HBZ and APH-2 modulate the promoter activity of survivin and are capable of antagonising NF110-mediated survivin activation. Thus interactions between HTLV antisense proteins and the NFAR protein family have an overall positive impact on HTLV infection. Hence NFARs may represent potential therapeutic targets in HTLV infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Murphy
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - William W Hall
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Noreen Sheehy
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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18
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Ameri MD, Parekh TM, Qian YW, Elghetany MT, Schnadig V, Nawgiri R. A case of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified in a HCV and HTLV-II-positive patient, diagnosed by abdominal fluid cytology. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:S96-9. [PMID: 27034820 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS) is a rare neoplasm that typically presents as generalized lymphadenopathy. PTCL, NOS presenting as malignant ascites is rare. METHODS A 61-year-old African-American man with past medical history of HCV, cryoglobulinemia, and cryptococcal pneumonia was admitted for dyspnea on exertion over a period of 1 month and new onset of abdominal distension. RESULTS Ascites, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and extensive lymphadenopathy were found by imaging. Paracentesis obtained 1.3 liter of abdominal fluid, the cytologic evaluation showed a monomorphic population of intermediate-sized lymphoid cells with irregular to convoluted nuclear contours. Fluid sent for flow cytometry showed an abnormal T-lymphocyte population expressing CD4, weak surface CD3 and absence of CD7. PCR studies of ascitic fluid detected a clonal T-lymphocyte population with T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement. Serologic testing for human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) was positive for HTLV-II. Subsequent bone marrow biopsy revealed lymphomatous involvement. CD30 and ALK-1 immunostaining were negative. This case was classified as PTCL, NOS. CONCLUSIONS PTCL, NOS can have unusual clinical presentation such as ascites and pleural effusion, and may also occur as a complication of immunodeficiency state. Further studies are needed to determine if HCV or HTLV-II viral infection is associated with PTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadfarnia Ameri
- 1 Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA ; 2 Department of Internal medicine, 3 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA ; 4 Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Trisha M Parekh
- 1 Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA ; 2 Department of Internal medicine, 3 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA ; 4 Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - You-Wen Qian
- 1 Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA ; 2 Department of Internal medicine, 3 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA ; 4 Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - M Tarek Elghetany
- 1 Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA ; 2 Department of Internal medicine, 3 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA ; 4 Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Vicki Schnadig
- 1 Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA ; 2 Department of Internal medicine, 3 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA ; 4 Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Ranjina Nawgiri
- 1 Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA ; 2 Department of Internal medicine, 3 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA ; 4 Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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19
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Sobhy H. A Review of Functional Motifs Utilized by Viruses. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010003. [PMID: 28248213 PMCID: PMC5217368 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Short linear motifs (SLiM) are short peptides that facilitate protein function and protein-protein interactions. Viruses utilize these motifs to enter into the host, interact with cellular proteins, or egress from host cells. Studying functional motifs may help to predict protein characteristics, interactions, or the putative cellular role of a protein. In virology, it may reveal aspects of the virus tropism and help find antiviral therapeutics. This review highlights the recent understanding of functional motifs utilized by viruses. Special attention was paid to the function of proteins harboring these motifs, and viruses encoding these proteins. The review highlights motifs involved in (i) immune response and post-translational modifications (e.g., ubiquitylation, SUMOylation or ISGylation); (ii) virus-host cell interactions, including virus attachment, entry, fusion, egress and nuclear trafficking; (iii) virulence and antiviral activities; (iv) virion structure; and (v) low-complexity regions (LCRs) or motifs enriched with residues (Xaa-rich motifs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Sobhy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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20
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Motai Y, Takahashi M, Takachi T, Higuchi M, Hara T, Mizuguchi M, Aoyagi Y, Terai S, Tanaka Y, Fujii M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax1 oncoprotein but not HTLV-2 Tax2 induces the expression of OX40 ligand by interacting with p52/p100 and RelB. Virus Genes 2016; 52:4-13. [PMID: 26739459 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative retrovirus of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Unlike HTLV-1, the same group of retrovirus HTLV-2 has not been found to be associated with these diseases. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode transforming proteins Tax1 and Tax2, and a few distinct activities of Tax1 from those of Tax2 have been proposed to contribute to the HTLV-1-specific pathogenesis of disease. One significant difference of Tax1 from Tax2 is the activation of transcription factor NF-κB2/p100/p52. We found that Tax1 but not Tax2 induces the expression of OX40 ligand (OX40L) in a human T-cell line. To induce the OX40L expression, Tax1 but not Tax2 was observed to interact with NF-κB2/p100/p52 and RelB and the distinct interaction activity was mediated by the Tax1 amino acid region of 225-232. In addition, Tax1 but not Tax2 or Tax1/225-232 interacted with p65, p50, and c-Rel; however, the interactions were much less than those noted with NF-κB2/p100/p52 and RelB. OX40L is a T-cell costimulatory molecule of the tumor necrosis factor family, and its signal plays a critical role in establishing adaptive immunity by inducing the polarized differentiation of T-cells to cells such as T helper type 2 and T follicular helper cells. Therefore, the present findings suggest that Tax1 might alter the immune response to HTLV-1 and/or differentiation of HTLV-1-infected T-cells via OX40L induction, thereby acting as a factor mediating the distinct phenotypes and pathogenesis of HTLV-1 from that of HTLV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Motai
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahashi
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takachi
- Division of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hara
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Mariko Mizuguchi
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Divisions of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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21
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Quaresma JAS, Yoshikawa GT, Koyama RVL, Dias GAS, Fujihara S, Fuzii HT. HTLV-1, Immune Response and Autoimmunity. Viruses 2015; 8:v8010005. [PMID: 26712781 PMCID: PMC4728565 DOI: 10.3390/v8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (PET/HAM) is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases including Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's Syndrome (SS). The development of HTLV-1-driven autoimmunity is hypothesized to rely on molecular mimicry, because virus-like particles can trigger an inflammatory response. However, HTLV-1 modifies the behavior of CD4⁺ T cells on infection and alters their cytokine production. A previous study showed that in patients infected with HTLV-1, the activity of regulatory CD4⁺ T cells and their consequent expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are altered. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying changes in cytokine release leading to the loss of tolerance and development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juarez A S Quaresma
- Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto T Yoshikawa
- Science Health Institute, Federal University of Pará, Praça Camilo Salgado, 1, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil.
