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Krivega M, Stiefel CM, Storchova Z. Consequences of chromosome gain: A new view on trisomy syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2126-2140. [PMID: 36459979 PMCID: PMC9808507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome gains are detrimental for the development of the human embryo. As such, autosomal trisomies almost always result in spontaneous abortion, and the rare embryos surviving until live birth suffer from a plethora of pathological defects. There is no treatment currently available to ameliorate the consequences of trisomies, such as Down syndrome (trisomy of chromosome 21). Identifying the source of the phenotypes observed in cells with extra chromosomes is crucial for understanding the underlying molecular causes of trisomy syndromes. Although increased expression of the genes localized on the extra chromosome triggers several pathological phenotypes, an alternative model suggests that global, aneuploidy-associated changes in cellular physiology also contribute to the pathology. Here, we compare the molecular consequences of trisomy syndromes in vivo against engineered cell lines carrying various chromosome gains in vitro. We point out several phenotypes that are shared by variable trisomies and, therefore, might be caused by the presence of an extra chromosome per se, independent of its identity. This alternative view may provide useful insights for understanding Down syndrome pathology and open additional opportunities for diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krivega
- Reproduction Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Infertility Disorders, Women Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Clara M. Stiefel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zuzana Storchova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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2
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Peeters D, Pico-Knijnenburg I, Wieringa D, Rad M, Cuperus R, Ruige M, Froeling F, Zijp GW, van der Burg M, Driessen GJA. AKT Hyperphosphorylation and T Cell Exhaustion in Down Syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:724436. [PMID: 35222360 PMCID: PMC8866941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.724436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is associated with increased susceptibility to infections, auto-immunity, immunodeficiency and haematological malignancies. The exact underlying immunological pathophysiology is still unclear. The immunophenotype and clinical characteristics of DS resemble those of Activated PI3K Delta Syndrome (APDS), in which the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is overactivated. We hypothesized that T cell exhaustion and the hyperactivation of the AKT signalling pathway is also present in immune cells of children with DS. In this observational non-interventional cohort study we collected blood samples of children with DS (n=22) and healthy age-matched controls (n=21) for flowcytometric immunophenotyping, phospho-flow AKT analysis and exhaustion analysis of T cells. The median age was 5 years (range 1-12y). Total T and NK cells were similar for both groups, but absolute values and transitional B cells, naive memory B cells and naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were lower in DS. pAKT and AKT were increased for CD3+ and CD4+ T cells and CD20+ B cells in children with DS. Total AKT was also increased in CD8+ T cells. Children with DS showed increased expression of inhibitory markers Programmed cell dealth-1 (PD-1), CD244 and CD160 on CD8+ T cells and increased PD-1 and CD244+ expression on CD4+ T cells, suggesting T cell exhaustion. Children with DS show increased pAKT and AKT and increased T cell exhaustion, which might contribute to their increased susceptibility to infections, auto immunity and haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Peeters
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Pico-Knijnenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douwe Wieringa
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mandana Rad
- Department of Pediatric Anaesthesiology, Juliana Children's Hospital/Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Roos Cuperus
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Madelon Ruige
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Frank Froeling
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Juliana Children's Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Gerda W Zijp
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Juliana Children's Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J A Driessen
- Department of Pediatrics, Juliana Children's Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands.,Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Danopoulos S, Deutsch GH, Dumortier C, Mariani TJ, Al Alam D. Lung disease manifestations in Down syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L892-L899. [PMID: 34469245 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00434.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most prevalent chromosomal abnormalities worldwide, affecting 1 in 700 live births. Although multiple organ systems are affected by the chromosomal defects, respiratory failure and lung disease are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality observed in DS. Manifestations of DS in the respiratory system encompass the entire lung starting from the nasopharynx to the trachea/upper airways to the lower airways and alveolar spaces, as well as vascular and lymphatic defects. Most of our knowledge on respiratory illness in persons with DS arises from pediatric studies; however, many of these disorders present early in infancy, supporting developmental mechanisms. In this review, we will focus on the different lung phenotypes in DS, as well as the genetic and molecular pathways that may be contributing to these complications during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Claire Dumortier
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
