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Basith SA, Ramadoss A, Khandelwal G, Jacob G, Chandrasekhar A. Recycling of diaper wastes for a triboelectric nanogenerator-based weather station. iScience 2024; 27:110627. [PMID: 39228792 PMCID: PMC11369379 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Escalating concerns over waste management and the need for sustainable energy have prompted innovative solutions at the nexus of resource recycling and self-powered applications. This study presents a novel approach to recycling super-absorbing polymer (SAP) gels from waste diapers and discarded baking sheets to fabricate a diaper waste-based triboelectric nanogenerator (DW-TENG). The DW-TENG, resembling a maraca, demonstrated superior electrical performance with a voltage output of 110 V, a current of 9 μA, and a power of 259.15 μW. It was successfully integrated into a self-powered weather station for real-time monitoring of wind speed, humidity, and temperature. This research underscores the dual benefits of waste management and energy generation, representing a promising step toward a circular and sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyid Abdul Basith
- Nanosensors and Nanoenergy Lab, Biomedical Instrumentation Lab, Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Ananthakumar Ramadoss
- Advanced Research School for Technology & Product Simulation (ARSTPS), School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP), Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET), T.V.K. Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai 600032, India
| | - Gaurav Khandelwal
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - George Jacob
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Arunkumar Chandrasekhar
- Nanosensors and Nanoenergy Lab, Biomedical Instrumentation Lab, Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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Borkakoty B, Bali NK, Jakaria A, Hazarika R, Temsu T, Gohain M, Kaur H. Norovirus gastroenteritis in children under-five years hospitalized for diarrhea in two cities of northeast India: A retrospective study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 45:100397. [PMID: 37573056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Norovirus gastroenteritis, known to cause 'winter vomiting disease' is increasingly being identified as a major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The impact and prevalence of this viral disease are lacking in many parts of India including northeast India. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and association of norovirus gastroenteritis among under-five-year-old hospitalized children in two cities in northeast India (Dibrugarh in Assam & Dimapur in Nagaland). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of 407 randomly selected diarrheal stool samples was conducted using a commercial multiplex probed-based real-time RT-PCR assay capable of detecting six-viral gastroenteritis pathogens including Norovirus GI, Norovirus GII, Rotavirus, Human Adenovirus, Human Astrovirus, and Sapovirus. RESULTS Results showed that norovirus was detected in 18.4% of the samples (75/407; 95% CI: 14.8%-22.5%), with norovirus genogroup II being the predominant group in 97.3% of norovirus cases. A significant association of norovirus diarrhea was found with seasonality, with higher prevalence in colder months compared to warmer months (22.4% vs 9.1%, p-value:0.002). Additionally, 66.7% (50/75) of cases of norovirus gastroenteritis had reported vomiting as the major symptom and had a shorter duration of diarrhea (p-value 0.03). Co-infections with other viral pathogens were seen in 45.9% (187/407) of the cases. The detection of rotavirus was 67.1% (273/407), human adenovirus (45.9%; 187/407), sapovirus and astrovirus (5.9%, 24/407 each), and norovirus GI (0.5%, 2/407) among the cases. CONCLUSION This study reports the prevalence of norovirus gastroenteritis in northeast India and further highlights that norovirus gastroenteritis is responsible for substantial cases of hospitalization of under-five years children in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajyoti Borkakoty
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre for NE Region, Bokel, Dibrugarh, 786010, Assam, India.
| | - Nargis K Bali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sher-I Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Aniruddha Jakaria
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre for NE Region, Bokel, Dibrugarh, 786010, Assam, India.
| | - Rahul Hazarika
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre for NE Region, Bokel, Dibrugarh, 786010, Assam, India.
| | - T Temsu
- District Hospital Dimapur, 797112, Nagaland, India.
| | - Munmun Gohain
- NRSN Project, Department of Paediatrics, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, 786005, Assam, India.
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-New Delhi-110029, India.
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Li J, Zhang L, Zou W, Yang Z, Zhan J, Cheng J. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus GII genogroups among children in Hubei, China, 2017-2019. Virol Sin 2023; 38:351-362. [PMID: 37030436 PMCID: PMC10311278 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an important cause of viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE). To gain insights into the epidemiological characteristics and genetic diversity of NoV among children in Hubei, 1216 stool samples from children (≤ 5 years) obtained under AGE surveillance from January 2017 to December 2019 were analyzed. The results showed that NoV was responsible for 14.64% of AGE cases, with the highest detection rate in children aged 7-12 months (19.76%). Statistically significant differences were found between male and female infection rates (χ2 = 8.108, P = 0.004). Genetic analysis of RdRp and VP1 sequences showed that NoV GII genotypes were GII.4 Sydney [P31] (34.35%), GII.3 [P12] (25.95%), GII.2 [P16] (22.90%), GII.4 Sydney [P16] (12.98%), GII.17 [P17] (2.29%), GII.6 [P7] and GII.3 [P16] (each at 0.76%). GII.17 [P17] variants were divided into the Kawasaki323-like lineage and the Kawasaki308-like lineage. A unique recombination event was detected between strains of GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.4 Sydney 2016. Significantly, all GII.P16 sequences associated with GII.4/GII.2 obtained in Hubei were correlated with novel GII.2 [P16] variants that re-emerged in Germany in 2016. Antigenic site analysis of complete VP1 sequences from all GII.4 variants from Hubei identified notable variable residues of antibody epitopes. Genotyping under continuous AGE surveillance and observation of the antigenic sites of VP1 are important monitoring strategies for emerging NoV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lingyao Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenjing Zou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jianbo Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Jing Cheng
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Shen S, Ren S, Chen L, Xue J, Shao X, Zhang T, Zhao G. Rotavirus Infection in Children <5 Years of Age in Suzhou, China, 2013-2019: Disease Burden, Genotype Distribution and Seasonality. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:375-380. [PMID: 35067641 PMCID: PMC8997692 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the disease burden and strain distribution of rotavirus in children with diarrhea <5 years old in Suzhou, China. METHODS The study was conducted among children with diarrhea <5 years old at Suzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital from 2013 to 2019. Rotavirus antigen was detected in clinical laboratory and then sent to Suzhou Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for further molecular analysis. Group A rotavirus (RVA) was detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and G-genotype and P-genotype of RVA were tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Of a total of 198,130 children with diarrhea, 70,813 (35.7%) were positive for RVA; RVA-related diarrhea was detected in 7798 (20.7%, n = 7798/37,710) inpatients and 63,015 (39.3%, n = 63,015/160,420) outpatients. Most children (92.0%, n = 65,171/70,813) positive for RVA were found as children <3 years old. Children 12-35 months old were reported as the highest prevalence among all age groups. The seasonal peak of RVA was in the autumn and winter. Among all 673 RVA strains genotyped, the G9P[8] strain was reported to be persistently predominant in the pediatric population from 2013 to 2019. CONCLUSIONS The burden of diarrhea disease due to rotavirus infection remains high in Suzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shen
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaolong Ren
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jian Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou University Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Genming Zhao