| | - Roberta V L Koyama
- Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil.
| | - George A S Dias
- Science Center of Health and Biology. Pará State University, Rua Perebebuí, 2623, Belém, Pará 66087-670, Brazil.
| | - Satomi Fujihara
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil.
| | - Hellen T Fuzii
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro, 92, Belém, Pará 66055-240, Brazil.
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22
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Roles of HTLV-1 basic Zip Factor (HBZ) in Viral Chronicity and Leukemic Transformation. Potential New Therapeutic Approaches to Prevent and Treat HTLV-1-Related Diseases. Viruses 2015; 7:6490-505. [PMID: 26690203 PMCID: PMC4690875 DOI: 10.3390/v7122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than thirty years have passed since human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was described as the first retrovirus to be the causative agent of a human cancer, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), but the precise mechanism behind HTLV-1 pathogenesis still remains elusive. For more than two decades, the transforming ability of HTLV-1 has been exclusively associated to the viral transactivator Tax. Thirteen year ago, we first reported that the minus strand of HTLV-1 encoded for a basic Zip factor factor (HBZ), and since then several teams have underscored the importance of this antisense viral protein for the maintenance of a chronic infection and the proliferation of infected cells. More recently, we as well as others have demonstrated that HBZ has the potential to transform cells both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the latest progress in our understanding of HBZ functions in chronicity and cellular transformation. We will discuss the involvement of this paradigm shift of HTLV-1 research on new therapeutic approaches to treat HTLV-1-related human diseases.
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Cherian MA, Baydoun HH, Al-Saleem J, Shkriabai N, Kvaratskhelia M, Green P, Ratner L. Akt Pathway Activation by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Oncoprotein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26270-81. [PMID: 26324707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1, the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia, expresses the viral oncoprotein Tax1. In contrast, HTLV-2, which expresses Tax2, is non-leukemogenic. One difference between these homologous proteins is the presence of a C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) in Tax1, previously reported to be important for non-canonical NFκB activation. In contrast, this study finds no defect in non-canonical NFκB activity by deletion of the Tax1 PBM. Instead, Tax1 PBM was found to be important for Akt activation. Tax1 attenuates the effects of negative regulators of the PI3K-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), and PHLPP. Tax1 competes with PTEN for binding to DLG-1, unlike a PBM deletion mutant of Tax1. Forced membrane expression of PTEN or PHLPP overcame the effects of Tax1, as measured by levels of Akt phosphorylation, and rates of Akt dephosphorylation. The current findings suggest that Akt activation may explain the differences in transforming activity of HTLV-1 and -2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Cherian
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Hicham H Baydoun
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Jacob Al-Saleem
- the Center for Retrovirus Research and Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Nikoloz Shkriabai
- the Center for Retrovirus Research and Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- the Center for Retrovirus Research and Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and
| | - Patrick Green
- the Center for Retrovirus Research and Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lee Ratner
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
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Baydoun HH, Cherian MA, Green P, Ratner L. Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates DNA double strand breaks in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-induced leukemia/lymphoma. Retrovirology 2015; 12:71. [PMID: 26265053 PMCID: PMC4534112 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive and fatal malignancy of CD4+ T-lymphocytes infected by the Human T-Cell Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). The molecular mechanisms of transformation in ATLL have not been fully elucidated. However, genomic instability and cumulative DNA damage during the long period of latency is believed to be essential for HTLV-1 induced leukemogenesis. In addition, constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway was found to be a critical determinant for transformation. Whether a connection exists between NF-κB activation and accumulation of DNA damage is not clear. We recently found that the HTLV-1 viral oncoprotein, Tax, the activator of the NF-κB pathway, induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Results Here, we investigated whether any of the NF-κB target genes are critical in inducing DSBs. Of note, we found that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages, neutrophils and T-cells is over expressed in HTLV-1 infected and Tax-expressing cells. Interestingly, we show that in HTLV-1 infected cells, iNOS expression is Tax-dependent and specifically requires the activation of the classical NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways. A dramatic reduction of DSBs was observed when NO production was inhibited, indicating that Tax induces DSBs through the activation of NO synthesis. Conclusions Determination of the impact of NO on HTLV-1-induced leukemogenesis opens a new area for treatment or prevention of ATLL and perhaps other cancers in which NO is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham H Baydoun
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine Campus, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Mathew A Cherian
