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Robinson T. Landmark use by ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) during wayfinding in a complex maze. Behav Processes 2024; 217:105026. [PMID: 38582301 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Species of crab have been shown to spatially track and navigate to consequential locations through different processes, such as path integration and landmark orienting. Few investigations examine their ability to wayfind in complex environments, like mazes, with multiple intersections and how they may utilize specific features to benefit this process. Spatial learning potentially would lend a fitness advantage to animals living in complicated habitats, and ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) is a semiterrestrial species that typically occupies extensive beach environments, which present many navigational challenges. Despite their potential, there are currently no studies that investigate forms of spatial cognition in these animals. To better diversify our knowledge of this trait, the current research exposed ghost crab to a maze with seven intersections. Animals were given multiple trials to learn the location of a reward destination to a specific criterion proficiency. In one condition several landmarks were distributed throughout the maze, and in another the environment was completely empty. Results showed that ghost crab in the landmark present group were able to learn the maze faster, they required significantly fewer trials to reach the learning criterion than those in the landmark absent group. However, only approximately half of the total sample met the learning criterion, indicating the maze was rather difficult. These findings are interpreted through theories of route learning that suggest animals may navigate by establishing landmark-turn associations. Such processes have implications for the cognitive ability of ghost crab, and spatial learning in this species may support the notion of convergent evolution for this trait.
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Kotsyuba E, Pahlevaniane A, Maslennikov S, Dyachuk V. Development of Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Neuronal Networks of the Central Nervous System in King Crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:35. [PMID: 38248466 PMCID: PMC10813508 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This article presents recent findings as regards distribution of cells producing serotonin and dopamine in the larval central nervous system at different developmental stages, including four pelagic larval stages (zoea I-IV), a semibenthic postlarval stage glaucothoe (megalopa), benthic juveniles, and adult red king crabs, Paralithodes camtschaticus, made by using immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We have shown that the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons are present long before the onset of metamorphosis. In the red king crab b larval nervous system, the changes become particularly pronounced during the first metamorphosis from zoea IV to glaucothoe, which may be related to the development of the segmental appendages and maturation of motor behaviors in decapods. This work presents the distribution and dynamics of the development of serotonergic and dopaminergic neuronal networks in king crab show, the potential roles of serotonin and dopamine in the modulation of olfactory and visual processing in the early stages of larval development, and also the mechanosensory and chemosensory processing in the glaucothoe stage during settlement and in their transition from a pelagic to benthic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia; (E.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.)
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3
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Raspe S, Kümmerlen K, Harzsch S. Immunolocalization of SIFamide-like neuropeptides in the adult and developing central nervous system of the amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis (Malacostraca, Peracarida, Amphipoda). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 77:101309. [PMID: 37879171 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical analyses on the distribution of neuropeptides in the pancrustacean brain in the past have focussed mostly on representatives of the decapod ("ten-legged") pancrustaceans whereas other taxa are understudied in this respect. The current report examines the post-embryogenic and adult brain and ventral nerve cord of the amphipod pancrustacean Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana. 1853; Peracarida, Amphipoda, Hyalide), a subtropical species with a body size of 1.5 cm and a direct post-embryonic development using immunohistochemistry to label the neuropeptide SIFamide and synaptic proteins (synapsins). We found strong SIFamide-like labelling in proto-, deuto- and tritocerebrum, especially in the lamina, the lateral protocerebrum, lateral assessory lobe, the central body, olfactory lobe, medial antenna 1 neuropil and antenna 2 neuropil. Out of a total of 28 ± 5 (N = 12) SIFamide-positive neurons in the central brain of adult P. hawaiensis, we found three individually identifiable somata which were consistently present within the brain of adult and subadult animals. Additionally, the subesophageal and two adjacent thoracic ganglia were analysed in only adult animals and also showed a strong SIFamide-like immunoreactivity. We compare our findings to other pancrustaceans including hexapods and discuss them in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Raspe
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katja Kümmerlen
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany.
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AnimalTraits - a curated animal trait database for body mass, metabolic rate and brain size. Sci Data 2022; 9:265. [PMID: 35654905 PMCID: PMC9163144 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait databases have become important resources for large-scale comparative studies in ecology and evolution. Here we introduce the AnimalTraits database, a curated database of body mass, metabolic rate and brain size, in standardised units, for terrestrial animals. The database has broad taxonomic breadth, including tetrapods, arthropods, molluscs and annelids from almost 2000 species and 1000 genera. All data recorded in the database are sourced from their original empirical publication, and the original metrics and measurements are included with each record. This allows for subsequent data transformations as required. We have included rich metadata to allow users to filter the dataset. The additional R scripts we provide will assist researchers with aggregating standardised observations into species-level trait values. Our goals are to provide this resource without restrictions, to keep the AnimalTraits database current, and to grow the number of relevant traits in the future. Measurement(s) | metabolic rate quantification • body mass • brain size | Technology Type(s) | metabolic rate measurement • body mass quantification • brain mass brain volume |
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Kotsyuba E, Dyachuk V. Immunocytochemical Localization of Enzymes Involved in Dopamine, Serotonin, and Acetylcholine Synthesis in the Optic Neuropils and Neuroendocrine System of Eyestalks of Paralithodes camtschaticus. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:844654. [PMID: 35464134 PMCID: PMC9024244 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.844654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the neurotransmitters secreted by specific neurons in crustacean eyestalks is crucial to understanding their physiological roles. Here, we combined immunocytochemistry with confocal microscopy and identified the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and acetylcholine (ACh) in the optic neuropils and X-organ sinus gland (XO-SG) complex of the eyestalks of Paralithodes camtschaticus (red king crab). The distribution of Ach neurons was studied by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and compared with that of DA neurons examined in the same or adjacent sections by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. We detected 5-HT, TH, and ChAT in columnar, amacrine, and tangential neurons in the optic neuropils and established the presence of immunoreactive fibers and neurons in the terminal medulla in the XO region of the lateral protocerebrum. Additionally, we detected ChAT and 5-HT in the endogenous cells of the SG of P. camtschaticus for the first time. Furthermore, localization of 5-HT- and ChAT-positive cells in the SG indicated that these neurotransmitters locally modulate the secretion of neurohormones that are synthesized in the XO. These findings establish the presence of several neurotransmitters in the XO-SG complex of P. camtschaticus.
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Martin C, Jahn H, Klein M, Hammel JU, Stevenson PA, Homberg U, Mayer G. The velvet worm brain unveils homologies and evolutionary novelties across panarthropods. BMC Biol 2022; 20:26. [PMID: 35073910 PMCID: PMC9136957 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of the brain and its major neuropils in Panarthropoda (comprising Arthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora) remains enigmatic. As one of the closest relatives of arthropods, onychophorans are regarded as indispensable for a broad understanding of the evolution of panarthropod organ systems, including the brain, whose anatomical and functional organisation is often used to gain insights into evolutionary relations. However, while numerous recent studies have clarified the organisation of many arthropod nervous systems, a detailed investigation of the onychophoran brain with current state-of-the-art approaches is lacking, and further inconsistencies in nomenclature and interpretation hamper its understanding. To clarify the origins and homology of cerebral structures across panarthropods, we analysed the brain architecture in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli by combining X-ray micro-computed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction. Results Here, we use this detailed information to generate a consistent glossary for neuroanatomical studies of Onychophora. In addition, we report novel cerebral structures, provide novel details on previously known brain areas, and characterise further structures and neuropils in order to improve the reproducibility of neuroanatomical observations. Our findings support homology of mushroom bodies and central bodies in onychophorans and arthropods. Their antennal nerve cords and olfactory lobes most likely evolved independently. In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence for second-order visual neuropils, or a frontal ganglion in the velvet worm brain. Conclusion We imaged the velvet worm nervous system at an unprecedented level of detail and compiled a comprehensive glossary of known and previously uncharacterised neuroanatomical structures to provide an in-depth characterisation of the onychophoran brain architecture. We expect that our data will improve the reproducibility and comparability of future neuroanatomical studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w.
