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Assis-de-Lemos G, Moura-do-Nascimento R, Amaral-do-Nascimento M, Miceli AC, Vieira TCRG. Interactions between Cytokines and the Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases: Insights and Implications. Brain Sci 2024; 14:413. [PMID: 38790392 PMCID: PMC11117815 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), including prion diseases such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, pose unique challenges to the scientific and medical communities due to their infectious nature, neurodegenerative effects, and the absence of a cure. Central to the progression of TSEs is the conversion of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its infectious scrapie form (PrPSc), leading to neurodegeneration through a complex interplay involving the immune system. This review elucidates the current understanding of the immune response in prion diseases, emphasizing the dual role of the immune system in both propagating and mitigating the disease through mechanisms such as glial activation, cytokine release, and blood-brain barrier dynamics. We highlight the differential cytokine profiles associated with various prion strains and stages of disease, pointing towards the potential for cytokines as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Immunomodulatory strategies are discussed as promising avenues for mitigating neuroinflammation and delaying disease progression. This comprehensive examination of the immune response in TSEs not only advances our understanding of these enigmatic diseases but also sheds light on broader neuroinflammatory processes, offering hope for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (G.A.-d.-L.); (R.M.-d.-N.); (M.A.-d.-N.); (A.C.M.)
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Noguchi H, Koyama S, Yagita K, Shijo M, Matsuzono K, Hamasaki H, Kanemaru T, Okamoto T, Kai K, Aishima S, Abe K, Sasagasako N, Honda H. Silence of resident microglia in GPI anchorless prion disease and activation of microglia in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 82:38-48. [PMID: 36331509 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GPI anchorless prion diseases (GPIALPs) show numerous coarse prion protein (PrP) deposits in the CNS but neuropil spongiform changes are mild and the incidence of dementia is low. Here, we examined differences in resident microglial phenotypes between GPIALP (D178fs25) and the other prion diseases Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) with respect to homeostasis and activation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 2 GPIALP (D178fs25), 4 GSS (P102L), and 4 sCJD cases. Homeostatic microglia expressing TMEM119 and P2RY12 were preserved in GPIALP compared to GSS and sCJD. Microglia/macrophage activation in GSS and sCJD was associated with the extent of spongiform change. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed TMEM119 and P2RY12 in PrP plaque cores. Activated microglia/macrophages expressing HLA-DR and CD68 were predominant in GSS and sCJD whereas in GPIALP, homeostatic microglia were retained and activated microglia/macrophages were rarely observed. These data suggest that PrP deposition in GPIALP is less toxic and that microglia may be immune-tolerant to PrP deposition. This may be associated with milder tissue damage and a low incidence of dementia. Whereas microglia/macrophage activation is considered to be a reaction to tissue injury, this study shows that the degree of microglia/macrophage activity might influence the extent of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Noguchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yagita
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shijo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsuzono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideomi Hamasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kanemaru
- Department of Morphology Core Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Muscular Center, National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Xia Y, Chen C, Chen J, Hu C, Yang W, Wang L, Liu L, Gao LP, Wu YZ, Chen DD, Shi Q, Chen ZB, Dong XP. Enhanced M-CSF/CSF1R Signaling Closely Associates with PrP Sc Accumulation in the Scrapie-Infected Cell Line and the Brains of Scrapie-Infected Experimental Rodents. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6534-6551. [PMID: 35970974 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation and proliferation of microglia are one of the hallmarks of prion disease and is usually accompanied by increased levels of various cytokines and chemokines. Our previous study demonstrated that the level of brain macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) was abnormally elevated during prion infection, but its association with PrPSc is not completely clear. In this study, colocalization of the increased M-CSF with accumulated PrPSc was observed by IHC with serial brain sections. Reliable molecular interaction between total PrP and M-CSF was observed in the brain of 263 K-infected hamsters and in cultured prion-infected cell line. Immunofluorescent assays showed that morphological colocalization of M-CSF with neurons and microglia, but not with astrocytes in brains of scrapie-infected animals. The transcriptional and expressing levels of CSF1R were also significantly increased in prion-infected cell line and mice, and colocalization of CSF1R with neurons and microglia was observed in the brains of prion-infected mouse models. Removal of PrPSc replication by resveratrol in SMB-S15 cells induced limited reductions of cellular levels of M-CSF and CSF1R. In addition, we found that the level of IL-34, another ligand of CSF1R, did not change significantly after prion infection, but its distribution on the cell types in the brains shifted from neurons in healthy mice to the proliferated astrocytes and microglia in scrapie-infected mice. Our data demonstrate activation of M-CSF/IL-34/CSF1R signaling in the microenvironment of prion infection, strongly indicating its vital role in the pathophysiology of prions. It provides solid scientific evidence for the therapeutic potential of inhibiting M-CSF/CSF1R signaling in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Lian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Bao Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Shanghai, China.
