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Coffin JM, Kearney MF. False Alarm: XMRV, Cancer, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Annu Rev Virol 2024; 11:261-281. [PMID: 38976866 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-125122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) was first described in 2006 in some human prostate cancers. But it drew little attention until 2009, when it was also found, as infectious virus and as MLV-related DNA, in samples from people suffering from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This discovery was rapidly followed by efforts of the international research community to understand the significance of the association and its potential to spread widely as an important human pathogen. Within a few years, efforts by researchers worldwide failed to repeat these findings, and mounting evidence for laboratory contamination with mouse-derived virus and viral DNA sequences became accepted as the explanation for the initial findings. As researchers engaged in these studies, we present here a historical review of the rise and fall of XMRV as a human pathogen, and we discuss the lessons learned from these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Coffin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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2
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Huang L, Guo R, Li S, Wu X, Zhang Y, Guo S, Lv Y, Xiao Z, Kang J, Meng J, Zhou P, Ma J, You W, Zhang Y, Yu H, Zhao J, Huang G, Duan Z, Yan Q, Sun W. A multi-kingdom collection of 33,804 reference genomes for the human vaginal microbiome. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:2185-2200. [PMID: 38907008 PMCID: PMC11306104 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The human vagina harbours diverse microorganisms-bacteria, viruses and fungi-with profound implications for women's health. Genome-level analysis of the vaginal microbiome across multiple kingdoms remains limited. Here we utilize metagenomic sequencing data and fungal cultivation to establish the Vaginal Microbial Genome Collection (VMGC), comprising 33,804 microbial genomes spanning 786 prokaryotic species, 11 fungal species and 4,263 viral operational taxonomic units. Notably, over 25% of prokaryotic species and 85% of viral operational taxonomic units remain uncultured. This collection significantly enriches genomic diversity, especially for prevalent vaginal pathogens such as BVAB1 (an uncultured bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium) and Amygdalobacter spp. (BVAB2 and related species). Leveraging VMGC, we characterize functional traits of prokaryotes, notably Saccharofermentanales (an underexplored yet prevalent order), along with prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses, offering insights into their niche adaptation and potential roles in the vagina. VMGC serves as a valuable resource for studying vaginal microbiota and its impact on vaginal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansha Huang
- Department of Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Shenghui Li
- Puensum Genetech Institute, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Puensum Genetech Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Shumin Guo
- Department of Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei You
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Puensum Genetech Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Jixin Zhao
- Puensum Genetech Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangrong Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zuzhen Duan
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiulong Yan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Syed Lal Badshah, Ullah A, Syed S. The Role of Zinc-Finger Antiviral Proteins in Immunity against Viruses. MOLECULAR GENETICS MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416820020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Van Howe RS. Male circumcision and prostate cancer: A geographical analysis, meta-analysis, and cost analysis. Can Urol Assoc J 2020; 14:E334-E340. [PMID: 32017694 PMCID: PMC7337715 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attempts to find an association between male circumcision and prostate cancer risk have produced inconsistent results. METHODS Age-standardized prostate cancer incidence, life-expectancy, geographical region, and circumcision prevalence from 188 countries were compared using linear regression analysis. Following a systematic literature review, a meta-analysis was performed on studies meeting inclusion criteria with evaluations of between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. A cost analysis (discounted at 3% and 5% per annum) was performed using the meta-analysis's summary effect and upper confidence interval. RESULTS Univariate analysis revealed a trend for a positive association between country-level age-standardized prostate cancer incidence (per 100 000 person-years) and circumcision prevalence (β=0.0887; 95% confidence interval [CI)]-0.0560, +0.233), while multivariate analysis found a significant positive association (β=0.215; 95% CI 0.114, 0.316). Twelve studies were included in meta-analysis. The random-effects summary odds ratio of the risk of being genitally intact was 1.10 (95% CI 0.96, 1.26, between-study heterogeneity χ2 15=27.43; p=0.03; I2=82.8%). There was no evidence of publication bias. Cost analysis found infant circumcision was prohibitively costly, returning only between 1.6¢ and 13.8¢ for each dollar expended. CONCLUSIONS Circumcision may be a positive risk factor on geographical analysis, but not in case-case-controlled studies. Circumcision is not economically feasible for preventing prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Van Howe
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, United States
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A trip down memory lane with Retrovirology. Retrovirology 2019; 16:22. [PMID: 31434571 PMCID: PMC6702738 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and the Safety of the Blood Supply. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 29:749-57. [PMID: 27358491 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00086-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, a new virus, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), was discovered in a cohort of U.S. men with prostate cancer. Soon after this initial finding, XMRV was also detected in samples from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The blood community, which is highly sensitive to the threat of emerging infectious diseases since the HIV/AIDS crisis, recommended indefinite deferral of all blood donors with a history of CFS. As XMRV research progressed, conflicting results emerged regarding the importance of this virus in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer and/or CFS. Molecular biologists traced the development of XMRV to a recombination event in a laboratory mouse that likely occurred circa 1993. The virus was propagated via cell lines derived from a tumor present in this mouse and spread through contamination of laboratory samples. Well-controlled experiments showed that detection of XMRV was due to contaminated samples and was not a marker of or a causal factor in prostate cancer or CFS. This paper traces the development of XMRV in the prostate and CFS scientific communities and explores the effect it had on the blood community.
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Soekmadji C, Riches JD, Russell PJ, Ruelcke JE, McPherson S, Wang C, Hovens CM, Corcoran NM, Hill MM, Nelson CC. Modulation of paracrine signaling by CD9 positive small extracellular vesicles mediates cellular growth of androgen deprived prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 8:52237-52255. [PMID: 28881726 PMCID: PMC5581025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and maintenance of both normal and prostate cancer (PCa) cells is highly regulated by steroid hormones, particularly androgens, and the extracellular environment. Herein, we identify the secretion of CD9 positive extracellular vesicles (EV) by LNCaP and DUCaP PCa cells in response to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and use nano-LC–MS/MS to identify the proteins present in these EV. Subsequent bioinformatic and pathway analyses of the mass spectrometry data identified pathologically relevant pathways that may be altered by EV contents. Western blot and CD9 EV TR-FIA assay confirmed a specific increase in the amount of CD9 positive EV in DHT-treated LNCaP and DUCaP cells and treatment of cells with EV enriched with CD9 after DHT exposure can induce proliferation in androgen-deprived conditions. siRNA knockdown of endogenous CD9 in LNCaPs reduced cellular proliferation and expression of AR and prostate specific antigen (PSA) however knockdown of AR did not alter CD9 expression, also implicating CD9 as an upstream regulator of AR. Moreover CD9 positive EV were also found to be significantly higher in plasma from prostate cancer patients in comparison with benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. We conclude that CD9 positive EV are involved in mediating paracrine signalling and contributing toward prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soekmadji
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James D Riches
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pamela J Russell
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jayde E Ruelcke
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen McPherson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris M Hovens
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, and Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Niall M Corcoran
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, and Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Michelle M Hill
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Mirvish ED, Shuda M. Strategies for Human Tumor Virus Discoveries: From Microscopic Observation to Digital Transcriptome Subtraction. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:676. [PMID: 27242703 PMCID: PMC4865503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 20% of human cancers worldwide are associated with infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Various methods have been used to identify human tumor viruses, including electron microscopic observations of viral particles, immunologic screening, cDNA library screening, nucleic acid hybridization, consensus PCR, viral DNA array chip, and representational difference analysis. With the Human Genome Project, a large amount of genetic information from humans and other organisms has accumulated over the last decade. Utilizing the available genetic databases, Feng et al. (2007) developed digital transcriptome subtraction (DTS), an in silico method to sequentially subtract human sequences from tissue or cellular transcriptome, and discovered Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) from Merkel cell carcinoma. Here, we review the background and methods underlying the human tumor virus discoveries and explain how DTS was developed and used for the discovery of MCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra D Mirvish