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Huggard D, Doherty DG, Molloy EJ. Immune Dysregulation in Children With Down Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:73. [PMID: 32175298 PMCID: PMC7056667 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic syndrome associated with immune defects. The extent of immune dysregulation in DS is substantial, spanning the innate and adaptive systems and including anomalies in: T and B cells, monocytes, neutrophil chemotaxis, circulating cytokines, and suboptimal antibody responses which all contribute to an increased risk of infections, poorer clinical outcomes and chronic inflammation in this vulnerable cohort. Other aspects of innate immunity may also be abnormal and contribute to the increased morbidity and warrant further interrogation such as: gamma delta T cell function, the inflammasome, Toll-like receptors and their pathways. Pharmacotherapies such as pavilizumab, pneumococcal and influenza immunizations, as well as potential immunoprophylactic agents such as pidotimod, azithromycin and Broncho-Vaxom may help alleviate the infectious consequences. Children with DS need to be managed with a heightened sense of awareness and urgency in the setting of sepsis and signs of chronic inflammation need regular screening and appropriate follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Huggard
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland at Crumlin and Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- Paediatrics, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Ireland at Crumlin and Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Schoch J, Rohrer TR, Kaestner M, Abdul-Khaliq H, Gortner L, Sester U, Sester M, Schmidt T. Quantitative, Phenotypical, and Functional Characterization of Cellular Immunity in Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1619-1628. [PMID: 28379413 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infections and autoimmune disorders are more frequent in Down syndrome, suggesting abnormality of adaptive immunity. Although the role of B cells and antibodies is well characterized, knowledge regarding T cells is limited. Methods Lymphocyte subpopulations of 40 children and adolescents with Down syndrome and 51 controls were quantified, and phenotype and functionality of antigen-specific effector T cells were analyzed with flow cytometry after polyclonal and pathogen-specific stimulation (with varicella-zoster virus [VZV] and cytomegalovirus [CMV]). Results were correlated with immunoglobulin (Ig) G responses. Results Apart from general alterations in the percentage of lymphocytes, regulatory T cells, and T-helper 1 and 17 cells, all major T-cell subpopulations showed higher expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1. Polyclonally stimulated effector CD4+ T-cell frequencies were significantly higher in subjects with Down syndrome, whereas their inhibitory receptor expression (programmed cell death 1 [PD-1] and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 [CTLA-4]) was similar to that of controls and cytokine expression profiles were only marginally altered. Pathogen-specific immunity showed age-appropriate levels of endemic infection, with correlation of CMV-specific cellular and humoral immunity in all subjects. Among VZV IgG-positive individuals, a higher percentage of VZV-specific T-cell-positive subjects was seen in those with Down syndrome. Conclusions Despite alterations in lymphocyte subpopulations, individuals with Down syndrome can mount effector T-cell responses with similar phenotype and functionality as controls but may require higher effector T-cell frequencies to ensure pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ludwig Gortner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Urban Sester
- Internal Medicine IV, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; and
| | | | - Tina Schmidt
- Departments of Transplant and Infection Immunology
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Diogo R, Smith CM, Ziermann JM. Evolutionary developmental pathology and anthropology: A new field linking development, comparative anatomy, human evolution, morphological variations and defects, and medicine. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1357-74. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
| | | | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
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7
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Defective B-cell memory in patients with Down syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1346-1353.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Altered expression of immune-related genes in children with Down syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107218. [PMID: 25222269 PMCID: PMC4164533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a high incidence of immunological alterations with increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections and high frequency of different types of hematologic malignancies and autoimmune disorders. In the current study, we profiled the expression pattern of 92 immune-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of two different groups, children with DS and control children, to identify differentially expressed genes that might be of pathogenetic importance for the development and phenotype of the immunological alterations observed in individuals with DS. PBMCs samples were obtained from six DS individuals with karyotypically confirmed full trisomy 21 and six healthy control individuals (ages 2–6 years). Gene expression was profiled in duplicate according to the manufacturer's instructions provided by commercially available TaqMan Human Immune Array representing 92 immune function genes and four reference genes on a 96-plex gene card. A set of 17 differentially expressed genes, not located on chromosome 21 (HSA21), involved in immune and inflammatory pathways was identified including 13 genes (BCL2, CCL3, CCR7, CD19, CD28, CD40, CD40LG, CD80, EDN1, IKBKB, IL6, NOS2 and SKI) significantly down-regulated and four genes (BCL2L1, CCR2, CCR5 and IL10) significantly up-regulated in children with DS. These findings highlight a list of candidate genes for further investigation into the molecular mechanism underlying DS pathology and reinforce the secondary effects of the presence of a third copy of HSA21.