- From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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Li W, Yan H, Liu B, Tian Y, Chen Y, Jia L, Gao Z, Wang Q. Epidemiological characteristics and genetic diversity of norovirus infections among outpatient children with diarrhea under 5 years of age in Beijing, China, 2011-2018. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:77. [PMID: 34952625 PMCID: PMC8709959 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human noroviruses are the leading cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of viral acute gastroenteritis in all age groups worldwide. Methods Epidemiological data and fecal specimens were collected between January 2011 and December 2018 from 4911 children < 5 years of age with diarrhea in three districts of Beijing. From 2011 to 2013, One-Step Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect noroviruses, and from January 2014 to December 2018, norovirus GI and GII were screened using duplex quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). One-Step RT-PCR and RT-seminested PCR were performed to amplify the RNA-dependent polymerase and capsid genes of noroviruses in positive sample. Amplified products were sequenced directly; norovirus was typed using the online Norovirus Genotyping Tool v2.0 and phylogenetic analyses were conducted using MEGA-X. Results From 2011 to 2018, noroviruses were detected in 16.5% of specimens from children with diarrhea. The highest prevalence was observed in children aged 12 to 23 months (22.4%, 319/1421), followed by children aged 6 to 11 months (17.6%, 253/1441). The highest prevalence of norovirus infections occurred in autumn followed by winter, spring, and summer. From 2011 to 2018, the most prevalent dual types (genotype and polymerase type) were GII.4 Sydney[P31] (51.6%, 239/463), followed by GII.3[P12] (24.0%, 111/463), GII.4 2006b[P4 2006b] (7.3%, 34/463), GII.2[P16] (5.0%, 23/463), GII.17[P17] (2.6%, 12/463) and GII.6[P7] (2.6%, 12/463). GII.4 2006b[P4 2006b] predominated in 2011 and 2012. GII.4 Sydney[P31] predominated from 2013 to 2018. In total, 15 genotypes, 15 P-types and 19 dual types were detected in this study, reflecting the genetic diversity. Conclusions There were significant epidemiological characteristics and genetic diversity among outpatient children with norovirus infections < 5 years of age in Beijing from 2011 to 2018. These characteristics differ from those of norovirus outbreaks in Beijing. The complete genome sequences of each genotype are needed to better understand norovirus evolutionary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Li
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiu Yan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baiwei Liu
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Ali S, Khan S, Khan SN, Rauf M, Khan MF, Majid A, Dawar FU, Akbar NU, Ullah R, Bari A, Khan MY. Molecular detection and prevalence of Rotavirus with acute gastroenteritis among the children of rural and urban areas. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e244365. [PMID: 34932615 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.244365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ali
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S Khan
- University of Peshawar, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S N Khan
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M Rauf
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M F Khan
- University of Hazara Dhodial, Department of Zoology, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - A Majid
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - F U Dawar
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - N Ul Akbar
- Kohat University of Science e Technology Kohat, Department of Zoology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - R Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Bari
- King Saud University Riyadh, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Y Khan
- Lancaster University, Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster, United Kingdon
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Clinical and molecular epidemiological characterization of rotavirus infections in children under five years old in Shandong province, China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2479-2486. [PMID: 34218319 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children. In China, rotavirus infection has a prevalence rate of 30% and is therefore considered a serious public health problem. This study was carried out to investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus infections in children under 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Shandong province, China. From July 2017 to June 2018, a total of 1211 fecal specimens were tested, and the prevalence of rotavirus infection was 32.12%. The mean age of the infected children was 12.2 ± 10.9 months, and the highest infection rate was observed in children aged 7-12 months, with a rate of 41.64%. G9P[8] (76.61%) was the most prevalent genotype combination, followed by G2P[4] (7.20%), G3P[8] (3.60%), and G9P[4] (2.06%). In addition to diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration were the most common clinical signs. In general, there was no significant difference in clinical manifestations among different age groups. However, the clinical manifestations differed significantly between vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Vaccinated children showed lower incidence and frequency of vomiting, lower incidence and degree of dehydration, and lower incidence of severe cases than unvaccinated children. These findings suggest that it is necessary to continuously monitor changes in the characteristics of rotavirus infections. Moreover, the introduction of vaccines into the national immunization program to prevent and control rotavirus infection is needed in China.
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Du H, Xiong P, Ji F, Lin X, Wang S, Zhang L, Liu Y, Song Y, Tao Z, Xu A. Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiological characterization of group A rotaviruses in raw sewage in Jinan by next generation sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104814. [PMID: 33753310 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology characteristics of group A Rotavirus (RVA) in domestic sewage through next generation sequencing (NGS), and to explore the feasibility and necessity of NGS method for RVA environmental surveillance. METHODS In this study, two sewage samples from Jinan each quarter in 2019 were selected for concentration, RNA extraction, and then RT-PCR reaction. The amplified positive products were subjected to NGS. Finally, the results were analyzed for diversity and phylogeny. RESULTS A total of 9 G-genotypes and 13 P-genotypes were detected. The Simpson diversity indices in autumn and winter were relatively high. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the dominant types G9 and P[8] were closely related to human-derived sequences. CONCLUSIONS This study proves that environmental surveillance as a means to understand the prevalence of RVA in the population is not only feasible but necessary. NGS based environmental surveillance greatly improves our understanding on RVA genetic diversity, and should be encouraged as a sensitive surveillance tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Du
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Ping Xiong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Feng Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Suting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, PR China.
| | - Zexin Tao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China.
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
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Epidemiology and HBGA-susceptibility investigation of a G9P[8] rotavirus outbreak in a school in Lechang, China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1311-1320. [PMID: 32253617 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses cause severe gastroenteritis in infants, in which the viruses interact with human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as attachment and host susceptibility factors. While gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by rotaviruses are uncommon in adolescents, we reported here one that occurred in a middle school in China. Rectal swabs and saliva samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic students, and samples were also collected from the environment. Using PCR, followed by DNA sequencing, a single G9P[8] rotavirus strain was identified as the causative agent. The attack rate of the outbreak was 13.5% for boarders, which was significantly higher than that of day students (1.8%). Person-to-person transmission was the most plausible transmission mode. The HBGA phenotypes of the individuals in the study were determined by enzyme immunoassay, using saliva samples, while recombinant VP8* protein of the causative rotavirus strain was produced for HBGA binding assays to evaluate the host susceptibility. Our data showed that secretor individuals had a significantly higher risk of infection than nonsecretors. Accordingly, the VP8* protein bound nearly all secretor saliva samples, but not those of nonsecretors, explaining the observed infection of secretor individuals only. This is the first single-outbreak-based investigation showing that P[8] rotavirus infected only secretors. Our investigation also suggests that health education of school students is an important countermeasure against an outbreak of communicable disease.
