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Wang C, Zhu Y, Chen P, Wang C, Zhou W, Zhang C, Wang J, Chen X, Ding M, Zhang C, Wang JJ, Zhang CY. Altered serum human cytomegalovirus microRNA levels are common and closely associated with the inflammatory status in patients with fever. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1079259. [PMID: 36591247 PMCID: PMC9795028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fever has a complicated etiology, and diagnosing its causative factor is clinically challenging. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection causes various diseases. However, the clinical relevance, prevalence, and significance of HCMV microRNAs (miRNA) in association with fever remain unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the HCMV miRNA expression pattern in the serum of patients with fever and evaluate its clinical associations with occult HCMV infection status in immune disorders. Methods We included serum samples from 138 patients with fever and 151 age-gender-matched controls in this study. First, the serum levels of 24 HCMV miRNAs were determined using a hydrolysis probe-based stem-loop quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay in the training set. The markedly altered miRNAs were verified in the validation and testing sets. The serum HCMV IgG/IgM and DNA titers in the testing cohort were also assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RT-qPCR, respectively. Results The majority of HCMV miRNAs were markedly upregulated in the serum of fever patients. We selected the five most significantly altered HCMV miRNAs: hcmv-miR-US4-3p, hcmv-miR-US29-3p, hcmv-miR-US5-2-3p, hcmv-miR-UL112-3p, and hcmv-miR-US33-3p for validation. These miRNAs were also significantly elevated in the serum of fever patients in the validation and testing sets compared with the controls. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the five miRNAs were novel potential risk factors for fever. Notably, the serum levels of four of the five confirmed HCMV miRNAs were significantly associated with blood C-reaction protein concentrations. Moreover, the five HCMV miRNA levels were closely correlated with the HCMV DNA titers in the testing cohort. Conclusion HCMV infection and activation are common in fever patients and could be novel risk factors for fever. These differentially expressed HCMV miRNAs could enable HCMV activation status monitoring in immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhua Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Penglu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanqing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Chen-Yu Zhang, ; Meng Ding, ; Chunni Zhang, ; Jun-Jun Wang,
| | - Chunni Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Chen-Yu Zhang, ; Meng Ding, ; Chunni Zhang, ; Jun-Jun Wang,
| | - Jun-Jun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Chen-Yu Zhang, ; Meng Ding, ; Chunni Zhang, ; Jun-Jun Wang,
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Extracellular RNA, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), Institute of Artificial Intelligence Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Chen-Yu Zhang, ; Meng Ding, ; Chunni Zhang, ; Jun-Jun Wang,
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Demey B, Bentz M, Descamps V, Morel V, Francois C, Castelain S, Helle F, Brochot E. BK Polyomavirus bkv-miR-B1-5p: A Stable Micro-RNA to Monitor Active Viral Replication after Kidney Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137240. [PMID: 35806242 PMCID: PMC9266457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bkv-miR-B1-5p is a viral micro-RNA (miRNA) specifically produced during BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) replication. Recent studies have suggested using bkv-miR-B1-5p as a biomarker to monitor viral infection and predict complications in kidney transplant patients. To identify the technical limitations of this miRNA quantification in biological samples, knowledge of its stability and distribution in the extracellular compartment is necessary. Moreover, a proof of concept for using bkv-miR-B1-5p as a biomarker of active replication in chronic infection is still missing in the published literature. Methods: The stability of bkv-miR-B1-5p was evaluated in samples derived from cell cultures and in urine from BKPyV-infected kidney transplant recipients. The miRNA was quantified in different fractions of the extracellular compartment, including exosomes, and protein binding was evaluated. Finally, we developed an in vitro model for chronic culture of BKPyV clinical isolates to observe changes in the bkv-miR-B1-5p level during persistent infections. Results: Bkv-miR-B1-5p is a stable biomarker in samples from humans and in vitro experiments. Marginally associated with the exosomes, most of the circulating bkv-miR-B1-5p is bound to proteins, especially Ago2, so the miRNA quantification does not require specific exosome isolation. The bkv-miR-B1-5p level is predictable of viral infectivity, which makes it a potential specific biomarker of active BKPyV replication after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Demey
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (V.M.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (M.B.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (E.B.); Tel.: +33-322087065 (B.D.)
| | - Marine Bentz
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (M.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Véronique Descamps
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (V.M.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (M.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Virginie Morel
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (V.M.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (M.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Catherine Francois
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (V.M.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (M.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (V.M.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (M.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Francois Helle
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (M.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (V.M.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; (M.B.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (E.B.); Tel.: +33-322087065 (B.D.)
