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Rocher C, Vernale A, Fierro-Constaín L, Séjourné N, Chenesseau S, Marschal C, Issartel J, Le Goff E, Stroebel D, Jouvion J, Dutilleul M, Matthews C, Marschal F, Brouilly N, Massey-Harroche D, Schenkelaars Q, Ereskovsky A, Le Bivic A, Renard E, Borchiellini C. The Buds of Oscarella lobularis (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha): A New Convenient Model for Sponge Cell and Evolutionary Developmental Biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024. [PMID: 39364688 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The comparative study of the four non-bilaterian phyla (Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora, and Porifera) provides insights into the origin of bilaterian traits. To complete our knowledge of the cell biology and development of these animals, additional non-bilaterian models are needed. Given the developmental, histological, ecological, and genomic differences between the four sponge classes (Demospongiae, Calcarea, Homoscleromorpha, and Hexactinellida), we have been developing the Oscarella lobularis (Porifera, class Homoscleromorpha) model over the past 15 years. Here, we report a new step forward by inducing, producing, and maintaining in vitro thousands of clonal buds that now make possible various downstream applications. This study provides a full description of bud morphology, physiology, cells and tissues, from their formation to their development into juveniles, using adapted cell staining protocols. In addition, we show that buds have outstanding capabilities of regeneration after being injured and of re-epithelization after complete cell dissociation. Altogether, Oscarella buds constitute a relevant all-in-one sponge model to access a large set of biological processes, including somatic morphogenesis, epithelial morphogenesis, cell fate, body axes formation, nutrition, contraction, ciliary beating, and respiration.
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Grants
- This work was funded by the Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS, UMR7263 and UMR7288) : project for international scientific cooperation (PICS) STraS involving CR, AE, SC, ER, CB, ELG, ALB, DMH, CM, AV), and also by the Aix-Marseille University and the A*MIDEX foundation project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 to CB, ER, ALB, CR, NS, SC, ChM, AE;
- AMX-18-INT-021 to CB, ER, ALB, CR, DML, NB, CM); as well as the National research agency (ANR) : ANR-21-CE13-0013-02 to ALB, DML, CB, ER, CR, CM, SC and ANR-22-CE13-0026 to DS, JJ, ER, CB, QS, CR, CM, SC); ALB, DMH and NB are supported by the LabEx INFORM (ANR-11-LABX-0054) both funded by the «Investissements d'Avenir » French Government program, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR).
- The DB RAS government basic research program no. 0088-2021-0009 (TEM studies) to AE. AE also acknowledge the Saint-Petersburg State University (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) and the Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia) for their technical and financial support to perform some of the experiments.
- The region Sud/PACA and Aix-Marseille University are also acknowledged for funding PhD fellowships of Laura Fierro-Constaín and Amélie Vernale, respectively. The light and electron microscopy experiments were performed at the PiCSL-FBI core facility (IBDM, AMU-Marseille), a member of the France-BioImaging National Research Infrastructure (ANR-10-INBS-04).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rocher
- Aix Marseille Univ, IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Amélie Vernale
- Aix Marseille Univ, IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nina Séjourné
- Aix Marseille Univ, IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Julien Issartel
- Aix Marseille Univ, IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Le Goff
- ISEM, CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David Stroebel
- ENS, CNRS, INSERM, Institute de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Julie Jouvion
- ENS, CNRS, INSERM, Institute de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Morgan Dutilleul
- Aix Marseille Univ, IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France
| | | | - Florent Marschal
- Aix Marseille Univ, IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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2
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Monk T, Dennler N, Ralph N, Rastogi S, Afshar S, Urbizagastegui P, Jarvis R, van Schaik A, Adamatzky A. Electrical Signaling Beyond Neurons. Neural Comput 2024; 36:1939-2029. [PMID: 39141803 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Neural action potentials (APs) are difficult to interpret as signal encoders and/or computational primitives. Their relationships with stimuli and behaviors are obscured by the staggering complexity of nervous systems themselves. We can reduce this complexity by observing that "simpler" neuron-less organisms also transduce stimuli into transient electrical pulses that affect their behaviors. Without a complicated nervous system, APs are often easier to understand as signal/response mechanisms. We review examples of nonneural stimulus transductions in domains of life largely neglected by theoretical neuroscience: bacteria, protozoans, plants, fungi, and neuron-less animals. We report properties of those electrical signals-for example, amplitudes, durations, ionic bases, refractory periods, and particularly their ecological purposes. We compare those properties with those of neurons to infer the tasks and selection pressures that neurons satisfy. Throughout the tree of life, nonneural stimulus transductions time behavioral responses to environmental changes. Nonneural organisms represent the presence or absence of a stimulus with the presence or absence of an electrical signal. Their transductions usually exhibit high sensitivity and specificity to a stimulus, but are often slow compared to neurons. Neurons appear to be sacrificing the specificity of their stimulus transductions for sensitivity and speed. We interpret cellular stimulus transductions as a cell's assertion that it detected something important at that moment in time. In particular, we consider neural APs as fast but noisy detection assertions. We infer that a principal goal of nervous systems is to detect extremely weak signals from noisy sensory spikes under enormous time pressure. We discuss neural computation proposals that address this goal by casting neurons as devices that implement online, analog, probabilistic computations with their membrane potentials. Those proposals imply a measurable relationship between afferent neural spiking statistics and efferent neural membrane electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Monk
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Nik Dennler
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
- Biocomputation Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, U.K.
| | - Nicholas Ralph
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Shavika Rastogi
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
- Biocomputation Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, U.K.
| | - Saeed Afshar
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Pablo Urbizagastegui
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Russell Jarvis
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - André van Schaik
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Andrew Adamatzky
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
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3
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Wörheide G, Francis WR, Deister F, Krebs S, Erpenbeck D, Vargas S. The genomes of the aquarium sponges Tethya wilhelma and Tethya minuta (Porifera: Demospongiae). F1000Res 2024; 13:679. [PMID: 39193510 PMCID: PMC11347921 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.150836.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are aquatic sessile metazoans found worldwide in marine and freshwater environments. They are significant in the animal tree of life as one of the earliest-branching metazoan lineages and as filter feeders play crucial ecological roles, particularly in coral reefs, but are susceptible to the effects of climate change. In the face of the current biodiversity crisis, genomic data is crucial for species conservation efforts and predicting their evolutionary potential in response to environmental changes. However, there is a limited availability of culturable sponge species with annotated high-quality genomes to further comprehensive insights into animal evolution, function, and their response to the ongoing global change. Despite the publication of a few high-quality annotated sponge genomes, there remains a gap in resources for culturable sponge species. To address this gap, we provide high quality draft genomes of the two congeneric aquarium species Tethya wilhelma and Tethya minuta, small ball-shaped demosponges that are easily maintained long-term in ex situ culture. As such, they offer promising opportunities as laboratory models to contribute to advancing our understanding of sponge biology and provide valuable resources for studying animal evolution, function, and responses to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Wörheide
- Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Munich, Bavaria, 80333, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Warren R. Francis
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Fabian Deister
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Erpenbeck
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
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4
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Ruperti F, Becher I, Stokkermans A, Wang L, Marschlich N, Potel C, Maus E, Stein F, Drotleff B, Schippers KJ, Nickel M, Prevedel R, Musser JM, Savitski MM, Arendt D. Molecular profiling of sponge deflation reveals an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response. Curr Biol 2024; 34:361-375.e9. [PMID: 38181793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
A hallmark of animals is the coordination of whole-body movement. Neurons and muscles are central to this, yet coordinated movements also exist in sponges that lack these cell types. Sponges are sessile animals with a complex canal system for filter-feeding. They undergo whole-body movements resembling "contractions" that lead to canal closure and water expulsion. Here, we combine live 3D optical coherence microscopy, pharmacology, and functional proteomics to elucidate the sequence and detail of shape changes, the tissues and molecular physiology involved, and the control of these movements. Morphometric analysis and targeted perturbation suggest that the movement is driven by the relaxation of actomyosin stress fibers in epithelial canal cells, which leads to whole-body deflation via collapse of the incurrent and expansion of the excurrent canal system. Thermal proteome profiling and quantitative phosphoproteomics confirm the control of cellular relaxation by an Akt/NO/PKG/PKA pathway. Agitation-induced deflation leads to differential phosphorylation of proteins forming epithelial cell junctions, implying their mechanosensitive role. Unexpectedly, untargeted metabolomics detect a concomitant decrease in antioxidant molecules during deflation, reflecting an increase in reactive oxygen species. Together with the secretion of proteinases, cytokines, and granulin, this indicates an inflammation-like state of the deflating sponge reminiscent of vascular endothelial cells experiencing oscillatory shear stress. These results suggest the conservation of an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response of perturbed fluid-carrying systems in animals and offer a possible mechanism for whole-body coordination through diffusible paracrine signals and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ruperti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Collaboration for joint Ph.D. degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Becher