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Msolo L, Iweriebor BC, Okoh AI. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium pathogens as etiological proxies of gastroenteritis in some pastoral communities of the Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:187. [PMID: 32228662 PMCID: PMC7106725 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus agents have been associated with severe diarrheal illnesses and remain as one of the worst human health burdens in most developing regions. In the present study, we evaluated the incidences of Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus in diarrheal stool specimens of patients in some rural settlements of the Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Stool specimens from diarrheal children and elderly individuals were collected from clinics and hospitals within the rural communities of the region over a period of 21 months (February 2017–November 2018). Commercial enzyme-immuno-assays were used for the detection of Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium pathogens from processed diarrheal stool specimens. Results A total of 53 fresh stool samples from diarrheal patients were screened and 36% of the diarrheagenic stool specimens tested positive for Group A Rotavirus antigens, while 5.7% tested positive for Cryptosporidium antigens. Our findings reveal Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium pathogens as important etiological agents associated with diarrheal illnesses in children, among the rural hinterlands of the Amathole District Municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyanda Msolo
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa. .,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
| | - Benson C Iweriebor
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Islam A, Hossain ME, Haider N, Rostal MK, Mukharjee SK, Ferdous J, Miah M, Rahman M, Daszak P, Rahman MZ, Epstein JH. Molecular characterization of group A rotavirus from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at human-wildlife interfaces in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:956-966. [PMID: 31765042 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is an important cause of diarrhoea in people, especially children, and animals globally. Due to the segmented nature of the RVA genome, animal RVA strains have the potential to adapt to the human host through reassortment with other co-infecting human viruses. Macaques share food and habitat with people, resulting in close interaction between these two species. This study aimed to detect and characterize RVA in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Bangladesh. Faecal samples (N = 454) were collected from apparently healthy rhesus macaques from nine different sites in Bangladesh between February and March 2013. The samples were tested by one-step, real-time, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four percent of samples (n = 20; 95% CI 2.7%-6.7%) were positive for RVA. RVA positive samples were further characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis of two structural protein gene fragments, VP4 (P genotype) and VP7 (G genotype). G3, G10, P[3] and P[15] genotypes were identified and were associated as G3P[3], G3P[15] and G10P[15]. The phylogenetic relationship between macaque RVA strains from this study and previously reported human strains indicates possible transmission between humans and macaques in Bangladesh. To our knowledge, this is the first report of detection and characterization of rotaviruses in rhesus macaques in Bangladesh. These data will not only aid in identifying viral sharing between macaques, human and other animals, but will also improve the development of mitigation measures for the prevention of future rotavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Najmul Haider
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Sanjoy Kumar Mukharjee
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.,Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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12
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Ling L, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Li H, Bari A, Ullah R, Xue J. Role of gold nanoparticle from Cinnamomum verum against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced mice model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 201:111657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Sadiq A, Bokhari H, Noreen Z, Asghar RM, Bostan N. Magnitude of Rotavirus A and Campylobacter jejuni infections in children with diarrhea in Twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:978. [PMID: 31752744 PMCID: PMC6868847 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children particularly in developing countries of Asia and Africa. The present study was conducted to detect the two most important pathogens, rotavirus and Campylobacter Jejuni in children suffering with diarrhea in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan in 2014. The clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease were also investigated. Methods A total of 500 stool samples were collected from children presented with clinical signs and symptoms of acute diarrhea. The samples were initially screened for the presence of rotavirus A (RVA) via ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase PCR) and then were analysed for C. jejuni by using species specific PCR assay. Results The detection rate of RVA was 26.4% (132/500) while, Campylobacter was detected in 52% (260/500) of samples with C. jejuni accounted for 48.2% (241/500) of all study cases. Co-infection of C. jejuni with RVA was identified in 21.8% of all cases. Children with RVA and C. jejuni co-infection showed a higher probability (p = 0.01) to be dehydrated. A significant association (p = 0.02) was found between C. jejuni positive status and fever in children. The median age of children with both RVA and C. jejuni infection was 6–11 months. The RVA detection rate was high in winter months of the year while, C. jejuni infections were documented high in summer over 1 year study period. Conclusions The overall results have demonstrated the high prevalence of C. jejuni in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan in 2014. The results of present study will not only help to calculate disease burden caused by C. jejuni and rotavirus but also will provide critical information to health authorities in planning public health care strategies against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Zobia Noreen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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Damanka SA, Agbemabiese CA, Dennis FE, Lartey BL, Adiku TK, Enweronu-Laryea CC, Armah GE. Genetic analysis of Ghanaian G1P[8] and G9P[8] rotavirus A strains reveals the impact of P[8] VP4 gene polymorphism on P-genotyping. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218790. [PMID: 31242245 PMCID: PMC6594640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation rotavirus surveillance networks have documented and shown eclectic geographic and temporal diversity in circulating G- and P- genotypes identified in children <5 years of age. To effectively monitor vaccine performance and effectiveness, robust molecular and phylogenetic techniques are essential to detect novel strain variants that might emerge due to vaccine pressure. This study inferred the phylogenetic history of the VP7 and VP4 genes of previously non-typeable strains and provided insight into the diversity of P[8] VP4 sequences which impacted the outcome of our routine VP4 genotyping method. Near-full-length VP7 gene and the VP8* fragment of the VP4 gene were obtained by Sanger sequencing and genotypes were determined using RotaC v2.0 web-based genotyping tool. The genotypes of the 57 rotavirus-positive samples with sufficient stool was determined. Forty-eight of the 57 (84.2%) had the P[8] specificity, of which 43 (89.6%) were characterized as P[8]a subtype and 5 (10.4%) as the rare OP354-like subtype. The VP7 gene of 27 samples were successfully sequenced and their G-genotypes confirmed as G1 (18/27) and G9 (9/27). Phylogenetic analysis of the P[8]a sequences placed them in subcluster IIIc within lineage III together with contemporary G1P[8], G3P[8], G8P[8], and G9P[8] strains detected globally from 2006-2016. The G1 VP7 sequences of the study strains formed a monophyletic cluster with African G1P[8] strains, previously detected in Ghana and Mali during the RotaTeq vaccine trial as well as Togo. The G9 VP7 sequences of the study strains formed a monophyletic cluster with contemporary African G9 sequences from neighbouring Burkina Faso within the major sub-cluster of lineage III. Mutations identified in the primer binding region of the VP8* sequence of the Ghanaian P[8]a strains may have resulted in the genotyping failure since the newly designed primer successfully genotyped the previously non-typeable P[8] strains. In summary, the G1, G9, and P[8]a sequences were highly similar to contemporary African strains at the lineage level. The study also resolved the methodological challenges of the standard genotyping techniques and highlighted the need for regular evaluation of the multiplex PCR-typing method especially in the post-vaccination era. The study further highlights the need for regions to start using sequencing data from local rotavirus strains to design and update genotyping primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Afua Damanka
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Ekow Dennis
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Belinda Larteley Lartey
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Korku Adiku
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - George Enyimah Armah
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Efunshile AM, Ezeanosike O, Nwangwu CC, König B, Jokelainen P, Robertson LJ. Apparent overuse of antibiotics in the management of watery diarrhoea in children in Abakaliki, Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:275. [PMID: 30898105 PMCID: PMC6429783 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea remains an important cause of childhood mortality in Nigeria, with Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium reported to have the highest contribution. However, high use of antibiotics for treatment of paediatric diarrhoea has been observed, although World Health Organization guidelines discourage the use of antibiotics for treating acute diarrhoea. Here we investigated more closely management and treatment practices for acute paediatric diarrhoea, both in home and healthcare settings. METHODS Children under 5 years of age (n = 199) presenting at healthcare centres in Abakaliki, Nigeria with acute watery diarrhoea were included in the study. Background information on the children was collected by questionnaire, including home treatments, and clinical information including symptoms and treatment were provided by the healthcare centres. Analysis of faecal samples from the children indicated that over 90% had Rotavirus infection and over 6% Cryptosporidium infection. Data were compiled in a spreadsheet and analysed for associations between variables and use of antibiotics using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Although most children were treated supportively (oral rehydration solution and intravenous fluids at home and in healthcare settings, respectively) over 15% were given anti-diarrhoea drugs at home and over 85% were also prescribed antibiotics at the healthcare centre, mostly ciproflaxin, but also metronidazole and gentamycin. The only variable positively associated with antibiotic prescription was diarrhoea more than three times per 24 h at admission. CONCLUSIONS It is clear that young children presenting with acute watery diarrhoea to healthcare centres in Abakaliki are likely to be prescribed antibiotics, despite there being no obvious reason that this treatment is appropriate. Our study results support the need for institution-based antimicrobial stewardship being implemented in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinwale M. Efunshile
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Obumneme Ezeanosike
- Department of Paediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Department of Paediatrics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Brigitte König
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University Teaching Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
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Afolabi OF, Saka AO, Ojuawo A, Biliaminu SA. Serum zinc levels of hospitalized children with acute diarrhea differ by the isolated viruses. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2019; 13:4-10. [PMID: 31501646 PMCID: PMC6728129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhea constitutes a major global burden to morbidity and mortality in under-five children. Research has shown that micronutrient zinc plays a pivotal role in childhood diarrhea; however, there are contradictory reports of its therapeutic benefit across the various causative enteropathogens. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of viral etiology (rotavirus, adenovirus, and norovirus) and compare the serum zinc levels of children with acute diarrhea. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study in which 100 hospitalized children with acute diarrhea aged one-59 months and 100 controls were recruited. Viruses were investigated from stool specimens using the immunochromatographic technique, while serum zinc was determined through the colorimetric method. Data analysis was with SPSS 20 software package. RESULTS The prevalence of viruses in the subjects was 62.0% with rotavirus isolated in 30 (30.0%) of the patients, while adenovirus and norovirus were detected in 21 (21.0%) and 11 (11.0%) patients, respectively. Rotavirus was the only virus detected in 2 (2.0%) of the controls. The mean serum zinc level of 65.3 ± 7.4 µg/dl in the subjects was significantly lower than 69.0 ± 6.5µg/dl in the controls (P < 0.001). The prevalence of zinc deficiency in the subjects (47.0%) was significantly higher than 32.0% in the controls (P = 0.030). The mean serum zinc levels differed significantly among the viruses isolated in the subjects (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Viruses contribute largely to etiology of acute diarrhea in Nigerian under-five children. Zinc deficiency was also highly prevalent in the study population. The serum zinc levels varied significantly across the different viruses isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyetundun F. Afolabi
- Department of Paediatrics, Bwari General Hospital, PMB 72, Bwari, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Aishat O. Saka
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1459, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ayodele Ojuawo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1459, Ilorin, Nigeria,Address for correspondence: Oyetundun F. Afolabi, Department of Paediatrics, Bwari General Hospital, PMB 72, Bwari, Abuja, Nigeria. Tel: +234 803 585 9724. E-mail:
| | - Sikiru A. Biliaminu
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1459, Ilorin, Nigeria
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses (RVs) and noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common causes of severe acute gastroenteritis in children. It is generally accepted that RVs cause severe acute gastroenteritis in a higher proportion of cases compared with NoVs. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews and meta-analyses comparing the severity of NoV and RV disease. METHODS We searched MEDLINE for studies reporting data for NoV and RV medically attended disease severity in children. We included studies where all children had been tested for both NoV (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and RV (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and that reported disease severity using the Vesikari or modified Vesikari score, or provided clinical information on severity. We generated pooled estimates of the mean with 95% confidence intervals using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified 266 publications, of which 31 were retained for qualitative analysis and 26 for quantitative analysis. Fourteen studies provided data on severity score for the meta-analysis. The pooled mean severity scores (95% confidence interval) among outpatients were 10 (8-12) and 11 (8-14) for NoV and RV, respectively. Among inpatients, they were 11 (9-13) for NoV and 12 (10-14) for RV. The difference was statistically significant among inpatients, but relatively small (1 point in a 20-point scale). About 20% more children with RV required rehydration when compared with children with NoV. CONCLUSIONS NoV causes moderate to severe disease similar to RV in young children. This information should be useful for future evaluations of an eventual introduction of NoV vaccines in national immunization programs.