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Diagnostic Value of JC Polyomavirus Viruria, Viremia, Serostatus and microRNA Expression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Undergoing Immunosuppressive Treatment. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020347. [PMID: 35054041 PMCID: PMC8781243 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Markers of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) activity can be used to evaluate the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The presence of JCPyV DNA and microRNA (miR-J1-5p), the anti-JCV index and the sequence of the non-coding control region (NCCR) in urine and plasma were determined in 42 MS subjects before treatment (T0), 6 months (T6) and 12 months (T12) after natalizumab, ocrelizumab, fingolimod or dimethyl-fumarate administration and in 25 healthy controls (HC). The number of MS patients with viruria increased from 43% at T0 to 100% at T12, whereas it remained similar for the HC group (35–40%). Viremia first occurred 6 months after treatment in MS patients and increased after 12 months, whereas it was absent in HC. The viral load in urine and plasma from the MS cohort increased over time, mostly pronounced in natalizumab-treated patients, whereas it persisted in HC. The archetypal NCCR was detected in all positive urine, whereas mutations were observed in plasma-derived NCCRs resulting in a more neurotropic variant. The prevalence and miR-J1-5p copy number in MS urine and plasma dropped after treatment, whereas they remained similar in HC specimens. Viruria and miR-J1-5p expression did not correlate with anti-JCV index. In conclusion, analyzing JCPyV DNA and miR-J1-5p levels may allow monitoring JCPyV activity and predicting MS patients at risk of developing PML.
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Lagatie O, Njumbe Ediage E, Van Roosbroeck D, Van Asten S, Verheyen A, Batsa Debrah L, Debrah A, Odiere MR, T’Kindt R, Dumont E, Sandra K, Dillen L, Verhaeghe T, Vreeken R, Cuyckens F, Stuyver LJ. Multimodal biomarker discovery for active Onchocerca volvulus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009999. [PMID: 34843471 PMCID: PMC8659328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical disease onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is caused by infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Current estimates indicate that 17 million people are infected worldwide, the majority of them living in Africa. Today there are no non-invasive tests available that can detect ongoing infection, and that can be used for effective monitoring of elimination programs. In addition, to enable pharmacodynamic studies with novel macrofilaricide drug candidates, surrogate endpoints and efficacy biomarkers are needed but are non-existent. We describe the use of a multimodal untargeted mass spectrometry-based approach (metabolomics and lipidomics) to identify onchocerciasis-associated metabolites in urine and plasma, and of specific lipid features in plasma of infected individuals (O. volvulus infected cases: 68 individuals with palpable nodules; lymphatic filariasis cases: 8 individuals; non-endemic controls: 20 individuals). This work resulted in the identification of elevated concentrations of the plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as biomarkers for filarial infection, and of the urine metabolite cis-cinnamoylglycine (CCG) as biomarker for O. volvulus. During the targeted validation study, metabolite-specific cutoffs were determined (inosine: 34.2 ng/ml; hypoxanthine: 1380 ng/ml; CCG: 29.7 ng/ml) and sensitivity and specificity profiles were established. Subsequent evaluation of these biomarkers in a non-endemic population from a different geographical region invalidated the urine metabolite CCG as biomarker for O. volvulus. The plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine were confirmed as biomarkers for filarial infection. With the availability of targeted LC-MS procedures, the full potential of these 2 biomarkers in macrofilaricide clinical trials, MDA efficacy surveys, and epidemiological transmission studies can be investigated. Today’s diagnosis of infection with the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus mainly depends on the microscopic analysis of skin biopsies and serological testing. The work presented here describes the use of multiple mass spectrometry-based screening methods (metabolomics and lipidomics) to search for biomarkers indicative of infection with Onchocerca volvulus. This resulted in the identification of elevated concentrations of the plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as biomarkers for filarial infection, and of the urine metabolite cis-cinnamoylglycine as biomarker for O. volvulus. Further evaluation of these biomarkers in a geographically distinct non-endemic population however invalidated the use of urine cis-cinnamoylglycine. These findings are of utmost importance as it not only opens new avenues in the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools for filarial infections, but also emphasizes the need for evaluation and validation of newly discovered biomarkers in different populations from different geographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- J&J Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Ann Verheyen
- J&J Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alex Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Maurice R. Odiere
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ruben T’Kindt
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Emmie Dumont
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography (RIC), Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Lieve Dillen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Rob Vreeken
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