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Rodrigues R, Debom G, Soares F, Machado C, Pureza J, Peres W, de Lima Garcias G, Duarte MF, Schetinger MRC, Stefanello F, Braganhol E, Spanevello R. Alterations of ectonucleotidases and acetylcholinesterase activities in lymphocytes of Down syndrome subjects: relation with inflammatory parameters. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433:105-10. [PMID: 24631131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjects with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune disorders. ATP, adenosine, and acetylcholine contribute to the immune response regulation, and NTPDase, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are important enzymes in the control of the extracellular levels of these molecules. We evaluated the activities of these enzymes and the cytokine levels in samples of DS individuals. METHODS The population consisted of 23 subjects with DS and 23 healthy subjects. Twelve milliliters of blood was obtained from each subject and used for lymphocyte and serum preparation. Lymphocytes were separated on Ficoll density gradients. After isolation, NTPDase and AChE activities were determined. RESULTS The NTPDase activity using ADP as substrate was increased in lymphocytes of DS patients compared to control (P<0.05); however, no alterations were observed in the ATP hydrolysis. An increase was observed in the AChE activity in lymphocytes and in ADA activity in serum of DS patients when compared to healthy subjects (P<0.05). In DS subjects, an increase in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ and a decrease in the IL-10 levels were also observed (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the NTPDase, ADA and AChE activities as well changes in the cytokine levels may contribute to immunological alterations observed in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Debom
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Pureza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - William Peres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Frescura Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Francieli Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselia Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Solzak JP, Liang Y, Zhou FC, Roper RJ. Commonality in Down and fetal alcohol syndromes. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2013; 97:187-97. [PMID: 23554291 PMCID: PMC4096968 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) are two leading causes of birth defects with phenotypes ranging from craniofacial abnormalities to cognitive impairment. Despite different origins, we report that in addition to sharing many phenotypes, DS and FAS may have common underlying mechanisms of development. METHODS Literature was surveyed for DS and FAS as well as mouse models. Gene expression and apoptosis were compared in embryonic mouse models of DS and FAS by qPCR, immunohistochemical and immunoflurorescence analyses. The craniometry was examined using MicroCT at postnatal day 21. RESULTS A literature survey revealed over 20 comparable craniofacial and structural deficits in both humans with DS and FAS and corresponding mouse models. Similar phenotypes were experimentally found in pre- and postnatal craniofacial and neurological tissues of DS and FAS mice. Dysregulation of two genes, Dyrk1a and Rcan1, key to craniofacial and neurological precursors of DS, was shared in craniofacial precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Increased cleaved caspase 3 expression was also discovered in comparable regions of the craniofacial and brain precursors of DS and FAS embryos. Further mechanistic studies suggested overexpression of trisomic Ttc3 in DS embyros may influence nuclear pAkt localization and cell survival. CONCLUSIONS This first and initial study indicates that DS and FAS share common dysmorphologies in humans and animal models. This work also suggests common mechanisms at cellular and molecular levels that are disrupted by trisomy or alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lead to craniofacial and neurological phenotypes associated with DS or FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Solzak
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Feng C. Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Randall J. Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Gemen EFA, Verstegen RHJ, Leuvenink J, de Vries E. Increased circulating apoptotic lymphocytes in children with Down syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:1310-2. [PMID: 22811045 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) resembles immunodeficiency with increased infections, auto-immune diseases, and hematological malignancies. Until now, immunological studies in DS mainly focused on T-lymphocytes. We recently described a profound B-lymphocytopenia in children with DS. This could be caused by increased apoptosis. Therefore, we determined expression of flowcytometric markers for apoptosis [Annexin-V (AV) and propidium iodide (PI)] on peripheral lymphocytes in 72 children with DS and 32 age-matched controls (AMC). Within the total lymphocyte compartment, apoptosis was more pronounced in DS; it increased with age. Moreover, apoptosis was highest within the B-lymphocyte compartment which may be a contributing factor to the B-lymphocytopenia found in DS. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1310-1312. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie F A Gemen
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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Salemi M, Barone C, Romano C, Ridolfo F, Salluzzo R, Scillato F, Scavuzzo C, Caraci F, Calogero AE, Romano C, Bosco P. Expression of LDOC1 mRNA in leucocytes of patients with Down's syndrome. J Genet 2012; 91:95-98. [PMID: 22546831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Salemi
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
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Pathania S, Thulkar S, Ahuja A, Bakhshi S. Primary mediastinal neuroendocrine carcinoma in a child with Down syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:530-1. [PMID: 21594982 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Immune evaluation and vaccine responses in Down syndrome: evidence of immunodeficiency? Vaccine 2011; 29:5040-6. [PMID: 21596078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Down syndrome (DS) appear to be at a greater risk for serious infections, but it is unclear whether this is due to anatomic variations or intrinsic immune defects. OBJECTIVE We assessed a cohort of pediatric subjects with DS to determine if immunological abnormalities indeed account for the excess infections. METHODS We performed quantitative assessment of T-independent (type 2 - pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine) and T-dependent Ab responses (with inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine) along with numerical quantitation of lymphocyte subpopulations and thymic output in a random population sample of children with DS (cases) along with family-matched sibling or community controls. RESULTS Median serum IgG levels were significantly higher in cases (1090 mg/dL) as compared with controls (808 mg/dL, P=0.02). Cases had significantly lower median CD4 T cell counts than the controls (636 cells/μL, P=0.01). Cases had reduced CD19 B cell counts and CD19% than the controls (P=0.009 and 0.006 respectively). Cases also showed decreased total memory (CD19+CD27+, P=0.002) and class-switched memory (CD19+CD27+IgM-IgD-, P=0.004) B cells. The median CD4 recent thymic emigrant (RTE) in females and males cases was lower than controls (P=0.007 and 0.07 respectively). Cases had a lower median T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) count of 2556 as compared to the controls count of 5216, P<0.006 although both the cases and controls were within the established reference range. There were no differences in the percentage of cases and controls who responded to inactivated influenza vaccine, but the response to polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine was suboptimal in cases. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that there are subtle abnormalities in both humoral and cellular arms of the immune response in children with DS as compared to the control subjects.