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ling Wang
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nick Marschlich
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clement Potel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Maus
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Drotleff
- Metabolomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaske J Schippers
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Nickel
- Bionic consulting Dr. Michael Nickel, 71686 Remseck am Neckar, Germany
| | - Robert Prevedel
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob M Musser
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Díez-Vives C, Riesgo A. High compositional and functional similarity in the microbiome of deep-sea sponges. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrad030. [PMID: 38365260 PMCID: PMC10837836 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Sponges largely depend on their symbiotic microbes for their nutrition, health, and survival. This is especially true in high microbial abundance (HMA) sponges, where filtration is usually deprecated in favor of a larger association with prokaryotic symbionts. Sponge-microbiome association is substantially less understood for deep-sea sponges than for shallow water species. This is most unfortunate, since HMA sponges can form massive sponge grounds in the deep sea, where they dominate the ecosystems, driving their biogeochemical cycles. Here, we assess the microbial transcriptional profile of three different deep-sea HMA sponges in four locations of the Cantabrian Sea and compared them to shallow water HMA and LMA (low microbial abundance) sponge species. Our results reveal that the sponge microbiome has converged in a fundamental metabolic role for deep-sea sponges, independent of taxonomic relationships or geographic location, which is shared in broad terms with shallow HMA species. We also observed a large number of redundant microbial members performing the same functions, likely providing stability to the sponge inner ecosystem. A comparison between the community composition of our deep-sea sponges and another 39 species of HMA sponges from deep-sea and shallow habitats, belonging to the same taxonomic orders, suggested strong homogeneity in microbial composition (i.e. weak species-specificity) in deep sea species, which contrasts with that observed in shallow water counterparts. This convergence in microbiome composition and functionality underscores the adaptation to an extremely restrictive environment with the aim of exploiting the available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díez-Vives
- Department of Systems Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, c/ Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Brunet T. Cell contractility in early animal evolution. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R966-R985. [PMID: 37751712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue deformation mediated by collective cell contractility is a signature characteristic of animals. In most animals, fast and reversible contractions of muscle cells mediate behavior, while slow and irreversible contractions of epithelial or mesenchymal cells play a key role in morphogenesis. Animal tissue contractility relies on the activity of the actin/myosin II complex (together referred to as 'actomyosin'), an ancient and versatile molecular machinery that performs a broad range of functions in development and physiology. This review synthesizes emerging insights from morphological and molecular studies into the evolutionary history of animal contractile tissue. The most ancient functions of actomyosin are cell crawling and cytokinesis, which are found in a wide variety of unicellular eukaryotes and in individual metazoan cells. Another contractile functional module, apical constriction, is universal in metazoans and shared with choanoflagellates, their closest known living relatives. The evolution of animal contractile tissue involved two key innovations: firstly, the ability to coordinate and integrate actomyosin assembly across multiple cells, notably to generate supracellular cables, which ensure tissue integrity but also allow coordinated morphogenesis and movements at the organism scale; and secondly, the evolution of dedicated contractile cell types for adult movement, belonging to two broad categories respectively defined by the expression of the fast (striated-type) and slow (smooth/non-muscle-type) myosin II paralogs. Both contractile cell types ancestrally resembled generic contractile epithelial or mesenchymal cells and might have played a versatile role in both behavior and morphogenesis. Modern animal contractile cells span a continuum between unspecialized contractile epithelia (which underlie behavior in modern placozoans), epithelia with supracellular actomyosin cables (found in modern sponges), epitheliomuscular tissues (with a concentration of actomyosin cables in basal processes, for example in sea anemones), and specialized muscle tissue that has lost most or all epithelial properties (as in ctenophores, jellyfish and bilaterians). Recent studies in a broad range of metazoans have begun to reveal the molecular basis of these transitions, powered by the elaboration of the contractile apparatus and the evolution of 'core regulatory complexes' of transcription factors specifying contractile cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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7
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Karki S, Saadaoui M, Dunsing V, Kerridge S, Da Silva E, Philippe JM, Maurange C, Lecuit T. Serotonin signaling regulates actomyosin contractility during morphogenesis in evolutionarily divergent lineages. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5547. [PMID: 37684231 PMCID: PMC10491668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that signals through 5-HT receptors to control key functions in the nervous system. Serotonin receptors are also ubiquitously expressed in various organs and have been detected in embryos of different organisms. Potential morphogenetic functions of serotonin signaling have been proposed based on pharmacological studies but a mechanistic understanding is still lacking. Here, we uncover a role of serotonin signaling in axis extension of Drosophila embryos by regulating Myosin II (MyoII) activation, cell contractility and cell intercalation. We find that serotonin and serotonin receptors 5HT2A and 5HT2B form a signaling module that quantitatively regulates the amplitude of planar polarized MyoII contractility specified by Toll receptors and the GPCR Cirl. Remarkably, serotonin signaling also regulates actomyosin contractility at cell junctions, cellular flows and epiblast morphogenesis during chicken gastrulation. This phylogenetically conserved mechanical function of serotonin signaling in regulating actomyosin contractility and tissue flow reveals an ancestral role in morphogenesis of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Karki
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Mehdi Saadaoui
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Valentin Dunsing
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Stephen Kerridge
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Da Silva
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Cédric Maurange
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
- Collège de France, Paris, France.
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8
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Ruperti F, Becher I, Stokkermans A, Wang L, Marschlich N, Potel C, Maus E, Stein F, Drotleff B, Schippers K, Nickel M, Prevedel R, Musser JM, Savitski MM, Arendt D. Molecular profiling of sponge deflation reveals an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.02.551666. [PMID: 37577507 PMCID: PMC10418225 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of animals is the coordination of whole-body movement. Neurons and muscles are central to this, yet coordinated movements also exist in sponges that lack these cell types. Sponges are sessile animals with a complex canal system for filter-feeding. They undergo whole-body movements resembling "contractions" that lead to canal closure and water expulsion. Here, we combine 3D optical coherence microscopy, pharmacology, and functional proteomics to elucidate anatomy, molecular physiology, and control of these movements. We find them driven by the relaxation of actomyosin stress fibers in epithelial canal cells, which leads to whole-body deflation via collapse of the incurrent and expansion of the excurrent system, controlled by an Akt/NO/PKG/A pathway. A concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species and secretion of proteinases and cytokines indicate an inflammation-like state reminiscent of vascular endothelial cells experiencing oscillatory shear stress. This suggests an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response of perturbed fluid-carrying systems in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ruperti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint Ph.D. degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Becher
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ling Wang
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nick Marschlich
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clement Potel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Maus
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Drotleff
- Metabolomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaske Schippers
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Nickel
- Bionic Consulting Dr. Michael Nickel, 71686 Remseck am Neckar, Germany
| | - Robert Prevedel
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob M Musser
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Nguyen VH, Wemheuer B, Song W, Bennett H, Webster N, Thomas T. Identification, classification, and functional characterization of novel sponge-associated acidimicrobiial species. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126426. [PMID: 37141831 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are known to harbour an exceptional diversity of uncultured microorganisms, including members of the phylum Actinobacteriota. While members of the actinobacteriotal class Actinomycetia have been studied intensively due to their potential for secondary metabolite production, the sister class of Acidimicrobiia is often more abundant in sponges. However, the taxonomy, functions, and ecological roles of sponge-associated Acidimicrobiia are largely unknown. Here, we reconstructed and characterized 22 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Acidimicrobiia from three sponge species. These MAGs represented six novel species, belonging to five genera, four families, and two orders, which are all uncharacterized (except the order Acidimicrobiales) and for which we propose nomenclature. These six uncultured species have either only been found in sponges and/or corals and have varying degrees of specificity to their host species. Functional gene profiling indicated that these six species shared a similar potential to non-symbiotic Acidimicrobiia with respect to amino acid biosynthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds. However, sponge-associated Acidimicrobiia differed from their non-symbiotic counterparts by relying predominantly on organic rather than inorganic sources of energy, and their predicted capacity to synthesise bioactive compounds or their precursors implicated in host defence. Additionally, the species possess the genetic capacity to degrade aromatic compounds that are frequently found in sponges. The novel Acidimicrobiia may also potentially mediate host development by modulating Hedgehog signalling and by the production of serotonin, which can affect host body contractions and digestion. These results highlight unique genomic and metabolic features of six new acidimicrobiial species that potentially support a sponge-associated lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Hung Nguyen