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine Campus, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Patrick Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine Campus, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Takachi T, Takahashi M, Takahashi-Yoshita M, Higuchi M, Obata M, Mishima Y, Okuda S, Tanaka Y, Matsuoka M, Saitoh A, Green PL, Fujii M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax oncoprotein represses the expression of the BCL11B tumor suppressor in T-cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:461-5. [PMID: 25613934 PMCID: PMC4409891 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL), which is an aggressive form of T-cell malignancy. HTLV-1 oncoproteins, Tax and HBZ, play crucial roles in the immortalization of T-cells and/or leukemogenesis by dysregulating the cellular functions in the host. Recent studies show that HTLV-1-infected T-cells have reduced expression of the BCL11B tumor suppressor protein. In the present study, we explored whether Tax and/or HBZ play a role in downregulating BCL11B in HTLV-1-infected T-cells. Lentiviral transduction of Tax in a human T-cell line repressed the expression of BCL11B at both the protein and mRNA levels, whereas the transduction of HBZ had little effect on the expression. Tax mutants with a decreased activity for the NF-κB, CREB or PDZ protein pathways still showed a reduced expression of the BCL11B protein, thereby implicating a different function of Tax in BCL11B downregulation. In addition, the HTLV-2 Tax2 protein reduced the BCL11B protein expression in T-cells. Seven HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, including three ATL-derived cell lines, showed reduced BCL11B mRNA and protein expression relative to an uninfected T-cell line, and the greatest reductions were in the cells expressing Tax. Collectively, these results indicate that Tax is responsible for suppressing BCL11B protein expression in HTLV-1-infected T-cells; Tax-mediated repression of BCL11B is another mechanism that Tax uses to promote oncogenesis of HTLV-1-infected T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takachi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Oo Z, Barrios CS, Castillo L, Beilke MA. High levels of CC-chemokine expression and downregulated levels of CCR5 during HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections. J Med Virol 2015; 87:790-7. [PMID: 25678365 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 are common copathogens among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. HTLV-2 may confer a survival benefit among patients with HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections, along with lower plasma HIV-1 levels and delayed rates of CD4(+) T-cell decline. These effects have been attributed to the ability of the HTLV-2 viral transactivating Tax2 protein to induce the production of high levels of antiviral CC-chemokines and to downregulate expression of the CCR5 receptor, resulting in impaired entry of HIV-1 into CD4(+) T-cells. This study investigated the innate immunity of coinfected HIV/HTLV individuals by testing the ability of patient PBMCs to produce CC-chemokines in association CCR5 receptor modulation. The cellular proliferative responses of HIV/HTLV coinfected versus HIV monoinfected individuals were also evaluated. Higher levels of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES (P < 0.05) were found in HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfected group compared to HIV-1 monoinfected population. Upregulated levels of RANTES were shown in HIV-1/HTLV-1 after 1 and 3 days of culture (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes from HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfected individuals showed significant CCR5 downregulation after 1 and 3 days of culture compared to lymphocytes from HIV-1 and uninfected groups (P < 0.05). Lower percentages of CCR5-positive cells were found in HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfected after 3 days of incubation (P < 0.05). Levels of proliferation were significantly higher in the HIV-1/HTLV-1 group compared to HIV-1 alone (P < 0.05). HTLV-2 and HTLV-1 infections may induce the involvement of innate immunity against HIV-1 via stimulation of CC-chemokines and receptors, potentially modifying CCR5/HIV-1 binding and HIV-1 progression in coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Oo
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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27
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Cachat A, Alais S, Chevalier SA, Journo C, Fusil F, Dutartre H, Boniface A, Ko NL, Gessain A, Cosset FL, Suspène R, Vartanian JP, Mahieux R. ADAR1 enhances HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 replication through inhibition of PKR activity. Retrovirology 2014; 11:93. [PMID: 25389016 PMCID: PMC4245799 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of innate immunity in general and of type I interferon
(IFN-I) in particular in HTLV-1 pathogenesis is still a matter of debate.
ADAR1-p150 is an Interferon Stimulated Gene (ISG) induced by IFN-I that can edit
viral RNAs. We therefore investigated whether it could play the role of an
anti-HTLV factor. Results We demonstrate here that ADAR1 is also expressed in the absence of
IFN stimulation in activated primary T-lymphocytes that are the natural target of
this virus and in HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 chronically infected T-cells. ADAR1 expression
is also increased in primary lymphocytes obtained from HTLV-1 infected
individuals. We show that ADAR1 enhances HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection in
T-lymphocytes and that this proviral effect is independent from its editing
activity. ADAR1 expression suppresses IFN-α inhibitory effect on HTLV-1 and HTLV-2
and acts through the repression of PKR phosphorylation. Discussion This study demonstrates that two interferon stimulated genes, i.e.