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18
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Lively JY, Johnson SD, Wikswo M, Gu W, Leon J, Hall AJ. Clinical and Epidemiologic Profiles for Identifying Norovirus in Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak Investigations. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy049. [PMID: 30568985 PMCID: PMC5892141 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks in the United States. However, outbreaks attributed to norovirus often lack confirmation by diagnostic testing. Clinical and epidemiologic profiles, such as the Kaplan criteria (vomiting in >50% cases, mean incubation period of 24-48 hours, mean duration of illness for 12-60 hours, and negative bacterial stool culture), have been used to distinguish norovirus outbreaks from those caused by bacteria. METHODS Kaplan criteria were evaluated among 10 023 outbreaks reported to the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) during 2009-2012. An alternate profile for distinguishing norovirus outbreaks from outbreaks caused by nonviral etiologies was identified using classification and regression tree (CART) modeling. Performance of the Kaplan criteria and alternate profile were compared among laboratory-confirmed outbreaks. RESULTS The Kaplan criteria were 63.9% sensitive and 100% specific in discriminating norovirus from nonviral outbreaks, but only 3.3% of norovirus and 1.2% of nonviral outbreaks reported all criteria. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics identified with CART modeling (ratio of proportion of cases with fever to the proportion of cases with vomiting <1, proportion of cases with bloody stool <0.1, proportion of cases with vomiting ≥0.26) were 85.7% sensitive and 92.4% specific for distinguishing norovirus from nonviral outbreaks and were applicable to more than 8 times as many outbreaks compared with the Kaplan criteria. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the Kaplan criteria, the CART-derived profile had higher sensitivity and broader application in reported AGE outbreaks. Thus, this alternate profile may provide a more useful tool for identifying norovirus during outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Y Lively
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Shacara D Johnson
- Division of Foodborne Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary Wikswo
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Weidong Gu
- Division of Foodborne Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Juan Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aron J Hall
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
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Li J, Zhang T, Cai K, Jiang Y, Guan X, Zhan J, Zou W, Yang Z, Xing X, Wu Y, Song Y, Yu X, Xu J. Temporal evolutionary analysis of re-emerging recombinant GII.P16_GII.2 norovirus with acute gastroenteritis in patients from Hubei Province of China, 2017. Virus Res 2018; 249:99-109. [PMID: 29604360 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major pathogenic agent of human acute viral gastroenteritis that occurs worldwide. In March 2017, a series of acute NoV-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred in Hubei Province in central China. Here, we sought to better understand the main genotypes and potential evolutionary advantages of circulating NoV strains underlying these outbreaks. During the outbreak, 111 fecal swabs and stool samples were collected from outpatients with acute NoV-associated gastroenteritis in Hubei Province. RNA was extracted from the samples and used as a template for real-time RT-PCR. Sequencing of a portion of the capsid gene and the ORF1/ORF2 overlap was used to assess DNA sequence homology, phylogeny, and recombination using pairwise alignments, MEGA, and Simplot, respectively. Bayesian evolutionary inference analysis was performed using the BEAST software platform to assess the genetic relationships, evolution rate, and evolutionary history of norovirus. GII NoV was determined to be the major pathogen of the acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hubei Province, with a 57.7% positive rate. Homology and phylogenic analysis of a portion of the capsid region for GII NoV isolates collected during outbreaks in Hubei showed that the isolates had a very high sequence identity and belonged to GII.2 genotype. Phylogenetic analysis of recombination using the ORF1/ORF2 overlap region revealed a recombinant strain, GII.P16_GII.2, in samples isolated from Hubei Province. The partial polymerase region and capsid gene of the recombinant strain had very high identity (98.7-98.8%) with the NoV strains isolated in Germany in 2016. The evolutionary rate of VP1 gene of GII.2 was distinctly higher than that of the partial polymerase region of GII.16. A phylogenetic tree generated using MCMC showed that the recombinant NoV GII.16_GII.2 was significantly divergent from other GII.16_GII.2 strains observed in China and Japan. Continued circulation of this GII.16_GII.2 recombinant could overtake the predominant GII.4 NoV strain with geographic expansion. Further analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of norovirus is necessary to develop more effective prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongzhong Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuhua Guan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Zou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuesen Xing
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Song
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, 77550, United States.
| | - Xuejie Yu
- Wuhan University School of Healthy Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, 77550, United States.
| | - Junqiang Xu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, 77550, United States.
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of Human Adenovirus Infections among Hospitalized Children with Acute Diarrhea in Shanghai, China, 2006-2011. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 2017:9304830. [PMID: 29445406 PMCID: PMC5763120 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9304830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Human adenovirus (HAdV) is considered a significant enteropathogen associated with sporadic diarrhea in children. However, limited data are available regarding the epidemiology of HAdV in hospitalized children with viral diarrhea in Shanghai. The aim of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of HAdVs and describe their association with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children. Methods: A total of 674 fecal samples were subjected to PCR or RT-PCR to detect RVA, HuCV, HAstV, and HAdV. Results: HAdV infections were detected in 4.7% (32/674) of specimens, with detection rates of 13.4% (11/82), 4.6% (8/174), 3.2% (4/124), 4.1% (3/74), 2.0% (2/100), and 3.3% (4/120) from 2006 to 2011, respectively. Comprehensive detection of the four viruses revealed the presence of a high percentage (90.6%) of coinfections among HAdV-positive samples, where HAdV+RVA was the most prevalent coinfection. Of the 32 HAdV-positive samples, 50.0% (16/32) were classified as HAdV-41, and 18.8% (6/32) were classified as HAdV-3. Almost 94.0% of children infected with HAdV were less than 24 months of age. Conclusions: These results clearly indicated diversity across the HAdV genotypes detected in inpatient children with acute diarrhea in Shanghai and suggested that HAdVs play a role in children with acute diarrhea.