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernd Wemheuer
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Weizhi Song
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Holly Bennett
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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10
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Nikitin MA, Romanova DY, Borman SI, Moroz LL. Amino acids integrate behaviors in nerveless placozoans. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1125624. [PMID: 37123368 PMCID: PMC10133484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1125624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Placozoans are the simplest known free-living animals without recognized neurons and muscles but a complex behavioral repertoire. However, mechanisms and cellular bases of behavioral coordination are unknown. Here, using Trichoplax adhaerens as a model, we described 0.02-0.002 Hz oscillations in locomotory and feeding patterns as evidence of complex multicellular integration; and showed their dependence on the endogenous secretion of signal molecules. Evolutionary conserved low-molecular-weight transmitters (glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA, and ATP) acted as coordinators of distinct locomotory and feeding patterns. Specifically, L-glutamate induced and partially mimicked endogenous feeding cycles, whereas glycine and GABA suppressed feeding. ATP-modified feeding is complex, first causing feeding-like cycles and then suppressing feeding. Trichoplax locomotion was modulated by glycine, GABA, and, surprisingly, by animals' own mucus trails. Mucus triples locomotory speed compared to clean substrates. Glycine and GABA increased the frequency of turns. The effects of the amino acids are likely mediated by numerous receptors (R), including those from ionotropic GluRs, metabotropic GluRs, and GABA-BR families. Eighty-five of these receptors are encoded in the Trichoplax genome, more than in any other animal sequenced. Phylogenetic reconstructions illuminate massive lineage-specific expansions of amino acid receptors in Placozoa, Cnidaria, and Porifera and parallel evolution of nutritional sensing. Furthermore, we view the integration of feeding behaviors in nerveless animals by amino acids as ancestral exaptations that pave the way for co-options of glutamate, glycine, GABA, and ATP as classical neurotransmitters in eumetazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simkha I. Borman
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
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11
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Moroz LL, Mukherjee K, Romanova DY. Nitric oxide signaling in ctenophores. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1125433. [PMID: 37034176 PMCID: PMC10073611 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1125433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most ancient and versatile signal molecules across all domains of life. NO signaling might also play an essential role in the origin of animal organization. Yet, practically nothing is known about the distribution and functions of NO-dependent signaling pathways in representatives of early branching metazoans such as Ctenophora. Here, we explore the presence and organization of NO signaling components using Mnemiopsis and kin as essential reference species. We show that NO synthase (NOS) is present in at least eight ctenophore species, including Euplokamis and Coeloplana, representing the most basal ctenophore lineages. However, NOS could be secondarily lost in many other ctenophores, including Pleurobrachia and Beroe. In Mnemiopsis leidyi, NOS is present both in adult tissues and differentially expressed in later embryonic stages suggesting the involvement of NO in developmental mechanisms. Ctenophores also possess soluble guanylyl cyclases as potential NO receptors with weak but differential expression across tissues. Combined, these data indicate that the canonical NO-cGMP signaling pathways existed in the common ancestor of animals and could be involved in the control of morphogenesis, cilia activities, feeding and different behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Leonid L. Moroz, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-1333-3176
| | - Krishanu Mukherjee
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Flensburg SB, Garm A, Funch P. The contraction-expansion behaviour in the demosponge Tethya wilhelma is light controlled and follows a diurnal rhythm. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:286159. [PMID: 36546534 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) are metazoans which lack muscles and nerve cells, yet perform coordinated behaviours such as whole-body contractions. Previous studies indicate diurnal variability in both the number of contractions and the expression of circadian clock genes. Here, we show that diurnal patterns are present in the contraction-expansion behaviour of the demosponge Tethya wilhelma, by using infrared videography and a simulated night/day cycle including sunrise and sunset mimics. In addition, we show that this behaviour is at least strongly influenced by ambient light intensity and therefore indicates light-sensing capabilities in this sponge species. This is supported by our finding that T. wilhelma consistently contracts at sunrise, and that this pattern disappears both when the sponge is kept in constant darkness and when it is in constant light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Flensburg
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Garm
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Funch
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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13
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Wong E, Anggono V, Williams SR, Degnan SM, Degnan BM. Phototransduction in a marine sponge provides insights into the origin of animal vision. iScience 2022; 25:104436. [PMID: 35707725 PMCID: PMC9189025 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms respond to light. Here, we investigate the origin of metazoan phototransduction by comparing well-characterized opsin-based photosystems in neural animals with those in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica. Although sponges lack neurons and opsins, they can respond rapidly to light. In Amphimedon larvae, this is guided by the light-sensing posterior pigment ring. We first use cell-type-specific transcriptomes to reveal that genes that characterize eumetazoan Gt- and Go-mediated photosystems are enriched in the pigment ring. We then apply a suite of signaling pathway agonists and antagonists to swimming larvae exposed to directional light. These experiments implicate metabotropic glutamate receptors, phospholipase-C, protein kinase C, and voltage-gated calcium channels in larval phototaxis; the inhibition of phospholipase-C, a key transducer of the Gq-mediated pathway, completely reverses phototactic behavior. Together, these results are consistent with aneural sponges sharing with neural metazoans an ancestral set of photosignaling pathways. Amphimedon larvae are negatively phototactic but lack neurons and opsins Sponge larval photosensory cells are enriched in conserved phototransduction genes Conserved photosignaling pathways appear to be controlling larval phototaxis Phototactic behavior is reversed by the inhibition of phospholipase-C
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Victor Anggono
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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14
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Reyes-Rivera J, Wu Y, Guthrie BG, Marletta MA, King N, Brunet T. Nitric oxide signaling controls collective contractions in a colonial choanoflagellate. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2539-2547.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Shmukler YB, Nikishin DA. Non-Neuronal Transmitter Systems in Bacteria, Non-Nervous Eukaryotes, and Invertebrate Embryos. Biomolecules 2022; 12:271. [PMID: 35204771 PMCID: PMC8961645 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1921, Otto Loewi published his report that ushered in the era of chemical transmission of biological signals. January 2021 marked the 90th anniversary of the birth of Professor Gennady A. Buznikov, who was the first to study the functions of transmitters in embryogenesis. A year earlier it was 60 years since his first publication in this field. These data are a venerable occasion for a review of current knowledge on the mechanisms related to classical transmitters such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, catecholamines, etc., in animals lacking neural elements and prenervous invertebrate embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri B. Shmukler
- Lab of the Problems of Regeneration, N. K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow 119334, Russia;
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16
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Musser JM, Schippers KJ, Nickel M, Mizzon G, Kohn AB, Pape C, Ronchi P, Papadopoulos N, Tarashansky AJ, Hammel JU, Wolf F, Liang C, Hernández-Plaza A, Cantalapiedra CP, Achim K, Schieber NL, Pan L, Ruperti F, Francis WR, Vargas S, Kling S, Renkert M, Polikarpov M, Bourenkov G, Feuda R, Gaspar I, Burkhardt P, Wang B, Bork P, Beck M, Schneider TR, Kreshuk A, Wörheide G, Huerta-Cepas J, Schwab Y, Moroz LL, Arendt D. Profiling cellular diversity in sponges informs animal cell type and nervous system evolution. Science 2021; 374:717-723. [PMID: 34735222 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Musser
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaske J Schippers
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Nickel
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Ernst-Haeckel-Haus und Biologiedidaktik, 07743 Jena, Germany.,GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Giulia Mizzon
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Constantin Pape
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jörg U Hammel
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Ernst-Haeckel-Haus und Biologiedidaktik, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Institute for Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Florian Wolf
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Ernst-Haeckel-Haus und Biologiedidaktik, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cong Liang
- Center for Applied Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ana Hernández-Plaza
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos P Cantalapiedra
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kaia Achim
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole L Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leslie Pan
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Ruperti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Collaboration for joint Ph.D. degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Warren R Francis
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Svenja Kling
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Renkert
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maxim Polikarpov
- Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, 22607 Germany.,Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gleb Bourenkov
- Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, 22607 Germany
| | - Roberto Feuda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Imre Gaspar
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Totipotency, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pawel Burkhardt
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Beck
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas R Schneider
- Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, 22607 Germany