PKR and ADAR1 have opposite effects on HTLV replication in
vivo. The balanced expression of those proteins could determine the
fate of the viral cycle in the course of infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0093-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cachat
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Sandrine Alais
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Sébastien Alain Chevalier
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Chloé Journo
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Floriane Fusil
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe virus enveloppés, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Adrien Boniface
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Biology Department, Master Biosciences, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Nga Ling Ko
- Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathoglogie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathoglogie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe virus enveloppés, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
| | - Rodolphe Suspène
- Unité de rétrovirologie moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France.
| | | | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Centre international de recherche en infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France. .,Université Lyon 1, LabEx ECOFECT - Eco-evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
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Rosadas C, Vicente ACP, Zanella L, Cabral-Castro MJ, Peralta JM, Puccioni-Sohler M. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 subtype b in a patient with chronic neurological disorder. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:636-9. [PMID: 25183319 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
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Ciminale V, Rende F, Bertazzoni U, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2: highly similar viruses with distinct oncogenic properties. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:398. [PMID: 25120538 PMCID: PMC4114287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 share broad similarities in their overall genetic organization and expression pattern, but they differ substantially in their pathogenic properties. This review outlines distinctive features of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 that might provide clues to explain their distinct clinical outcomes. Differences in the kinetics of viral mRNA expression, functional properties of the regulatory and accessory proteins, and interactions with cellular factors and signal transduction pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Rende
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Maria G Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
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30
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Fuzii HT, da Silva Dias GA, de Barros RJS, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. Immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1-assoaciated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Life Sci 2014; 104:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Melamed A, Witkover AD, Laydon DJ, Brown R, Ladell K, Miners K, Rowan AG, Gormley N, Price DA, Taylor GP, Murphy EL, Bangham CRM. Clonality of HTLV-2 in natural infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004006. [PMID: 24626195 PMCID: PMC3953477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) both cause lifelong persistent infections, but differ in their clinical outcomes. HTLV-1 infection causes a chronic or acute T-lymphocytic malignancy in up to 5% of infected individuals whereas HTLV-2 has not been unequivocally linked to a T-cell malignancy. Virus-driven clonal proliferation of infected cells both in vitro and in vivo has been demonstrated in HTLV-1 infection. However, T-cell clonality in HTLV-2 infection has not been rigorously characterized. In this study we used a high-throughput approach in conjunction with flow cytometric sorting to identify and quantify HTLV-2-infected T-cell clones in 28 individuals with natural infection. We show that while genome-wide integration site preferences in vivo were similar to those found in HTLV-1 infection, expansion of HTLV-2-infected clones did not demonstrate the same significant association with the genomic environment of the integrated provirus. The proviral load in HTLV-2 is almost confined to CD8+ T-cells and is composed of a small number of often highly expanded clones. The HTLV-2 load correlated significantly with the degree of dispersion of the clone frequency distribution, which was highly stable over ∼8 years. These results suggest that there are significant differences in the selection forces that control the clonal expansion of virus-infected cells in HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection. In addition, our data demonstrate that strong virus-driven proliferation per se does not predispose to malignant transformation in oncoretroviral infections. The two human retroviruses HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are similar in their structure, replication cycle and the manner through which they spread between and within individuals. They differ in their preferred host T-cell type and in their possible clinical outcomes. HTLV-2 has not been linked with a specific disease, whereas HTLV-1 infection can cause leukemia and profound neuropathology. It is well established that HTLV-1-infected cells undergo clonal expansion in infected individuals, but little is known about clonality in HTLV-2 infection. In this work, we demonstrate that the extent of HTLV-2-infected cell expansion significantly exceeds that of HTLV-1-infected cells in healthy carriers, approximating instead to that observed in patients with HTLV-1-associated leukemia. Furthermore, we show that HTLV-2 characteristically resides in a small number of expanded clones that persist over time, and that the degree of oligoclonality significantly correlates with viral burden in HTLV-2-infected individuals. These results highlight the distinction between in vivo clonal proliferation and malignant transformation, and suggest that the infected cell type may be a more important determinant of clinical outcome in retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Melamed
- Section of Immunology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aviva D. Witkover
- Section of Immunology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Laydon
- Section of Immunology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Brown
- Section of Immunology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Miners
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen G. Rowan
- Section of Immunology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A. Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward L. Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco and Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Section of Immunology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Romanelli MG, Diani E, Bergamo E, Casoli C, Ciminale V, Bex F, Bertazzoni U. Highlights on distinctive structural and functional properties of HTLV Tax proteins. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:271. [PMID: 24058363 PMCID: PMC3766827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs) are complex human retroviruses of the Deltaretrovirus genus. Four types have been identified thus far, with HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 much more prevalent than HTLV-3 or HTLV-4. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 possess strictly related genomic structures, but differ significantly in pathogenicity, as HTLV-1 is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia and of HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, whereas HTLV-2 is not associated with neoplasia. HTLVs code for a protein named Tax that is responsible for enhancing viral expression and drives cell transformation. Much effort has been invested to dissect the impact of Tax on signal transduction pathways and to identify functional differences between the HTLV Tax proteins that may explain the distinct oncogenic potential of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. This review summarizes our current knowledge of Tax-1 and Tax-2 with emphasis on their structure, role in activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) pathway, and interactions with host factors.