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Chan-It W, Chanta C. Emergence of G9P[8] rotaviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2015-2016. J Med Virol 2017; 90:477-484. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wisoot Chan-It
- Biology Program; Faculty of Science and Technology; Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University; Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Chulapong Chanta
- Pediatric Unit; Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital; Chiang Rai Thailand
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Liu K, Huang S, Miao ZP, Chen B, Jiang T, Cai G, Jiang Z, Chen Y, Wang Z, Gu H, Chai C, Jiang J. Identifying Potential Norovirus Epidemics in China via Internet Surveillance. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e282. [PMID: 28790023 PMCID: PMC5566627 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.7855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Norovirus is a common virus that causes acute gastroenteritis worldwide, but a monitoring system for norovirus is unavailable in China. Objective We aimed to identify norovirus epidemics through Internet surveillance and construct an appropriate model to predict potential norovirus infections. Methods The norovirus-related data of a selected outbreak in Jiaxing Municipality, Zhejiang Province of China, in 2014 were collected from immediate epidemiological investigation, and the Internet search volume, as indicated by the Baidu Index, was acquired from the Baidu search engine. All correlated search keywords in relation to norovirus were captured, screened, and composited to establish the composite Baidu Index at different time lags by Spearman rank correlation. The optimal model was chosen and possibly predicted maps in Zhejiang Province were presented by ArcGIS software. Results The combination of two vital keywords at a time lag of 1 day was ultimately identified as optimal (ρ=.924, P<.001). The exponential curve model was constructed to fit the trend of this epidemic, suggesting that a one-unit increase in the mean composite Baidu Index contributed to an increase of norovirus infections by 2.15 times during the outbreak. In addition to Jiaxing Municipality, Hangzhou Municipality might have had some potential epidemics in the study time from the predicted model. Conclusions Although there are limitations with early warning and unavoidable biases, Internet surveillance may be still useful for the monitoring of norovirus epidemics when a monitoring system is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sichao Huang
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zi-Ping Miao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaofeng Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenggang Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongdi Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Chai
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Zhu XH, Tian L, Cheng ZJ, Liu WY, Li S, Yu WT, Zhang WQ, Xiang X, Sun ZY. Viral and Bacterial Etiology of Acute Diarrhea among Children under 5 Years of Age in Wuhan, China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:1939-44. [PMID: 27503019 PMCID: PMC4989425 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.187852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhea remains the serious problem in developing countries, especially among children under 5 years of age. Currently, only two or three common diarrhea pathogens were screened at most hospitals in China. The aim of this study was to provide a wide variety of diarrhea pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in children under 5 years of age. METHODS Totally 381 stool samples collected from Tongji Hospital between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2015 were tested by culture and/or polymerase chain reaction for eight kinds of bacteria and five kinds of viruses. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed using dilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS Viral infections were mainly identified in infants (0-11 months), whereas bacterial infections were more prevalent in the age of 24-59 months. About 69.8% of samples were positive for at least one pathogen, 51.7% of samples were virus positive, followed by bacteria positive cases (19.4%), and 12.6% of cases displayed co-infections with two viruses or a virus and a bacterium. Rotavirus was the most prevalent pathogen, followed closely by norovirus, while Salmonella was the most commonly isolated bacteria, followed by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and Campylobacter. More than 40% of Salmonella spp. and DEC isolates were resistant to first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline). Around 10% of Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin simultaneously. Campylobacter spp. displayed high resistance to ciprofloxacin but kept low resistance to azithromycin and doxycycline. CONCLUSIONS The etiology of acute diarrhea varies in children of different age groups. The high frequency of infection with viruses suggests the urgent demand for new viral vaccine development. Proper use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea is crucial due to the high level of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhong-Ju Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei-Yong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei-Ting Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wen-Qian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xu Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zi-Yong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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24
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Higuchi Y, Kubo T, Mitsuhashi T, Nakamura N, Yokota I, Komiyama O, Kamimaki I, Yamamoto S, Uchida Y, Watanabe K, Yamashita H, Tanaka S, Iguchi K, Ichimi R, Miyagawa S, Takayanagi T, Koga H, Shukuya A, Saito A, Horibe K. Clinical Epidemiology and Treatment of Febrile and Afebrile Convulsions With Mild Gastroenteritis: A Multicenter Study. Pediatr Neurol 2017; 67:78-84. [PMID: 28094168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated features and responses to treatment in patients with febrile and afebrile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis and characterized convulsions with rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis. METHODS We conducted a prospective, observational study to evaluate patients with febrile and afebrile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis who were hospitalized between November 2011 and March 2014 at 13 facilities in the National Hospital Organization. We classified the patients into two groups: presence or absence of fever. We investigated the background, clinical and laboratory characteristics, viral antigen in stool, and efficacy of anticonvulsant drugs. RESULTS Of 126 patients enrolled in this study, 50 were febrile (Fc group) and 76 were afebrile (aFc group). A family history of febrile seizures was significantly more frequent in the Fc group than in the aFc group (28.0% vs 9.2%, P = 0.005). Clinical characteristics were similar between the rotavirus and norovirus groups, but fever was significantly more frequent in the rotavirus group (46.2% vs 8.3%, P < 0.001). Serum sodium levels were significantly negatively related to the number of seizures in the aFc group (β = -0.13; 95% confidence interval, -0.24, -0.03; P = 0.01). Carbamazepine was significantly more efficacious than diazepam suppositories in the aFc group (odds ratio = 49.3, 95% confidence interval, 2.35, 1037; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Febrile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis show characteristics of both febrile seizures and convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. Carbamazepine is optimal for convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. Clinical features of convulsions with rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis are similar, except for fever. Serum sodium levels may play a major role in the onset of convulsions with mild gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Higuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Okayama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kubo
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Toshiharu Mitsuhashi
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Zentsuji, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yokota
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Zentsuji, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Komiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isamu Kamimaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama National Hospital, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uchida
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kokura Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kokura Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Miechuo Medical Center, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kosei Iguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Ryouji Ichimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Miyagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Takayanagi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Saga National Hospital, Saga, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Akinori Shukuya
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keizo Horibe
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya Clinical Research Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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25
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Hoa-Tran TN, Nakagomi O, Dao ATH, Nguyen AT, Agbemabiese CA, Vu HM, Nakagomi T, Thanh NTH. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in Vietnamese children with acute gastroenteritis from 2012 to 2015. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:34-45. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. N. Hoa-Tran
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - O. Nakagomi
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - A. T. H. Dao
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - A. T. Nguyen
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C. A. Agbemabiese
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - H. M. Vu
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T. Nakagomi
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - N. T. H. Thanh
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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26
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Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Norovirus in Young Children in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. J Trop Med 2016; 2016:2707121. [PMID: 28115947 PMCID: PMC5223043 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2707121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic diversity of noroviruses identified from a previous surveillance study conducted at the National Pediatric Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from 2004 to 2006. In the previous study, 926 stool samples were collected from children aged 3–60 months with acute diarrhea (cases) and without diarrhea (controls) with reported 6.7% of cases and 3.2% of controls being positive for norovirus. The initial norovirus diagnostic assay was performed with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT PCR) which also distinguished between genogroups I and II (GI and GII). Norovirus infection was most commonly detected in children aged 12–23 months in both cases and controls. Norovirus Genotyping Tool and phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the 3′ end of the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) and the capsid domain region were employed to assign genotypes of the norovirus strains. GII.4 was the most predominant capsid genotype detected at 39.5% followed by GII.6 at 14.9%. The GII.4 Hunter 2004 variant was the predominant strain detected. Six RdRP/capsid recombinants including GII.P7/GII.6, GII.P7/GII.14, GII.P7/GII.20, GII.P12/GII.13, GII.P17/GII.16, and GII.P21/GII.3 were also identified. This study of norovirus infection in young children in Cambodia suggests genetic diversity of norovirus as reported worldwide.