| | - Anna Kreshuk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gert Wörheide
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 München, Germany.,Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie (SNSB), 80333 München, Germany
| | - Jaime Huerta-Cepas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223 Madrid, Spain.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Moroz LL, Nikitin MA, Poličar PG, Kohn AB, Romanova DY. Evolution of glutamatergic signaling and synapses. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108740. [PMID: 34343611 PMCID: PMC9233959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate as a signaling molecule in the first place. Here, we used comparative metabolomics and genomic data to reconstruct the genealogy of glutamatergic signaling. The origin of Glu-mediated communications might be traced to primordial nitrogen and carbon metabolic pathways. The versatile chemistry of L-Glu placed this molecule at the crossroad of cellular biochemistry as one of the most abundant metabolites. From there, innovations multiplied. Many stress factors or injuries could increase extracellular glutamate concentration, which led to the development of modular molecular systems for its rapid sensing in bacteria and archaea. More than 20 evolutionarily distinct families of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) have been identified in eukaryotes. The domain compositions of iGluRs correlate with the origins of multicellularity in eukaryotes. Although L-Glu was recruited as a neuro-muscular transmitter in the early-branching metazoans, it was predominantly a non-neuronal messenger, with a possibility that glutamatergic synapses evolved more than once. Furthermore, the molecular secretory complexity of glutamatergic synapses in invertebrates (e.g., Aplysia) can exceed their vertebrate counterparts. Comparative genomics also revealed 15+ subfamilies of iGluRs across Metazoa. However, most of this ancestral diversity had been lost in the vertebrate lineage, preserving AMPA, Kainate, Delta, and NMDA receptors. The widespread expansion of glutamate synapses in the cortical areas might be associated with the enhanced metabolic demands of the complex brain and compartmentalization of Glu signaling within modular neuronal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127994, Russia
| | - Pavlin G Poličar
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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18
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY, Kohn AB. Neural versus alternative integrative systems: molecular insights into origins of neurotransmitters. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190762. [PMID: 33550949 PMCID: PMC7935107 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and functions of neurotransmitter systems in basal metazoans as well as outline hypotheses of their origins. We explore the scenario that neurons arose from genetically different populations of secretory cells capable of volume chemical transmission and integration of behaviours without canonical synapses. The closest representation of this primordial organization is currently found in Placozoa, disk-like animals with the simplest known cell composition but complex behaviours. We propose that injury-related signalling was the evolutionary predecessor for integrative functions of early transmitters such as nitric oxide, ATP, protons, glutamate and small peptides. By contrast, acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, octopamine, serotonin and histamine were recruited as canonical neurotransmitters relatively later in animal evolution, only in bilaterians. Ligand-gated ion channels often preceded the establishment of novel neurotransmitter systems. Moreover, lineage-specific diversification of neurotransmitter receptors occurred in parallel within Cnidaria and several bilaterian lineages, including acoels. In summary, ancestral diversification of secretory signal molecules provides unique chemical microenvironments for behaviour-driven innovations that pave the way to complex brain functions and elementary cognition. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y. Romanova
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 5A Butlerova Street, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Andrea B. Kohn
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute and Whitney laboratory, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean shore Blvd, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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19
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Moroz LL, Romanova DY, Nikitin MA, Sohn D, Kohn AB, Neveu E, Varoqueaux F, Fasshauer D. The diversification and lineage-specific expansion of nitric oxide signaling in Placozoa: insights in the evolution of gaseous transmission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13020. [PMID: 32747709 PMCID: PMC7400543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gaseous messenger, but we know little about its early evolution. Here, we analyzed NO synthases (NOS) in four different species of placozoans-one of the early-branching animal lineages. In contrast to other invertebrates studied, Trichoplax and Hoilungia have three distinct NOS genes, including PDZ domain-containing NOS. Using ultra-sensitive capillary electrophoresis assays, we quantified nitrites (products of NO oxidation) and L-citrulline (co-product of NO synthesis from L-arginine), which were affected by NOS inhibitors confirming the presence of functional enzymes in Trichoplax. Using fluorescent single-molecule in situ hybridization, we showed that distinct NOSs are expressed in different subpopulations of cells, with a noticeable distribution close to the edge regions of Trichoplax. These data suggest both the compartmentalized release of NO and a greater diversity of cell types in placozoans than anticipated. NO receptor machinery includes both canonical and novel NIT-domain containing soluble guanylate cyclases as putative NO/nitrite/nitrate sensors. Thus, although Trichoplax and Hoilungia exemplify the morphologically simplest free-living animals, the complexity of NO-cGMP-mediated signaling in Placozoa is greater to those in vertebrates. This situation illuminates multiple lineage-specific diversifications of NOSs and NO/nitrite/nitrate sensors from the common ancestor of Metazoa and the preservation of conservative NOS architecture from prokaryotic ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine and Gainesville, FL, 32080, USA.
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dosung Sohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine and Gainesville, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine and Gainesville, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Emilie Neveu
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frederique Varoqueaux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Faltine-Gonzalez DZ, Layden MJ. Characterization of nAChRs in Nematostella vectensis supports neuronal and non-neuronal roles in the cnidarian-bilaterian common ancestor. EvoDevo 2019; 10:27. [PMID: 31700598 PMCID: PMC6825365 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors likely evolved in the cnidarian–bilaterian common ancestor. Both receptor families are best known for their role at chemical synapses in bilaterian animals, but they also have described roles as non-neuronal signaling receptors within the bilaterians. It is not clear when either of the functions for nicotinic or muscarinic receptors evolved. Previous studies in cnidarians suggest that acetylcholine’s neuronal role existed prior to the cnidarian–bilaterian divergence, but did not address potential non-neuronal functions. To determine the origins of neuronal and non-neuronal functions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, we investigated the phylogenetic position of cnidarian acetylcholine receptors, characterized the spatiotemporal expression patterns of nicotinic receptors in N. vectensis, and compared pharmacological studies in N. vectensis to the previous work in other cnidarians. Results Consistent with described activity in other cnidarians, treatment with acetylcholine-induced tentacular contractions in the cnidarian sea anemone N. vectensis. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the N. vectensis genome encodes 26 nicotinic (nAChRs) and no muscarinic (mAChRs) acetylcholine receptors and that nAChRs independently radiated in cnidarian and bilaterian linages. The namesake nAChR agonist, nicotine, induced tentacular contractions similar to those observed with acetylcholine, and the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine suppressed tentacular contractions induced by both acetylcholine and nicotine. This indicated that tentacle contractions are in fact mediated by nAChRs. Nicotine also induced the contraction of radial muscles, which contract as part of the peristaltic waves that propagate along the oral–aboral axis of the trunk. Radial contractions and peristaltic waves were suppressed by mecamylamine. The ability of nicotine to mimic acetylcholine responses, and of mecamylamine to suppress acetylcholine and nicotine-induced contractions, supports a neuronal function for acetylcholine in cnidarians. Examination of the spatiotemporal expression of N. vectensis nAChRs (NvnAChRs) during development and in juvenile polyps identified that NvnAChRs are expressed in neurons, muscles, gonads, and large domains known to be consistent with a role in developmental patterning. These patterns are consistent with nAChRs functioning in both a neuronal and non-neuronal capacity in N. vectensis. Conclusion Our data suggest that nAChR receptors functioned at chemical synapses in N. vectensis to regulate tentacle contraction. Similar responses to acetylcholine are well documented in cnidarians, suggesting that the neuronal function represents an ancestral role for nAChRs. Expression patterns of nAChRs are consistent with both neuronal and non-neuronal roles for acetylcholine in cnidarians. Together, these observations suggest that both neuronal and non-neuronal functions for the ancestral nAChRs were present in the cnidarian–bilaterian common ancestor. Thus, both roles described in bilaterian species likely arose at or near the base of nAChR evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Layden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
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21
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Lavrov AI, Kosevich IA. Stolonial Movement: A New Type of Whole-Organism Behavior in Porifera. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 234:58-67. [PMID: 29694803 DOI: 10.1086/697113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) traditionally are represented as inactive, sessile filter-feeding animals devoid of any behavior except filtering activity. However, different time-lapse techniques demonstrate that sponges are able to show a wide range of coordinated but slow whole-organism behavior. The present study concerns a peculiar type of such behavior in the psychrophilic demosponge Amphilectus lobatus: stolonial movement. During stolonial movement, sponges produce outgrowths (stolons) that crawl along a substrate with a speed of 4.4 ± 2.2 μm min-1 and branch, thus forming a complex net covering a considerable area of a substrate. This net is used by sponges to search for new points with appropriate environmental conditions for individual relocation. After such points are found, all cells of the parental sponge migrate through stolons, leaving a naked parental skeleton, forming one or several filial sponges in the new location. Thus, stolonial movement combines traits of crawling along the substrate and asexual reproduction. This behavior relies on massive cell dedifferentiation followed by coordinated cell migration to the point of new sponge body formation and their subsequent differentiation into specialized cell types.