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Masahiro Shuda
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
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Babaei F, Ahmadi A, Rezaei F, Jalilvand S, Ghavami N, Mahmoudi M, Abiri R, Kondori N, Nategh R, Mokhtari Azad T. Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus and RNase L R462Q Variants in Iranian Patients With Sporadic Prostate Cancer. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 17:e19439. [PMID: 26744630 PMCID: PMC4700873 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.19439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although several studies have confirmed the association of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and prostate cancer, this association is still controversial, as most studies did not detect XMRV in prostate tissue samples. Furthermore, some genetic and epidemiological studies have highlighted a role for RNase L polymorphisms, particularly R462Q, in the progression of prostate cancer. Objectives: The focus of this study was on the association of XMRV and RNase L R462Q variants with the risk of prostate cancer in Iranian patients. Patients and Methods: In this case-control study, 40 and 80 individuals with sporadic prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, respectively, were included. The presence of XMRV was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of integrase and nested-PCR for the gag genes. The RNase L R462Q polymorphism analysis was carried out by PCR and sequencing. Results: In a total of 40 sporadic prostate cancer and 80 benign prostatic hyperplasia cases, no XMRV was detected by real-time PCR and nested-PCR. RNase L R462Q polymorphism analysis reveals that although there was an increase in the risk of prostate cancer correlated with the Q/Q allele of RNase L at position 462, the frequencies of the RNase L R462Q alleles were not statistically significant between the prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia groups (OR = 2.75 (95% CI = 0.67 - 11.3), P = 0.29). Conclusions: These results did not support the presence of XMRV in the samples with prostate cancer and showed that RNase L R462Q variants had relatively little or no impact on the risk of prostate cancer in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Babaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Nasim Kondori
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran
| | - Rakhshande Nategh
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Talat Mokhtari Azad, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188962343, Fax: +98- 2188962343, E-mail:
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Prevalence and characterization of murine leukemia virus contamination in human cell lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125622. [PMID: 25927683 PMCID: PMC4416031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminations of cell cultures with microbiological organisms are well documented and can be managed in cell culture laboratories applying reliable detection, elimination and prevention strategies. However, the presence of viral contaminations in cell cultures is still a matter of debate and cannot be determined with general detection methods. In the present study we screened 577 human cell lines for the presence of murine leukemia viruses (MLV). Nineteen cell lines were found to be contaminated with MLV, including 22RV1 which is contaminated with the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus variant of MLV. Of these, 17 cell lines were shown to produce active retroviruses determined by product enhanced reverse transcriptase PCR assay for reverse transcriptase activity. The contaminated cell lines derive from various solid tumor types as well as from leukemia and lymphoma types. A contamination of primary human cells from healthy volunteers could not be substantiated. Sequence analyses of 17 MLV PCR products and five complete MLV genomes of different infected cell lines revealed at least three groups of related MLV genotypes. The viruses harvested from the supernatants of infected cell cultures were infectious to uninfected cell cultures. In the course of the study we found that contamination of human genomic DNA preparations with murine DNA can lead to false-positive results. Presumably, xenotransplantations of the human tumor cells into immune-deficient mice to determine the tumorigenicity of the cells are mainly responsible for the MLV contaminations. Furthermore, the use of murine feeder layer cells during the establishment of human cell lines and a cross-contamination with MLV from infected cultures might be sources of infection. A screening of cell cultures for MLV contamination is recommended given a contamination rate of 3.3%.
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Gomes STM, Imbiriba L, Burbano RR, Silva ALDC, Feitosa RNM, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Lack of evidence for human infection with Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in the Brazilian Amazon basin. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:302-6. [PMID: 25075480 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0075-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study confirmed the absence of natural infection with Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) or XMRV-related disease in human populations of the Brazilian Amazon basin. We demonstrated that 803 individuals of both sexes, who were residents of Belem in the Brazilian State of Pará, were not infected with XMRV. METHODS Individuals were divided into 4 subgroups: healthy individuals, individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), individuals infected with human T-lymphotrophic virus, types 1 or 2 (HTLV-1/2), and individuals with prostate cancer. XMRV infection was investigated by nested PCR to detect the viral gag gene and by quantitative PCR to detect pol. RESULTS There was no amplification of either gag or pol segments from XRMV in any of the samples examined. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the conclusions of the studies that eventually led to the retraction of the original study reporting the association between XMRV and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Imbiriba
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rommel Rodriguéz Burbano
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Artur Luiz da Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Polimorfismo de DNA, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brazil
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The saga of XMRV: a virus that infects human cells but is not a human virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e. [PMID: 26038516 PMCID: PMC4008767 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was discovered in 2006 in a search for a viral etiology of human prostate cancer (PC). Substantial interest in XMRV as a potentially new pathogenic human retrovirus was driven by reports that XMRV could be detected in a significant percentage of PC samples, and also in tissues from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). After considerable controversy, etiologic links between XMRV and these two diseases were disproven. XMRV was determined to have arisen during passage of a human PC tumor in immunocompromised nude mice, by activation and recombination between two endogenous murine leukemia viruses from cells of the mouse. The resulting XMRV had a xentropic host range, which allowed it replicate in the human tumor cells in the xenograft. This review describes the discovery of XMRV, and the molecular and virological events leading to its formation, XMRV infection in animal models and biological effects on infected cells. Lessons from XMRV for other searches of viral etiologies of cancer are discussed, as well as cautions for researchers working on human tumors or cell lines that have been passed through nude mice, includingpotential biohazards associated with XMRV or other similar xenotropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs).
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Khodabandehloo M, Hosseini W, Rahmani MR, Rezaee MA, Hakhamaneshi MS, Nikkhoo B, Jalili A. No Detection of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Viruses in Prostate Cancer in Sanandaj, West of Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:6929-33. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Hempel HA, Burns KH, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS. Infection of Xenotransplanted Human Cell Lines by Murine Retroviruses: A Lesson Brought Back to Light by XMRV. Front Oncol 2013; 3:156. [PMID: 23785669 PMCID: PMC3683812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of xenotransplanted human cells by xenotropic retroviruses is a known phenomenon in the scientific literature, with examples cited since the early 1970s. However, arguably, until recently, the importance of this phenomenon had not been largely recognized. The emergence and subsequent debunking of Xenotropic Murine leukemia virus-Related Virus (XMRV) as a cell culture contaminant as opposed to a potential pathogen in several human diseases, notably prostate cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, highlighted a potential problem of murine endogenous gammaretroviruses infecting commonly used human cell lines. Subsequent to the discovery of XMRV, many additional cell lines that underwent xenotransplantation in mice have been shown to harbor murine gammaretroviruses. Such retroviral infection poses the threat of not only confounding experiments performed in these cell lines via virus-induced changes in cellular behavior but also the potential infection of other cell lines cultured in the same laboratory. Thus, the possibility of xenotropic retroviral infection of cell lines may warrant additional precautions, such as periodic testing for retroviral sequences in cell lines cultured in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Hempel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Murgai M, Thomas J, Cherepanova O, Delviks-Frankenberry K, Deeble P, Pathak VK, Rekosh D, Owens G. Xenotropic MLV envelope proteins induce tumor cells to secrete factors that promote the formation of immature blood vessels. Retrovirology 2013; 10:34. [PMID: 23537062 PMCID: PMC3681559 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotropic Murine leukemia virus-Related Virus (XMRV) is a γ-retrovirus initially reported to be present within familial human prostate tumors and the blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Subsequent studies however were unable to replicate these findings, and there is now compelling evidence that the virus evolved through rare retroviral recombination events in human tumor cell lines established through murine xenograft experiments. There is also no direct evidence that XMRV infection has any functional effects that contribute to tumor pathogenesis. Results Herein we describe an additional xenotropic MLV, “B4rv”, found in a cell line derived from xenograft experiments with the human prostate cancer LNCaP cell line. When injected subcutaneously in nude mice, LNCaP cells infected with XMRV or B4rv formed larger tumors that were highly hemorrhagic and displayed poor pericyte/smooth muscle cell (SMC) investment, markers of increased metastatic potential. Conditioned media derived from XMRV- or B4rv-infected LNCaPs, but not an amphotropic MLV control virus infected LNCaPs, profoundly decreased expression of marker genes in cultured SMC, consistent with inhibition of SMC differentiation/maturation. Similar effects were seen with a chimeric virus of the amphotropic MLV control virus containing the XMRV env gene, but not with an XMRV chimeric virus containing the amphotropic MLV env gene. UV-inactivated XMRV and pseudovirions that were pseudotyped with XMRV envelope protein also produce conditioned media that down-regulated SMC marker gene expression in vitro. Conclusions Together these results indicate that xenotropic MLV envelope proteins are sufficient to induce the production of factors by tumor cells that suppress vascular SMC differentiation, providing evidence for a novel mechanism by which xenotropic MLVs might alter tumor pathogenesis by disrupting tumor vascular maturation. Although it is highly unlikely that either XMRV or B4Rv themselves infect humans and are pathogenic, the results suggest that xenograft approaches commonly used in the study of human cancer promote the evolution of novel retroviruses with pathogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Murgai
- Robert M, Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, School of Medicine Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Rezaei SD, Hearps AC, Mills J, Pedersen J, Tachedjian G. No association between XMRV or related gammaretroviruses in Australian prostate cancer patients. Virol J 2013; 10:20. [PMID: 23305518 PMCID: PMC3560155 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a gammaretrovirus reported to be associated with prostate cancer (PC) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). While the association of XMRV with CFS and PC has recently been discredited, no studies have been performed in Australian patients to investigate the association between PC and XMRV or related murine leukemia virus (MLV) in matched PC and normal tissue. METHODS Genomic DNA (gDNA) was purified from matched normal and cancer formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate tissue from 35 Australian PC patients with Gleason scores ranging from 7 - 10. The presence of the ribonuclease L (RNase L) polymorphism R462Q was determined by allele specific PCR. Samples were screened for XMRV and related murine leukemia virus (MLV) variants by qPCR. Contaminating mouse DNA was detected using qPCR targeting mouse intracisternal A particle long terminal repeat DNA. RESULTS gDNA was successfully purified from 94% (66/70) of normal and cancer FFPE prostate tissues. RNase L typing revealed 8% were homozygous (QQ), 60% were heterozygous (RQ) and 32% were wild-type (RR) for the RNase L mutation. None of the 66 samples tested were positive for XMRV or related MLV sequences using broad MLV or XMRV specific primers with detection sensitivities of 1 viral copy of MLV/XMRV and XMRV DNA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using highly sensitive qPCR we found no evidence of XMRV or related gammaretroviruses in prostate tissues from 35 Australian PC patients. Our findings are consistent with other studies demonstrating that XMRV is a laboratory contaminant that has no role in the aetiology of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin D Rezaei
- Retroviral Biology and Antivirals Laboratory, Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Schüttrumpf J, Hourfar M, Alesci S, Miesbach W, Seifried E, Schmidt M. No Detection of the Retrovirus Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus in Individuals with Hemophilia. Transfus Med Hemother 2013; 40:32-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000345661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a retrovirus that has recently been related to prostate cancers and chronic fatigue syndrome. Since other human-pathogenic retroviruses, such as HIV, human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and –II, are known blood-transmitted pathogens, XMRV might present another hazard associated with products derived from in vitro cultures of human or animal origin, or blood component-based therapeutics. Here, we investigated whether XMRV was transmitted to individuals with hemophilia and frequent exposure to plasma-derived or recombinant clotting factors. <b><i>Methods: </i></b>We used highly sensitive real-time PCR to test plasma samples from 127 consecutive individuals with hemophilia who consulted our hemophilia center either for treatment or for a standard check-up. <b><i>Results: </i></b>From the 127 hemophiliacs, 80 had prior contact to persons with either hepatitis B (n = 30), hepatitis C (n = 74) and/or HIV (n = 21), and 30 were currently being treated with plasma-derived and 97 with recombinant factor concentrates. None of the individuals tested positive for XMRV. <b><i>Conclusions: </i></b>Independent of the ongoing discussion on whether the positive XMRV testing in initial reports was a result of reagent, sample, or tissue contamination, and whether XMRV is a real threat or a testing artifact, our data suggest that XMRV might not play an important role for hemophiliacs.
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Arredondo M, de Bethencourt F, Treviño A, Collado A, Torres P, Barbolla L, Soriano V, de Mendoza C. Short communication: RNASEL alleles and susceptibility to infection by human retroviruses and hepatitis viruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1259-61. [PMID: 22356654 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RNASEL seems to function as an intracellular restriction factor blocking the establishment of infections caused by viral agents. Herein, we investigated whether allelic variants at the RNASEL gene might influence the susceptibility to viral infections or conditions potentially linked to viral agents. The allelic distribution at codon 462 was 139 (33.9%), 204 (49.8%), and 67 (16.3%) for RR, RQ, and QQ, respectively, in 410 individuals in Spain. There were no significant differences comparing 105 blood donors and 71 patients with HIV-1 infection, 27 with chronic hepatitis C, 67 with prostate cancer, and 107 with chronic fatigue syndrome. In contrast, two-thirds of 18 patients with HTLV-1 infection and 15 with chronic hepatitis B harbored RR. Thus, polymorphisms at the RNASEL gene do not seem to influence the susceptibility to common viral infections or conditions potentially of viral etiology. The role in influencing the susceptibility to HTLV-1 or HBV chronic infection warrants further examination in larger patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Arredondo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Treviño
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Soriano
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Lee D, Das Gupta J, Gaughan C, Steffen I, Tang N, Luk KC, Qiu X, Urisman A, Fischer N, Molinaro R, Broz M, Schochetman G, Klein EA, Ganem D, DeRisi JL, Simmons G, Hackett J, Silverman RH, Chiu CY. In-depth investigation of archival and prospectively collected samples reveals no evidence for XMRV infection in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44954. [PMID: 23028701 PMCID: PMC3445615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
XMRV, or xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus, is a novel gammaretrovirus originally identified in studies that analyzed tissue from prostate cancer patients in 2006 and blood from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in 2009. However, a large number of subsequent studies failed to confirm a link between XMRV infection and CFS or prostate cancer. On the contrary, recent evidence indicates that XMRV is a contaminant originating from the recombination of two mouse endogenous retroviruses during passaging of a prostate tumor xenograft (CWR22) in mice, generating laboratory-derived cell lines that are XMRV-infected. To confirm or refute an association between XMRV and prostate cancer, we analyzed prostate cancer tissues and plasma from a prospectively collected cohort of 39 patients as well as archival RNA and prostate tissue from the original 2006 study. Despite comprehensive microarray, PCR, FISH, and serological testing, XMRV was not detected in any of the newly collected samples or in archival tissue, although archival RNA remained XMRV-positive. Notably, archival VP62 prostate tissue, from which the prototype XMRV strain was derived, tested negative for XMRV on re-analysis. Analysis of viral genomic and human mitochondrial sequences revealed that all previously characterized XMRV strains are identical and that the archival RNA had been contaminated by an XMRV-infected laboratory cell line. These findings reveal no association between XMRV and prostate cancer, and underscore the conclusion that XMRV is not a naturally acquired human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Imke Steffen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ning Tang
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ka-Cheung Luk
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxing Qiu
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Fischer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ross Molinaro
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Miranda Broz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Eric A. Klein
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Don Ganem
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Hackett
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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20