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Trotta MB, Serro Azul JB, Wajngarten M, Fonseca SG, Goldberg AC, Kalil JE. Inflammatory and Immunological parameters in adults with Down syndrome. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2011; 8:4. [PMID: 21496308 PMCID: PMC3101128 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background The increase in life expectancy within the general population has resulted in an increasing number of elderly adults, including patients with Down syndrome (DS), with a current life expectancy of about 50 years. We evaluate the parameters of humoral and cellular immune response, the quantitative expression of the regulator of calcineurin1 gene (RCAN1) and the production of cytokines. The study group consisted of adults DS (n = 24) and a control group with intellectual disability without Down syndrome (ID) (n = 21) and living in a similar environmental background. It was evaluated serology, immunophenotyping, the quantitative gene expression of RCAN1 and the production of cytokines. Results In the DS group, the results showed an increase in NK cells, CD8, decreased CD19 (p < 0.05) and an increase spontaneous production of IFNgamma, TNFalpha and IL-10 (p < 0.05). There was not any difference in RCAN1 gene expression between the groups. Conclusions These data suggest a similar humoral response in the two groups. The immunophenotyping suggests sign of premature aging of the immune system and the cytokine production show a proinflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bf Trotta
- Heart Institute University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo.
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Pulmonary complications of Down syndrome during childhood. J Pediatr 2011; 158:319-25. [PMID: 20846671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abu Faddan N, Sayed D, Ghaleb F. T lymphocytes apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential in Down's syndrome. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2011; 30:45-52. [PMID: 21204666 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2010.505626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The increased susceptibility to infection, malignancies, and autoimmune disease, suggest that immunodeficiency is an integral part of Down's syndrome (DS). Little is known about the mitochondrial damage and tendency to apoptosis in peripheral T lymphocyte cells in DS. We studied 30 children with DS and 30 normal children, 15 of each group having no evidence of acute infection and 15 with acute infection. Potential apoptosis and membrane mitochondrial potential (MMP) were measured by flow cytometry. T lymphocytes in peripheral blood from DS patients do not display an increased tendency to undergo apoptosis, although a significant loss of MMP was found.
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Kusters MAA, Gemen EFA, Verstegen RHJ, Wever PC, DE Vries E. Both normal memory counts and decreased naive cells favor intrinsic defect over early senescence of Down syndrome T lymphocytes. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:557-62. [PMID: 20098345 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181d4eca3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Because of their increased malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and infections, patients with Down syndrome (DS) show features of immunodeficiency. The DS thymus and T lymphocyte subsets have indeed proven to be different, and this has been interpreted as precocious aging. Our study on T lymphocyte subpopulations in DS shows that the normal expansion of naive helper (CD4CD45RA) and cytotoxic (CD8CD45RACD27) T lymphocytes is lacking in the first years of life; this is more logically explainable with an intrinsic T lymphocyte defect. Furthermore, memory cell numbers are not different from age-matched controls (AMC), which does not support the hypothesis of precocious aging. Although the absolute numbers of T lymphocyte subpopulations approach AMC levels toward adulthood, the persistent clinical problems suggest that these cells may not function optimally. However, the clinical picture does not fit severe T lymphocyte deficiency. The latter concept is also supported by our finding that cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive DS children show similar numbers of terminally differentiated cytotoxic T lymphocytes when compared with healthy children, not increased numbers as are seen in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike A A Kusters
- Departments of Pediatrics, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, 5200 ME, The Netherlands
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The relationship between premature ageing and immune responses in the oral cavity of Down syndrome. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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