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22
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Strehlow BW, Jorgensen D, Webster NS, Pineda MC, Duckworth A. Using a thermistor flowmeter with attached video camera for monitoring sponge excurrent speed and oscular behaviour. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2761. [PMID: 27994973 PMCID: PMC5157188 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A digital, four-channel thermistor flowmeter integrated with time-lapse cameras was developed as an experimental tool for measuring pumping rates in marine sponges, particularly those with small excurrent openings (oscula). Combining flowmeters with time-lapse imagery yielded valuable insights into the contractile behaviour of oscula in Cliona orientalis. Osculum cross-sectional area (OSA) was positively correlated to measured excurrent speeds (ES), indicating that sponge pumping and osculum contraction are coordinated behaviours. Both OSA and ES were positively correlated to pumping rate (Q). Diel trends in pumping activity and osculum contraction were also observed, with sponges increasing their pumping activity to peak at midday and decreasing pumping and contracting oscula at night. Short-term elevation of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) within the seawater initially decreased pumping rates by up to 90%, ultimately resulting in closure of the oscula and cessation of pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Strehlow
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, School of Plant Biology, and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Damien Jorgensen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science , Townsville , QLD , Australia
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Mari-Carmen Pineda
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Duckworth
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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23
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Petralia RS, Wang YX, Mattson MP, Yao PJ. The Diversity of Spine Synapses in Animals. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:497-539. [PMID: 27230661 PMCID: PMC5158183 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we examine the structure of the various types of spine synapses throughout the animal kingdom. Based on available evidence, we suggest that there are two major categories of spine synapses: invaginating and non-invaginating, with distributions that vary among different groups of animals. In the simplest living animals with definitive nerve cells and synapses, the cnidarians and ctenophores, most chemical synapses do not form spine synapses. But some cnidarians have invaginating spine synapses, especially in photoreceptor terminals of motile cnidarians with highly complex visual organs, and also in some mainly sessile cnidarians with rapid prey capture reflexes. This association of invaginating spine synapses with complex sensory inputs is retained in the evolution of higher animals in photoreceptor terminals and some mechanoreceptor synapses. In contrast to invaginating spine synapse, non-invaginating spine synapses have been described only in animals with bilateral symmetry, heads and brains, associated with greater complexity in neural connections. This is apparent already in the simplest bilaterians, the flatworms, which can have well-developed non-invaginating spine synapses in some cases. Non-invaginating spine synapses diversify in higher animal groups. We also discuss the functional advantages of having synapses on spines and more specifically, on invaginating spines. And finally we discuss pathologies associated with spine synapses, concentrating on those systems and diseases where invaginating spine synapses are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA.
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, 35A Center Drive, Room 1E614, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3729, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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24
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Ueda N, Richards GS, Degnan BM, Kranz A, Adamska M, Croll RP, Degnan SM. An ancient role for nitric oxide in regulating the animal pelagobenthic life cycle: evidence from a marine sponge. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37546. [PMID: 27874071 PMCID: PMC5118744 DOI: 10.1038/srep37546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many marine invertebrates, larval metamorphosis is induced by environmental cues that activate sensory receptors and signalling pathways. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule that regulates metamorphosis in diverse bilaterians. In most cases NO inhibits or represses this process, although it functions as an activator in some species. Here we demonstrate that NO positively regulates metamorphosis in the poriferan Amphimedon queenslandica. High rates of A. queenslandica metamorphosis normally induced by a coralline alga are inhibited by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and by a NO scavenger. Consistent with this, an artificial donor of NO induces metamorphosis even in the absence of the alga. Inhibition of the ERK signalling pathway prevents metamorphosis in concert with, or downstream of, NO signalling; a NO donor cannot override the ERK inhibitor. NOS gene expression is activated late in embryogenesis and in larvae, and is enriched in specific epithelial and subepithelial cell types, including a putative sensory cell, the globular cell; DAF-FM staining supports these cells being primary sources of NO. Together, these results are consistent with NO playing an activating role in induction of A. queenslandica metamorphosis, evidence of its highly conserved regulatory role in metamorphosis throughout the Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Ueda
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gemma S. Richards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandrea Kranz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maja Adamska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Roger P. Croll
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sandie M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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25
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Mukherjee S, Ray M, Ray S. Shift in aggregation, ROS generation, antioxidative defense, lysozyme and acetylcholinesterase activities in the cells of an Indian freshwater sponge exposed to washing soda (sodium carbonate). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 187:19-31. [PMID: 27178357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Washing soda, chemically identified as anhydrous sodium carbonate, is a popular cleaning agent among the rural and urban populations of India which often contaminates the freshwater ponds and lakes, the natural habitat of sponge Eunapius carteri. Present investigation deals with estimation of cellular aggregation, generation of ROS and activities of antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme and acetylcholinesterase in the cells of E. carteri under the environmentally realistic concentrations of washing soda. Prolonged treatment of washing soda inhibited the degree of cellular aggregation. Experimental exposure of 8 and 16mg/l of sodium carbonate for 48h elevated the physiological level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the agranulocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes of E. carteri, whereas, treatment of 192h inhibited the ROS generation in three cellular morphotypes. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were recorded to be inhibited under prolonged exposure of washing soda. Washing soda mediated inhibition of ROS generation and depletion in the activities of antioxidant enzymes were indicative to an undesirable shift in cytotoxic status and antioxidative defense in E. carteri. Inhibition in the activity of lysozyme under the treatment of sodium carbonate was suggestive to a severe impairment of the innate immunological efficiency of E. carteri distributed in the washing soda contaminated habitat. Washing soda mediated inhibition in the activity of acetylcholinesterase indicated its neurotoxicity in E. carteri. Washing soda, a reported environmental contaminant, affected adversely the immunophysiological status of E. carteri with reference to cellular aggregation, oxidative stress, antioxidative defense, lysozyme and acetylcholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Mukherjee
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mitali Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sajal Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
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26
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Catecholaminergic System of Invertebrates: Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects in Comparison With the Octopaminergic System. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 322:363-94. [PMID: 26940523 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we examined the catecholaminergic system of invertebrates, starting from protists and getting to chordates. Different techniques used by numerous researchers revealed, in most examined phyla, the presence of catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline or of the enzymes involved in their synthesis. The catecholamines are generally linked to the nervous system and they can act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones; moreover they play a very important role as regards the response to a large number of stress situations. Nevertheless, in some invertebrate phyla belonging to Protostoma, the monoamine octopamine is the main biogenic amine. The presence of catecholamines in some protists suggests a role as intracellular or interorganismal signaling molecules and an ancient origin of their synthetic pathways. The catecholamines appear also involved in the regulation of bioluminescence and in the control of larval development and metamorphosis in some marine invertebrate phyla.