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Arredondo M, Hackett J, de Bethencourt FR, Treviño A, Escudero D, Collado A, Qiu X, Swanson P, Soriano V, de Mendoza C. Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus infection in different risk populations in Spain. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1089-94. [PMID: 22206583 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been associated controversially with prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Information is lacking about the mechanisms of transmission and potential risk groups for XMRV infection. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals with retroviral infections, chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune diseases, prostate cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, and blood donors were tested for XMRV markers. Antibodies to XMRV proteins p15E and gp70 were examined using research assays. DNA extracted from PBMCs was tested for the presence of XMRV gag and env sequences. A total of 1103 specimens belonging to individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia (437), prostate cancer (69), HIV-1 (149), HTLV-1/2 (31), chronic hepatitis B (81), chronic hepatitis C (72), autoimmune diseases (18), and blood donors (246) were examined. Overall, three samples (0.3%) were p15E seroreactive (two HTLV-1 and one HCV patient). Another 15 (1.4%) were gp70 seroreactive (six chronic fatigue syndrome-fibromyalgia, four blood donors, two HIV-1, one prostate cancer, one HBV, and one HCV). Four specimens were initially positive for XMRV gag sequences, but none could be confirmed by repeated testing. In summary, no evidence of XMRV infection was found in populations with retroviral and viral hepatitis infections in Spain. Likewise, XMRV was not recognized in patients with autoimmune diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome-fibromyalgia, prostate cancer, or healthy blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Arredondo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Hackett
- Infectious Diseases R&D, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | | | - Ana Treviño
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Escudero
- Neurology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xiaoxing Qiu
- Infectious Diseases R&D, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | | | - Vincent Soriano
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Delviks-Frankenberry K, Cingoz O, Coffin JM, Pathak VK. Recombinant origin, contamination, and de-discovery of XMRV. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:499-507. [PMID: 22818188 PMCID: PMC3426297 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and de-discovery of the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been a tumultuous roller-coaster ride for scientists and patients. The initial associations of XMRV with chronic fatigue syndrome and prostate cancer, while providing much hope and optimism, have now been discredited and/or retracted following overwhelming evidence that (1) numerous patient cohorts from around the world are XMRV-negative, (2) the initial reports of XMRV-positive patients were due to contamination with mouse DNA, XMRV plasmid DNA, or virus from the 22Rv1 cell line and (3) XMRV is a laboratory-derived virus generated in the mid 1990s through recombination during passage of a prostate tumor xenograft in immuno-compromised mice. While these developments are disappointing to scientists and patients, they provide a valuable road map of potential pitfalls to the would-be microbe hunters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oya Cingoz
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - John M. Coffin
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - Vinay K. Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, NCI, HIV DRP, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
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22
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Stieler K, Schumacher U, Horst AK, Fischer N. XMRV induces cell migration, cytokine expression and tumor angiogenesis: are 22Rv1 cells a suitable prostate cancer model? PLoS One 2012; 7:e42321. [PMID: 22848758 PMCID: PMC3407105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
22Rv1 is a common prostate cancer cell line used in xenograft mouse experiments as well as in vitro cell culture assays to study aspects of prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Recently, this cell line was shown to harbor multiple copies of a gammaretrovirus, called XMRV, integrated in its genome. While the original prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 is free of any retrovirus, subsequently generated cell lines 22Rv1 and CWR-R1, carry this virus and additionally shed infectious gammaretroviral particles in their supernatant. Although XMRV most likely was generated by recombination events in cell culture this virus has been demonstrated to infect human cells in vitro and 22Rv1 as well as CWR-R1 cells are now considered biosafety 2 reagents. Here, we demonstrate that 22Rv1 cells with reduced retroviral transcription show reduced tumor angiogenesis and increased necrosis of the primary tumor derived from xenografted cells in scid mice when compared to the parental cell line. The presence of XMRV transcripts significantly increases secretion of osteopontin (OPN), CXCL14, IL13 and TIMP2 in 22Rv1 cells. Furthermore, these data are supported by in vitro cell invasion and differentiation assays. Collectively, our data suggest that the presence of XMRV transcripts at least partially contributes to 22Rv1 characteristics observed in vitro and in vivo with regard to migration, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. We propose that data received with 22Rv1 cells or equivalent cells carrying xenotropic gammaretroviruses should be carefully controlled including other prostate cancer cell lines tested for viral sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Stieler
- Institute for Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kristina Horst
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute for Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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23
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No evidence for xenotropic murine leukemia-related virus infection in Sweden using internally controlled multiepitope suspension array serology. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1399-410. [PMID: 22787191 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00391-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many syndromes have a large number of differential diagnoses, a situation which calls for multiplex diagnostic systems. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), also named chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is a common disease of unknown etiology. A mouse retrovirus, xenotropic murine leukemia-related virus (XMRV), was found in ME/CFS patients and blood donors, but this was not corroborated. However, the paucity of serological investigations on XMRV in humans prompted us to develop a serological assay which cover many aspects of XMRV antigenicity. It is a novel suspension array method, using a multiplex IgG assay with nine recombinant proteins from the env and gag genes of XMRV and 38 peptides based on known epitopes of vertebrate gammaretroviruses. IgG antibodies were sought in 520 blood donors and 85 ME/CFS patients and in positive- and negative-control sera from animals. We found no differences in seroreactivity between blood donors and ME/CFS patients for any of the antigens. This did not support an association between ME/CFS and XMRV infection. The multiplex serological system had several advantages: (i) biotinylated protein G allowed us to run both human and animal sera, which is essential because of a lack of XMRV-positive humans; (ii) a novel quality control was a pan-peptide positive-control rabbit serum; and (iii) synthetic XMRV Gag peptides with degenerate positions covering most of the variation of murine leukemia-like viruses did not give higher background than nondegenerate analogs. The principle may be used for creation of variant tolerant peptide serologies. Thus, our system allows rational large-scale serological assays with built-in quality control.
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24
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Comparing PreXMRV-2 gag sequence diversity in laboratory and wild mice using deep sequencing. Virus Res 2012; 169:30-7. [PMID: 22771940 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) derives from a laboratory recombinant. However, sequences with characteristics of the 5' half of XMRV (termed PreXMRV-2) have been identified in several laboratory mouse genomes and cell lines suggesting parts of the XMRV genome exist as naturally occurring retroviruses in mice. We compare here PreXMRV-2 gag sequence diversity in mice to that of reported XMRV-like sequences by testing a panel of wild mouse and common inbred laboratory mouse strain genomic DNAs and by using high throughput amplicon sequencing. Sequences with features typical of previously reported PreXMRV-2 sequences, among them a 24 nt deletion, were repeatedly identified in different wild mice and inbred mouse strains within a high background of non-XMRV-like sequences. However, Sanger sequencing of clones from amplicons failed to retrieve such sequences effectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that PreXMRV-2 gag sequences from mice, cell lines and patient samples belong to the same evolutionarily young clade and that such sequences are diverse and widespread within Mus musculus domesticus and laboratory mice derived from this species. No evidence of PreXMRV-2 like gag sequences could be obtained outside of the M. musculus lineage. The results suggest that accurate determination of presence, absence and relationships of specific murine retroviral strains benefit greatly from deep sequencing analysis.
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25