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Failure in activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax in non-hematopoietic cell lines. Virology 2013; 443:226-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shirinian M, Kfoury Y, Dassouki Z, El-Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. Tax-1 and Tax-2 similarities and differences: focus on post-translational modifications and NF-κB activation. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:231. [PMID: 23966989 PMCID: PMC3744011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) share similar genetic organization, they have major differences in their pathogenesis and disease manifestation. HTLV-1 is capable of transforming T lymphocytes in infected patients resulting in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma whereas HTLV-2 is not clearly associated with lymphoproliferative diseases. Numerous studies have provided accumulating evidence on the involvement of the viral transactivators Tax-1 versus Tax-2 in T cell transformation. Tax-1 is a potent transcriptional activator of both viral and cellular genes. Tax-1 post-translational modifications and specifically ubiquitylation and SUMOylation have been implicated in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation and may contribute to its transformation capacity. Although Tax-2 has similar protein structure compared to Tax-1, the two proteins display differences both in their protein–protein interaction and activation of signal transduction pathways. Recent studies on Tax-2 have suggested ubiquitylation and SUMOylation independent mechanisms of NF-κB activation. In this present review, structural and functional differences between Tax-1 and Tax-2 will be summarized. Specifically, we will address their subcellular localization, nuclear trafficking and their effect on cellular regulatory proteins. A special attention will be given to Tax-1/Tax-2 post-translational modification such as ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, NF-κB activation, and protein–protein interactions involved in oncogenecity both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Shirinian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
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Souza A, Tanajura D, Toledo-Cornell C, Santos S, Carvalho EMD. Immunopathogenesis and neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 45:545-52. [PMID: 23152334 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus identified. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes and from mother to child, mainly through breastfeeding. In addition to the well-known association between HTLV-1 and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), several diseases and neurologic manifestations have been associated with the virus. This review was conducted through a PubMed search of the terms HTLV-1, immune response and neurological diseases. Emphasis was given to the most recent data regarding pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HTLV-1 infection. The aim of the review is to analyze the immune response and the variety of neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection. A total of 102 articles were reviewed. The literature shows that a large percentage of HTLV-1 infected individuals have others neurological symptoms than HAM/TSP. Increased understanding of these numerous others clinical manifestations associated to the virus than adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HAM/TSP has challenged the view that HTLV-1 is a low morbidity infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo Souza
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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36
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Makokha GN, Takahashi M, Higuchi M, Saito S, Tanaka Y, Fujii M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein interacts with and mislocalizes the PDZ domain protein MAGI-1. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:313-20. [PMID: 23279616 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). HTLV-1 encodes the oncoprotein Tax1, which is essential for immortalization of human T-cells and persistent HTLV-1 infection in vivo. Tax1 has a PDZ binding motif (PBM) at its C-terminus. This motif is crucial for the transforming activity of Tax1 to a T-cell line and persistent HTLV-1 infection. Tax1 through the PBM interacts with PDZ domain proteins such as Dlg1 and Scribble, but it has not been determined yet, which cellular PDZ proteins mediate the functions of Tax1 PBM. Here we demonstrate that Tax1 interacts with the PDZ domain protein MAGI-1 in a PBM-dependent manner, and the interaction mislocalizes MAGI-1 from the detergent-soluble to the detergent-insoluble cellular fraction in 293T cells and in HTLV-1-infected T-cells. In addition, Tax1-transformation of a T-cell line from interleukin (IL)-2-dependent to IL-2-independent growth selects cells with irreversibly reduced expression of MAGI-1 at mRNA level. These findings imply that Tax1, like other viral oncoproteins, targets MAGI-1 as a mechanism to suppress its anti-tumor functions in HTLV-1-infected cells to contribute to the transforming activity of T-cells and persistent HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Naswa Makokha
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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37
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Marban C, McCabe A, Bukong TN, Hall WW, Sheehy N. Interplay between the HTLV-2 Tax and APH-2 proteins in the regulation of the AP-1 pathway. Retrovirology 2012. [PMID: 23206352 PMCID: PMC3531308 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that causes ATL (adult T-cell leukemia), HTLV-2 has not been causally linked to malignant disease. The minus strand of the HTLV genomes encode the regulatory proteins HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) for HTLV-1 and antisense protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2) for HTLV-2. Unlike the viral proteins Tax1 and Tax2, both HBZ and APH-2 are constitutively expressed in infected cells suggesting that they may play important roles in the pathogenesis of these viruses. To date, very little is known about the function of APH-2 except that it inhibits Tax2-mediated transcription of HTLV-2 genes. In the present study, we investigated the role of APH-2 in basal and Tax2B-mediated activation of the AP-1 pathway. RESULTS We demonstrate that, unlike HBZ, APH-2 stimulates basal AP-1 transcription by interacting with c-Jun and JunB through its non-conventional bZIP domain. In addition, when Tax2 and APH-2 are co-expressed, they physically interact in vivo and in vitro and APH-2 acts as an inhibitor of Tax2-mediated activation of AP-1 transcription. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to document that HTLV-2 can modulate the AP-1 pathway. Altogether our results reveal that, in contrast with HBZ, APH-2 regulates AP-1 activity in a Tax2-dependant manner. As the AP-1 pathway is involved in numerous cellular functions susceptible to affect the life cycle of the virus, these distinct biological properties between HBZ and APH-2 may contribute to the differential pathogenic potential of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Marban