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27
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Krishnan A, Schiöth HB. The role of G protein-coupled receptors in the early evolution of neurotransmission and the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:562-71. [PMID: 25696819 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origin and evolution of the nervous system is one of the most intriguing and enigmatic events in biology. The recent sequencing of complete genomes from early metazoan organisms provides a new platform to study the origins of neuronal gene families. This review explores the early metazoan expansion of the largest integral transmembrane protein family, the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which serve as molecular targets for a large subset of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in higher animals. GPCR repertories from four pre-bilaterian metazoan genomes were compared. This includes the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis and the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, which have primitive nervous systems (nerve nets), the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens, which lack nerve and muscle cells. Comparative genomics demonstrate that the rhodopsin and glutamate receptor families, known to be involved in neurotransmission in higher animals are also widely found in pre-bilaterian metazoans and possess substantial expansions of rhodopsin-family-like GPCRs. Furthermore, the emerging knowledge on the functions of adhesion GPCRs in the vertebrate nervous system provides a platform to examine possible analogous roles of their closest homologues in pre-bilaterians. Intriguingly, the presence of molecular components required for GPCR-mediated neurotransmission in pre-bilaterians reveals that they exist in both primitive nervous systems and nerve-cell-free environments, providing essential comparative models to better understand the origins of the nervous system and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Krishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593,751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593,751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic analyses show that sponges possess a large repertoire of genes associated with neuronal processes in other animals, but what is the evidence these are used in a coordination or sensory context in sponges? The very different phylogenetic hypotheses under discussion today suggest very different scenarios for the evolution of tissues and coordination systems in early animals. The sponge genomic 'toolkit' either reflects a simple, pre-neural system used to protect the sponge filter or represents the remnants of a more complex signalling system and sponges have lost cell types, tissues and regionalization to suit their current suspension-feeding habit. Comparative transcriptome data can be informative but need to be assessed in the context of knowledge of sponge tissue structure and physiology. Here, I examine the elements of the sponge neural toolkit including sensory cells, conduction pathways, signalling molecules and the ionic basis of signalling. The elements described do not fit the scheme of a loss of sophistication, but seem rather to reflect an early specialization for suspension feeding, which fits with the presumed ecological framework in which the first animals evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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29
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The hidden biology of sponges and ctenophores. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Riesgo A, Farrar N, Windsor PJ, Giribet G, Leys SP. The analysis of eight transcriptomes from all poriferan classes reveals surprising genetic complexity in sponges. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:1102-20. [PMID: 24497032 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera) are among the earliest evolving metazoans. Their filter-feeding body plan based on choanocyte chambers organized into a complex aquiferous system is so unique among metazoans that it either reflects an early divergence from other animals prior to the evolution of features such as muscles and nerves, or that sponges lost these characters. Analyses of the Amphimedon and Oscarella genomes support this view of uniqueness-many key metazoan genes are absent in these sponges-but whether this is generally true of other sponges remains unknown. We studied the transcriptomes of eight sponge species in four classes (Hexactinellida, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha, and Calcarea) specifically seeking genes and pathways considered to be involved in animal complexity. For reference, we also sought these genes in transcriptomes and genomes of three unicellular opisthokonts, two sponges (A. queenslandica and O. carmela), and two bilaterian taxa. Our analyses showed that all sponge classes share an unexpectedly large complement of genes with other metazoans. Interestingly, hexactinellid, calcareous, and homoscleromorph sponges share more genes with bilaterians than with nonbilaterian metazoans. We were surprised to find representatives of most molecules involved in cell-cell communication, signaling, complex epithelia, immune recognition, and germ-lineage/sex, with only a few, but potentially key, absences. A noteworthy finding was that some important genes were absent from all demosponges (transcriptomes and the Amphimedon genome), which might reflect divergence from main-stem lineages including hexactinellids, calcareous sponges, and homoscleromorphs. Our results suggest that genetic complexity arose early in evolution as shown by the presence of these genes in most of the animal lineages, which suggests sponges either possess cryptic physiological and morphological complexity and/or have lost ancestral cell types or physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Riesgo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University
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31
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Rivera A, Winters I, Rued A, Ding S, Posfai D, Cieniewicz B, Cameron K, Gentile L, Hill A. The evolution and function of the Pax/Six regulatory network in sponges. Evol Dev 2013; 15:186-96. [PMID: 23607302 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Examining the origins of highly conserved gene regulatory networks (GRNs) will inform our understanding of the evolution of animal body plans. Sponges are believed to be the most ancient extant metazoan lineage, and as such, hold clues about the evolution of genetic programs deployed in animal development. We used the emerging freshwater sponge model, Ephydatia muelleri, to study the evolutionary origins of the Pax/Six/Eya/Dac (PSED) GRN. Orthologs to Pax and Six family members are present in E. muelleri and are expressed in endothelial cells lining the canal system as well as cells in the choanoderm. Knockdown of EmPaxB and EmSix1/2 by RNAi resulted in defects to the canal systems. We further show that PaxB may be in a regulatory relationship with Six1/2 in E. muelleri, thus demonstrating that a component of the PSED network was present early in metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rivera
- University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
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32
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Abstract
Sponges have become the focus of studies on molecular evolution and the evolution of animal body plans due to their ancient branching point in the metazoan lineage. Whereas our former understanding of sponge function was largely based on a morphological perspective, the recent availability of the first full genome of a sponge (Amphimedon queenslandica), and of the transcriptomes of other sponges, provides a new way of understanding sponges by their molecular components. This wealth of genetic information not only confirms some long-held ideas about sponge form and function but also poses new puzzles. For example, the Amphimedon sponge genome tells us that sponges possess a repertoire of genes involved in control of cell proliferation and in regulation of development. In vitro expression studies with genes involved in stem cell maintenance confirm that archaeocytes are the main stem cell population and are able to differentiate into many cell types in the sponge including pinacocytes and choanocytes. Therefore, the diverse roles of archaeocytes imply differential gene expression within a single cell ontogenetically, and gene expression is likely also different in different species; but what triggers cells to enter one pathway and not another and how each archaeocyte cell type can be identified based on this gene knowledge are new challenges. Whereas molecular data provide a powerful new tool for interpreting sponge form and function, because sponges are suspension feeders, their body plan and physiology are very much dependent on their physical environment, and in particular on flow. Therefore, in order to integrate new knowledge of molecular data into a better understanding the sponge body plan, it is important to use an organismal approach. In this chapter, we give an account of sponge body organization as it relates to the physiology of the sponge in light of new molecular data. We focus, in particular, on the structure of sponge tissues and review descriptive as well as experimental work on choanocyte morphology and function. Special attention is given to pinacocyte epithelia, cell junctions, and the molecules present in sponge epithelia. Studies describing the role of the pinacoderm in sensing, coordination, and secretion are reviewed. A wealth of recent work describes gene presence and expression patterns in sponge tissues during development, and we review this in the context of the previous descriptions of sponge morphology and physiology. A final section addresses recent findings of genes involved in the immune response. This review is far from exhaustive but intends rather to revisit for non-specialists key aspects of sponge morphology and physiology in light of new molecular data as a means to better understand and interpret sponge form and function today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Renard E, Vacelet J, Gazave E, Lapébie P, Borchiellini C, Ereskovsky AV. Origin of the neuro-sensory system: new and expected insights from sponges. Integr Zool 2011; 4:294-308. [PMID: 21392302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of all cells to respond to stimuli implies the conduction of information at least over short distances. In multicellular organisms, more complex systems of integration and coordination of activities are necessary. In most animals, the processing of information is performed by a nervous system. Among the most basal taxa, sponges are nerveless so that it is traditionally assumed that the integrated neuro-sensory system originated only once in Eumetazoa, a hypothesis not in agreement with some recent phylogenomic studies. The aim of this review is to show that recent data on sponges might provide clues for understanding the origin of this complex system. First, sponges are able to react to external stimuli, and some of them display spontaneous movement activities. These coordinated behaviors involve nervous system-like mechanisms, such as action potentials and/or neurotransmitters. Second, genomic analyses show that sponges possess genes orthologous to those involved in the patterning or functioning of the neuro-sensory system in Eumetazoa. Finally, some of these genes are expressed in specific cells (flask cells, choanocytes). Together with ultrastructural data, this gives rise to challenging hypotheses concerning cell types that might play neuro-sensory-like roles in sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Renard
- Centre d'océanologie de Marseille, CNRS - Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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Rivera AS, Hammel JU, Haen KM, Danka ES, Cieniewicz B, Winters IP, Posfai D, Wörheide G, Lavrov DV, Knight SW, Hill MS, Hill AL, Nickel M. RNA interference in marine and freshwater sponges: actin knockdown in Tethya wilhelma and Ephydatia muelleri by ingested dsRNA expressing bacteria. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:67. [PMID: 21679422 PMCID: PMC3146823 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The marine sponge Tethya wilhelma and the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri are emerging model organisms to study evolution, gene regulation, development, and physiology in non-bilaterian animal systems. Thus far, functional methods (i.e., loss or gain of function) for these organisms have not been available. Results We show that soaking developing freshwater sponges in double-stranded RNA and/or feeding marine and freshwater sponges bacteria expressing double-stranded RNA can lead to RNA interference and reduction of targeted transcript levels. These methods, first utilized in C. elegans, have been adapted for the development and feeding style of easily cultured marine and freshwater poriferans. We demonstrate phenotypic changes result from 'knocking down' expression of the actin gene. Conclusion This technique provides an easy, efficient loss-of-function manipulation for developmental and gene regulatory studies in these important non-bilaterian animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajna S Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
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35