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Harzsch S, Dircksen H, Hansson BS. Local olfactory interneurons provide the basis for neurochemical regionalization of olfactory glomeruli in crustaceans. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1399-1422. [PMID: 34843626 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The primary olfactory centers of metazoans as diverse as arthropods and mammals consist of an array of fields of dense synaptic neuropil, the olfactory glomeruli. However, the neurochemical structure of crustacean olfactory glomeruli is largely understudied when compared to the insects. We analyzed the glomerular architecture in selected species of hermit crabs using immunohistochemistry against presynaptic proteins, the neuropeptides orcokinin, RFamide and allatostatin, and the biogenic amine serotonin. Our study reveals an unexpected level of structural complexity, unmatched by what is found in the insect olfactory glomeruli. Peptidergic and aminergic interneurons provide the structural basis for a regionalization of the crustacean glomeruli into longitudinal and concentric compartments. Our data suggest that local olfactory interneurons take a central computational role in modulating the information transfer from olfactory sensory neurons to projection neurons within the glomeruli. Furthermore, we found yet unknown neuronal elements mediating lateral inhibitory interactions across the glomerular array that may play a central role in modulating the transfer of sensory input to the output neurons through presynaptic inhibition. Our study is another step in understanding the function of crustacean olfactory glomeruli as highly complex units of local olfactory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Harzsch
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Harzsch S, Krieger J. Genealogical relationships of mushroom bodies, hemiellipsoid bodies, and their afferent pathways in the brains of Pancrustacea: Recent progress and open questions. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 65:101100. [PMID: 34488068 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
According to all latest phylogenetic analyses, the taxon Pancrustacea embraces the crustaceans in the traditional sense and the hexapods. Members of the Pancrustacea for a long time have been known to display distinct similarities in the architecture of their brains. Here, we review recent progress and open questions concerning structural and functional communalities of selected higher integrative neuropils in the lateral protocerebrum of pancrustaceans, the mushroom bodies and hemiellipsoid bodies. We also discuss the projection neuron pathway which provides a distinct input channel to both mushroom and hemiellipsoid bodies from the primary chemosensory centers in the deutocerebrum. Neuronal characters are mapped on a current pancrustacean phylogeny in order to extract those characters that are part of the pancrustacean ground pattern. Furthermore, we summarize recent insights into the evolutionary transformation of mushroom body morphology across the Pancrustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - J Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
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The cephalic morphology of Morinoia japonica (Talitridae, Amphipoda, Malacostraca) and its implications of terrestrial adaptation and phylogeny. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Menezes KMF, Oliveira Filho JGD, Ferreira LL, Borges LMF. First neuronal projection from Haller's organ to the synganglion and three-dimensional reconstruction of Amblyomma sculptum olfactory lobe. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101690. [PMID: 33667831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Because information regarding neural and sensory functions of ticks is scarce, the aim of the present study was to ascertain the neuronal projection patterns of olfactory sensilla from Haller's organ to the olfactory lobes of the synganglion in Amblyomma sculptum adults. Additionally, the aim was to perform three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the glomeruli in the olfactory lobes. Unfed female and male adults of this tick species were immobilized, Haller's organ was sectioned, and the olfactory nerves were labelled with a neuronal tracer (1% dextran tetramethylrhodamine). The labelled olfactory lobes were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope and the images were analyzed using the Reconstruct software. The neuronal projection originating from the olfactory sensilla of Haller's organ was found to be strictly confined to the olfactory lobes of the synganglion, which were organized into glomeruli. Males and females presented corresponding round-shaped glomeruli in the olfactory lobes. The number of glomeruli ranged from 26 to 30 in the males and 24-29 in the females. Positive correlations regarding the glomeruli volumes (μm3) intrasexually (females: r = 0.85, P < 0.05) and intersexually (r = 0.81, P < 0.05) were observed. This is the first report on 3D reconstruction of the olfactory lobes of a tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Krieger J, Hörnig MK, Kenning M, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. More than one way to smell ashore - Evolution of the olfactory pathway in terrestrial malacostracan crustaceans. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 60:101022. [PMID: 33385761 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans provide a fascinating opportunity for studying adaptations to a terrestrial lifestyle because within this group, the conquest of land has occurred at least ten times convergently. The evolutionary transition from water to land demands various morphological and physiological adaptations of tissues and organs including the sensory and nervous system. In this review, we aim to compare the brain architecture between selected terrestrial and closely related marine representatives of the crustacean taxa Amphipoda, Isopoda, Brachyura, and Anomala with an emphasis on the elements of the olfactory pathway including receptor molecules. Our comparison of neuroanatomical structures between terrestrial members and their close aquatic relatives suggests that during the convergent evolution of terrestrial life-styles, the elements of the olfactory pathway were subject to different morphological transformations. In terrestrial anomalans (Coenobitidae), the elements of the primary olfactory pathway (antennules and olfactory lobes) are in general considerably enlarged whereas they are smaller in terrestrial brachyurans compared to their aquatic relatives. Studies on the repertoire of receptor molecules in Coenobitidae do not point to specific terrestrial adaptations but suggest that perireceptor events - processes in the receptor environment before the stimuli bind - may play an important role for aerial olfaction in this group. In terrestrial members of amphipods (Amphipoda: Talitridae) as well as of isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea), however, the antennules and olfactory sensilla (aesthetascs) are largely reduced and miniaturized. Consequently, their primary olfactory processing centers are suggested to have been lost during the evolution of a life on land. Nevertheless, in terrestrial Peracarida, the (second) antennae as well as their associated tritocerebral processing structures are presumed to compensate for this loss or rather considerable reduction of the (deutocerebral) primary olfactory pathway. We conclude that after the evolutionary transition from water to land, it is not trivial for arthropods to establish aerial olfaction. If we consider insects as an ingroup of Crustacea, then the Coenobitidae and Insecta may be seen as the most successful crustacean representatives in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Marie K Hörnig
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Matthes Kenning
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Kotsyuba E, Dyachuk V. Localization of neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase, serotonin and/or FMRFamide in the central nervous system of the decapod shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:959-977. [PMID: 33237479 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although it is now established that neurons in crustacea contain multiple transmitter substances, little is know about patterns of expression and co-expression or about the functional effects of such co-transmission. The present study was designed to characterize the distributions and potential colocalization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide H-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) in the central nervous system (CNS) of the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus using immunohistochemical analyses in combination with laser scanning confocal microscopy. ChAT was found to be expressed by small, medium-sized, and large neurons in all regions of the brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC). For the most part, ChAT, FMRFamide, and 5-HT are expressed in different neurons, although some colocalization of ChAT- with FMRFamide- or 5-HT-LIR is observed in small and medium-sized cells, mostly neurons that immunostain only weakly. In the brain, such double immunolabeling is observed primarily in neurons of the protocerebrum and, to a particularly great extent, in local olfactory interneurons of the deutocerebrum. The clusters of neurons in the VNC that stain most intensely for ChAT, FMRFamide, and 5-HT, with colocalization in some cases, are located in the subesophageal ganglia. This colocalization appears to be related to function, since it is present in regions of the CNS characterized by multiple afferent projections and outputs to a variety of functionally related centers involved in various physiological and behavioral processes. Further elucidation of the functional significance of these neurons and of the widespread process of co-transmission in the crustaceans should provide fascinating new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kotsyuba
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia.