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Currer R, Van Duyne R, Jaworski E, Guendel I, Sampey G, Das R, Narayanan A, Kashanchi F. HTLV tax: a fascinating multifunctional co-regulator of viral and cellular pathways. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:406. [PMID: 23226145 PMCID: PMC3510432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been identified as the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus infects between 15 and 20 million people worldwide of which approximately 2-5% develop ATL. The past 35 years of research have yielded significant insight into the pathogenesis of HTLV-1, including the molecular characterization of Tax, the viral transactivator, and oncoprotein. In spite of these efforts, the mechanisms of oncogenesis of this pleiotropic protein remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we illustrate the multiple oncogenic roles of Tax by summarizing a recent body of literature that refines our understanding of cellular transformation. A focused range of topics are discussed in this review including Tax-mediated regulation of the viral promoter and other cellular pathways, particularly the connection of the NF-κB pathway to both post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Tax and subcellular localization. Specifically, recent research on polyubiquitination of Tax as it relates to the activation of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex is highlighted. Regulation of the cell cycle and DNA damage responses due to Tax are also discussed, including Tax interaction with minichromosome maintenance proteins and the role of Tax in chromatin remodeling. The recent identification of HTLV-3 has amplified the importance of the characterization of emerging viral pathogens. The challenge of the molecular determination of pathogenicity and malignant disease of this virus lies in the comparison of the viral transactivators of HTLV-1, -2, and -3 in terms of transformation and immortalization. Consequently, differences between the three proteins are currently being studied to determine what factors are required for the differences in tumorogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Currer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
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39
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The cellular autophagy pathway modulates human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 replication. J Virol 2012; 87:1699-707. [PMID: 23175371 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02147-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a general homeostatic process for degradation of cytosolic proteins or organelles, has been reported to modulate the replication of many viruses. The role of autophagy in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) replication has, however, been uncharacterized. Here, we report that HTLV-1 infection increases the accumulation of autophagosomes and that this accumulation increases HTLV-1 production. We found that the HTLV-1 Tax protein increases cellular autophagosome accumulation by acting to block the fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes, preventing the degradation of the former by the latter. Interestingly, the inhibition of cellular autophagosome-lysosome fusion using bafilomycin A increased the stability of the Tax protein, suggesting that cellular degradation of Tax occurs in part through autophagy. Our current findings indicate that by interrupting the cell's autophagic process, Tax exerts a positive feedback on its own stability.
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40
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Human T cell leukemia virus type 2 tax-mediated NF-κB activation involves a mechanism independent of Tax conjugation to ubiquitin and SUMO. J Virol 2012; 87:1123-36. [PMID: 23135727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01792-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Permanent activation of the NF-κB pathway by the human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax (Tax1) viral transactivator is a key event in the process of HTLV-1-induced T lymphocyte immortalization and leukemogenesis. Although encoding a Tax transactivator (Tax2) that activates the canonical NF-κB pathway, HTLV-2 does not cause leukemia. These distinct pathological outcomes might be related, at least in part, to distinct NF-κB activation mechanisms. Tax1 has been shown to be both ubiquitinated and SUMOylated, and these two modifications were originally proposed to be required for Tax1-mediated NF-κB activation. Tax1 ubiquitination allows recruitment of the IKK-γ/NEMO regulatory subunit of the IKK complex together with Tax1 into centrosome/Golgi-associated cytoplasmic structures, followed by activation of the IKK complex and RelA/p65 nuclear translocation. Herein, we compared the ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and acetylation patterns of Tax2 and Tax1. We show that, in contrast to Tax1, Tax2 conjugation to endogenous ubiquitin and SUMO is barely detectable while both proteins are acetylated. Importantly, Tax2 is neither polyubiquitinated on lysine residues nor ubiquitinated on its N-terminal residue. Consistent with these observations, Tax2 conjugation to ubiquitin and Tax2-mediated NF-κB activation is not affected by overexpression of the E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc13. We further demonstrate that a nonubiquitinable, non-SUMOylable, and nonacetylable Tax2 mutant retains a significant ability to activate transcription from a NF-κB-dependent promoter after partial activation of the IKK complex and induction of RelA/p65 nuclear translocation. Finally, we also show that Tax2 does not interact with TRAF6, a protein that was shown to positively regulate Tax1-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway.