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Colasanti M, Persichini T, Venturini G. Nitric oxide pathway in lower metazoans. Nitric Oxide 2011; 23:94-100. [PMID: 20638951 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.05.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of nitric oxide (NO) pathway has been well demonstrated in the main invertebrate groups, showing parallel findings on the role of NO in vertebrates and invertebrates. Noteworthy is the example of the role played by the nitrergic pathway in the sensorial functions, mainly in olfactory-like systems. On the other hand, the emerging molecular information about NOSs from lower metazoans (Porifera, cnidarians up to higher invertebrates) suggests that NO pathways might represent examples of a parallel evolution of the NOS prototypes in different animal lineages. Nevertheless, increasing evidence suggests that NO is one of the earliest and most widespread signaling molecules in living organisms. Here, we attempt to provide a survey of current knowledge of the synthesis and possible roles of NO and the related signaling pathway in lower metazoans (i.e., Porifera and Cnidaria), two phyla forming a crucial bridge spanning the evolutionary gap between the protozoans and higher metazoans. From the literature data here reported, it emerges that future research on the biological roles of NO in basal metazoans is likely to be very important for understanding the evolution of signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colasanti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ROMA TRE, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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Ramoino P, Ledda FD, Ferrando S, Gallus L, Bianchini P, Diaspro A, Fato M, Tagliafierro G, Manconi R. Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAB) receptors modulate feeding behavior in the calcisponge Leucandra aspera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 315:132-40. [PMID: 21370481 DOI: 10.1002/jez.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the presence of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic system in the calcisponge Leucandra aspera and examine the cellular localization of the components of this system, including GABA-like receptors using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that GABA plays a functional role as a messenger in regulating sponge-feeding behavior. We found that both GABA(B) R1 and R2 subunits are present in the choanocytes of sponges as well as in the eso- and endopinacocytes. The functional role of GABA in the feeding behavior of this sponge was tested. The involvement of GABA receptors in the endocytic processes in L. aspera was demonstrated with dextran conjugated to Texas Red as a marker for material ingestion and by treating isolated sponge cells with a GABA(B) receptor agonist and an antagonist. The amount of dextran that was ingested increased in dissociated sponge cells when the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen was used, and this stimulatory effect was prevented by treatment with the GABA(B) receptor antagonist phaclofen. The baclofen effect on uptake was blocked by treatment with pertussis toxin, thus indicating a role for G proteins in modulating feeding behavior in L. aspera. Moreover, we found evidence that GABA receptors are involved in the consumption of dissolved organic matter by sponge cells. These findings suggest that GABA receptors and their functional role are highly conservative traits in the animal kingdom prenervous system evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ramoino
- Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse (DIPTERIS), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Richter S, Loesel R, Purschke G, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Scholtz G, Stach T, Vogt L, Wanninger A, Brenneis G, Döring C, Faller S, Fritsch M, Grobe P, Heuer CM, Kaul S, Møller OS, Müller CHG, Rieger V, Rothe BH, Stegner MEJ, Harzsch S. Invertebrate neurophylogeny: suggested terms and definitions for a neuroanatomical glossary. Front Zool 2010; 7:29. [PMID: 21062451 PMCID: PMC2996375 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invertebrate nervous systems are highly disparate between different taxa. This is reflected in the terminology used to describe them, which is very rich and often confusing. Even very general terms such as 'brain', 'nerve', and 'eye' have been used in various ways in the different animal groups, but no consensus on the exact meaning exists. This impedes our understanding of the architecture of the invertebrate nervous system in general and of evolutionary transformations of nervous system characters between different taxa. RESULTS We provide a glossary of invertebrate neuroanatomical terms with a precise and consistent terminology, taxon-independent and free of homology assumptions. This terminology is intended to form a basis for new morphological descriptions. A total of 47 terms are defined. Each entry consists of a definition, discouraged terms, and a background/comment section. CONCLUSIONS The use of our revised neuroanatomical terminology in any new descriptions of the anatomy of invertebrate nervous systems will improve the comparability of this organ system and its substructures between the various taxa, and finally even lead to better and more robust homology hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Richter
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rudi Loesel
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Günter Purschke
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Zoologie, Barbarastraße 11,, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Biozentrum Grindel/Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Stach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Zoologie - Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Vogt
- Universität Bonn, Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, An der Immenburg 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Research Group for Comparative Zoology, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georg Brenneis
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Döring
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Zoologie, Barbarastraße 11,, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Simone Faller
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Fritsch
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Grobe
- Universität Bonn, Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, An der Immenburg 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carsten M Heuer
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kaul
- Freie Universität Berlin, Zoologie - Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole S Møller
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Carsten HG Müller
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Verena Rieger
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birgen H Rothe
- Biozentrum Grindel/Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin EJ Stegner
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Bery A, Martínez P. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the developing and regenerating nervous system of the acoel Symsagittifera roscoffensis. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elliott GRD, Leys SP. Evidence for glutamate, GABA and NO in coordinating behaviour in the sponge, Ephydatia muelleri (Demospongiae, Spongillidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:2310-21. [PMID: 20543130 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.039859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The view that sponges lack tissue level organisation, epithelia, sensory cells and coordinated behaviour is challenged by recent molecular studies showing the existence in Porifera of molecules and proteins that define cell signalling systems in higher order metazoans. Demonstration that freshwater sponges can contract their canals in an organised manner in response to both external and endogenous stimuli prompted us to examine the physiology of the contraction behaviour. Using a combination of digital time-lapse microscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, immunocytochemistry and pharmacological manipulations, we tested the role of the diffusible amino acids glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a short-lived diffusible gas, nitric oxide (NO), in triggering or modulating contractions in Ephydatia muelleri. We identified pools of glutamate, glutamine and GABA used to maintain a metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptor signalling system. Glutamate induced contractions and propagation of a stereotypical behaviour inflating and deflating the canal system, acting in a dose-dependent manner. Glutamate-triggered contractions were blocked by the metabatropic glutamate receptor inhibitor AP3 and by incubation of the sponge in an allosteric competitive inhibitor of glutamate, Kynurenic acid. Incubation in GABA inhibited glutamate-triggered contractions of the sponge. Nitric oxide synthase, involved in the formation of the diffusible gas NO, was localised using NADPH-diaphorase to mesenchyme cells in the osculum and pinacoderm. A cGMP assay showed the same cells were labelled suggesting that the NO system is functional. Our findings suggest sponges coordinate behaviour using chemical messenger systems common to other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R D Elliott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
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Schierwater B, Kolokotronis SO, Eitel M, DeSalle R. The Diploblast-Bilateria Sister hypothesis: parallel revolution of a nervous systems may have been a simple step. Commun Integr Biol 2010; 2:403-5. [PMID: 19907700 DOI: 10.4161/cib.2.5.8763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For many familiar with metazoan relationships and body plans, the hypothesis of a sister group relationship between Diploblasta and Bilateria1 comes as a surprise. One of the consequences of this hypothesis-the independent evolution of a nervous system in Coelenterata and Bilateria-seems highly unlikely to many. However, to a small number of scientists working on Metazoa, the parallel evolution of the nervous system is not surprising at all and rather a confirmation of old morphological and new genetic knowledge.2-4 The controversial hypothesis that the Diploblasta and Bilateria are sister taxa is, therefore, tantamount to reconciling the parallel evolution of the nervous system in Coelenterata and Bilateria. In this addendum to Schierwater et al.1 we discuss two aspects critical to the controversy. First we discuss the strength of the inference of the proposed sister relationship of Diploblasta and Bilateria and second we discuss the implications for the evolution of nerve cells and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schierwater
- ITZ, Ecology and Evolution, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Ramoino P, Milanese M, Candiani S, Diaspro A, Fato M, Usai C, Bonanno G. γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) release in the ciliated protozoon Paramecium occurs by neuronal-like exocytosis. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:1251-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.039594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Paramecium primaurelia expresses a significant amount of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). Paramecia possess both glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-like and vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT)-like proteins, indicating the ability to synthesize GABA from glutamate and to transport GABA into vesicles. Using antibodies raised against mammalian GAD and vGAT, bands with an apparent molecular weight of about 67 kDa and 57 kDa were detected. The presence of these bands indicated a similarity between the proteins in Paramecium and in mammals. VAMP, syntaxin and SNAP, putative proteins of the release machinery that form the so-called SNARE complex, are present in Paramecium. Most VAMP, syntaxin and SNAP fluorescence is localized in spots that vary in size and density and are primarily distributed near the plasma membrane. Antibodies raised against mammal VAMP-3, sintaxin-1 or SNAP-25 revealed protein immunoblot bands having molecular weights consistent with those observed in mammals. Moreover, P. primaurelia spontaneously releases GABA into the environment, and this neurotransmitter release significantly increases after membrane depolarization. The depolarization-induced GABA release was strongly reduced not only in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ but also by pre-incubation with bafilomycin A1 or with botulinum toxin C1 serotype. It can be concluded that GABA occurs in Paramecium, where it is probably stored in vesicles capable of fusion with the cell membrane; accordingly, GABA can be released from Paramecium by stimulus-induced, neuronal-like exocytotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ramoino
- Department for the Study of Territory and its Resources (DIP.TE.RIS.), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - M. Milanese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - S. Candiani
- Department of Biology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - A. Diaspro
- The Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Nanophysics Unit, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - M. Fato
- Department of Communication, Computer and System Sciences (DIST), University of Genoa, Viale Causa 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - C. Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR Genoa, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - G. Bonanno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genova, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Tompkins-Macdonald GJ, Gallin WJ, Sakarya O, Degnan B, Leys SP, Boland LM. Expression of a poriferan potassium channel: insights into the evolution of ion channels in metazoans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:761-7. [PMID: 19251990 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.026971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels establish and regulate membrane potentials in excitable and non-excitable cells. How functional diversification of ion channels contributed to the evolution of nervous systems may be understood by studying organisms at key positions in the evolution of animal multicellularity. We have carried out the first analysis of ion channels cloned from a marine sponge, Amphimedon queenslandica. Phylogenetic comparison of sequences encoding for poriferan inward-rectifier K(+) (Kir) channels suggests that Kir channels from sponges, cnidarians and triploblastic metazoans each arose from a single channel and that duplications arose independently in the different groups. In Xenopus oocytes, AmqKirA and AmqKirB produced K(+) currents with strong inward rectification, as seen in the mammalian Kir2 channels, which are found in excitable cells. The pore properties of AmqKir channels demonstrated strong K(+) selectivity and block by Cs(+) and Ba(2+). We present an original analysis of sponge ion channel physiology and an examination of the phylogenetic relationships of this channel with other cloned Kir channels.