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27
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Rotavirus genotypes in children with gastroenteritis in Erzurum: first detection of G12P[6] and G12P[8] genotypes in Turkey. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2016; 12:122-127. [PMID: 28702101 PMCID: PMC5497125 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2016.59423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus is one of the leading pathogens which cause acute gastroenteritis in children and is responsible for a substantial proportion of childhood deaths worldwide. Aim To determine the group A rotavirus (RVA) prevalence and genotypes of circulating RVA strains in 0–5-year-old children with complaints of vomiting and diarrhoea in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. Material and methods RNA extracted from stool specimens of 329 children aged 0–5 years with acute diarrhoea was subjected to reverse transcription polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) and multiplex-nested PCR. The genotypes were identified based on the expected size of the amplicon, which was amplified with a genotype-specific primer. Results Out of 329 stool samples analyzed, 109 (33.1%) were positive for RVA. G1P[8] was the dominant genotype combination (42.2%), followed by G9P[8] (21.1%) and G12P[6] (11.0%). Mixed infections were identified in 5 cases: G3,9 in 2 cases, G1,9 in 1 case, P[4,8] in 1 case, and P[6,8] in 1 case. The P genotype could not be typed in two patients. Conclusions In the study, we detected six different rotavirus G genotypes, 3 different P genotypes, 11 different G-P combinations and 5 different mixed genotypes combinations. G1, G9, G12 and P[8] were found to be the predominant genotypes. G12P[6] and G12P[8] genotypes, showing an increase as new rotavirus genotypes in the world, are reported for the first time for our regions. We determined the dominant genotypes, mixed genotypes and unconventional genotypes of rotavirus in our region.
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28
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Dian Z, Fan M, Wang B, Feng Y, Ji H, Dong S, Zhang AM, Liu L, Niu H, Xia X. The prevalence and genotype distribution of rotavirus A infection among children with acute gastroenteritis in Kunming, China. Arch Virol 2016; 162:281-285. [PMID: 27718075 PMCID: PMC5225225 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rotavirus A (RVA) infections in children from Kunming, China, and the RVA genotypes present. A total of 16,311 children with acute gastroenteritis were recruited for the study, and 33.1 % (5,394/16,311) were RVA positive. Children under 24 months of age were more susceptible to RVA infection, with an infection rate of 87.4 % (4,712/5,394). The most prevalent genotype was G9P[8] (85/107, 79.4 %), which showed high sequence similarity to G9P[8] strains from other regions of China and neighbouring countries, but not to the licensed vaccine strain LLR. These findings should be useful for the prevention of RVA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Dian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Mao Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, 650034, Yunnan, China
| | - Binghui Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Information Center, First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuwei Dong
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - A-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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29
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P[8] and P[4] Rotavirus Infection Associated with Secretor Phenotypes Among Children in South China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34591. [PMID: 27708367 PMCID: PMC5052604 DOI: 10.1038/srep34591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are known to recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as a host ligand that is believed to play an important role in rotavirus host susceptibility and host range. In this study, paired fecal and saliva samples collected from children with viral gastroenteritis, as well as paired serum and saliva samples collected from the general population in south China were studied to evaluate potential association between rotavirus infections and human HBGA phenotypes. Rotavirus was detected in 75 (28%) of 266 fecal samples and P[8] rotaviruses were found to be the predominant genotype. The HBGA phenotypes of the rotavirus-infected children were determined through their saliva samples. Secretor statuses were found to correlate with the risk of rotavirus infection and all P[8]/P[4] rotavirus infected children were secretors. Accordingly, recombinant VP8* proteins of the P[8]/P[4] rotaviruses bound saliva samples from secretor individuals. Furthermore, correlation between serum P[8]/P[4]-specific IgG and host Lewis and secretor phenotypes has been found among 206 studied serum samples. Our study supported the association between rotavirus infection and the host HBGA phenotypes, which would help further understanding of rotavirus host range and epidemiology.
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30
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Portal TM, Siqueira JAM, Costa LCPDN, Lima ICGD, Lucena MSSD, Bandeira RDS, Linhares ADC, Luz CRNED, Gabbay YB, Resque HR. Caliciviruses in hospitalized children, São Luís, Maranhão, 1997-1999: detection of norovirus GII.12. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:724-30. [PMID: 27161199 PMCID: PMC4927645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases during childhood, with norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) being two of its main causes. This study reports for the first time the incidence of these viruses in hospitalized children with and without gastroenteritis in São Luís, Maranhão. A total of 136 fecal samples were tested by enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for the detection of NoV and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of both NoV and SaV. Positive samples for both agents were subjected to sequencing. The overall frequency of NoV as detected by EIA and RT-PCR was 17.6% (24/136) and 32.6% (15/46), respectively in diarrheic patients and 10.0% (9/90) in non-diarrheic patients (p<0.01). Of the diarrheic patients, 17% had fever, vomiting and anorexia, and 13% developed fever, vomiting and abdominal pain. Of the 24 NoV-positive samples, 50% (12/24) were sequenced and classified as genotypes GII.3 (n=1), GII.4 (6), GII.5 (1), GII.7 (2), GII.12 (1) and GII.16 (1). SaV frequency was 9.8% (11/112), with 22.6% (7/31) in diarrheic patients and 4.9% (4/81) in nondiarrheic (p=0.04) ones. In diarrheic cases, 27.3% had fever, vomiting and anorexia, whereas 18.2% had fever, anorexia and abdominal pain. One SaV-positive sample was sequenced and classified as GII.1. These results show a high genetic diversity of NoV and higher prevalence of NoV compared to SaV. Our data highlight the importance of NoV and SaV as enteropathogens in São Luís, Maranhão.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayara Morais Portal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hugo Reis Resque
- Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVS/MS, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
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31
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Mousavi Nasab SD, Sabahi F, Makvandi M, Mirab Samiee S, Nadji SA, Ravanshad M. Epidemiology of Rotavirus-Norovirus Co-Infection and Determination of Norovirus Genogrouping among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 20:280-6. [PMID: 27137790 PMCID: PMC5075141 DOI: 10.22045/ibj.2016.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Enteric viruses, particularly human rotavirus and norovirus, have been shown to replace bacteria and parasites, as the most common pathogens responsible for acute diarrhea. However, there are still few epidemiological data on the simultaneous occurrence of these viruses in Iran. In this regard, the aim of this study was to assess the useful epidemiological data on the gastroenteritis associated with rotavirus-norovirus mixed infection and to examine the prevalence of norovirus genogrouping among children aged less than five years old in Iran. Methods: A total of 170 stool samples were collected from children under five years of age with the clinical signs and symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, from May 2013 to May 2014. For the detection of both rotavirus and norovirus, total RNA was extracted from all samples, followed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For both detected rotaviruses and noroviruses, genogrouping was performed. Results: Of 170 samples, 49 (28.8%) and 15 (8.8%) samples were found to be positive for rotavirus and norovirus infections by RT-PCR. Interestingly, 6 (3.5%) patients were positive for both infections. Among the 15 norovirus-positive patients, 13 (86.6%) and 2 (13.3%) belonged to genogroups GII and GI. Conclusion: The norovirus genogroup GII and rotavirus lead to the serious infections in children with acute gastroenteritis. However, more well-designed studies are needed to further elucidate the role of other enteric viruses in acute gastroenteritis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzaneh Sabahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Siamak Mirab Samiee
- Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Nadji
- Virology Research Center, National Research Institute for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Ravanshad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India. Virusdisease 2016; 27:77-83. [PMID: 26925447 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are responsible for a significant proportion of mortality and morbidity all around the globe. The contribution of viruses to gastroenteritis incidences in humans is well established. In the present study, we have studied the prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in Himachal Pradesh, a north Indian state. A total of 287 (111 children and 176 adults) stool samples of gastroenteritis patients were screened for the viruses using RT-PCR method. 34.5 % samples were positive for the viral pathogens of gastroenteritis. Rotavirus was the predominant virus detected in the study with 49.5 and 14.8 % positivity in children and adults, respectively. Enterovirus was present in 5.6 % cases whereas norovirus had least prevalence (1.4 %). Co infection (rotavirus and enterovirus) was witnessed at the prevalence rate of 0.6 %. Among different age groups, the prevalence of studied viruses was highest in the children belonging to the age groups of <5 years. Rotavirus infections were found to be significantly associated with vomiting and trend of higher rates of fever and dehydration was seen in children along with diarrhea. Seasonal distribution shows circulation of diarrheagenic viruses throughout the year. This is the first report of prevalence of various diarrheagenic viruses circulating in this region. The outcome of the study from this cohort provides a baseline data which can be used to design the preventive strategies in the otherwise unexplored state of Himachal Pradesh.