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Imai M, Higuchi M, Kawamura H, Yoshita M, Takahashi M, Oie M, Matsuki H, Tanaka Y, Aoyagi Y, Fujii M. Human T cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-2) Tax2 has a dominant activity over HTLV-1 Tax1 to immortalize human CD4+ T cells. Virus Genes 2012; 46:39-46. [PMID: 23054433 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia, a close relative, HTLV-2, is not associated with any leukemia. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode the Tax1 and Tax2 proteins, respectively, which are essential for the immortalization of human T cells by the respective viruses, thereby causing persistent infection. In this study, we compared Tax1 and Tax2 with respect to their immortalization activity in human T cells. Lentivirus-mediated transduction of the tax2 gene into human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and interleukin-2 in 96-well plates induced outgrowing T cells in most wells, but the cells infected with the control viruses died within 3 weeks. Surprisingly, the number of outgrowing cells induced by Tax2 was much higher than that induced by Tax1, and the appearance of outgrowing cells by Tax2 was earlier than that induced by Tax1. Nevertheless, both Tax2 and Tax1 preferentially immortalized CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells. Our study showed that HTLV-2 Tax2 can immortalize human CD4(+) T cells, and the activity is much higher than that of Tax1. The distinct T cell immortalization activities of Tax2 and Tax1 might therefore play a role in the different pathogeneses observed for these two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Imai
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan
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42
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Ren T, Dong W, Takahashi Y, Xiang D, Yuan Y, Liu X, Loughran TP, Sun SC, Wang HG, Cheng H. HTLV-2 Tax immortalizes human CD4+ memory T lymphocytes by oncogenic activation and dysregulation of autophagy. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34683-93. [PMID: 22891252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1 and -2) are two closely related retroviruses with the former causing adult T cell leukemia. HTLV-2 infection is prevalent among intravenous drug users, and the viral genome encodes the viral transactivator Tax, which is highly homologous to the transforming protein Tax from HTLV-1. However, the link between HTLV-2 infection and leukemia has not been established. In the present study, we evaluated the activity of HTLV-2 Tax in promoting aberrant proliferation of human CD4 T lymphocytes. Tax2 efficiently immortalized CD4(+) memory T lymphocytes with a CD3/TCRαβ/CD4/CD25/CD45RO/CD69 immunophenotype, promoted constitutive activation of PI3K/Akt, IκB kinase/NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and STAT3, and it also increased the level of Mcl-1. Disruption of these oncogenic pathways led to growth retardation and apoptotic cell death of the Tax2-established T cell lines. We further found that Tax2 induced autophagy by interacting with the autophagy molecule complex containing Beclin1 and PI3K class III to form the LC3(+) autophagosome. Tax2-mediated autophagy promoted survival and proliferation of the immortalized T cells. The present study demonstrated the oncogenic properties of Tax2 in human T cells and also implicated Tax2 in serving as a molecular tool to generate distinct T cell subtype lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ren
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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43
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Bidoia C. Human T-lymphotropic virus proteins and post-translational modification pathways. World J Virol 2012; 1:115-30. [PMID: 24175216 PMCID: PMC3782272 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell life from the cell cycle to the signaling transduction and response to stimuli is finely tuned by protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). PTMs alter the conformation, the stability, the localization, and hence the pattern of interactions of the targeted protein. Cell pathways involve the activation of enzymes, like kinases, ligases and transferases, that, once activated, act on many proteins simultaneously, altering the state of the cell and triggering the processes they are involved in. Viruses enter a balanced system and hijack the cell, exploiting the potential of PTMs either to activate viral encoded proteins or to alter cellular pathways, with the ultimate consequence to perpetuate through their replication. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is known to be highly oncogenic and associates with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and other inflammatory pathological conditions. HTLV-1 protein activity is controlled by PTMs and, in turn, viral activity is associated with the modulation of cellular pathways based on PTMs. More knowledge is acquired about the PTMs involved in the activation of its proteins, like Tax, Rex, p12, p13, p30, HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor and Gag. However, more has to be understood at the biochemical level in order to counteract the associated fatal outcomes. This review will focus on known PTMs that directly modify HTLV-1 components and on enzymes whose activity is modulated by viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bidoia
- Carlo Bidoia, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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44
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Doueiri R, Anupam R, Kvaratskhelia M, Green KB, Lairmore MD, Green PL. Comparative host protein interactions with HTLV-1 p30 and HTLV-2 p28: insights into difference in pathobiology of human retroviruses. Retrovirology 2012; 9:64. [PMID: 22876852 PMCID: PMC3464894 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are closely related human retroviruses, but have unique disease associations. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of an aggressive T-cell leukemia known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and other inflammatory diseases. HTLV-2 infection has not been clearly associated with any disease condition. Although both viruses can transform T cells in vitro, the HTLV-1 provirus is mainly detected in CD4+ T cells whereas HTLV-2 is mainly detected in CD8+ T cells of infected individuals. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode accessory proteins p30 and p28, respectively, which share partial amino acid homology and are required for viral persistence in vivo. The goal of this study was to identify host proteins interacting with p30 and p28 in order to understand their role in pathogenesis. Results Affinity-tag purification coupled with mass spectrometric (MS) analyses revealed 42 and 22 potential interacting cellular partners of p30 and p28, respectively. Of these, only three cellular proteins, protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), hnRNP K and 60 S ribosomal protein L8 were detected in both p30 and p28 fractions. To validate the proteomic results, four interacting proteins were selected for further analyses using immunoblot assays. In full agreement with the MS analysis two cellular proteins REGγ and NEAF-interacting protein 30 (NIP30) selectively interacted with p30 and not with p28; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (hnRNP H1) bound to p28 and not to p30; and PRMT5 interacted with both p30 and p28. Further studies demonstrated that reduced levels of PRMT5 resulted in decreased HTLV-2 viral gene expression whereas the viral gene expression of HTLV-1 was unchanged. Conclusion The comparisons of p30 and p28 host protein interaction proteome showed striking differences with some degree of overlap. PRMT5, one of the host proteins that interacted with both p30 and p28 differentially affected HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 viral gene expression suggesting that PRMT5 is involved at different stages of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 biology. These findings suggest that distinct host protein interaction profiles of p30 and p28 could, in part, be responsible for differences in HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 pathobiology. This study provides new avenues of investigation into mechanisms of viral infection, tropism and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Doueiri
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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45
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The multifaceted oncoprotein Tax: subcellular localization, posttranslational modifications, and NF-κB activation. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 113:85-120. [PMID: 22429853 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394280-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Constitutive NF-κB activation by the viral oncoprotein Tax plays a crucial role in the induction and maintenance of cellular proliferation, transformation, and inhibition of apoptosis. In an attempt to provide a general view of the molecular mechanisms of constitutive Tax-induced NF-κB activation, we summarize in this review the recent body of literature that supports a major role for Tax posttranslational modifications, chiefly ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, in the NF-κB activity of Tax. These modifications indeed participate in the control of Tax subcellular localization and modulate its protein-protein interaction potential. Tax posttranslational modifications, which highlight the ability of HTLV-I to optimize its limited viral genome size, might represent an attractive target for the design of new therapies for ATL.