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Abstract
Sponges 'sneeze' without the benefit of nerves or muscles. While genomic analysis has uncovered a surprisingly complex set of molecular components in these ancient metazoans, physiological studies have revealed equally sophisticated cellular coordination.
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Ramoino P, Gallus L, Paluzzi S, Raiteri L, Diaspro A, Fato M, Bonanno G, Tagliafierro G, Ferretti C, Manconi R. The GABAergic-like system in the marine demosponge Chondrilla nucula. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 70:944-51. [PMID: 17661369 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is believed to be the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, a function that has been extended to a number of invertebrate systems. The presence of GABA in the marine demosponge Chondrilla nucula was verified using immunofluorescence detection and high-pressure liquid chromatography. A strong GABA-like immunoreactivity (IR) was found associated with choanocytes, exopinacocytes, endopinacocytes lining inhalant, and exhalant canals, as well as in archaeocytes scattered in the mesohyl. The capacity to synthesize GABA from glutamate and to transport it into the vesicles was confirmed by the presence in C. nucula of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and vesicular GABA transporters (vGATs), respectively. GAD-like and vGAT-like IR show the same distribution as GABA-like IR. Supporting the similarity between sponge and mammalian proteins, bands with an apparent molecular weight of about 65-67 kDa and 57 kDa were detected using antibodies raised against mammalian GAD and vGAT, respectively. A functional metabotropic GABA(B)-like receptor is also present in C. nucula. Indeed, both GABA(B) R1 and R2 isoforms were detected by immunoblot and immunofluorescence. Also in this case, IR was found in choanocytes, exopinacocytes, and endopinacocytes. The content of GABA in C. nucula amounts to 1225.75 +/- 79 pmol/mg proteins and GABA is released into the medium when sponge cells are depolarized. In conclusion, this study is the first indication of the existence of the GABA biosynthetic enzyme GAD and of the GABA transporter vGAT in sponges, as well as the first demonstration that the neurotransmitter GABA is released extracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ramoino
- Department for the Study of the Territory and its Resources, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Elliott GRD, Leys SP. Coordinated contractions effectively expel water from the aquiferous system of a freshwater sponge. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:3736-48. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In response to mechanical stimuli the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri (Demospongiae, Haplosclerida, Spongillidae) carries out a series of peristaltic-like contractions that is effective in expelling clumps of waste material from the aquiferous system. Rates of contraction depend on the region of tissue they are propagating through: 0.3–1 μm s–1 in the peripheral canals, 1–4 μm s–1 in central canals, and 6–122 μm s–1 in the osculum. Faster events include twitches of the entire sponge choanosome and contraction of the sheet-like apical pinacoderm that forms the outer surface of the animal. Contraction events are temporally and spatially coordinated. Constriction of the tip of the osculum leads to dilation of excurrent canals; fields of ostia in the apical pinacoderm close in unison just prior to contraction of the choanosome, apical pinacoderm and osculum. Relaxation returns the osculum, canals and the apical pinacoderm to their normal state, and three such coordinated `inflation–contraction'responses typically follow a single stimulus. Cells in the mesohyl arrest crawling as a wave of contraction passes, suggesting an extracellular signal may pass between cells. Bundles of actin filaments traverse endopinacocytes of the apical pinacoderm. Actin-dense plaques join actin bundles in adjacent pinacocytes to form continuous tracts spanning the whole sponge. The orchestrated and highly repeatable series of contractions illustrates that cellular sponges are capable of coordinated behavioural responses even in the absence of neurons and true muscle. Propagation of the events through the pinacocytes also illustrates the presence of a functional epithelium in cellular sponges. These results suggest that control over a hydrostatic skeleton evolved prior to the origin of nerves and true muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R. D. Elliott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Sally P. Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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Ellwanger K, Eich A, Nickel M. GABA and glutamate specifically induce contractions in the sponge Tethya wilhelma. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2006; 193:1-11. [PMID: 17021832 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-006-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera) are nerve- and muscleless. Nevertheless, they react to external stimuli in a coordinated way, by body contraction, oscule closure or stopping pumping activity. The underlying mechanisms are still unknown, but evidence has been found for chemical messenger-based systems. We used the sponge Tethya wilhelma to test the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (L: -Glu) on its contraction behaviour. Minimal activating concentrations were found to be 0.5 microM (GABA) and 50 microM (L: -Glu), respectively. Taking maximum relative contraction speed and minimal relative projected body area as a measure of the sponge's response, a comparison of the dose-response curves indicated a higher sensitivity of the contractile tissue for GABA than for L: -Glu. The concentrations eliciting the same contractile response differ by about 100-fold more than the entire concentration range tested. In addition, desensitising effects and spasm-like reactions were observed. Presumably, a GABA/L: -Glu metabotropic receptor-based system is involved in the regulation of contraction in T. wilhelma. We discuss a coordination system for sponges based on hypothetical chemical messenger pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Zoology, Biological Institute, University of Stuttgart, 70550, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Nickel M. Like a `rolling stone': quantitative analysis of the body movement and skeletal dynamics of the sponge Tethya wilhelma. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:2839-46. [PMID: 16857867 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Although sponges (Porifera) are basal Metazoa without muscles and a central nervous system, they are able to locomote, which is generally correlated to drastic morphological changes. This behaviour has been known for more almost 150 years, but it is only partly understood. The sponge T. wilhelmadisplays extraordinary movement and rhythmic body contractions, and is thus a valuable model for the investigation of sponge movement. The aims of the present study were to track T. wilhelma quantitatively on natural and artificial substrates, to test for a peristaltic movement mechanism and to check for the influence of morphological changes. T. wilhelmadisplays a unique mode of locomotion among sponges, without reorganizing the whole sponge body. The overall morphology was stable, and skeletal rotation during movement was shown; this is the first time that such movement has been demonstrated in a sponge. The stability of the skeletal superstructure arrangement during movement suggests that only the cortical tissue is involved in movement, with only local tissue rearrangements. The movement track followed a straight direction for long periods, but directions could be altered instantly. It is most likely that environmental conditions play an important roll in induction of movement. In summary, T. wilhelmaresembles the proverbial `rolling stone' that stays at a given location if the conditions are favourable and starts moving when conditions change for the worse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nickel
- Department of Zoology, Biological Institute, Stuttgart University, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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