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Chen C, Shi Q, Xiao K, Zhou W, Gao C, Gao L, Han J, Wang J, Dong X. Activation of Innate Immunity and Autophagy in Brain Tissues with Prion Disease and Degradation of Abnormal PrPs in Cells - China's Studies. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:735-740. [PMID: 36285112 PMCID: PMC9547741 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike infectious diseases caused by conventional microbes, there are no detectable specific humoral or cellular immunoresponses to prion infection. However, extensive and active gliosis is observable in affected brain regions along with significant deposits of scrapie-like prion protein (PrPSc). Here, we summarize our studies of vibrant activation of host non-specific immune components and autophagy in the microenvironment of prion infected brains. Activation of the brain's innate immunity and autophagy upon prion infection reflect non-specific host defense systems attempt to dispose of accumulated prions. Vibrant elevation of neuroinflammation leads to neuron injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,Division of Science and Technology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Shanghai Municipality, China,Xiaoping Dong,
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Gao LP, Xiao K, Wu YZ, Chen DD, Yang XH, Shi Q, Dong XP. Enhanced Mitophagy Activity in Prion-Infected Cultured Cells and Prion-Infected Experimental Mice via a Pink1/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy Pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:814-829. [PMID: 32049477 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is an important process for removing damaged mitochondria in cells, the dysfunction of which has been directly linked to an increasing number of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the details of mitophagy in prion diseases still need to be deeply explored. In this study, we identified more autophagosomes and large swelling mitochondria structures in the prion-infected cultured cell line SMB-S15 by transmission electron microscopy, accompanying the molecular evidence of activated autophagic flux. Western blots illustrated that the levels of Pink1 and Parkin, particularly in the mitochondrial fraction, were increased in SMB-S15 cells, whereas the levels of mitochondrial membrane proteins TIMM44, TOMM20, and TIMM23 were decreased. The amount of whole polyubiquitinated proteins decreased, but that of phosphor-polyubiquitinated proteins increased in SMB-S15 cells. The level of MFN2 in SMB-S15 cells were down-regulated, but its polyubiquitinated form was up-regulated. Knockdown of the expressions of Pink1 and Parkin by the individual SiRNAs in SMB-S15 cells reduced autophagic activity but did not seem to influence the expressions of TOMM20 and TIMM23. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the brain levels of Pink1 and Parkin in the mice infected with scrapie strains 139A and ME7 were remarkably increased at the terminal stage of the disease by Western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays. Immunofluorescent assays revealed that Pink1 signals widely colocalized with GAFP-, Iba1-, and NeuN-positive cells in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. IHC assays with serial sections of the brain tissues infected with agents 139A and ME7 showed more Pink1- and Parkin-positive cells located at the areas with more PrPSc deposit. These results suggest an activated mitophagy in prion-infected cells and prion-infected experimental mice, probably via an enhanced Pink-Parkin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Road 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Road 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Road 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Road 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xue-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Road 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Road 155, Beijing 102206, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Dongzhimeinei, South Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Road 155, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Road 155, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Dongzhimeinei, South Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
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Ma Y, Shi Q, Xiao K, Wang J, Chen C, Gao LP, Gao C, Dong XP. Stimulations of the Culture Medium of Activated Microglia and TNF-Alpha on a Scrapie-Infected Cell Line Decrease the Cell Viability and Induce Marked Necroptosis That Also Occurs in the Brains from the Patients of Human Prion Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1273-1283. [PMID: 30399321 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and increased expression of TNF-α are frequently observed in the brains of human and animal prion diseases. As an important cytokine, TNF-α participates in not only pro-inflammatory responses but also in cellular communication, cell differentiation, and cell death. However, the role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of prion disease remains ambiguous. In this study, the activities of a scrapie-infected cell line SMB-S15 and its normal partner SMB-PS exposed to the supernatant of a LPS-activated microglia cell line BV2 were evaluated. After it was exposed to the LPS-stimulated supernatant of BV2 cells, the cell viability of SMB-S15 cells was markedly decreased, whereas that of the SMB-PS cells remained unchanged. The level of TNF-α was significantly increased in the LPS-stimulated supernatant of BV2 cells. Further, we found that the recombinant TNF-α alone induced the decreased cell viability of SMB-S15 and the neutralizing antibody for TNF-α completely antagonized the decreased cell viability caused by the LPS-stimulated supernatant of BV2 cells. Stimulation with TNF-α induced the remarkable increases of apoptosis-associated proteins in SMB-PS cells, such as cleaved caspase-3 and RIP1, whereas an obvious increase of necroptosis-associated protein in SMB-S15 cells, such as p-MLKL. Meanwhile, the upregulation of caspase-8 activity in SMB-PS cells was more significant than that of SMB-S15 cells. The decreased cell viability of SMB-S15 and the increased expression of p-MLKL induced by TNF-α were completely rescued by Necrostatin-1. Moreover, we verified that removal of PrPSc propagation in SMB-S15 cells by resveratrol partially rescues the cell tolerance to the stimulation of TNF-α. These data indicate that the prion-infected cell line SMB-S15 is more vulnerable to the stimulations of activated microglia and TNF-α, which is likely due to the outcome of necroptosis rather than apoptosis. Furthermore, significant upregulation of p-MLKL, MLKL, and RIP3 was detected in the post-mortem cortical brains of the patients of various types of human prion diseases, including sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), G114 V-genetic CJD (gCJD), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
- Center of Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
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Baiardi S, Rossi M, Capellari S, Parchi P. Recent advances in the histo-molecular pathology of human prion disease. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:278-300. [PMID: 30588685 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and other mammalian species. The term prion, originally put forward to propose the concept that a protein could be infectious, refers to PrPSc , a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC ) that represents the pathogenetic hallmark of these disorders. The discovery that other proteins characterized by misfolding and seeded aggregation can spread from cell to cell, similarly to PrPSc , has increased interest in prion diseases. Among neurodegenerative disorders, however, prion diseases distinguish themselves for the broader phenotypic spectrum, the fastest disease progression and the existence of infectious forms that can be transmitted through the exposure to diseased tissues via ingestion, injection or transplantation. The main clinicopathological phenotypes of human prion disease include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, by far the most common, fatal insomnia, variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. However, clinicopathological manifestations extend even beyond those predicted by this classification. Because of their transmissibility, the phenotypic diversity of prion diseases can also be propagated into syngenic hosts as prion strains with distinct characteristics, such as incubation period, pattern of PrPSc distribution and regional severity of histopathological changes in the brain. Increasing evidence indicates that different PrPSc conformers, forming distinct ordered aggregates, encipher the phenotypic variants related to prion strains. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances concerning the histo-molecular pathology of human prion disease focusing on the phenotypic spectrum of the disease including co-pathologies, the characterization of prion strains by experimental transmission and their correlation with the physicochemical properties of PrPSc aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Rossi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Butnaru D, Chapman J. The impact of self-replicating proteins on inflammation, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration-An untraveled path. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:231-240. [PMID: 30639644 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) in neurodegenerative diseases is a battlefield in which microglia fight a highly atypical battle. During the inflammatory process microglia themselves become dysfunctional and even with all the available immune arsenal including cytokine or/and antibody production, the battle is eventually lost. A closer look into the picture will reveal the fact that this is mainly due to the atypical characteristics of the infectious agent. The supramolecular assemblies of misfolded proteins carry unique features not encountered in any of the common pathogens. Through misfolding, proteins undergo conformational changes which make them become immunogenic, neurotoxic and highly infective. The immunogenicity appears to be triggered by the exposure of previously hidden hydrophobic portions in proteins which act as damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs) for the immune system. The neurotoxicity and infectivity are promoted by the small oligomeric forms of misfolded proteins/peptides. Oligomers adopt conformations such as tubular-like, beta-barrel-like, etc., that penetrate cell membranes through their hydrophobic surfaces, thus destabilizing ionic homeostasis. At the same time, oligomers act as a seed for protein misfolding through a prion/prion-like mechanism. Here, we propose the hypothesis that oligomers have catalytic surfaces and exercise their capacity to infect native proteins through specific characteristics such as hydrophobic, electrostatic and π-π stacking interactions as well as the specific surface area (SSA), surface curvature and surface chemistry of their nanoscale supramolecular assemblies. All these are the key elements for prion/prion-like mechanism of self-replication and disease spreading within the CNS. Thus, understanding the mechanism of prion's templating activity may help us in the prevention and development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Butnaru
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Joab Chapman
- Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Krbot K, Hermann P, Skorić MK, Zerr I, Sepulveda-Falla D, Goebel S, Matschke J, Krasemann S, Glatzel M. Distinct microglia profile in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease is independent of disease kinetics. Neuropathology 2018; 38:591-600. [PMID: 30318820 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia represent a common pathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) patients show more pronounced microglial activation than Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Whether these differences are due to differences in disease kinetics or represent disease-specific changes is unknown. We investigated microglial phenotypes in brains of rapidly progressive AD (rpAD) and sCJD patients matched for clinical presentation, including disease duration. We immunostained the frontal cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum in 16 patients with rpAD and sCJD using antibodies against markers of microglia and recruited monocytes (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, human leukocyte antigen DPQR, Cluster of Differentiation 68), an antibody unique to brain-resident microglia (transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119)), in addition to antibodies against a marker of astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), amyloid-β (Aβ) and pathological prion protein. rpAD patients showed a distinct microglial phenotype with a high abundance of TMEM119-positive microglia in all investigated regions. Presence of Aβ deposits seen in a sCJD patient with concomitant deposition of Aβ led to increase of TMEM119-positive microglia. Our data suggest that in rpAD, activation of brain-resident microglia significantly contributes to microgliosis, whereas in sCJD the TMEM119 signature of resident microglial cells is barely detectable. This is irrespective of disease duration and may indicate disease-specific microglial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Krbot
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hermann
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Inga Zerr
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Goebel
- National TSE Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Shi Q, Li JL, Ma Y, Gao LP, Xiao K, Wang J, Zhou W, Chen C, Guo YJ, Dong XP. Decrease of RyR2 in the prion infected cell line and in the brains of the scrapie infected mice models and the patients of human prion diseases. Prion 2018; 12:175-184. [PMID: 29676187 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2018.1465162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are usually increased in the brains of human Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD animal models. To evaluate the underlying alteration of brain RyRs in prion disease, scrapie infected cell line SMB-S15 and its infected mice were tested. RyR2 specific Western blots revealed markedly decreased RyR2 levels both in the cells and in the brains of infected mice. Assays of the brain samples of other scrapie (agents 139A and ME7) infected mice collected at different time-points during incubation period showed time-dependent decreases of RyR2. Immunofluorescent assays (IFA) verified that the expression of RyR2 locates predominantly in cytoplasm of SMB cells and overlapped with the neurons in the brain slices of mice. Furthermore, significant down-regulation of RyR2 was also detected in the postmortem cortical brains of the patients of various types of human prion diseases, including sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and G114V-genetic CJD. Our data here propose the evidences of remarkably decreased brain RyR2 at terminal stages of both human prion diseases and prion infected rodent models. It also highlights that the therapeutic strategy with antagonist of RyRs in AD may not be suitable for prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Le Li
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Neurology , Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Xicheng District, Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Chen
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jun Guo
- b Department of Neurology , Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Xicheng District, Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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11
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Grau-Rivera O, Calvo A, Bargalló N, Monté GC, Nos C, Lladó A, Molinuevo JL, Gelpi E, Sánchez-Valle R. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Abnormalities in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Fatal Insomnia. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:431-443. [PMID: 27662320 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative neuroimaging might unveil abnormalities in prion diseases that are not perceivable at visual inspection. On the other hand, scarce studies have quantified volumetric changes in prion diseases. OBJECTIVES We aim to characterize volumetric and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) changes in patients with prion diseases who presented with either Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or fatal insomnia (FI) phenotype. METHODS Twenty patients with prion diseases- 15 with CJD and 5 with fatal insomnia (FI)- and 40 healthy controls were examined with a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Images were segmented and normalized with SPM12. DTI maps were obtained with FMRIB Software Library. Whole-brain voxel-wise and region-of-interest analyses of volumetric and DTI changes were performed with SPM12. White matter (WM) changes were also analyzed with tract-based spatial statistics. Semiquantitive assessment of neuropathological parameters was compared with DTI metrics in thalamus from 11 patients. RESULTS Patients with CJD and FI presented significant atrophy in thalamus and cerebellum. In CJD, mean diffusivity (MD) was decreased in striatum and increased in subcortical WM, while both increased and decreased values were observed across different thalamic nuclei. In FI, MD was increased in thalamus and cerebellum. Spongiform change and PrPSc deposition were more intense in thalamus in CJD than in FI, although no significant correlations arose with MD values in the nuclei studied. CONCLUSION Volumetric and DTI abnormalities suggest a central common role of the thalamus in prion diseases. We report, for the first time, quantitative MRI changes in FI, and provide further evidence of WM involvement in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Grau-Rivera
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Calvo