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Lack of evidence for a role of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and/or chronic fatigue syndrome. Virus Res 2012; 167:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang X, Tu F, Zhu Y, Gao G. Zinc-finger antiviral protein inhibits XMRV infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39159. [PMID: 22720057 PMCID: PMC3376128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a host factor that specifically inhibits the replication of certain viruses, including Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), HIV-1, and certain alphaviruses and filoviruses. ZAP binds to specific viral mRNAs and recruits cellular mRNA degradation machinery to degrade the target RNA. The common features of ZAP-responsive RNA sequences remain elusive and thus whether a virus is susceptible to ZAP can only be determined experimentally. Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a recently identified γ-retrovirus that was originally thought to be involved in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome but recently proved to be a laboratory artefact. Nonetheless, XMRV as a new retrovirus has been extensively studied. Since XMRV and MoMLV share only 67.9% sequence identity in the 3′UTRs, which is the target sequence of ZAP in MoMLV, whether XMRV is susceptible to ZAP remains to be determined. Findings We constructed an XMRV-luc vector, in which the coding sequences of Gag-Pol and part of Env were replaced with luciferase-coding sequence. Overexpression of ZAP potently inhibited the expression of XMRV-luc in a ZAP expression-level-dependent manner, while downregulation of endogenous ZAP rendered cells more sensitive to infection. Furthermore, ZAP inhibited the spreading of replication-competent XMRV. Consistent with the previously reported mechanisms by which ZAP inhibits viral infection, ZAP significantly inhibited the accumulation of XMRV-luc mRNA in the cytoplasm. The ZAP-responsive element in XMRV mRNA was mapped to the 3′UTR. Conclusions ZAP inhibits XMRV replication by preventing the accumulation of viral mRNA in the cytoplasm. Documentation of ZAP inhibiting XMRV helps to broaden the spectrum of ZAP's antiviral activity. Comparison of the target sequences of ZAP in XMRV and MoMLV helps to better understand the features of ZAP-responsive elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Pandhare J, Mantri C, Gong Y, Chen Z, Dash C. XMRV accelerates cellular proliferation, transformational activity, and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells by downregulating p27(Kip1). Prostate 2012; 72:886-97. [PMID: 21932423 PMCID: PMC3275676 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related retrovirus (XMRV) is a recently discovered gammaretrovirus that was originally detected in prostate tumors. However, a causal relationship between XMRV and prostate cancer remains controversial due to conflicting reports on its etiologic occurrence. Even though gammaretroviruses are known to induce cancer in animals, a mechanism for XMRV-induced carcinogenesis remains unknown. Several mechanisms including insertional mutagenesis, proinflammatory effects, oncogenic viral proteins, immune suppression, and altered epithelial/stromal interactions have been proposed for a role of XMRV in prostate cancer. However, biochemical data supporting any of these mechanisms are lacking. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate a potential role of XMRV in prostate carcinogenesis. METHODS Growth kinetics of prostate cancer cells are conducted by MTT assay. In vitro transformation and invasion was carried out by soft agar colony formation, and Matrigel cell invasion assay, respectively. p27(Kip1) expression was determined by Western blot and MMP activation was evaluated by gelatin-zymography. Up-regulation of miR221 and miR222 expression was examined by real-time PCR. RESULTS We demonstrate that XMRV infection can accelerate cellular proliferation, enhance transformation, and increase invasiveness of slow growing prostate cancer cells. The molecular basis of these viral induced activities is mediated by the downregulation of cyclin/cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) . Downstream analyses illustrated that XMRV infection upregulates miR221 and miR222 expression that target p27(Kip1) mRNA. CONCLUSIONS We propose that downregulation of p27(Kip1) by XMRV infection facilitates transition of G1 to S, thereby accelerates growth of prostate cancer cells. Our findings implicate that if XMRV is present in humans, then under appropriate cellular microenvironment it may serve as a cofactor to promote cancer progression in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui Pandhare
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center For AIDS Research (CFAR), Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Chinmay Mantri
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center For AIDS Research (CFAR), Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Yuanying Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center For AIDS Research (CFAR), Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Corresponding Author: Tel: 615-327-6996, Fax: 615-327-6929,
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28
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Das Gupta J, Luk KC, Tang N, Gaughan C, Klein EA, Kandel ES, Hackett J, Silverman RH. Absence of XMRV and closely related viruses in primary prostate cancer tissues used to derive the XMRV-infected cell line 22Rv1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36072. [PMID: 22615748 PMCID: PMC3353988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22Rv1 cell line is widely used for prostate cancer research and other studies throughout the world. These cells were established from a human prostate tumor, CWR22, that was serially passaged in nude mice and selected for androgen independence. The 22Rv1 cells are known to produce high titers of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV). Recent studies suggested that XMRV was inadvertently created in the 1990's when two murine leukemia virus (MLV) genomes (pre-XMRV1 and pre-XMRV-2) recombined during passaging of the CWR22 tumor in mice. The conclusion that XMRV originated from mice and not the patient was based partly on the failure to detect XMRV in early CWR22 xenografts. While that deduction is certainly justified, we examined the possibility that a closely related virus could have been present in primary tumor tissue. Here we report that we have located the original prostate tumor tissue excised from patient CWR22 and have assayed the corresponding DNA by PCR and the tissue sections by fluorescence in situ hybridization for the presence of XMRV or a similar virus. The primary tumor tissues lacked mouse DNA as determined by PCR for intracisternal A type particle DNA, thus avoiding one of the limitations of studying xenografts. We show that neither XMRV nor a closely related virus was present in primary prostate tissue of patient CWR22. Our findings confirm and reinforce the conclusion that XMRV is a recombinant laboratory-generated mouse virus that is highly adapted for human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydip Das Gupta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ka-Cheung Luk
- Abbott Diagnostics, Emerging Pathogens and Virus Discovery, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ning Tang
- Abbott Molecular, Des Plaines, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Klein
- Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eugene S. Kandel
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - John Hackett
- Abbott Diagnostics, Emerging Pathogens and Virus Discovery, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Curriu M, Carrillo J, Massanella M, Garcia E, Cunyat F, Peña R, Wienberg P, Carrato C, Areal J, Bofill M, Clotet B, Blanco J, Cabrera C. Susceptibility of human lymphoid tissue cultured ex vivo to xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37415. [PMID: 22616002 PMCID: PMC3353939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was generated after a recombination event between two endogenous murine leukemia viruses during the production of a prostate cancer cell line. Although the associations of the XMRV infection with human diseases appear unlikely, the XMRV is a retrovirus of undefined pathogenic potential, able to replicate in human cells in vitro. Since recent studies using animal models for infection have yielded conflicting results, we set out an ex vivo model for XMRV infection of human tonsillar tissue to determine whether XMRV produced by 22Rv1 cells is able to replicate in human lymphoid organs. Tonsil blocks were infected and infection kinetics and its pathogenic effects were monitored RESULTS XMRV, though restricted by APOBEC, enters and integrates into the tissue cells. The infection did not result in changes of T or B-cells, immune activation, nor inflammatory chemokines. Infectious viruses could be recovered from supernatants of infected tonsils by reinfecting DERSE XMRV indicator cell line, although these supernatants could not establish a new infection in fresh tonsil culture, indicating that in our model, the viral replication is controlled by innate antiviral restriction factors. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the replication-competent retrovirus XMRV, present in a high number of laboratories, is able to infect human lymphoid tissue and produce infectious viruses, even though they were unable to establish a new infection in fresh tonsillar tissue. Hereby, laboratories working with cell lines producing XMRV should have knowledge and understanding of the potential biological biohazardous risks of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Curriu
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Garcia
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Cunyat
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Peña
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Wienberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrato
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Areal
- Urology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Bofill
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Denner J, Tönjes RR. Infection barriers to successful xenotransplantation focusing on porcine endogenous retroviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:318-43. [PMID: 22491774 PMCID: PMC3346299 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05011-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may be a solution to overcome the shortage of organs for the treatment of patients with organ failure, but it may be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms and the development of xenozoonoses. Whereas most microorganisms may be eliminated by pathogen-free breeding of the donor animals, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) cannot be eliminated, since these are integrated into the genomes of all pigs. Human-tropic PERV-A and -B are present in all pigs and are able to infect human cells. Infection of ecotropic PERV-C is limited to pig cells. PERVs may adapt to host cells by varying the number of LTR-binding transcription factor binding sites. Like all retroviruses, they may induce tumors and/or immunodeficiencies. To date, all experimental, preclinical, and clinical xenotransplantations using pig cells, tissues, and organs have not shown transmission of PERV. Highly sensitive and specific methods have been developed to analyze the PERV status of donor pigs and to monitor recipients for PERV infection. Strategies have been developed to prevent PERV transmission, including selection of PERV-C-negative, low-producer pigs, generation of an effective vaccine, selection of effective antiretrovirals, and generation of animals transgenic for a PERV-specific short hairpin RNA inhibiting PERV expression by RNA interference.