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Krieger J, Hörnig MK, Laidre ME. Shells as 'extended architecture': to escape isolation, social hermit crabs choose shells with the right external architecture. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:1177-1187. [PMID: 32770436 PMCID: PMC7700067 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Animals’ cognitive abilities can be tested by allowing them to choose between alternatives, with only one alternative offering the correct solution to a novel problem. Hermit crabs are evolutionarily specialized to navigate while carrying a shell, with alternative shells representing different forms of ‘extended architecture’, which effectively change the extent of physical space an individual occupies in the world. It is unknown whether individuals can choose such architecture to solve novel navigational problems. Here, we designed an experiment in which social hermit crabs (Coenobita compressus) had to choose between two alternative shells to solve a novel problem: escaping solitary confinement. Using X-ray microtomography and 3D-printing, we copied preferred shell types and then made artificial alterations to their inner or outer shell architecture, designing only some shells to have the correct architectural fit for escaping the opening of an isolated crab’s enclosure. In our ‘escape artist’ experimental design, crabs had to choose an otherwise less preferred shell, since only this shell had the right external architecture to allow the crab to free itself from isolation. Across multiple experiments, crabs were willing to forgo preferred shells and choose less preferred shells that enabled them to escape, suggesting these animals can solve novel navigational problems with extended architecture. Yet, it remains unclear if individuals solved this problem through trial-and-error or were aware of the deeper connection between escape and exterior shell architecture. Our experiments offer a foundation for further explorations of physical, social, and spatial cognition within the context of extended architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 23, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Marie K Hörnig
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 23, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark E Laidre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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14
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Polanska MA, Kirchhoff T, Dircksen H, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Functional morphology of the primary olfactory centers in the brain of the hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (Anomala, Coenobitidae). Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:449-467. [PMID: 32242250 PMCID: PMC7242284 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial hermit crabs of the genus Coenobita display strong behavioral responses to volatile odors and are attracted by chemical cues of various potential food sources. Several aspects of their sense of aerial olfaction have been explored in recent years including behavioral aspects and structure of their peripheral and central olfactory pathway. Here, we use classical histological methods and immunohistochemistry against the neuropeptides orcokinin and allatostatin as well as synaptic proteins and serotonin to provide insights into the functional organization of their primary olfactory centers in the brain, the paired olfactory lobes. Our results show that orcokinin is present in the axons of olfactory sensory neurons, which target the olfactory lobe. Orcokinin is also present in a population of local olfactory interneurons, which may relay lateral inhibition across the array of olfactory glomeruli within the lobes. Extensive lateral connections of the glomeruli were also visualized using the histological silver impregnation method according to Holmes-Blest. This technique also revealed the structural organization of the output pathway of the olfactory system, the olfactory projection neurons, the axons of which target the lateral protocerebrum. Within the lobes, the course of their axons seems to be reorganized in an axon-sorting zone before they exit the system. Together with previous results, we combine our findings into a model on the functional organization of the olfactory system in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Polanska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tina Kirchhoff
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 23, 17498, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 23, 17498, Greifswald, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Strausfeld NJ, Wolff GH, Sayre ME. Mushroom body evolution demonstrates homology and divergence across Pancrustacea. eLife 2020; 9:e52411. [PMID: 32124731 PMCID: PMC7054004 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Descriptions of crustacean brains have focused mainly on three highly derived lineages of malacostracans: the reptantian infraorders represented by spiny lobsters, lobsters, and crayfish. Those descriptions advocate the view that dome- or cap-like neuropils, referred to as 'hemiellipsoid bodies,' are the ground pattern organization of centers that are comparable to insect mushroom bodies in processing olfactory information. Here we challenge the doctrine that hemiellipsoid bodies are a derived trait of crustaceans, whereas mushroom bodies are a derived trait of hexapods. We demonstrate that mushroom bodies typify lineages that arose before Reptantia and exist in Reptantia thereby indicating that the mushroom body, not the hemiellipsoid body, provides the ground pattern for both crustaceans and hexapods. We show that evolved variations of the mushroom body ground pattern are, in some lineages, defined by extreme diminution or loss and, in others, by the incorporation of mushroom body circuits into lobeless centers. Such transformations are ascribed to modifications of the columnar organization of mushroom body lobes that, as shown in Drosophila and other hexapods, contain networks essential for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and BehaviorUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
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16
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Caro T, Cluff E, Morgan VM. Colour polymorphism and protective coloration in coconut crabs. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2019.1626488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Caro
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emma Cluff
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Victoria M. Morgan
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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17
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Gentes N, Scholtz G. Comparative analysis of the antennae of three amphipod species with different lifestyles. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 53:100886. [PMID: 31675652 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans detect chemical stimuli in the environment with aesthetasc sensilla, which are located on their 1st antennae. With the transition to other environments, chemoreception faces physical challenges. To provide a deeper understanding of the relation between the morphology of olfactory organs and different lifestyles, we studied the peripheral olfactory system of three amphipod species, the marine Gammarus salinus, the blind subterranean freshwater species Niphargus puteanus, and the terrestrial Cryptorchestia garbinii. We compared the 1st and 2nd antennae of these species with respect to length and presence of aesthetascs and other sensilla. The females of N. puteanus reveal the longest 1st antennae in relation to body size. G. salinus shows the largest aesthetascs and the same relative length of the 1st antennae as male N. puteanus. C. garbinii has very short 1st antennae and reduced (putative) aesthetascs. Our findings show that the compensation of vision loss by olfaction cannot be generally assumed in animals from dark environments. Furthermore, the behaviour of C. garbinii indicates a chemosensory ability, despite the reduction of the 1st antennae. A comparison with other terrestrial crustaceans suggests that the loss of the olfactory sense on the 1st antennae in C. garbinii might be compensated with chemoreception by the 2nd antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gentes
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Strausfeld NJ, Sayre ME. Mushroom bodies in Reptantia reflect a major transition in crustacean brain evolution. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:261-282. [PMID: 31376285 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain centers possessing a suite of neuroanatomical characters that define mushroom bodies of dicondylic insects have been identified in mantis shrimps, which are basal malacostracan crustaceans. Recent studies of the caridean shrimp Lebbeus groenlandicus further demonstrate the existence of mushroom bodies in Malacostraca. Nevertheless, received opinion promulgates the hypothesis that domed centers called hemiellipsoid bodies typifying reptantian crustaceans, such as lobsters and crayfish, represent the malacostracan cerebral ground pattern. Here, we provide evidence from the marine hermit crab Pagurus hirsutiusculus that refutes this view. P. hirsutiusculus, which is a member of the infraorder Anomura, reveals a chimeric morphology that incorporates features of a domed hemiellipsoid body and a columnar mushroom body. These attributes indicate that a mushroom body morphology is the ancestral ground pattern, from which the domed hemiellipsoid body derives and that the "standard" reptantian hemiellipsoid bodies that typify Astacidea and Achelata are extreme examples of divergence from this ground pattern. This interpretation is underpinned by comparing the lateral protocerebrum of Pagurus with that of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes immunis, members of the reptantian infraorder Astacidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Machon J, Krieger J, Meth R, Zbinden M, Ravaux J, Montagné N, Chertemps T, Harzsch S. Neuroanatomy of a hydrothermal vent shrimp provides insights into the evolution of crustacean integrative brain centers. eLife 2019; 8:e47550. [PMID: 31383255 PMCID: PMC6684273 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alvinocaridid shrimps are emblematic representatives of the deep hydrothermal vent fauna at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They are adapted to a mostly aphotic habitat with extreme physicochemical conditions in the vicinity of the hydrothermal fluid emissions. Here, we investigated the brain architecture of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata to understand possible adaptations of its nervous system to the hydrothermal sensory landscape. Its brain is modified from the crustacean brain ground pattern by featuring relatively small visual and olfactory neuropils that contrast with well-developed higher integrative centers, the hemiellipsoid bodies. We propose that these structures in vent shrimps may fulfill functions in addition to higher order sensory processing and suggest a role in place memory. Our study promotes vent shrimps as fascinating models to gain insights into sensory adaptations to peculiar environmental conditions, and the evolutionary transformation of specific brain areas in Crustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Machon
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Jakob Krieger
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
| | - Rebecca Meth
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
| | - Magali Zbinden
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Juliette Ravaux
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
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20