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33
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Liu X, Meng L, Li J, Liu X, Bai Y, Yu D, Ren X, Liu H, Shen X, Wang P, Hu X, Wei K, Pei H, Kang Q. Etiological epidemiology of viral diarrhea on the basis of sentinel surveillance in children younger than 5 years in Gansu, northwest China, 2009-2013. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2048-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Liu
- Institution of Health Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Lanzhou University; Gansu Provinse P. R. China
| | - Lei Meng
- Centers’ for Disease Control and Prevention; Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Juansheng Li
- Institution of Health Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Lanzhou University; Gansu Provinse P. R. China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Centers’ for Disease Control and Prevention; Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Yana Bai
- Institution of Health Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Lanzhou University; Gansu Provinse P. R. China
| | - Deshan Yu
- Centers’ for Disease Control and Prevention; Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Ren
- Institution of Health Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Lanzhou University; Gansu Provinse P. R. China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Centers’ for Disease Control and Prevention; Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Xiping Shen
- Institution of Health Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Lanzhou University; Gansu Provinse P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Centers’ for Disease Control and Prevention; Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Hu
- Institution of Health Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Lanzhou University; Gansu Provinse P. R. China
| | - Kongfu Wei
- Centers’ for Disease Control and Prevention; Gansu Province P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Pei
- Institution of Health Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health; Lanzhou University; Gansu Provinse P. R. China
| | - Qian Kang
- Centers’ for Disease Control and Prevention; Gansu Province P. R. China
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Zou W, Cui D, Wang X, Guo H, Yao X, Jin M, Huang Q, Gao M, Wen X. Clinical characteristics and molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou of China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127596. [PMID: 26011043 PMCID: PMC4444205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses (NoVs) are considered major causative pathogens associated with the morbidity and mortality of young children with acute gastroenteritis. However, few studies have examined NoVs causing acute diarrhea among outpatient children worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the clinical features and molecular epidemiology of NoVs in outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou, China, between April 2013 and April 2014. METHODS Stool specimens from 1346 outpatient children enrolled (under 5 years of age) with acute gastroenteritis were examined for NoVs by multiplex RT-PCR, and sequences of the partial capsids of NoVs were analyzed phylogenetically, while the relevant clinical data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Of 1346 specimens, 383 (28.5%, 383/1346) were positive for NoVs. The proportion of GII genotypes (26.9%) was significantly higher than that of GI genotypes (1.6%). The GII.4 genotype was the most prevalent of GII genotypes and was clustered into GII.4/Sydney (37.8%) and GII.4/2006b (62.2%), whereas GI strains were clustered into GI.1. Additionally, the younger children (12 to <24 months of age) were more susceptible to NoVs than children in other age groups, and the highest percentage of NoV infections occurred in April 2013. The diarrheal frequency (times/d) and WBC counts of the infected outpatient group with NoVs were significantly higher than were those of the uninfected outpatient group. CONCLUSION NoVs were confirmed to be the major viral agents responsible for acute gastroenteritis in outpatient children in Huzhou, China, and GII.4/Sydney and GII.4/2006b variants were identified as the predominant strains in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Huihui Guo
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Xing Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Miao Jin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xiaohong Wen
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, 313000, China
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Kiulia NM, Hofstra N, Vermeulen LC, Obara MA, Medema G, Rose JB. Global occurrence and emission of rotaviruses to surface waters. Pathogens 2015; 4:229-55. [PMID: 25984911 PMCID: PMC4493472 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RV) are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children globally. Waterborne transmission of RV and the presence of RV in water sources are of major public health importance. In this paper, we present the Global Waterborne Pathogen model for RV (GloWPa-Rota model) to estimate the global distribution of RV emissions to surface water. To our knowledge, this is the first model to do so. We review the literature to estimate three RV specific variables for the model: incidence, excretion rate and removal during wastewater treatment. We estimate total global RV emissions to be 2 × 1018 viral particles/grid/year, of which 87% is produced by the urban population. Hotspot regions with high RV emissions are urban areas in densely populated parts of the world, such as Bangladesh and Nigeria, while low emissions are found in rural areas in North Russia and the Australian desert. Even for industrialized regions with high population density and without tertiary treatment, such as the UK, substantial emissions are estimated. Modeling exercises like the one presented in this paper provide unique opportunities to further study these emissions to surface water, their sources and scenarios for improved management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Kiulia
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, 00502 Karen, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nynke Hofstra
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucie C Vermeulen
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maureen A Obara
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands.
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Lipson SM, Ozen FS, Louis S, Karthikeyan L. Comparison of α-glucosyl hesperidin of citrus fruits and epigallocatechin gallate of green tea on the Loss of Rotavirus Infectivity in Cell Culture. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:359. [PMID: 25972850 PMCID: PMC4413797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of secondary plant metabolites (e.g., flavonoids) possess antiviral/antimicrobial activity. Most flavonoids, however, are difficult to study, as they are immiscible in water-based systems. The relatively new semisynthetic α-glucosyl hesperitin (GH), and the natural plant product epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are unique among most flavonoids, as these flavonoids are highly soluble. The antiviral activity of these plant metabolites were investigated using the rotavirus as a model enteric virus system. Direct loss of virus structural integrity in cell-free suspension and titration of amplified RTV in host cell cultures was measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (qEIA). After 30 min. 100 × 10(3) μg/ml GH reduced RTV antigen levels by ca. 90%. The same compound reduced infectivity (replication in cell culture) by a similar order of magnitude 3 to 4 days post inoculation. After 3 days in culture, EGCG concentrations of 80, 160, and 320 μg/ml reduced RTV infectivity titer levels to ca. 50, 20, and 15% of the control, respectively. Loss of RTV infectivity titers occurred following viral treatment by parallel testing of both GH and EGCG, with the latter, markedly more effective. Cytotoxicity testing showed no adverse effects by the phenolic concentrations used in this study. The unique chemical structure of each flavonoid rather than each phenolic's inherent solubility may be ascribed to those marked differences between each molecule's antiviral (anti-RTV) effects. The solubility of EGCG and GH obviated our need to use potentially confounding or obfuscating carrier molecules (e.g., methanol, ethanol, DMSO) denoting our use of a pure system environ. Our work further denotes the need to address the unique chemical nature of secondary plant metabolites before any broad generalizations in flavonoid (antiviral) activity may be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Lipson
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Fatma S. Ozen
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Samantha Louis
- Department of Biology and Health Promotions, St. Francis College, BrooklynNY, USA
| | - Laina Karthikeyan
- Department of Biology, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New YorkBrooklyn, NY, USA
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Sharifi-Rad J, Hoseini Alfatemi SM, Sharifi-Rad M, Miri A. Frequency of adenoviruses, rotaviruses and noroviruses among diarrhea samples collected from infants of zabol, southeastern iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e15440. [PMID: 25834718 PMCID: PMC4377170 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.15440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Viruses are one of the major reasons of gastrointestinal disease worldwide, and commonly infect children less than five years of age in developing countries. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the frequency of adenoviruses, rotaviruses and noroviruses among diarrhea samples collected from infants of Zabol, south-east of Iran. This study is the first investigation of adenoviruses, rotaviruses and noroviruses among diarrhea samples in Zabol. Patients and Methods: In this study, eighty-two diarrhea stool samples were collected from infants aged < 1 to 12 months admitted to the hospital, internal laboratory and central laboratory of Zabol, Iran. All samples were subjected to the rapid immunochromatography assay. Results: The results showed that the frequency of rotaviruses, adenoviruses and noroviruses among infants with diarrhea were 70.20%, 20.30% and 9.50%, respectively. There were 50 subjects aged one to five months and 2 subjects aged nine to twelve months. The results of geographical distribution showed that the number of infants living in rural and urban areas with these viruses were 50 and 32, respectively. Rotaviruses were most common in rural and urban infants with 42 and 10 cases, respectively. Regarding the feeding patterns of infants with diarrhea, mixed feeding and breast feeding were found in 51 and 31 cases, respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of our study showed that the major viral pathogens that caused infantile diarrhea in Zabol city were rotaviruses followed by adenoviruses and noroviruses. The results of our study can useful for prosperous control of infantile diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, IR Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, IR Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mahsan Hoseini Alfatemi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Seyedeh Mahsan Hoseini Alfatemi, Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122439963, E-mail:
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, IR Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Miri
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, IR Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, IR Iran
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Malm M, Uusi-Kerttula H, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. High serum levels of norovirus genotype-specific blocking antibodies correlate with protection from infection in children. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1755-62. [PMID: 24970849 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies have been implicated in protection against norovirus-associated gastroenteritis, but the level, specificity, and functionality necessary for protection remain to be elucidated. METHODS Norovirus-specific IgG antibodies to genogroup II (GII)-4-2010 New Orleans (NO), GII-4-1999, GII-12-1998, GI-1-2001, and GI-3-2002 virus-like particles (VLPs) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples collected from children who presented to the hospital because of acute norovirus gastroenteritis in 2009-2011. The blocking activity of the antibodies was tested in a surrogate neutralization assay. RESULTS Most norovirus infections (62.8%) in the study population were caused by a GII-4 NO variant. Children who acquired GII-4 NO infection had a low preexisting type-specific IgG level and blocking activity of the sera, in contrast to children infected with other GII genotypes. Following GII-4 NO infection, genotype-specific seroconversion and a corresponding increase in blocking antibody potential was observed. Although seroconversion to the heterologous GII-4-1999 variant was observed, there was no corresponding increase in the specific blocking antibody titer. There was no concomitant seroconversion against GI VLPs, indicating a highly genogroup-specific antibody response. CONCLUSIONS High preexisting norovirus genotype-specific serum IgG titers and blocking activity in children indicate protection from norovirus infection in a strain-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School
| | | | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School
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Arana A, Cilla G, Montes M, Gomariz M, Pérez-Trallero E. Genotypes, recombinant forms, and variants of norovirus GII.4 in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain), 2009-2012. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98875. [PMID: 24893307 PMCID: PMC4043750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noroviruses (NoVs) are genetically diverse, with genogroup II—and within it—genotype 4 (GII.4) being the most prevalent cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize genogroup II NoV causing acute gastroenteritis in the Basque Country (northern Spain) from 2009–2012. Methods The presence of NoV RNA was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from children younger than 15 years old with community-acquired acute gastroenteritis, and from hospitalized adults or elderly residents of nursing homes with acute gastroenteritis. For genotyping, the open reading frames ORF1 (encoding the polymerase) and ORF2 (encoding the major capsid protein) were partially amplified and sequenced. Recombinant strains were confirmed by PCR of the ORF1/ORF2 junction region. Results NoV was detected in 16.0% (453/2826) of acute gastroenteritis episodes in children younger than 2 years, 9.9% (139/1407) in children from 2 to 14 years, and 35.8% (122/341) in adults. Of 317 NoVs characterized, 313 were genogroup II and four were genogroup I. The GII.4 variants Den Haag-2006b and New Orleans-2009 predominated in 2009 and 2010–2011, respectively. In 2012, the New Orleans-2009 variant was partially replaced by the Sydney-2012 variant (GII.Pe/GII.4) and New Orleans-2009/Sydney-2012 recombinant strains. The predominant capsid genotype in all age groups was GII.4, which was the only genotype detected in outbreaks. The second most frequent genotype was GII.3 (including the recently described recombination GII.P16/GII.3), which was detected almost exclusively in children. Conclusion Nine different genotypes of NoV genogroup II were detected; among these, intergenotype recombinant strains represented an important part, highlighting the role of recombination in the evolution of NoVs. Detection of new NoV strains, not only GII.4 strains, shortly after their first detection in other parts of the world shows that many NoV strains can spread rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Arana
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Gustavo Cilla
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Milagrosa Montes
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Gomariz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Emilio Pérez-Trallero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
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El Qazoui M, Oumzil H, Baassi L, El Omari N, Sadki K, Amzazi S, Benhafid M, El Aouad R. Rotavirus and norovirus infections among acute gastroenteritis children in Morocco. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:300. [PMID: 24894194 PMCID: PMC4057912 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute gastroenteritis is a serious cause of child mortality and morbidity in resource-limited countries. A viral etiology is most common, and rotavirus and norovirus are reported to be the leading causative agents. There are still few epidemiological data on the simultaneous occurrence of these viruses in Morocco. The aim of this study was to provide useful epidemiological data on the gastroenteritis associated with rotavirus and norovirus among children aged less than 5 years. Methods From January to December 2011, 335 samples were tested for rotavirus and norovirus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-multiplex PCR) and real-time RT-PCR. Partial sequences of the norovirus were phylogenetically analyzed to determine the genotype. Results The overall rates of rotavirus and norovirus infections were 26.6% and 16.1%, respectively. Mixed viral infections were detected in 9 of 335 stool specimens (2.7%). The most common genotype combination in the rotavirus strains was G1[P8] (51.7%), followed by G2[P4] (10.1%), G2[P8] (4.5%), G9[P8] (3.4%), G4[P8] (3.4%), and G1[P6] (2.3%). Among patients positive for norovirus, 42 (77.8%) tested positive for GII and 12 (22.2%) for GI. Thirty-three (78.6%) of the norovirus GII-positive cases were successfully characterized. Genotype GII.4 was the most prevalent (n = 27; 81.8%), followed by GII.3 (n = 2; 6.1%), GII.13 (n = 2; 6.1%), GII.16 (n = 1; 3%), and GII.17 (n = 1; 3%). Conclusion This study suggests that in Morocco, norovirus is the most frequent cause of acute gastroenteritis after rotavirus, but further enteric viruses need to be integrated in the surveillance system so that a conclusion could be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria El Qazoui
- Immunology-Virology Department, National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, 27 Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat, Morocco.
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Thongprachum A, Chan-it W, Khamrin P, Saparpakorn P, Okitsu S, Takanashi S, Mizuguchi M, Hayakawa S, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus associated with gastroenteritis and emergence of norovirus GII.4 variant 2012 in Japanese pediatric patients. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:65-73. [PMID: 24508246 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In late 2012, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus variant Sydney_2012 occurred and have been reported from many counties. In this study, we described surveillance study of the incidence of norovirus infections among Japanese pediatric patients in association with gastroenteritis and investigated the antigenic change of the new variant Sydney_2012 circulated in Japanese populations. A total of 2381 fecal specimens collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in Hokkaido, Tokyo, Shizuoka, Kyoto, Osaka, and Saga from 2009 to 2013 were examined for norovirus and further analyzed molecularly. A high proportion (39.3%) of norovirus positive samples and several genotypes were detected. Norovirus GII.4 dominated over other genotypes (71.4%). The Den_Haag_2006b (43.2%) was detected as the predominant variant and co-circulated with New_Orleans_2009 (17.8%) until March 2012. Subsequently, they were displaced by Sydney_2012. The Sydney_2012 variant has been responsible for the majority of norovirus infections in 2012-2013 (85.7%). Although Sydney_2012 variant has a common ancestor with New_Orleans_2009 variant, analysis of P2 sub-domain showed a high level of diversity in comparison with other variants in four amino acid changes at the antigenic sites. The change in particular residue 393 of new variant may affect HBGA recognition. Analysis of noroviruses circulating in the past 4years revealed a change of predominant variant of norovirus GII.4 in each epidemic season. The change of amino acid in putative epitopes may have led the virus escape from the existing herd immunity and explain the increase of new variant outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksara Thongprachum
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wisoot Chan-it
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Shoko Okitsu
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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