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Hrbacek J, Urban M, Hamsikova E, Tachezy R, Heracek J. Thirty years of research on infection and prostate cancer: no conclusive evidence for a link. A systematic review. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:951-65. [PMID: 22459691 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential role of genitourinary infection in the etiology of prostate cancer (CaP) has been extensively investigated for 30 years. Two basic approaches have been used: tissue-based methods (polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization) and serologic assays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, etc.). The objective of this review was to answer the question of whether infection of the male genitourinary tract may have a role in the etiology of CaP. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have carried out a systematic review of the evidence that was published in the MEDLINE/PubMed database until December 2011. The search terms included "prostate cancer," "infection," and the explicit names of the various infectious agents. Additional studies were identified using a reference search. A total of 74 papers were included in the review, which cover the following infectious agents: human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus, BK virus, JC virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, trichomonas, neisseria, treponema, Propionibacterium acnes, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and Candida albicans. RESULTS Despite the variable study designs and methodological approaches that were used, most of the pathogens that were studied were unlikely to be directly involved in prostate carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The role of infection in the etiology of CaP has yet to be determined despite 30 years of research efforts. A discovery of an infectious agent that is associated with CaP would be of great medical importance; however, such a link would have to be firmly established before impacting on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrbacek
- Charles University in Prague, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic; Královské Vinohrady Teaching Hospital, Department of Urology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhou Y, Steffen I, Montalvo L, Lee TH, Zemel R, Switzer WM, Tang S, Jia H, Heneine W, Winkelman V, Tailor CS, Ikeda Y, Simmons G. Development and application of a high-throughput microneutralization assay: lack of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and/or murine leukemia virus detection in blood donors. Transfusion 2012; 52:332-42. [PMID: 22239212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) and other related MLVs have been described with chronic fatigue syndrome and certain types of prostate cancer. In addition, prevalence rates as high as 7% have been reported in blood donors, raising the risk of transfusion-related transmission. Several laboratories have utilized microneutralization assays as a surrogate marker for detection of anti-MLV serologic responses--with up to 25% of prostate cancer patients reported to harbor neutralizing antibody responses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We developed a high-throughput microneutralization assay for research studies on blood donors using retroviral vectors pseudotyped with XMRV-specific envelopes. Infection with these pseudotypes was neutralized by sera from both macaques and mice challenged with XMRV, but not preimmune serum. A total of 354 plasma samples from blood donors in the Reno/Tahoe area were screened for neutralization. RESULTS A total of 6.5% of donor samples gave moderate neutralization of XMRV, but not control pseudotypes. However, further testing by Western blot revealed no evidence of antibodies against MLVs in any of these samples. Furthermore, no evidence of infectious virus or viral nucleic acid was observed. CONCLUSION A microneutralization assay was developed for detection of XMRV and can be applied in a high-throughput format for large-scale studies. Although a proportion of blood donors demonstrated the ability to block XMRV envelope-mediated infection, we found no evidence that this inhibition was mediated by specific antibodies elicited by exposure to XMRV or MLV. It is likely that this moderate neutralization is mediated through another, nonspecific mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Zhou
- Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
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Del Prete GQ, Kearney MF, Spindler J, Wiegand A, Chertova E, Roser JD, Estes JD, Hao XP, Trubey CM, Lara A, Lee K, Chaipan C, Bess JW, Nagashima K, Keele BF, Macallister R, Smedley J, Pathak VK, KewalRamani VN, Coffin JM, Lifson JD. Restricted replication of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in pigtailed macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:3152-66. [PMID: 22238316 PMCID: PMC3302341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06886-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been previously linked to prostate cancer and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, recent data indicate that results interpreted as evidence of human XMRV infection reflect laboratory contamination rather than authentic in vivo infection. Nevertheless, XMRV is a retrovirus of undefined pathogenic potential that is able to replicate in human cells. Here we describe a comprehensive analysis of two male pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) experimentally infected with XMRV. Following intravenous inoculation with >10(10) RNA copy equivalents of XMRV, viral replication was limited and transient, peaking at ≤2,200 viral RNA (vRNA) copies/ml plasma and becoming undetectable by 4 weeks postinfection, though viral DNA (vDNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells remained detectable through 119 days of follow-up. Similarly, vRNA was not detectable in lymph nodes by in situ hybridization despite detectable vDNA. Sequencing of cell-associated vDNA revealed extensive G-to-A hypermutation, suggestive of APOBEC-mediated viral restriction. Consistent with limited viral replication, we found transient upregulation of type I interferon responses that returned to baseline by 2 weeks postinfection, no detectable cellular immune responses, and limited or no spread to prostate tissue. Antibody responses, including neutralizing antibodies, however, were detectable by 2 weeks postinfection and maintained throughout the study. Both animals were healthy for the duration of follow-up. These findings indicate that XMRV replication and spread were limited in pigtailed macaques, predominantly by APOBEC-mediated hypermutation. Given that human APOBEC proteins restrict XMRV infection in vitro, human XMRV infection, if it occurred, would be expected to be characterized by similarly limited viral replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary F. Kearney
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon Spindler
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann Wiegand
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - KyeongEun Lee
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Chawaree Chaipan
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rhonda Macallister
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, SAIC—Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, SAIC—Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Vinay K. Pathak
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John M. Coffin
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Korn K, Reil H, Ensser A, Knöll A. No evidence of XMRV infection in immunocompromised patients and HIV-positive individuals from Germany. Infection 2012; 40:181-4. [PMID: 22350961 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-012-0249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been detected in patients with prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The detection of XMRV in healthy individuals has raised concern about a possible virus transmission by blood products. However, recent studies challenge the association between XMRV and human disease. This study investigated whether or not XMRV is present in patients with altered immune function and individuals at increased risk of blood-borne viral infections in Germany. METHODS We investigated 503 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from 240 patients with iatrogenic immune suppression (71 haematopoietic stem cell recipients, 132 solid organ transplant recipients, 37 others) and 311 PBMC samples from 302 patients with HIV-1 infection for the presence of proviral XMRV by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS All 814 PBMC samples from 542 patients tested negative for XMRV DNA and positive for an internal herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) control. Human genomic DNA was detected in all samples, and 90% of the samples contained >10,000 cell equivalents per XMRV PCR reaction. CONCLUSIONS Our failure to detect proviral XMRV provides evidence against the presence of XMRV in patients at increased risk of viral infections in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Korn
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Background: The aetiology of breast cancer remains elusive. A viral aetiology has been proposed, but to date no virus has been conclusively demonstrated to be involved. Recently, two new viruses, namely Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) and xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) have been identified and implicated in the pathogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and familial form of prostate cancer, respectively. Methods: We examined 204 samples from 58 different cases of breast cancer for presence of MCV or XMRV by PCR. Samples consisted of both malignant and non-malignant tissues. Additionally, we included 6 cases of MCC and 12 cases of prostate cancer as potential controls for MCV and XMRV, respectively. Results: All of the breast cancer samples examined were negative for both MCV and XMRV. However, 4/6 MCC and 2/12 prostate cancer samples were found to be positive for MCV and XMRV, respectively. Sequence analysis of the amplified products confirmed that these sequences belonged to MCV and XMRV. Conclusion: We conclude that there is no evidence for the involvement of MCV or XMRV in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. What role these viruses have in the pathogenesis of MCC and prostate carcinomas remains to be demonstrated.
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Gingaras C, Danielson BP, Vigil KJ, Vey E, Arduino RC, Kimata JT. Absence of XMRV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ARV-treatment naïve HIV-1 infected and HIV-1/HCV coinfected individuals and blood donors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31398. [PMID: 22348082 PMCID: PMC3278456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been found in the prostatic tissue of prostate cancer patients and in the blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. However, numerous studies have found little to no trace of XMRV in different human cohorts. Based on evidence suggesting common transmission routes between XMRV and HIV-1, HIV-1 infected individuals may represent a high-risk group for XMRV infection and spread. Methodology/Principal Findings DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 179 HIV-1 infected treatment naïve patients, 86 of which were coinfected with HCV, and 54 healthy blood donors. DNA was screened for XMRV provirus with two sensitive, published PCR assays targeting XMRV gag and env and one sensitive, published nested PCR assay targeting env. Detection of XMRV was confirmed by DNA sequencing. One of the 179 HIV-1 infected patients tested positive for gag by non-nested PCR whereas the two other assays did not detect XMRV in any specimen. All healthy blood donors were negative for XMRV proviral sequences. Sera from 23 HIV-1 infected patients (15 HCV+) and 12 healthy donors were screened for the presence of XMRV-reactive antibodies by Western blot. Thirteen sera (57%) from HIV-1+ patients and 6 sera (50%) from healthy donors showed reactivity to XMRV-infected cell lysate. Conclusions/Significance The virtual absence of XMRV in PBMCs suggests that XMRV is not associated with HIV-1 infected or HIV-1/HCV coinfected patients, or blood donors. Although we noted isolated incidents of serum reactivity to XMRV, we are unable to verify the antibodies as XMRV specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmina Gingaras
- Section of Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bryan P. Danielson
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen J. Vigil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elana Vey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto C. Arduino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- * E-mail:
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Testing strategies for detection of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus infection. Adv Virol 2012; 2011:281425. [PMID: 22312340 PMCID: PMC3265300 DOI: 10.1155/2011/281425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a newly identified gamma retrovirus and may be associated with prostate cancer- (PC) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Since its identification in 2006 and detection of polytropic murine lenkemia virus (MLV)-like sequences in CFS patients in 2010, several test methods including nucleic acid testing methods and serological assays have been developed for detection of XMRV and/or MLV-like sequences. However, these research assays have not yet been validated and evaluated due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials. Mouse DNA contamination should be carefully checked when testing human specimens in order to avoid false-positive detection of XMRV or MLV-like sequences.