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Wittfoth C, Harzsch S, Wolff C, Sombke A. The "amphi"-brains of amphipods: new insights from the neuroanatomy of Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana, 1853). Front Zool 2019; 16:30. [PMID: 31372174 PMCID: PMC6660712 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last years, the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis has developed into an attractive marine animal model for evolutionary developmental studies that offers several advantages over existing experimental organisms. It is easy to rear in laboratory conditions with embryos available year-round and amenable to numerous kinds of embryological and functional genetic manipulations. However, beyond these developmental and genetic analyses, research on the architecture of its nervous system is fragmentary. In order to provide a first neuroanatomical atlas of the brain, we investigated P. hawaiensis using immunohistochemical labelings combined with laser-scanning microscopy, X-ray microcomputed tomography, histological sectioning and 3D reconstructions. RESULTS As in most amphipod crustaceans, the brain is dorsally bent out of the body axis with downward oriented lateral hemispheres of the protocerebrum. It comprises almost all prominent neuropils that are part of the suggested ground pattern of malacostracan crustaceans (except the lobula plate and projection neuron tract neuropil). Beyond a general uniformity of these neuropils, the brain of P. hawaiensis is characterized by an elaborated central complex and a modified lamina (first order visual neuropil), which displays a chambered appearance. In the light of a recent analysis on photoreceptor projections in P. hawaiensis, the observed architecture of the lamina corresponds to specialized photoreceptor terminals. Furthermore, in contrast to previous descriptions of amphipod brains, we suggest the presence of a poorly differentiated hemiellipsoid body and an inner chiasm and critically discuss these aspects. CONCLUSIONS Despite a general uniformity of amphipod brains, there is also a certain degree of variability in architecture and size of different neuropils, reflecting various ecologies and life styles of different species. In contrast to other amphipods, the brain of P. hawaiensis does not display any striking modifications or bias towards processing one particular sensory modality. Thus, we conclude that this brain represents a common type of an amphipod brain. Considering various established protocols for analyzing and manipulating P. hawaiensis, this organism is a suitable model to gain deeper understanding of brain anatomy e.g. by using connectome approaches, and this study can serve as first solid basis for following studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Wittfoth
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 23, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 23, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten Wolff
- Department of Biology, Comparative Zoology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andy Sombke
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Knaden M, Bisch-Knaden S, Linz J, Reinecke A, Krieger J, Erland S, Harzsch S, Hansson BS. Acetoin is a key odor for resource location in the giant robber crab Birgus latro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.202929. [PMID: 31160428 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The terrestrial and omnivorous robber crab Birgus latro inhabits islands of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The animals live solitarily but occasionally gather at freshly opened coconuts or fructiferous arenga palms. By analyzing volatiles of coconuts and arenga fruit, we identified five compounds, including acetoin, which are present in both food sources. In a behavioral screen performed in the crabs' habitat, a beach on Christmas Island, we found that of 15 tested fruit compounds, acetoin was the only volatile eliciting significant attraction. Hence, acetoin might play a key role in governing the crabs' aggregation behavior at both food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Knaden
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sonja Bisch-Knaden
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jeanine Linz
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Reinecke
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, 17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanne Erland
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, 17498 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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22
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Crustacean olfactory systems: A comparative review and a crustacean perspective on olfaction in insects. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:23-60. [PMID: 29197652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malacostracan crustaceans display a large diversity of sizes, morphs and life styles. However, only a few representatives of decapod taxa have served as models for analyzing crustacean olfaction, such as crayfish and spiny lobsters. Crustaceans bear multiple parallel chemosensory pathways represented by different populations of unimodal chemosensory and bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla on the mouthparts, the walking limbs and primarily on their two pairs of antennae. Here, we focus on the olfactory pathway associated with the unimodal chemosensory sensilla on the first antennal pair, the aesthetascs. We explore the diverse arrangement of these sensilla across malacostracan taxa and point out evolutionary transformations which occurred in the central olfactory pathway. We discuss the evolution of chemoreceptor proteins, comparative aspects of active chemoreception and the temporal resolution of crustacean olfactory system. Viewing the evolution of crustacean brains in light of energetic constraints can help us understand their functional morphology and suggests that in various crustacean lineages, the brains were simplified convergently because of metabolic limitations. Comparing the wiring of afferents, interneurons and output neurons within the olfactory glomeruli suggests a deep homology of insect and crustacean olfactory systems. However, both taxa followed distinct lineages during the evolutionary elaboration of their olfactory systems. A comparison with insects suggests their olfactory systems ö especially that of the vinegar fly ö to be superb examples for "economy of design". Such a comparison also inspires new thoughts about olfactory coding and the functioning of malacostracan olfactory systems in general.
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23
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Grabe V, Sachse S. Fundamental principles of the olfactory code. Biosystems 2017; 164:94-101. [PMID: 29054468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensory coding represents a basic principle of all phyla in nature: species attempt to perceive their natural surroundings and to make sense of them. Ultimately, sensory coding is the only way to allow a species to make the kinds of crucial decisions that lead to a behavioral response. In this manner, animals are able to detect numerous parameters, ranging from temperature and humidity to light and sound to volatile or non-volatile chemicals. Most of these environmental cues represent a clearly defined stimulus array that can be described along a single physical parameter, such as wavelength or frequency; odorants, in contrast, cannot. The odor space encompasses an enormous and nearly infinite number of diverse stimuli that cannot be classified according to their positions along a single dimension. Hence, the olfactory system has to encode and translate the vast odor array into an accurate neural map in the brain. In this review, we will outline the relevant steps of the olfactory code and describe its progress along the olfactory pathway, i.e., from the peripheral olfactory organs to the first olfactory center in the brain and then to the higher processing areas where the odor perception takes place, enabling an organism to make odor-guided decisions. We will focus mainly on studies from the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, but we will also indicate similarities to and differences from the olfactory system of other invertebrate species as well as of the vertebrate world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Grabe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of EvolutionaryNeuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Sachse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of EvolutionaryNeuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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24
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Ramm T, Scholtz G. No sight, no smell? - Brain anatomy of two amphipod crustaceans with different lifestyles. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:537-551. [PMID: 28344111 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The brain anatomy of Niphargus puteanus and Orchestia cavimana, two amphipod species with different lifestyles, has been studied using a variety of recent techniques. The general aspects of the brain anatomy of both species correspond to those of other malacostracans. However, both species lack hemiellipsoid bodies. Furthermore, related to their lifestyle certain differences have been observed. The aquatic subterranean species N. puteanus lacks eye structures, the optic nerve, and the two outer optic neuropils lamina and medulla. Only partial remains of the lobula have been detected. In contrast to this, the central complex in the protocerebrum and the olfactory glomeruli in the deutocerebrum are well differentiated. The terrestrial species Orchestia cavimana shows a reduced first antenna, the absence of olfactory neuropils in the deutocerebrum, and a reduction of the olfactory globular tract. The characteristics in defining the hemiellipsoid bodies are critically discussed. Contradictions about presence or absence of this neuropil are due to different conceptualizations. A comparison with other crustaceans that live in dark environments reveal similar patterns of optic system reduction, but to different degrees following a centripetal pattern. Retaining the olfactory system seems a general problem of terrestrialization in crustaceans with the notable exception of terrestrial hermit crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Ramm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Thoen HH, Strausfeld NJ, Marshall J. Neural organization of afferent pathways from the stomatopod compound eye. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3010-3030. [PMID: 28577301 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans and insects share many similarities of brain organization suggesting that their common ancestor possessed some components of those shared features. Stomatopods (mantis shrimps) are basal eumalacostracan crustaceans famous for their elaborate visual system, the most complex of which possesses 12 types of color photoreceptors and the ability to detect both linearly and circularly polarized light. Here, using a palette of histological methods we describe neurons and their neuropils most immediately associated with the stomatopod retina. We first provide a general overview of the major neuropil structures in the eyestalks lateral protocerebrum, with respect to the optical pathways originating from the six rows of specialized ommatidia in the stomatopod's eye, termed the midband. We then focus on the structure and neuronal types of the lamina, the first optic neuropil in the stomatopod visual system. Using Golgi impregnations to resolve single neurons we identify cells in different parts of the lamina corresponding to the three different regions of the stomatopod eye (midband and the upper and lower eye halves). While the optic cartridges relating to the spectral and polarization sensitive midband ommatidia show some specializations not found in the lamina serving the upper and lower eye halves, the general morphology of the midband lamina reflects cell types elsewhere in the lamina and cell types described for other species of Eumalacostraca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne H Thoen
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721
| | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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26
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Brain architecture of the Pacific White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 (Malacostraca, Dendrobranchiata): correspondence of brain structure and sensory input? Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:255-271. [PMID: 28389816 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Penaeus vannamei (Dendrobranchiata, Decapoda) is best known as the "Pacific White Shrimp" and is currently the most important crustacean in commercial aquaculture worldwide. Although the neuroanatomy of crustaceans has been well examined in representatives of reptant decapods ("ground-dwelling decapods"), there are only a few studies focusing on shrimps and prawns. In order to obtain insights into the architecture of the brain of P. vannamei, we use neuroanatomical methods including X-ray micro-computed tomography, 3D reconstruction and immunohistochemical staining combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy and serial sectioning. The brain of P. vannamei exhibits all the prominent neuropils and tracts that characterize the ground pattern of decapod crustaceans. However, the size proportion of some neuropils is salient. The large lateral protocerebrum that comprises the visual neuropils as well as the hemiellipsoid body and medulla terminalis is remarkable. This observation corresponds with the large size of the compound eyes of these animals. In contrast, the remaining median part of the brain is relatively small. It is dominated by the paired antenna 2 neuropils, while the deutocerebral chemosensory lobes play a minor role. Our findings suggest that visual input from the compound eyes and mechanosensory input from the second pair of antennae are major sensory modalities, which this brain processes.