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46
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Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), whereas the highly related HTLV-2 is not associated with ATL or other cancers. In addition to ATL leukemogenesis, studies of the HTLV viruses also provide an exceptional model for understanding basic pathogenic mechanisms of virus-host interactions and human oncogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the viral regulatory protein Tax and host inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB are largely responsible for the different pathogenic potentials of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 oncogenic pathogenesis with a focus on the interplay between the Tax oncoprotein and NF-κB pro-oncogenic signaling. We also outline some of the most intriguing and outstanding questions in the fields of HTLV and NF-κB. Answers to those questions will greatly advance our understanding of ATL leukemogenesis and other NF-κB-associated tumorigenesis and will help us design personalized cancer therapies.
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47
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Beilke MA. Retroviral coinfections: HIV and HTLV: taking stock of more than a quarter century of research. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:139-47. [PMID: 22171689 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral coinfections with HIV-1 and HTLV-1 or with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 occur with variable frequencies throughout the world with the highest prevalence in large metropolitan areas in the Americas, Europe, and Africa. The recognition that retroviral coinfections exist dates back to the discovery of HIV-1 over 25 years ago. Despite the large body of published information regarding the biological and clinical significance of retroviral coinfections, controversy throughout several decades of research was fueled by several flawed epidemiologic studies and anecdotal reports that were not always supported with ample statistical and scientific evidence. However, the growing consensus obtained from recent systematic and well-devised research provides support for at least three conclusions: (1) HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfections are often seen in the context of patients with high CD4(+) T cell counts presenting with lymphoma or neurological complications; (2) HIV-1 and HTLV-2 coinfections have been linked in some cases to a "long term nonprogressor" phenotype; and (3) differential function and/or overexpression of the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Tax proteins likely play a pivotal role in the clinical and immunologic manifestations of HIV/HTLV-1 and -2 coinfections. This review will recount the chronology of work regarding retroviral coinfections from 1983 through the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Beilke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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48
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Comparison of the Genetic Organization, Expression Strategies and Oncogenic Potential of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2012:876153. [PMID: 23213551 PMCID: PMC3504254 DOI: 10.1155/2012/876153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are genetically related complex retroviruses that are capable of immortalizing human T-cells in vitro and establish life-long persistent infections in vivo. In spite of these apparent similarities, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 exhibit a significantly different pathogenic potential. HTLV-1 is recognized as the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). In contrast, HTLV-2 has not been causally linked to human malignancy, although it may increase the risk of developing inflammatory neuropathies and infectious diseases. The present paper is focused on the studies aimed at defining the viral genetic determinants of the pathobiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 through a comparison of the expression strategies and functional properties of the different gene products of the two viruses.
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Zane L, Yasunaga J, Kinjo T, de Melo GB, Jeang KT. Transformation of human embryonic stem cells by HTLV-1 Tax. Retrovirology 2011. [PMCID: PMC3112636 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-s1-a164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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50
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Yoshita M, Higuchi M, Takahashi M, Oie M, Tanaka Y, Fujii M. Activation of mTOR by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax is important for the transformation of mouse T cells to interleukin-2-independent growth. Cancer Sci 2011; 103:369-74. [PMID: 22010857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia, and it immortalizes and transforms human T cells in both an interleukin (IL)-2-dependent and -independent manner. HTLV-1 encodes Tax, which plays crucial roles in HTLV-1-mediated immortalization and transformation of human T cells. A previous study showed that Tax can transform a mouse T-cell line, CTLL-2, from having IL-2-dependent growth to IL-2-independent growth. Given that the Akt/mTOR pathway is essential for IL-2-induced cell growth in T cells, we examined whether the Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in Tax-induced transformation to IL-2-independent growth. The stable and transient expression of Tax in CTLL-2 induced the phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase and ribosomal protein S6, downstream targets of the mTOR kinase, whereas that of Akt was only minimally induced. Studies with Tax mutants indicated that the activation of mTOR by Tax was correlated with the transformation of CTLL-2 cells to IL-2-independent growth. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR kinase, reduced the growth of Tax-transformed CTLL-2 cells. Moreover, the transduction of a constitutively active form of Akt in the CTLL-2 cells also induced IL-2-independent growth. Like CTLL-2/Tax, constitutive phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase was detected in the absence of IL-2 in all of the HTLV-1-infected human T-cell lines. These results suggest that Tax activates the mTOR pathway in T cells, and that this activation plays a crucial role in the growth of HTLV-1-infected T cells when a limited amount of IL-2 is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Yoshita
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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