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Sfanos KS, Aloia AL, De Marzo AM, Rein A. XMRV and prostate cancer--a 'final' perspective. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:111-8. [PMID: 22231291 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2011.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
XMRV was first described in 2006, when it was identified in samples isolated from prostate cancer tissues. However, studies have since shown that XMRV arose in the laboratory and was formed by genetic recombination between two viral genomes carried in the germline DNA of mice used during serial transplantation of the CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft. These new findings strongly imply that XMRV does not circulate in humans, but is only present in the laboratory. Thus, there is no reason to believe that it has any role in the etiology of prostate cancer or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Dey A, Mantri CK, Pandhare-Dash J, Liu B, Pratap S, Dash C. Downregulation of APOBEC3G by xenotropic murine leukemia-virus related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer cells. Virol J 2011; 8:531. [PMID: 22152111 PMCID: PMC3268770 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) is a gammaretrovirus that was discovered in prostate cancer tissues. Recently, it has been proposed that XMRV is a laboratory contaminant and may have originated via a rare recombination event. Host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) has been reported to severely restrict XMRV replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, XMRV infects and replicates efficiently in prostate cancer cells of epithelial origin. It has been proposed that due to lack off or very low levels of A3G protein XMRV is able to productively replicate in these cells. Findings This report builds on and challenges the published data on the absence of A3G protein in prostate epithelial cells lines. We demonstrate the presence of A3G in prostate epithelial cell lines (LNCaP and DU145) by western blot and mass spectrometry. We believe the discrepancy in A3G detection is may be due to selection and sensitivity of A3G antibodies employed in the prior studies. Our results also indicate that XMRV produced from A3G expressing LNCaP cells can infect and replicate in target cells. Most importantly our data reveal downregulation of A3G in XMRV infected LNCaP and DU145 cells. Conclusions We propose that XMRV replicates efficiently in prostate epithelial cells by downregulating A3G expression. Given that XMRV lacks accessory proteins such as HIV-1 Vif that are known to counteract A3G function in human cells, our data suggest a novel mechanism by which retroviruses can counteract the antiviral effects of A3G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Dey
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, 1050 Dr. D B Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville TN 37208, TN, USA
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In vitro assembly of virus-like particles of a gammaretrovirus, the murine leukemia virus XMRV. J Virol 2011; 86:1297-306. [PMID: 22090120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05564-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature retroviral particles are assembled by self-association of the structural polyprotein precursor Gag. During maturation the Gag polyprotein is proteolytically cleaved, yielding mature structural proteins, matrix (MA), capsid (CA), and nucleocapsid (NC), that reassemble into a mature viral particle. Proteolytic cleavage causes the N terminus of CA to fold back to form a β-hairpin, anchored by an internal salt bridge between the N-terminal proline and the inner aspartate. Using an in vitro assembly system of capsid-nucleocapsid protein (CANC), we studied the formation of virus-like particles (VLP) of a gammaretrovirus, the xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV). We show here that, unlike other retroviruses, XMRV CA and CANC do not assemble tubular particles characteristic of mature assembly. The prevention of β-hairpin formation by the deletion of either the N-terminal proline or 10 initial amino acids enabled the assembly of ΔProCANC or Δ10CANC into immature-like spherical particles. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis of these particles revealed that below a disordered N-terminal CA layer, the C terminus of CA assembles a typical immature lattice, which is linked by rod-like densities with the RNP.
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Absence of detectable XMRV and other MLV-related viruses in healthy blood donors in the United States. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27391. [PMID: 22110639 PMCID: PMC3215715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preliminary studies in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients and XMRV infected animals demonstrated plasma viremia and infection of blood cells with XMRV, indicating the potential risk for transfusion transmission. XMRV and MLV-related virus gene sequences have also been detected in 4–6% of healthy individuals including blood donors in the U.S. These results imply that millions of persons in the U.S. may be carrying the nucleic acid sequences of XMRV and/or MLV-related viruses, which is a serious public health and blood safety concern. Methodology/Principal Findings To gain evidence of XMRV or MLV-related virus infection in the U.S. blood donors, 110 plasma samples and 71 PBMC samples from blood donors at the NIH blood bank were screened for XMRV and MLV-related virus infection. We employed highly sensitive assays, including nested PCR and real-time PCR, as well as co-culture of plasma with highly sensitive indicator DERSE cells. Using these assays, none of the samples were positive for XMRV or MLV-related virus. Conclusions/Significance Our results are consistent with those from several other studies, and demonstrate the absence of XMRV or MLV-related viruses in the U.S. blood donors that we studied.
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Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was previously reported to be associated with human prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Our groups recently showed that XMRV was created through recombination between two endogenous murine retroviruses, PreXMRV-1 and PreXMRV-2, during the passaging of a prostate tumor xenograft in nude mice. Here, multiple approaches that led to the identification of PreXMRV-2, as well as the distribution of both parental proviruses among different mouse species, are described. The chromosomal loci of both proviruses were determined in the mouse genome, and integration site information was used to analyze the distribution of both proviruses in 48 laboratory mouse strains and 46 wild-derived strains. The strain distributions of PreXMRV-1 and PreXMRV-2 are quite different, the former being found predominantly in Asian mice and the latter in European mice, making it unlikely that the two XMRV ancestors could have recombined independently in the wild to generate an infectious virus. XMRV was not present in any of the mouse strains tested, and among the wild-derived mouse strains analyzed, not a single mouse carried both parental proviruses. Interestingly, PreXMRV-1 and PreXMRV-2 were found together in three laboratory strains, Hsd nude, NU/NU, and C57BR/cd, consistent with previous data that the recombination event that led to the generation of XMRV could have occurred only in the laboratory. The three laboratory strains carried the Xpr1(n) receptor variant nonpermissive to XMRV and xenotropic murine leukemia virus (X-MLV) infection, suggesting that the xenografted human tumor cells were required for the resulting XMRV recombinant to infect and propagate.
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Tang N, Frank A, Leckie G, Hackett J, Simmons G, Busch M, Abravaya K. Development of sensitive single-round pol or env RT-PCR assays to screen for XMRV in multiple sample types. J Virol Methods 2011; 179:127-34. [PMID: 22057262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential association between xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been much debated. To help resolve the potential role of XMRV in human disease, it is critical to develop sensitive and accurate reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assays to screen for the virus. Single-round RT-PCR assays were developed on the automated m2000™ system for detection of the pol or env regions of XMRV in whole blood, plasma, urine cell pellets and urogenital swab samples. Assay performance was assessed by testing two blinded panels, one comprised of whole blood and the other of plasma spiked with serial dilutions of XMRV-infected tissue culture cells and supernatant, respectively, prepared by the Blood XMRV Scientific Research Working Group (SRWG). For both whole blood and plasma panel testing, the assays showed excellent specificity and sensitivity as compared to the other tests included in the SRWG phase I study. Analytical specificity of the assays was also evaluated. Neither pol nor env PCR assays detected a panel of potential cross-reactive microorganisms, although some cross-reaction was observed with mouse genomic DNA. Screening of 196 normal human blood donor plasma, 214 HIV-1 seropositive plasma, 20 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate cancer specimens, 4 FFPE benign prostate specimens, 400 urine pellets from prostate cancer patients, 166 urine pellets from non-prostate cancer patients, and 135 cervical swab specimens, detected no samples as unequivocally XMRV positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Abbott Molecular Inc., Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA.
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Qiu X, Swanson P, Tang N, Leckie GW, Devare SG, Schochetman G, Hackett J. Seroprevalence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in normal and retrovirus-infected blood donors. Transfusion 2011; 52:307-16. [PMID: 22023235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been reported in patients with prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Although results have been conflicting, the potential of XMRV as an infectious human retrovirus has raised concerns about transfusion safety. To address this issue, normal and retrovirus-infected blood donors were screened for evidence of XMRV infection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma from 1000 US, 100 human immunodeficiency virus Type 1-infected Cameroonian, and 642 human T-lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-I)-infected or uninfected Japanese blood donors as well as 311 sexually transmitted disease diagnostic specimens were screened for antibodies to XMRV gp70 and p15E using chemiluminescent immunoassays (CMIAs). CMIA-reactive samples were evaluated by p30 CMIA, Western blot, and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS XMRV seroreactivity was low (0%-0.6%) with the exception of the HTLV-I-infected donors (4.9%). Antibody was detected against only a single XMRV protein (p15E or gp70); none of the seroreactive samples had detectable XMRV pol or env sequences. The elevated seroreactivity in HTLV-I-infected donors was due to an increased p15E seroreactive rate (4.1%). Inspection of XMRV and HTLV sequences revealed a high level of conservation within the immunodominant region (IDR) of the transmembrane protein. In some cases, HTLV IDR peptide competitively reduced the XMRV p15E signal. CONCLUSIONS Based on the low prevalence of seroreactivity, detection of antibody to only a single XMRV protein and the absence of XMRV sequences, this study finds no compelling evidence of XMRV in normal or retrovirus-infected blood donors. The increased p15E seroreactivity observed in HTLV infection is likely due to cross-reactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Qiu
- Infectious Diseases R&D, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA.