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27
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Kamio M, Derby CD. Finding food: how marine invertebrates use chemical cues to track and select food. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:514-528. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent research on how marine invertebrates use chemical cues to find and select food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Kamio
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
- Tokyo 108-8477
- Japan
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28
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Derby CD, Kozma MT, Senatore A, Schmidt M. Molecular Mechanisms of Reception and Perireception in Crustacean Chemoreception: A Comparative Review. Chem Senses 2016; 41:381-98. [PMID: 27107425 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes our present knowledge of chemoreceptor proteins in crustaceans, using a comparative perspective to review these molecules in crustaceans relative to other metazoan models of chemoreception including mammals, insects, nematodes, and molluscs. Evolution has resulted in unique expansions of specific gene families and repurposing of them for chemosensation in various clades, including crustaceans. A major class of chemoreceptor proteins across crustaceans is the Ionotropic Receptors, which diversified from ionotropic glutamate receptors in ancient protostomes but which are not present in deuterostomes. Representatives of another major class of chemoreceptor proteins-the Grl/GR/OR family of ionotropic 7-transmembrane receptors-are diversified in insects but to date have been reported in only one crustacean species, Daphnia pulex So far, canonic 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors, the principal chemoreceptors in vertebrates and reported in a few protostome clades, have not been identified in crustaceans. More types of chemoreceptors are known throughout the metazoans and might well be expected to be discovered in crustaceans. Our review also provides a comparative coverage of perireceptor events in crustacean chemoreception, including molecules involved in stimulus acquisition, stimulus delivery, and stimulus removal, though much less is known about these events in crustaceans, particularly at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Senatore
- Present address: Biology Department, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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29
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Krieger J, Braun P, Rivera NT, Schubart CD, Müller CH, Harzsch S. Comparative analyses of olfactory systems in terrestrial crabs (Brachyura): evidence for aerial olfaction? PeerJ 2015; 3:e1433. [PMID: 26713228 PMCID: PMC4690415 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptations to a terrestrial lifestyle occurred convergently multiple times during the evolution of the arthropods. This holds also true for the "true crabs" (Brachyura), a taxon that includes several lineages that invaded land independently. During an evolutionary transition from sea to land, animals have to develop a variety of physiological and anatomical adaptations to a terrestrial life style related to respiration, reproduction, development, circulation, ion and water balance. In addition, sensory systems that function in air instead of in water are essential for an animal's life on land. Besides vision and mechanosensory systems, on land, the chemical senses have to be modified substantially in comparison to their function in water. Among arthropods, insects are the most successful ones to evolve aerial olfaction. Various aspects of terrestrial adaptation have also been analyzed in those crustacean lineages that evolved terrestrial representatives including the taxa Anomala, Brachyura, Amphipoda, and Isopoda. We are interested in how the chemical senses of terrestrial crustaceans are modified to function in air. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the brains and more specifically the structure of the olfactory system of representatives of brachyuran crabs that display different degrees of terrestriality, from exclusively marine to mainly terrestrial. The methods we used included immunohistochemistry, detection of autofluorescence- and confocal microscopy, as well as three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometry. Our comparative approach shows that both the peripheral and central olfactory pathways are reduced in terrestrial members in comparison to their marine relatives, suggesting a limited function of their olfactory system on land. We conclude that for arthropod lineages that invaded land, evolving aerial olfaction is no trivial task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Braun
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole T. Rivera
- Institute for Zoology, Department of Zoology & Evolution, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph D. Schubart
- Institute for Zoology, Department of Zoology & Evolution, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carsten H.G. Müller
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of General and Systematic Zoology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Neuroanatomy of the optic ganglia and central brain of the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera). Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:649-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tuchina O, Koczan S, Harzsch S, Rybak J, Wolff G, Strausfeld NJ, Hansson BS. Central projections of antennular chemosensory and mechanosensory afferents in the brain of the terrestrial hermit crab (Coenobita clypeatus; Coenobitidae, Anomura). Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:94. [PMID: 26236202 PMCID: PMC4502362 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coenobitidae (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea) is a taxon of hermit crabs that includes two genera with a fully terrestrial life style as adults. Previous studies have shown that Coenobitidae have evolved a sense of spatial odor localization that is behaviorally highly relevant. Here, we examined the central olfactory pathway of these animals by analyzing central projections of the antennular nerve of Coenobita clypeatus, combining backfilling of the nerve with dextran-coupled dye, Golgi impregnations and three-dimensional reconstruction of the primary olfactory center, the antennular lobe. The principal pattern of putative olfactory sensory afferents in C. clypeatus is in many aspects similar to what have been established for aquatic decapod crustaceans, such as the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. However, there are also obvious differences that may, or may not represent adaptations related to a terrestrial lifestyle. In C. clypeatus, the antennular lobe dominates the deutocerebrum, having more than one thousand allantoid-shaped subunits. We observed two distinct patterns of sensory neuron innervation: putative olfactory afferents from the aesthetascs either supply the cap/subcap region of the subunits or they extend through its full depth. Our data also demonstrate that any one sensory axon can supply input to several subunits. Putative chemosensory (non-aesthetasc) and mechanosensory axons represent a different pathway and innervate the lateral and median antennular neuropils. Hence, we suggest that the chemosensory input in C. clypeatus might be represented via a dual pathway: aesthetascs target the antennular lobe, and bimodal sensilla target the lateral antennular neuropil and median antennular neuropil. The present data is compared to related findings in other decapod crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Tuchina
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Beutenberg Campus, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany ; Laboratory for Genomic and Proteomic Research, Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Stefan Koczan
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Beutenberg Campus, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rybak
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Beutenberg Campus, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriella Wolff
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Beutenberg Campus, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena, Germany
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Stegner MEJ, Stemme T, Iliffe TM, Richter S, Wirkner CS. The brain in three crustaceans from cavernous darkness. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:19. [PMID: 25880533 PMCID: PMC4387709 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a number of neuroanatomical studies in other malacostracan taxa have recently contributed to the reconstruction of the malacostracan ground pattern, little is known about the nervous system in the three enigmatic blind groups of peracarids from relict habitats, Thermosbaenacea, Spelaeogriphacea, and Mictocarididae. This first detailed description of the brain in a representative of each taxon is largely based on a combination of serial semi-thin sectioning and computer-aided 3D-reconstructions. In addition, the mictocaridid Mictocaris halope was studied with a combination of immunolabeling (tubulin, nuclear counter-stains) and confocal laser scanning microscopy, addressing also the ventral nerve cord. RESULTS Adjacent to the terminal medulla, all three representatives exhibit a distal protocerebral neuropil, which is reminiscent of the lobula in other Malacostraca, but also allows for an alternative interpretation in M. halope and the thermosbaenacean Tethysbaena argentarii. A central complex occurs in all three taxa, most distinctively in the spelaeogriphacean Spelaeogriphus lepidops. The deutocerebral olfactory lobe in M. halope and S. lepidops is large. The comparably smaller olfactory lobe in T. argentarii appears to be associated with a unique additional deutocerebral neuropil. A small hemiellipsoid body exists only in the protocerebrum of T. argentarii. Distinctive mechanosensory neuropils corresponding to other malacostracans are missing. CONCLUSIONS The considerable reduction of the optic lobe in the studied taxa is higher than in any other blind malacostracan. The large size of deutocerebral olfactory centers implies an important role of the olfactory sense. The presence of a distinctive central complex in the blind S. lepidops adds further support to a central-coordinating over a visual function of this structure. The lack of a hemiellipsoid body in M. halope and S. lepidops suggests that their terminal medulla takes over the function of a second order olfactory center completely, as in some other peracarids. The reduction of the optic lobe and hemiellipsoid body is suggested to have occurred several times independently within Peracarida. The missing optic sense in the studied taxa is not correlated with an emphasized mechanosense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E J Stegner
- Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Torben Stemme
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischhofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas M Iliffe
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA.
| | - Stefan Richter
- Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Christian S Wirkner
- Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055, Rostock, Germany.