- Magnetic Resonance Image core facility of IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Magnetic Resonance Image core facility of IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Radiology Department, Image Diagnosis Center, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma C Monté
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Nos
- General Subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Chen C, Xu XF, Zhang RQ, Ma Y, Lv Y, Li JL, Shi Q, Xiao K, Sun J, Yang XD, Shi Q, Dong XP. Remarkable increases of α1-antichymotrypsin in brain tissues of rodents during prion infection. Prion 2018; 11:338-351. [PMID: 28956708 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1349590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
α1-Antichymotrypsin (α1-ACT) belongs to a kind of acute-phase inflammatory protein. Recently, such protein has been proved exist in the amyloid deposits which is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, but limitedly reported in prion disease. To estimate the change of α1-ACT during prion infection, the levels of α1-ACT in the brain tissues of scrapie agents 263K-, 139A- and ME7-infected rodents were analyzed, respectively. Results shown that α1-ACT levels were significantly increased in the brain tissues of the three kinds of scrapie-infected rodents, displaying a time-dependent manner during prion infection. Immunohistochemistry assays revealed the increased α1-ACT mainly accumulated in some cerebral regions of rodents infected with prion, such as cortex, thalamus and cerebellum. Immunofluorescent assays illustrated ubiquitously localization of α1-ACT with GFAP positive astrocytes, Iba1-positive microglia and NeuN-positive neurons. Moreover, double-stained immunofluorescent assays and immunohistochemistry assays using series of brain slices demonstrated close morphological colocalization of α1-ACT signals with that of PrP and PrPSc in the brain slices of 263K-infected hamster. However, co-immunoprecipitation does not identify any detectable molecular interaction between the endogenous α1-ACT and PrP either in the brain homogenates of 263K-infected hamsters or in the lysates of prion-infected cultured cells. Our data here imply that brain α1-ACT is increased abnormally in various scrapie-infected rodent models. Direct molecular interaction between α1-ACT and PrP seems not to be essential for the morphological colocalization of those two proteins in the brain tissues of prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Chen
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xu
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Qing Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lv
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Le Li
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Shi
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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13
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Iaccarino L, Presotto L, Bettinardi V, Gianolli L, Roiter I, Capellari S, Parchi P, Cortelli P, Perani D. An in vivo 11C-PK PET study of microglia activation in Fatal Familial Insomnia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:11-18. [PMID: 29376088 PMCID: PMC5771322 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Postmortem studies reported significant microglia activation in association with neuronal apoptosis in Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), indicating a specific glial response, but negative evidence also exists. An in vivo study of local immune responses over FFI natural course may contribute to the understanding of the underlying pathogenesis. Methods We included eight presymptomatic subjects (mean ± SD age:44.13 ± 3.83 years) carrying the pathogenic D178N-129met FFI mutation, one symptomatic patient (male, 45 yrs. old), and nine healthy controls (HC) (mean ± SD age: 44.00 ± 11.10 years.) for comparisons. 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET allowed the measurement of Translocator Protein (TSPO) overexpression, indexing microglia activation. A clustering algorithm was adopted to define subject-specific reference regions. Voxel-wise statistical analyses were performed on 11C-(R)-PK11195 binding potential (BP) images both at the group and individual level. Results The D178N-129met/val FFI patient showed significant 11C-(R)-PK11195 BP increases in the midbrain, cerebellum, anterior thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior insula, bilaterally. Similar TSPO increases, but limited to limbic structures, were observed in four out of eight presymptomatic carriers. The only carrier with the codon 129met/val polymorphism was the only one showing an additional TSPO increase in the anterior thalamus. Interpretation In comparison to nonprion neurodegenerative diseases, the observed lack of a diffuse brain TSPO overexpression in preclinical and the clinical FFI cases suggests the presence of a different microglia response. The involvement of limbic structures might indicate a role for microglia activation in these key pathologic regions, known to show the most significant neuronal loss and functional deafferentation in FFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Iaccarino
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- In vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging UnitDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Luca Presotto
- Nuclear Medicine UnitIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalMilanItaly
| | | | - Luigi Gianolli
- Nuclear Medicine UnitIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalMilanItaly
| | | | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)Alma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of BolognaAUSL BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)Alma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of BolognaAUSL BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)Alma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of BolognaAUSL BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Daniela Perani
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- In vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging UnitDivision of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Nuclear Medicine UnitIRCCS San Raffaele HospitalMilanItaly
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14
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Inhibition of IL-1β Signaling Normalizes NMDA-Dependent Neurotransmission and Reduces Seizure Susceptibility in a Mouse Model of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10278-10289. [PMID: 28924012 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1301-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by prion protein (PrP) misfolding, clinically recognized by cognitive and motor deficits, electroencephalographic abnormalities, and seizures. Its neurophysiological bases are not known. To assess the potential involvement of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction, we analyzed NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices from Tg(CJD) mice, which model a genetic form of CJD. Because PrP depletion may result in functional upregulation of NMDARs, we also analyzed PrP knock-out (KO) mice. Long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-commissural synapses in the CA1 area of ∼100-d-old Tg(CJD) mice was comparable to that of wild-type (WT) controls, but there was an inversion of metaplasticity, with increased GluN2B phosphorylation, which is indicative of enhanced NMDAR activation. Similar but less marked changes were seen in PrP KO mice. At ∼300 d of age, the magnitude of LTP increased in Tg(CJD) mice but decreased in PrP KO mice, indicating divergent changes in hippocampal synaptic responsiveness. Tg(CJD) but not PrP KO mice were intrinsically more susceptible than WT controls to focal hippocampal seizures induced by kainic acid. IL-1β-positive astrocytes increased in the Tg(CJD) hippocampus, and blocking IL-1 receptor signaling restored normal synaptic responses and reduced seizure susceptibility. These results indicate that alterations in NMDA-dependent glutamatergic transmission in Tg(CJD) mice do not depend solely on PrP functional loss. Moreover, astrocytic IL-1β plays a role in the enhanced synaptic responsiveness and seizure susceptibility, suggesting that targeting IL-1β signaling may offer a novel symptomatic treatment for CJD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dementia and myoclonic jerks develop in individuals with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), an incurable brain disorder caused by alterations in prion protein structure. These individuals are prone to seizures and have high brain levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Here we show that blocking IL-1β receptors with anakinra, the human recombinant form of the endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, normalizes hippocampal neurotransmission and reduces seizure susceptibility in a CJD mouse model. These results link neuroinflammation to defective neurotransmission and the enhanced susceptibility to seizures in CJD and raise the possibility that targeting IL-1β with clinically available drugs may be beneficial for symptomatic treatment of the disease.