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Stieler K, Schindler S, Schlomm T, Hohn O, Bannert N, Simon R, Minner S, Schindler M, Fischer N. No detection of XMRV in blood samples and tissue sections from prostate cancer patients in Northern Europe. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25592. [PMID: 22022417 PMCID: PMC3192048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently published the rare detection of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) (1/105) in prostate cancer (PCA) tissue of patients in Northern Europe by PCR. The controversial discussion about the virus being detected in PCA tissue, blood samples from patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), as well as from a significant number of healthy controls prompted us to deepen our studies about detection of XMRV infection applying different detection methods (PCR, cocultivation and immunohistochemistry [IHC]). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 92 PCA and 7 healthy controls were isolated, PHA activated and cocultivated with LNCaP cells for up to 8 weeks. Supernatant of these cells was applied to a reporter cell line, DERSE-iGFP. Furthermore, the PBMCs and cocultivated LNCaP cells were tested for the presence of XMRV by PCR as well as Western Blot analysis. While all PCR amplifications and Western Blot analyses were negative for signs of XMRV infection, DERSE-iGFP cells displayed isolated GFP positive cells in three cases. In all three cases XMRV presence could not be confirmed by PCR technology. In addition, we performed XMRV specific IHC on PCA tissue sections. Whole tissue sections (n = 20), as well as tissue microarrays (TMA) including 50 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), 50 low grade and 50 high grade PCA sections and TMAs including breast cancer, colon cancer and normal tissues were stained with two XMRV specific antisera. XMRV protein expression was not detected in any cancer sections included. One BPH tissue displayed XMRV specific protein expression in random isolated basal cells. CONCLUSION We were unable to conclusively detect XMRV in the blood from PCA patients or from healthy controls and there is no conclusive evidence of XMRV protein expression in PCA, breast cancer and colon cancer tissue sections tested by IHC staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Stieler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Schindler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hohn
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for HIV and Retrovirology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for HIV and Retrovirology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Heinrich-Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Murine gammaretrovirus group G3 was not found in Swedish patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24602. [PMID: 22022360 PMCID: PMC3192035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent report of gammaretroviruses of probable murine origin in humans, called xenotropic murine retrovirus related virus (XMRV) and human murine leukemia virus related virus (HMRV), necessitated a bioinformatic search for this virus in genomes of the mouse and other vertebrates, and by PCR in humans. Results Three major groups of murine endogenous gammaretroviruses were identified. The third group encompassed both exogenous and endogenous Murine Leukemia Viruses (MLVs), and most XMRV/HMRV sequences reported from patients suffering from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Two sensitive real-time PCRs for this group were developed. The predicted and observed amplification range for these and three published XMRV/HMRV PCRs demonstrated conspicuous differences between some of them, partly explainable by a recombinatorial origin of XMRV. Three reverse transcription real-time PCRs (RTQPCRs), directed against conserved and not overlapping stretches of env, gag and integrase (INT) sequences of XMRV/HMRV were used on human samples. White blood cells from 78 patients suffering from ME/CFS, of which 30 patients also fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia (ME/CFS/FM) and in 7 patients with fibromyalgia (FM) only, all from the Gothenburg area of Sweden. As controls we analyzed 168 sera from Uppsala blood donors. We controlled for presence and amplifiability of nucleic acid and for mouse DNA contamination. To score as positive, a sample had to react with several of the XMRV/HMRV PCRs. None of the samples gave PCR reactions which fulfilled the positivity criteria. Conclusions XMRV/HMRV like proviruses occur in the third murine gammaretrovirus group, characterized here. PCRs developed by us, and others, approximately cover this group, except for the INT RTQPCR, which is rather strictly XMRV specific. Using such PCRs, XMRV/HMRV could not be detected in PBMC and plasma samples from Swedish patients suffering from ME/CFS/FM, and in sera from Swedish blood donors.
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Williams DK, Galvin TA, Ma H, Khan AS. Investigation of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in human and other cell lines. Biologicals 2011; 39:378-83. [PMID: 21996050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was discovered in human prostate tumors and later in some chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. However, subsequent studies have identified various sources of potential contamination with XMRV and other murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related sequences in test samples. Biological and nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that XMRV is distinct from known xenotropic MLVs and has a broad host range and cell tropism including human cells. Therefore, it is prudent to minimize the risk of human exposure to infection by evaluating XMRV contamination in cell lines handled in laboratory research and particularly those used in the manufacture of biological products. Nested DNA PCR assays were optimized for investigating XMRV gag and env sequences in various cell lines, which included MRC-5, Vero, HEK-293, MDCK, HeLa, and A549, that may be used in the development of some vaccines and other cell lines broadly used in research. The sensitivity of the DNA PCR assays was <10 copies in approximately 1.8 x 10(5) cells equivalent of human DNA. The results indicated the absence of XMRV in the cell lines tested; although in some cases DNA fragments identified as cellular sequences were seen following the first round of PCR amplification with the env primer pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya K Williams
- Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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48
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Abstract
In the past few months, there has been public discussion relating to a new perspective on blood safety and specifically upon measures to prevent or discourage donation by individuals with a diagnosis of myalgic encephalopathy-chronic fatigue syndrome. This reflects an intriguing interplay between science, public health and public concern and illustrates some of the difficulties of making decisions in the face of uncertainty and inadequate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Y Dodd
- Research & Development, American Red Cross, Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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Yang J, Battacharya P, Singhal R, Kandel ES. Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer cells likely represents a laboratory artifact. Oncotarget 2011; 2:358-62. [PMID: 21642749 PMCID: PMC3248192 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in human population and its involvement in prostate cancer are subjects of ongoing research and debate. 22Rv1, which is a human cell line that serves as a common model of androgen-independent prostate cancer, was recently reported to carry infectious copies of XMRV. 22Rv1 was derived from a prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 that was serially passaged in immunodeficient mice. Based on the analysis of the DNA from CWR22 and 22Rv1, we present evidence against the presence of XMRV in CWR22 and, by inference, the tumor, from which CWR22 and 22Rv1 were established. While the presence of XMRV in 22Rv1 is likely to be an artifact, it may be a significant factor in determining the biological properties of this cell line. This consideration warrants additional caution for the interpretation of the relevance of the studies, which utilize this popular cell line as a model. It also invites a closer look at the sources of viral contamination in xenografts and cultured cells, as well as in the experiments that allege the presence of this virus in human cells and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yang
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Elm and Carlton St., Buffalo, NY 142263, USA
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50
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Ndongwe TP, Adedeji AO, Michailidis E, Ong YT, Hachiya A, Marchand B, Ryan EM, Rai DK, Kirby KA, Whatley AS, Burke DH, Johnson M, Ding S, Zheng YM, Liu SL, Kodama EI, Delviks-Frankenberry KA, Pathak VK, Mitsuya H, Parniak MA, Singh K, Sarafianos SG. Biochemical, inhibition and inhibitor resistance studies of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus reverse transcriptase. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:345-59. [PMID: 21908397 PMCID: PMC3245923 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report key mechanistic differences between the reverse transcriptases (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), a gammaretrovirus that can infect human cells. Steady and pre-steady state kinetics demonstrated that XMRV RT is significantly less efficient in DNA synthesis and in unblocking chain-terminated primers. Surface plasmon resonance experiments showed that the gammaretroviral enzyme has a remarkably higher dissociation rate (koff) from DNA, which also results in lower processivity than HIV-1 RT. Transient kinetics of mismatch incorporation revealed that XMRV RT has higher fidelity than HIV-1 RT. We identified RNA aptamers that potently inhibit XMRV, but not HIV-1 RT. XMRV RT is highly susceptible to some nucleoside RT inhibitors, including Translocation Deficient RT inhibitors, but not to non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. We demonstrated that XMRV RT mutants K103R and Q190M, which are equivalent to HIV-1 mutants that are resistant to tenofovir (K65R) and AZT (Q151M), are also resistant to the respective drugs, suggesting that XMRV can acquire resistance to these compounds through the decreased incorporation mechanism reported in HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaradzwa P Ndongwe
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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