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Kornthong N, Tinikul Y, Khornchatri K, Saeton J, Magerd S, Suwansa-Ard S, Kruangkum T, Hanna PJ, Sobhon P. Neuronal classification and distribution in the central nervous system of the female mud crab,Scylla olivacea. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 77:189-200. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Napamanee Kornthong
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Chulabphorn International College of Medicine; Thammasat University; Pathumthani 12121 Thailand
| | - Yotsawan Tinikul
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus; Nakhonsawan 60130 Thailand
| | - Kanjana Khornchatri
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Jirawat Saeton
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Sirilug Magerd
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Saowaros Suwansa-Ard
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Thanapong Kruangkum
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Peter J. Hanna
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Pro Vice-Chancellor's Office; Faculty of Science and Technology, Deakin University; Locked Bag 20000 Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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Kenning M, Harzsch S. Brain anatomy of the marine isopod Saduria entomon Linnaeus, 1758 (Valvifera, Isopoda) with special emphasis on the olfactory pathway. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:32. [PMID: 24109435 PMCID: PMC3791427 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Representatives of at least six crustacean taxa managed to establish a terrestrial life style during their evolutionary history and the Oniscidea (Isopoda) are currently held as the most successfully terrestrialized malacostracan crustaceans. The brain architecture of terrestrial isopods is fairly well understood and studies on this field suggest that the evolutionary transition from sea to land in isopods coincided with a considerable size reduction and functional loss of their first pair of antennae and associated brain areas. This finding suggests that terrestrial isopods may have no or poor abilities to detect volatile substances but that their chemosensory ecology is most likely restricted to contact chemoreception. In this study, we explored how the brain of a marine isopod and particularly its olfactory system compares to that of terrestrial relatives. Using histochemical and immunohistochemical labeling, brightfield and confocal laser-scan microscopy, we show that in the marine isopod Saduria entomon aesthetascs on the first pair of antennae provide input to a well defined deutocerebrum (DC). The deutocerebral chemosensory lobes (DCL) are divided into spherical neuropil compartments, the olfactory glomeruli (og). Secondary processing areas in the lateral protocerebrum (lPC) are supplied by a thin but distinct projection neuron tract (PNT) with a contralateral connection. Hence, contrary to terrestrial Isopoda, S. entomon has at least the neuronal substrate to perceive and process olfactory stimuli suggesting the originally marine isopod lineage had olfactory abilities comparable to that of other malacostracan crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthes Kenning
- Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Kenning M, Müller C, Wirkner CS, Harzsch S. The Malacostraca (Crustacea) from a neurophylogenetic perspective: New insights from brain architecture in Nebalia herbstii Leach, 1814 (Leptostraca, Phyllocarida). ZOOL ANZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hepp Y, Tano MC, Pedreira ME, Freudenthal RA. NMDA-like receptors in the nervous system of the crabNeohelice granulata: A neuroanatomical description. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2279-97. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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A Multidisciplinary Approach to Learning and Memory in the Crab Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415823-8.00026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Krieger J, Grandy R, Drew MM, Erland S, Stensmyr MC, Harzsch S, Hansson BS. Giant robber crabs monitored from space: GPS-based telemetric studies on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). PLoS One 2012; 7:e49809. [PMID: 23166774 PMCID: PMC3498180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the navigational capabilities of the world's largest land-living arthropod, the giant robber crab Birgus latro (Anomura, Coenobitidae); this crab reaches 4 kg in weight and can reach an age of up to 60 years. Populations are distributed over small Indo-Pacific islands of the tropics, including Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). Although this species has served as a crustacean model to explore anatomical, physiological, and ecological aspects of terrestrial adaptations, few behavioral analyses of it exist. We used a GPS-based telemetric system to analyze movements of freely roaming robber crabs, the first large-scale study of any arthropod using GPS technology to monitor behavior. Although female robber crabs are known to migrate to the coast for breeding, no such observations have been recorded for male animals. In total, we equipped 55 male robber crabs with GPS tags, successfully recording more than 1,500 crab days of activity, and followed some individual animals for as long as three months. Besides site fidelity with short-distance excursions, our data reveal long-distance movements (several kilometers) between the coast and the inland rainforest. These movements are likely related to mating, saltwater drinking and foraging. The tracking patterns indicate that crabs form route memories. Furthermore, translocation experiments show that robber crabs are capable of homing over large distances. We discuss if the search behavior induced in these experiments suggests path integration as another important navigation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Krieger
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany.
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Wolff G, Harzsch S, Hansson BS, Brown S, Strausfeld N. Neuronal organization of the hemiellipsoid body of the land hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus: correspondence with the mushroom body ground pattern. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:2824-46. [PMID: 22547177 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malacostracan crustaceans and dicondylic insects possess large second-order olfactory neuropils called, respectively, hemiellipsoid bodies and mushroom bodies. Because these centers look very different in the two groups of arthropods, it has been debated whether these second-order sensory neuropils are homologous or whether they have evolved independently. Here we describe the results of neuroanatomical observations and experiments that resolve the neuronal organization of the hemiellipsoid body in the terrestrial Caribbean hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus, and compare this organization with the mushroom body of an insect, the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Comparisons of the morphology, ultrastructure, and immunoreactivity of the hemiellipsoid body of C. clypeatus and the mushroom body of the cockroach P. americana reveal in both a layered motif provided by rectilinear arrangements of extrinsic and intrinsic neurons as well as a microglomerular organization. Furthermore, antibodies raised against DC0, the major catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, specifically label both the crustacean hemiellipsoid bodies and insect mushroom bodies. In crustaceans lacking eyestalks, where the entire brain is contained within the head, this antibody selectively labels hemiellipsoid bodies, the superior part of which approximates a mushroom body's calyx in having large numbers of microglomeruli. We propose that these multiple correspondences indicate homology of the crustacean hemiellipsoid body and insect mushroom body and discuss the implications of this with respect to the phylogenetic history of arthropods. We conclude that crustaceans, insects, and other groups of arthropods share an ancestral neuronal ground pattern that is specific to their second-order olfactory centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Wolff
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Polanska MA, Tuchina O, Agricola H, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Neuropeptide complexity in the crustacean central olfactory pathway: immunolocalization of A-type allatostatins and RFamide-like peptides in the brain of a terrestrial hermit crab. Mol Brain 2012; 5:29. [PMID: 22967845 PMCID: PMC3523048 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the olfactory system of malacostracan crustaceans, axonal input from olfactory receptor neurons associated with aesthetascs on the animal's first pair of antennae target primary processing centers in the median brain, the olfactory lobes. The olfactory lobes are divided into cone-shaped synaptic areas, the olfactory glomeruli where afferents interact with local olfactory interneurons and olfactory projection neurons. The local olfactory interneurons display a large diversity of neurotransmitter phenotypes including biogenic amines and neuropeptides. Furthermore, the malacostracan olfactory glomeruli are regionalized into cap, subcap, and base regions and these compartments are defined by the projection patterns of the afferent olfactory receptor neurons, the local olfactory interneurons, and the olfactory projection neurons. We wanted to know how neurons expressing A-type allatostatins (A-ASTs; synonym dip-allatostatins) integrate into this system, a large family of neuropeptides that share the C-terminal motif -YXFGLamide. RESULTS We used an antiserum that was raised against the A-type Diploptera punctata (Dip)-allatostatin I to analyse the distribution of this peptide in the brain of a terrestrial hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus (Anomura, Coenobitidae). Allatostatin A-like immunoreactivity (ASTir) was widely distributed in the animal's brain, including the visual system, central complex and olfactory system. We focussed our analysis on the central olfactory pathway in which ASTir was abundant in the primary processing centers, the olfactory lobes, and also in the secondary centers, the hemiellipsoid bodies. In the olfactory lobes, we further explored the spatial relationship of olfactory interneurons with ASTir to interneurons that synthesize RFamide-like peptides. We found that these two peptides are present in distinct populations of local olfactory interneurons and that their synaptic fields within the olfactory glomeruli are also mostly distinct. CONCLUSIONS We discuss our findings against the background of the known neurotransmitter complexity in the crustacean olfactory pathway and summarize what is now about the neuronal connectivity in the olfactory glomeruli. A-type allatostatins, in addition to their localization in protocerebral brain areas, seem to be involved in modulating the olfactory signal at the level of the deutocerebrum. They contribute to the complex local circuits within the crustacean olfactory glomeruli the connectivity within which as yet is completely unclear. Because the glomeruli of C. clypeatus display a distinct pattern of regionalization, their olfactory systems form an ideal model to explore the functional relevance of glomerular compartments and diversity of local olfactory interneurons for olfactory processing in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Polanska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Stemme T, Iliffe TM, Bicker G, Harzsch S, Koenemann S. Serotonin immunoreactive interneurons in the brain of the Remipedia: new insights into the phylogenetic affinities of an enigmatic crustacean taxon. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:168. [PMID: 22947030 PMCID: PMC3497878 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remipedia, a group of homonomously segmented, cave-dwelling, eyeless arthropods have been regarded as basal crustaceans in most early morphological and taxonomic studies. However, molecular sequence information together with the discovery of a highly differentiated brain led to a reconsideration of their phylogenetic position. Various conflicting hypotheses have been proposed including the claim for a basal position of Remipedia up to a close relationship with Malacostraca or Hexapoda. To provide new morphological characters that may allow phylogenetic insights, we have analyzed the architecture of the remipede brain in more detail using immunocytochemistry (serotonin, acetylated α-tubulin, synapsin) combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy and image reconstruction techniques. This approach allows for a comprehensive neuroanatomical comparison with other crustacean and hexapod taxa. RESULTS The dominant structures of the brain are the deutocerebral olfactory neuropils, which are linked by the olfactory globular tracts to the protocerebral hemiellipsoid bodies. The olfactory globular tracts form a characteristic chiasm in the center of the brain. In Speleonectes tulumensis, each brain hemisphere contains about 120 serotonin immunoreactive neurons, which are distributed in distinct cell groups supplying fine, profusely branching neurites to 16 neuropilar domains. The olfactory neuropil comprises more than 300 spherical olfactory glomeruli arranged in sublobes. Eight serotonin immunoreactive neurons homogeneously innervate the olfactory glomeruli. In the protocerebrum, serotonin immunoreactivity revealed several structures, which, based on their position and connectivity resemble a central complex comprising a central body, a protocerebral bridge, W-, X-, Y-, Z-tracts, and lateral accessory lobes. CONCLUSIONS The brain of Remipedia shows several plesiomorphic features shared with other Mandibulata, such as deutocerebral olfactory neuropils with a glomerular organization, innervations by serotonin immunoreactive interneurons, and connections to protocerebral neuropils. Also, we provided tentative evidence for W-, X-, Y-, Z-tracts in the remipedian central complex like in the brain of Malacostraca, and Hexapoda. Furthermore, Remipedia display several synapomorphies with Malacostraca supporting a sister group relationship between both taxa. These homologies include a chiasm of the olfactory globular tract, which connects the olfactory neuropils with the lateral protocerebrum and the presence of hemiellipsoid bodies. Even though a growing number of molecular investigations unites Remipedia and Cephalocarida, our neuroanatomical comparison does not provide support for such a sister group relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Stemme
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Andrew DR, Brown SM, Strausfeld NJ. The minute brain of the copepod Tigriopus californicus supports a complex ancestral ground pattern of the tetraconate cerebral nervous systems. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:3446-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Krång AS, Knaden M, Steck K, Hansson BS. Transition from sea to land: olfactory function and constraints in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3510-9. [PMID: 22673356 PMCID: PMC3396895 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to identify chemical cues in the environment is essential to most animals. Apart from marine larval stages, anomuran land hermit crabs (Coenobita) have evolved different degrees of terrestriality, and thus represent an excellent opportunity to investigate adaptations of the olfactory system needed for a successful transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. Although superb processing capacities of the central olfactory system have been indicated in Coenobita and their olfactory system evidently is functional on land, virtually nothing was known about what type of odourants are detected. Here, we used electroantennogram (EAG) recordings in Coenobita clypeatus and established the olfactory response spectrum. Interestingly, different chemical groups elicited EAG responses of opposite polarity, which also appeared for Coenobita compressus and the closely related marine hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. Furthermore, in a two-choice bioassay with C. clypeatus, we found that water vapour was critical for natural and synthetic odourants to induce attraction or repulsion. Strikingly, also the physiological response was found much greater at higher humidity in C. clypeatus, whereas no such effect appeared in the terrestrial vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. In conclusion, our results reveal that the Coenobita olfactory system is restricted to a limited number of water-soluble odourants, and that high humidity is most critical for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sara Krång
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Krieger J, Sombke A, Seefluth F, Kenning M, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Comparative brain architecture of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas (Brachyura) and the common hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (Anomura) with notes on other marine hermit crabs. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:47-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sombke A, Lipke E, Kenning M, Müller CH, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Comparative analysis of deutocerebral neuropils in Chilopoda (Myriapoda): implications for the evolution of the arthropod olfactory system and support for the Mandibulata concept. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:1-17. [PMID: 22214384 PMCID: PMC3320525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Originating from a marine ancestor, the myriapods most likely invaded land independently of the hexapods. As these two evolutionary lineages conquered land in parallel but separately, we are interested in comparing the myriapod chemosensory system to that of hexapods to gain insights into possible adaptations for olfaction in air. Our study connects to a previous analysis of the brain and behavior of the chilopod (centipede) Scutigera coleoptrata in which we demonstrated that these animals do respond to volatile substances and analyzed the structure of their central olfactory pathway. Results Here, we examined the architecture of the deutocerebral brain areas (which process input from the antennae) in seven additional representatives of the Chilopoda, covering all major subtaxa, by histology, confocal laser-scan microscopy, and 3D reconstruction. We found that in all species that we studied the majority of antennal afferents target two separate neuropils, the olfactory lobe (chemosensory, composed of glomerular neuropil compartments) and the corpus lamellosum (mechanosensory). The numbers of olfactory glomeruli in the different chilopod taxa ranged from ca. 35 up to ca. 90 and the shape of the glomeruli ranged from spheroid across ovoid or drop-shape to elongate. Conclusion A split of the afferents from the (first) pair of antennae into separate chemosensory and mechanosensory components is also typical for Crustacea and Hexapoda, but this set of characters is absent in Chelicerata. We suggest that this character set strongly supports the Mandibulata hypothesis (Myriapoda + (Crustacea + Hexapoda)) as opposed to the Myriochelata concept (Myriapoda + Chelicerata). The evolutionary implications of our findings, particularly the plasticity of glomerular shape, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Sombke
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Missbach C, Harzsch S, Hansson BS. New insights into an ancient insect nose: the olfactory pathway of Lepismachilis y-signata (Archaeognatha: Machilidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2011; 40:317-333. [PMID: 21665539 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hexapods most likely derived from an aquatic ancestor, which they shared with crustaceans. During the transition from water to land, their sensory systems had to face the new physiological demands that terrestrial conditions impose. This process also concerns the sense of smell and, more specifically, detection of volatile, air-borne chemicals. In insects, olfaction plays an important role in orientation, mating choice, and food and host finding behavior. The first integration center of odor information in the insect brain is the antennal lobe, which is targeted by the afferents from olfactory sensory neurons on the antennae. Within the antennal lobe of most pterygote insects, spherical substructures called olfactory glomeruli are present. In order to gain insights into the evolution of the structure of the central olfactory pathway in insects, we analyzed a representative of the wingless Archaeognatha or jumping bristletails, using immunocytochemistry, antennal backfills and histological section series combined with 3D reconstruction. In the deutocerebrum of Lepismachilis y-signata, we found three different neuropil regions. Two of them show a glomerular organization, but these glomeruli differ in their shape from those in all other insect groups. The connection of the glomerular neuropils to higher brain centers remains unclear and mushroom bodies are absent as reported from other archaeognathan species. We discuss the evolutionary implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Missbach