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15
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Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by deposition of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) in the CNS. This deposition is accompanied by neuronal loss, spongiform change, astrogliosis, and conspicuous microglial activation. Here, we argue that microglia play an overall neuroprotective role in prion pathogenesis. Several microglia-related molecules, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the complement system, cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory regulators, and phagocytosis mediators, are involved in prion pathogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the microglial response to prion infection are largely unknown. Consequently, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory network of microglial activation. On the positive side, recent findings suggest that therapeutic strategies modulating microglial activation and function may have merit in prion disease. Moreover, studies on the role of microglia in prion disease could deepen our understanding of neuroinflammation in a broad range of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Obst J, Simon E, Mancuso R, Gomez-Nicola D. The Role of Microglia in Prion Diseases: A Paradigm of Functional Diversity. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:207. [PMID: 28690540 PMCID: PMC5481309 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major component of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are the innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In the healthy brain, microglia contribute to tissue homeostasis and regulation of synaptic plasticity. Under disease conditions, they play a key role in the development and maintenance of the neuroinflammatory response, by showing enhanced proliferation and activation. Prion diseases are progressive chronic neurodegenerative disorders associated with the accumulation of the scrapie prion protein PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of the cellular prion protein PrPC. This review article provides the current knowledge on the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of prion disease. A large body of evidence shows that microglia can trigger neurotoxic pathways contributing to progressive degeneration. Yet, microglia are also crucial for controlling inflammatory, repair and regenerative processes. This dual role of microglia is regulated by multiple pathways and evidences the ability of these cells to polarize into distinct phenotypes with characteristic functions. The awareness that the neuroinflammatory response is inextricably involved in producing tissue damage as well as repair in neurodegenerative disorders, opens new perspectives for the modulation of the immune system. A better understanding of this complex process will be essential for developing effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, in order to improve the quality of life of patients and mitigating the personal, economic and social consequences derived from these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Obst
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Simon
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, United Kingdom
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17
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Iaccarino L, Moresco RM, Presotto L, Bugiani O, Iannaccone S, Giaccone G, Tagliavini F, Perani D. An In Vivo 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET and In Vitro Pathology Study of Microglia Activation in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2856-2868. [PMID: 28455699 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microgliosis is part of the immunobiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). This is the first report using 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET imaging in vivo to measure 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) expression, indexing microglia activation, in symptomatic CJD patients, followed by a postmortem neuropathology comparison. One genetic CJD (gCJD) patient, two sporadic CJD (sCJD) patients, one variant CJD (vCJD) patient (mean ± SD age, 47.50 ± 15.95 years), and nine healthy controls (mean ± SD age, 44.00 ± 11.10 years) were included in the study. TSPO binding potentials were estimated using clustering and parametric analyses of reference regions. Statistical comparisons were run at the regional and at the voxel-wise levels. Postmortem evaluation measured scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) immunoreactivity, neuronal loss, spongiosis, astrogliosis, and microgliosis. 11C-(R)-PK11195-PET showed a significant TSPO overexpression at the cortical level in the two sCJD patients, as well as thalamic and cerebellar involvement; very limited parieto-occipital activation in the gCJD case; and significant increases at the subcortical level in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and midbrain and in the cerebellum in the vCJD brain. Along with misfolded prion deposits, neuropathology in all patients revealed neuronal loss, spongiosis and astrogliosis, and a diffuse cerebral and cerebellar microgliosis which was particularly dense in thalamic and basal ganglia structures in the vCJD brain. These findings confirm significant microgliosis in CJD, which was variably modulated in vivo and more diffuse at postmortem evaluation. Thus, TSPO overexpression in microglia activation, topography, and extent can vary in CJD subtypes, as shown in vivo, possibly related to the response to fast apoptotic processes, but reaches a large amount at the final disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Iaccarino
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.,In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,IBFM-CNR, Via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Presotto
- In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Orso Bugiani
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Iannaccone
- Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, Clinical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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Increases of Galectin-1 and its S-nitrosylated form in the Brain Tissues of Scrapie-Infected Rodent Models and Human Prion Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3707-3716. [PMID: 27211330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) shows neuroprotective activity in brain ischemia, spinal cord injury, and autoimmune neuroinflammation. To evaluate the Gal-1 situation in the brains of prion disease, the brain levels of Gal-1 in several scrapie-infected experimental rodent models were tested by Western blot, including agents 263K-infected hamsters, 139A-, ME7-, and S15-infected mice. Remarkable increases of brain Gal-1 were observed in all tested scrapie-infected rodents at the terminal stage. The brain levels of Gal-1 showed time-dependent increases along with the prolonging of incubation times. Immunohistochemical assays illustrated much stronger stainings in the brain sections of scrapie-infected rodents. Quantitative RT-PCR of Gal-1 gene demonstrated increased transcription in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Gal-1 was colocalized with GFAP- and NeuN-positive cells, but not with Iba-1-positive cells in immunofluorescent test. Increases of Gal-1 were also detected in the several postmortem cortex regions of human prion diseases. Moreover, the S-nitrosylated forms of Gal-1 in the brains of scrapie-infected rodents were significantly higher than those of normal ones. Our finding here demonstrates markedly increased brain Gal-1 and S-nitrosylated Gal-1 both in scrapie-infected rodents and human prion diseases.