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Farris SM. Are mushroom bodies cerebellum-like structures? ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2011; 40:368-79. [PMID: 21371566 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mushroom bodies are distinctive neuropils in the protocerebral brain segments of many protostomes. A defining feature of mushroom bodies is their intrinsic neurons, masses of cytoplasm-poor globuli cells that form a system of lobes with their densely-packed, parallel-projecting axon-like processes. In insects, the role of the mushroom bodies in olfactory processing and associative learning and memory has been studied in depth, but several lines of evidence suggest that the function of these higher brain centers cannot be restricted to these roles. The present account considers whether insight into an underlying function of mushroom bodies may be provided by cerebellum-like structures in vertebrates, which are similarly defined by the presence of masses of tiny granule cells that emit thin parallel fibers forming a dense molecular layer. In vertebrates, the shared neuroarchitecture of cerebellum-like structures has been suggested to underlie a common functional role as adaptive filters for the removal of predictable sensory elements, such as those arising from reafference, from the total sensory input. Cerebellum-like structures include the vertebrate cerebellum, the electrosensory lateral line lobe, dorsal and medial octavolateral nuclei of fish, and the dorsal cochlear nucleus of mammals. The many architectural and physiological features that the insect mushroom bodies share with cerebellum-like structures suggest that it might be fruitful to consider mushroom body function in light of a possible role as adaptive sensory filters. The present account thus presents a detailed comparison of the insect mushroom bodies with vertebrate cerebellum-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Farris
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 3139 Life Sciences Building, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Stegner MEJ, Richter S. Morphology of the brain in Hutchinsoniella macracantha (Cephalocarida, Crustacea). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2011; 40:221-243. [PMID: 21679884 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
External morphological features of Cephalocarida have long been interpreted as plesiomorphic with regard to those of other crustaceans. Based on transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy, however, the brain in the cephalocarid Hutchinsoniella macracantha has been shown to contain a number of structures that are more difficult to interpret in an evolutionary context. These include the multi-lobed complex, a unique cluster of neuropils associated with the olfactory lobes. To establish a well-founded comparison of phylogenetically relevant, neuroanatomical data from Cephalocarida to other arthropods, we investigated the brain in H. macracantha using immunolabeling (acetylated α-tubulin, serotonin, RFamide, histamine) and nuclear counter stains of whole mounts and vibratome sections analyzing specimens with confocal laser scanning microscopy and computer-aided 3D-reconstruction. Other 3D-reconstructions were based on serial 1 μm semi-thin sections. The multi-lobed complex features a pedunculus and shows detailed homologies with the mushroom bodies of certain Insecta and Lithobiomorpha (Chilopoda), suggesting that the hemiellipsoid bodies in Remipedia and Malacostraca have derived from a cephalocarid-like pattern. Like the corresponding tracts in Insecta, the olfactory globular tracts linking the multi-lobed complex to the olfactory lobes are ipsilateral, probably constituting the plesiomorphic pattern from which the decussating tracts in Remipedia and Malacostraca have evolved. The olfactory lobes in H. macracantha are uniquely organized into vertical stacks of olfactory glomeruli whose exact shape could not be identified. Similarly to Malacostraca and Insecta, the olfactory glomeruli in H. macracantha are innervated by serotonin-like, RFamide-like, and histamine-like immunoreactive interneurons. This suggests homology of the olfactory lobes across Tetraconata, despite the different morphological organization. Although H. macracantha lacks elongated, unpaired midline neuropils known from the protocerebrum of other Arthropoda, the possible rudiment of a central-body-like neuropil that receives decussating fibers from anterior somata was revealed by the serotonin-like immunoreactive pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E J Stegner
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
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Vieira FG, Rozas J. Comparative genomics of the odorant-binding and chemosensory protein gene families across the Arthropoda: origin and evolutionary history of the chemosensory system. Genome Biol Evol 2011; 3:476-90. [PMID: 21527792 PMCID: PMC3134979 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoreception is a biological process essential for the survival of animals, as it allows the recognition of important volatile cues for the detection of food, egg-laying substrates, mates, or predators, among other purposes. Furthermore, its role in pheromone detection may contribute to evolutionary processes, such as reproductive isolation and speciation. This key role in several vital biological processes makes chemoreception a particularly interesting system for studying the role of natural selection in molecular adaptation. Two major gene families are involved in the perireceptor events of the chemosensory system: the odorant-binding protein (OBP) and chemosensory protein (CSP) families. Here, we have conducted an exhaustive comparative genomic analysis of these gene families in 20 Arthropoda species. We show that the evolution of the OBP and CSP gene families is highly dynamic, with a high number of gains and losses of genes, pseudogenes, and independent origins of subfamilies. Taken together, our data clearly support the birth-and-death model for the evolution of these gene families with an overall high gene turnover rate. Moreover, we show that the genome organization of the two families is significantly more clustered than expected by chance and, more important, that this pattern appears to be actively maintained across the Drosophila phylogeny. Finally, we suggest the homologous nature of the OBP and CSP gene families, dating back their most recent common ancestor after the terrestrialization of Arthropoda (380--450 Ma) and we propose a scenario for the origin and diversification of these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe G Vieira
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Richter S, Loesel R, Purschke G, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Scholtz G, Stach T, Vogt L, Wanninger A, Brenneis G, Döring C, Faller S, Fritsch M, Grobe P, Heuer CM, Kaul S, Møller OS, Müller CHG, Rieger V, Rothe BH, Stegner MEJ, Harzsch S. Invertebrate neurophylogeny: suggested terms and definitions for a neuroanatomical glossary. Front Zool 2010; 7:29. [PMID: 21062451 PMCID: PMC2996375 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invertebrate nervous systems are highly disparate between different taxa. This is reflected in the terminology used to describe them, which is very rich and often confusing. Even very general terms such as 'brain', 'nerve', and 'eye' have been used in various ways in the different animal groups, but no consensus on the exact meaning exists. This impedes our understanding of the architecture of the invertebrate nervous system in general and of evolutionary transformations of nervous system characters between different taxa. RESULTS We provide a glossary of invertebrate neuroanatomical terms with a precise and consistent terminology, taxon-independent and free of homology assumptions. This terminology is intended to form a basis for new morphological descriptions. A total of 47 terms are defined. Each entry consists of a definition, discouraged terms, and a background/comment section. CONCLUSIONS The use of our revised neuroanatomical terminology in any new descriptions of the anatomy of invertebrate nervous systems will improve the comparability of this organ system and its substructures between the various taxa, and finally even lead to better and more robust homology hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Richter
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rudi Loesel
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Günter Purschke
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Zoologie, Barbarastraße 11,, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa
- Biozentrum Grindel/Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Stach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Zoologie - Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Vogt
- Universität Bonn, Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, An der Immenburg 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Research Group for Comparative Zoology, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georg Brenneis
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstraße 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Döring
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Zoologie, Barbarastraße 11,, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Simone Faller
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Fritsch
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Grobe
- Universität Bonn, Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, An der Immenburg 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carsten M Heuer
- RWTH Aachen, Institute of Biology II, Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Animals, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 15, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kaul
- Freie Universität Berlin, Zoologie - Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole S Møller
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Carsten HG Müller
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Verena Rieger
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birgen H Rothe
- Biozentrum Grindel/Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin EJ Stegner
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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