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Chen C, Lv Y, Shi Q, Zhou W, Xiao K, Sun J, Yang XD, Dong XP. Low activity of complement in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients with various prion diseases. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:35. [PMID: 27138196 PMCID: PMC4853859 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyze the state of activity and levels of complement in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with various prion diseases (PrDs). Findings The proteomic data emphasized the levels of 20 known complement components found in the CSF of the sCJD panel that were lower than those found in the non-PrD panel. 50 % of the complement hemolytic activity (CH50) assays revealed significantly lower activity of complement in the CSF of the sCJD panel. The decreased levels of three key complement subunits, C3a/α, C4β, and C9 in the CSF of the sCJD panel were verified by Western blots. Furthermore, the CH50 values in the CSF of 136 sCJD, 39 gCJD, 22 FFI and 145 non-CJD patients were individually tested. Compared with the control of non-PrD, the CH50 value in the CSF specimens of various PrDs, especially in three subtypes of inherited PrDs, were significantly lower. Relationship analysis identified that the CH50 activity in the CSF was negatively associated with the protein 14–3–3 positive in the CSF. Conclusion These results indicate a silent complement system in the CSF of PrD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0128-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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20
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Llorens F, Thüne K, Schmitz M, Ansoleaga B, Frau-Méndez MA, Cramm M, Tahir W, Gotzmann N, Berjaoui S, Carmona M, Silva CJ, Fernandez-Vega I, José Zarranz J, Zerr I, Ferrer I. Identification of new molecular alterations in fatal familial insomnia. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2417-2436. [PMID: 27056979 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia is a rare disease caused by a D178N mutation in combination with methionine (Met) at codon 129 in the mutated allele of PRNP (D178N-129M haplotype). FFI is manifested by sleep disturbances with insomnia, autonomic disorders and spontaneous and evoked myoclonus, among other symptoms. This study describes new neuropathological and biochemical observations in a series of eight patients with FFI. The mediodorsal and anterior nuclei of the thalamus have severe neuronal loss and marked astrocytic gliosis in every case, whereas the entorhinal cortex is variably affected. Spongiform degeneration only occurs in the entorhinal cortex. Synaptic and fine granular proteinase K digestion (PrPres) immunoreactivity is found in the entorhinal cortex but not in the thalamus. Interleukin 6, interleukin 10 receptor alpha subunit, colony stimulating factor 3 receptor and toll-like receptor 7 mRNA expression increases in the thalamus in FFI. PrPc levels are significantly decreased in the thalamus, entorhinal cortex and cerebellum in FFI. This is accompanied by a particular PrPc and PrPres band profile. Altered PrP solubility consistent with significantly reduced PrP levels in the cytoplasmic fraction and increased PrP levels in the insoluble fraction are identified in FFI cases. Amyloid-like deposits are only seen in the entorhinal cortex. The RT-QuIC assay reveals that all the FFI samples of the entorhinal cortex are positive, whereas the thalamus is positive only in three cases and the cerebellum in two cases. The present findings unveil particular neuropathological and neuroinflammatory profiles in FFI and novel characteristics of natural prion protein in FFI, altered PrPres and Scrapie PrP (abnormal and pathogenic PrP) patterns and region-dependent putative capacity of PrP seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Katrin Thüne
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Belén Ansoleaga
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathological Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, and Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Hospitalet del Llobregat 08907, Spain
| | - Margalida A Frau-Méndez
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathological Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, and Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Hospitalet del Llobregat 08907, Spain
| | - Maria Cramm
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Waqas Tahir
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Nadine Gotzmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Sara Berjaoui
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathological Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, and Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Hospitalet del Llobregat 08907, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathological Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, and Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Hospitalet del Llobregat 08907, Spain
| | - Christopher J Silva
- USDA, Produce Safety & Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Ivan Fernandez-Vega
- Pathology Department University Hospital Araba, and Brain Bank Araba University Hospital, Basque Biobank for Research (O+eHun), Alava 01009, Spain
| | - Juan José Zarranz
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Cruces, University of the Basque Country, Bizkaia 48903, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathological Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, and Biomedical Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Hospitalet del Llobregat 08907, Spain
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21
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Genetic and Transcriptomic Profiles of Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Alzheimer, Parkinson, Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:206. [PMID: 26861289 PMCID: PMC4783939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in certain inflammatory-related genes have been identified as putative differential risk factors of neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates, such as sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (sPD). Gene expression studies of cytokines and mediators of the immune response have been made in post-mortem human brain samples in AD, sPD, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) subtypes MM1 and VV2, Pick’s disease (PiD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration linked to mutation P301L in MAPT Frontotemporal lobar degeneration-tau (FTLD-tau). The studies have disclosed variable gene regulation which is: (1) disease-dependent in the frontal cortex area 8 in AD, sPD, sCJD MM1 and VV2, PiD, PSP and FTLD-tau; (2) region-dependent as seen when comparing the entorhinal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and frontal cortex area 8 (FC) in AD; the substantia nigra, putamen, FC, and angular gyrus in PD, as well as the FC and cerebellum in sCJD; (3) genotype-dependent as seen considering sCJD MM1 and VV2; and (4) stage-dependent as seen in AD at different stages of disease progression. These observations show that regulation of inflammation is much more complicated and diverse than currently understood, and that new therapeutic approaches must be designed in order to selectively act on specific targets in particular diseases and at different time points of disease progression.
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22
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Xiao K, Zhang BY, Zhang XM, Wang J, Chen C, Chen LN, Lv Y, Shi Q, Dong XP. Re-infection of the prion from the scrapie‑infected cell line SMB-S15 in three strains of mice, CD1, C57BL/6 and Balb/c. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:716-26. [PMID: 26820255 PMCID: PMC4771105 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the SMB-S15 cell line was originally established by cultures from the brains of mice affected by the Chandler scrapie strain, and this cell line may express PrPSc permanently. However, the infectivity of the S15-derived prions on experimental animals has not yet been well documented. In the present study, the cell lysates of SMB-S15 were intracerebrally inoculated into three different strains of mice, namely C57BL/6, Balb/c and CD1. Prion protein (PRNP) gene sequencing revealed the same encoded PrP proteins in the sequences of amino acids in the three strains of mice, in addition to a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CD1 mice. All infected mice developed typical experimental transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) approximately six months post-infection. The clinical features of three infected mice were comparable. The pathogenic characteristics, such as the electrophoretic and glycosylation profiles and proteinase K (PK) resistance of PrPSc molecules, as well as the neuropathological characteristics, such as spongiform vacuolation, PrPSc deposits in cortex regions, astrogliosis and activated microglia, were also similar in all three strains of infected mice. However, PrPSc deposits in the cerebellums of CD1 mice were significantly fewer, which was linked with the observation that lower numbers of CD1 mice presented cerebellum-associated symptoms. Successive inoculation of the individual strains of mice with brain homogenates from the infected mice also induced typical experimental scrapie. The data in the present study thus confirm that the prion agent in SMB-S15 cells causes stable infectivity in different types of mice with distinct phenotypes after long-term propagation in vitro. The present study also provides further scrapie rodent models, which may be used in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
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23
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Shi Q, Zhou W, Chen C, Zhang BY, Xiao K, Zhang XC, Shen XJ, Li Q, Deng LQ, Dong JH, Lin WQ, Huang P, Jiang WJ, Lv J, Han J, Dong XP. The Features of Genetic Prion Diseases Based on Chinese Surveillance Program. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139552. [PMID: 26488179 PMCID: PMC4619501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify the features of Chinese genetic prion diseases. Methods Suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) cases that were reported under CJD surveillance were diagnosed and subtyped using the diagnostic criteria issued by the WHO. The general information concerning the patient, their clinical, MRI and EEG data, and the results of CSF 14-3-3 and PRNP sequencing were carefully collected from the database of the national CJD surveillance program and analyzed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical software program. Results Since 2006, 69 patients were diagnosed with genetic prion diseases and as having 15 different mutations. The median age of the 69 patients at disease onset was 53.5 years, varying from 19 to 80 years. The majority of patients displaying clinical symptoms were in the 50–59 years of age. FFI, T188K gCJD and E200K were the three most common subtypes. The disease appeared in the family histories of 43.48% of the patients. The clinical manifestations varied considerably among the various diseases. Patients who carried mutations in the N-terminus displayed a younger age of onset, were CSF 14-3-3 negative, had a family history of the condition, and experienced a longer duration of the condition. The clinical courses of T188K were significantly shorter than those of FFI and E200K gCJD, while the symptoms in the FFI group appeared at a younger age and for a longer duration. Moreover, the time intervals between the initial neurologist visit to the final diagnosis were similar among patients with FFI, T188K gCJD, E200K gCJD and other diseases. Conclusion The features of Chinese genetic prion diseases are different from those seen in Europe and other Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Chun Zhang
- Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shen
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- An hui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Quan Deng
- Department of infectious disease control and Prevention, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Hua Dong
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China
| | - Wen-Qing Lin
- Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dashing Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pu Huang
- Deptartment of Acute Communicable Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jia Jiang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, GuiZhou province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, GuiZhou, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Tianjin Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Hua Yue Street, Hedong District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Chen C, Lv Y, Shi Q, Zhang BY, Chen LN, Xiao K, Sun J, Dong XP. Preparation of human tau exon-2- and -10-specific monoclonal antibodies for the recognition of brain tau proteins in various mammals. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:455-62. [PMID: 26046129 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregations of tau protein in brain tissue have been described in a large number of neurodegenerative diseases; however, due to the lack of tau isoform- or exon-specific antibodies, the exact situations under which various brain tau isoforms can be found and their exact contributions during disease progression remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we prepared tau exon-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize different mammalian tau isoforms. Briefly, 3 Balb/c mice were separately immunized (3 mice per antigen) with the recombinant GST-fusion proteins, GST-tE2 and GST-tE10. Two hybridoma cell lines, 4A8 and 3E12, secreting antibodies against human tau exon-2 and -10 were established using the hybridoma technique. The sensitivity and specificity of the prepared mAbs were evaluated using indirect ELISA and western blot analysis. The ability of the prepared mAbs, 4A8 and 3E12, to recognize endogenous tau protein in the brain tissues of various mammals was estimated by immunoprecipitation. Based on the results of various verification methods, we found that the prepared mAbs, 4A8 and 3E12, not only specifically reacted with the individual recombinant GST tau exon fusion proteins, but also correctly recognized the recombinant human tau isoforms containing respective exon sequences, as shown by western blot analysis. Furthermore, western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation assays verified that the mAbs, 4A8 and 3E12, recognized endogenous tau proteins in human brain tissue, as well as tau proteins in a series of mammalian tissues, including goat, bovine, rabbit, hamster and mouse. Thus, in the present study, using the hybridoma technique, we successfully prepared the mAbs, 4A8 against tau exon-2 and 3E12 against tau exon-10, which provide useful tools for determining potential alternations of tau isoforms in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
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25
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Shi Q, Xiao K, Zhang BY, Zhang XM, Chen LN, Chen C, Gao C, Dong XP. Successive passaging of the scrapie strains, ME7-ha and 139A-ha, generated by the interspecies transmission of mouse-adapted strains into hamsters markedly shortens the incubation times, but maintains their molecular and pathological properties. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1138-46. [PMID: 25683243 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a type of zoonotic disease, prion diseases may be transmitted naturally and experimentally among species. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the mouse-adapted scrapie strains, ME7 (ME7-mo) and 139A (139A-mo), can overcome the species barrier and induce experimental scrapie when inoculated into Golden hamsters and generated 2 new hamster-adapted strains, ME7 (ME7-ha) and 139A (139A-ha). In the present study, in order to assess the infectivity and other molecular and neuropathological properties of the newly formed scrapie agents, ME7-ha and 139A-ha were further intracerebrally inoculated into hamsters. Compared with infection with 1st passage strains, the incubation times and clinical courses of infection with 2nd passage strains were markedly shorter, which were quite comparable with those of the mice infected with their parent mouse strains. The glycosylation patterns of brain PrP(Sc) in the animals infected with the 2nd passage of those 2 strains maintained similar features as those in the animals infected with the 1st passage of those strains, with predominantly diglycosylated PrP(Sc). Neuropathological assays revealed comparable spongiform degeneration and microglia proliferation in the brain tissues from the infected mice and hamsters, but markedly more plaque-like deposits of PrP(Sc) and more severe astrogliosis in the brains of the hamster. These data indicate that the strains, ME7-ha 1st and 139A-ha 1st generated by interspecies infection can passage in the new host hamster and stably maintain their molecular and neuropathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
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Nuvolone M, Sorce S, Schwarz P, Aguzzi A. Prion pathogenesis in the absence of NLRP3/ASC inflammasomes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117208. [PMID: 25671600 PMCID: PMC4324825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the scrapie prion protein PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of the cellular prion protein PrPC, is a crucial feature of prion diseases. In the central nervous system, this process is accompanied by conspicuous microglia activation. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multi-molecular complex which can sense heterogeneous pathogen-associated molecular patterns and culminates in the activation of caspase 1 and release of IL 1β. The NLRP3 inflammasome was reported to be essential for IL 1β release after in vitro exposure to the amyloidogenic peptide PrP106-126 and to recombinant PrP fibrils. We therefore studied the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in a mouse model of prion infection. Upon intracerebral inoculation with scrapie prions (strain RML), mice lacking NLRP3 (Nlrp3-/-) or the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (Pycard-/-) succumbed to scrapie with attack rates and incubation times similar to wild-type mice, and developed the classic histologic and biochemical features of prion diseases. Genetic ablation of NLRP3 or ASC did not significantly impact on brain levels of IL 1β at the terminal stage of disease. Our results exclude a significant role for NLRP3 and ASC in prion pathogenesis and invalidate their claimed potential as therapeutic target against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Nuvolone
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AA); (MN)
| | - Silvia Sorce
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AA); (MN)
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Shi Q, Chen LN, Zhang BY, Xiao K, Zhou W, Chen C, Zhang XM, Tian C, Gao C, Wang J, Han J, Dong XP. Proteomics analyses for the global proteins in the brain tissues of different human prion diseases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:854-69. [PMID: 25616867 PMCID: PMC4390265 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics changes of brain tissues have been described in different neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, the brain proteomics of human prion disease remains less understood. In the study, the proteomics patterns of cortex and cerebellum of brain tissues of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia, and G114V genetic CJD were analyzed with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation combined with multidimensional liquid chromatography and MS analysis, with the brains from three normal individuals as controls. Global protein profiling, significant pathway, and functional categories were analyzed. In total, 2287 proteins were identified with quantitative information both in cortex and cerebellum regions. Cerebellum tissues appeared to contain more up- and down-regulated proteins (727 proteins) than cortex regions (312 proteins) of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia, and G114V genetic CJD. Viral myocarditis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, lysosome, oxidative phosphorylation, protein export, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 were the most commonly affected pathways of the three kinds of diseases. Almost coincident biological functions were identified in the brain tissues of the three diseases. In all, data here demonstrate that the brain tissues of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia, and G114V genetic CJD have obvious proteomics changes at their terminal stages, which show the similarities not only among human prion diseases but also with other neurodegeneration diseases. This is the first study to provide a reference proteome map for human prion diseases and will be helpful for future studies focused on potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and therapy of human prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Chen
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Tian
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Gao
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China; §Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Manghera M, Ferguson J, Douville R. Endogenous Retrovirus-K and Nervous System Diseases. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:488. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Llorens F, López-González I, Thüne K, Carmona M, Zafar S, Andréoletti O, Zerr I, Ferrer I. Subtype and regional-specific neuroinflammation in sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:198. [PMID: 25136317 PMCID: PMC4120692 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study identifies deregulated cytokines and mediators of the immune response in the frontal cortex and cerebellum of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 and VV2 subtypes compared to age-matched controls. Deregulated genes include pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, toll-like receptors, colony stimulating factors, cathepsins, members of the complement system, and members of the integrin and CTL/CTLD family with particular regional and sCJD subtype patterns. Analysis of cytokines and mediators at protein level shows expression of selected molecules and receptors in neurons, in astrocytes, and/or in microglia, thus suggesting interactions between neurons and glial cells, mainly microglia, in the neuroinflammatory response in sCJD. Similar inflammatory responses have been shown in the tg340 sCJD MM1 mice, revealing a progressive deregulation of inflammatory mediators with disease progression. Yet, inflammatory molecules involved are subjected to species differences in humans and mice. Moreover, inflammatory-related cell signaling pathways NFκB/IKK and JAK/STAT are activated in sCJD and sCJD MM1 mice. Together, the present observations show a self-sustained complex inflammatory and inflammatory-related responses occurring already at early clinical stages in animal model and dramatically progressing at advanced stages of sCJD. Considering this scenario, measures tailored to modulate (activate or inhibit) specific molecules could be therapeutic options in CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, University Medical School, Georg-August University , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Irene López-González
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Katrin Thüne
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, University Medical School, Georg-August University , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain ; Network Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health , Madrid , Spain
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, University Medical School, Georg-August University , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique , Toulouse , France
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, University Medical School, Georg-August University , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain ; Network Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health , Madrid , Spain
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Friedman-Levi Y, Binyamin O, Frid K, Ovadia H, Gabizon R. Genetic prion disease: no role for the immune system in disease pathogenesis? Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4134-41. [PMID: 24667414 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, which can manifest by transmissible, sporadic or genetic etiologies, share several common features, such as a fatal neurodegenerative outcome and the aberrant accumulation of proteinase K (PK)-resistant PrP forms in the CNS. In infectious prion diseases, such as scrapie in mice, prions first replicate in immune organs, then invade the CNS via ascending peripheral tracts, finally causing death. Accelerated neuroinvasion and death occurs when activated prion-infected immune cells infiltrate into the CNS, as is the case for scrapie-infected mice induced for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a CNS inflammatory insult. To establish whether the immune system plays such a central role also in genetic prion diseases, we induced EAE in TgMHu2ME199K mice, a line mimicking for late onset genetic Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (gCJD), a human prion disease. We show here that EAE induction of TgMHu2ME199K mice neither accelerated nor aggravated prion disease manifestation. Concomitantly, we present evidence that PK-resistant PrP forms were absent from CNS immune infiltrates, and most surprisingly also from lymph nodes and spleens of TgMHu2ME199K mice at all ages and stages of disease. These results imply that the mechanism of genetic prion disease differs widely from that of the infectious presentation, and that the conversion of mutant PrPs into PK resistant forms occurs mostly/only in the CNS. If the absence of pathogenic PrP forms form immune organs is also true for gCJD patients, it may suggest their blood is devoid of prion infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Friedman-Levi
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orli Binyamin
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kati Frid
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haim Ovadia
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth Gabizon
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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