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Vlaminck J, Lagatie O, Dana D, Mekonnen Z, Geldhof P, Levecke B, Stuyver LJ. Identification of antigenic linear peptides in the soil-transmitted helminth and Schistosoma mansoni proteome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009369. [PMID: 33909616 PMCID: PMC8081252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community identified non stool-based biomarkers as the way forward to support soil-transmitted helminth (STH; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) and schistosome (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) deworming programs. This support is needed in making the decision of whether or not to stop preventive chemotherapy intervention efforts and to ultimately transition towards a post-intervention surveillance phase. We applied a two-step micro-array approach to identify antigenic linear epitopes in the STH and S. mansoni proteomes. In a first experiment, we identified antigenic peptides by applying sera from 24 STH and/or S. mansoni infected Ethiopian children on a high-density peptide microarray containing 3.3 million peptides derived from the complete STH and S. mansoni proteomes. A second array experiment with 170,185 peptides that were recognized in the first array was designed to identify non-specific antibody reactivity by applying sera from 24 healthy individuals from Belgium (a non-endemic country). From this array testing cascade, several peptides were identified for STH but none of them appeared to be unique for one species. We therefore concluded that for STH, none of the peptides revealed to be sufficiently sensitive or species specific. For S. mansoni, some promising peptides were identified prompting future investigation. Based on these results, it is unlikely that linear epitopes would be highly useful in detecting species-specific antibody responses to STH in endemic communities. For S. mansoni, one particular peptide of the micro-exon gene 12 (MEG-12) protein deserves further research. In addition, this study emphasizes the need of well-characterized biobanks for biomarker discovery, particularly when the integration of multiple disease programs is envisioned. Today, infections with intestinal (roundworms, whipworm and hookworms) and blood-dwelling worms (schistosomes) are traditionally diagnosed by demonstrating worm eggs in stool. This current practice comes with some important challenges, including but not limited to the low-throughput and the need of skilled operators. Especially in the context of monitoring and evaluation, there is a need for alternative tools. Therefore, one of the recommendations of the scientific community was to develop tests that are based on the detection of antibodies in blood, which reflect the natural immune response of the host to worm-specific components or antigens. In the present study, we screened the antigenicity of all the peptides that build up the proteome of intestinal and blood-dwelling worms. For intestinal worms, our results revealed that the antibody response to these peptides was either not unique for the worm species or absent in infected subjects. For blood-dwelling worms, the findings were less sobering, with a number of peptides inducing an antibody response that was only observed in infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology and Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ole Lagatie
- Global Public Health R&D, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Dana
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology and Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- School of Laboratory Science, Faculty of health science, Institute of health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Laboratory Science, Faculty of health science, Institute of health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology and Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology and Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses with wide host ranges. Human polyomaviruses typically cause asymptomatic infection and establish persistence but can be reactivated under certain conditions and cause severe diseases. Most well studied polyomaviruses encode a viral miRNA that regulates viral replication and pathogenesis by targeting both viral early genes and host genes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of polyomavirus miRNAs involved in virus infection. We review in detail the regulation of polyomavirus miRNA expression, as well as the role polyomavirus miRNAs play in viral pathogenesis by controlling both host and viral gene expression. An overview of the potential application of polyomavirus miRNA as a marker for the progression of polyomaviruses associated diseases and polyomaviruses reactivation is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael J Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Mamana AC, Stincarelli M, Sarmento DJDS, Mendes Batista A, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Gallottini M, De Abreu Pestana JOM, Braz-Silva PH, Giannecchini S. Detection of polyomavirus microRNA-5p expression in saliva shortly after kidney transplantation. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1898838. [PMID: 33796229 PMCID: PMC7971308 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1898838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) of polyomavirus (PyV) are present in several biological fluids and are suggested to be relevant viral factors for monitoring its persistence. Aim: To evaluate the effect of an immunosuppressive regimen on the status of PyV-miRNA-5p in the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: The JCPyV, BKPyV, MCPyV miRNA-5p were investigated in paired saliva and plasma samples obtained from 23 patients before and shortly after renal-transplantation by using real-time RT-PCR. Results: Overall, within a short-time after transplantation, patients exhibited decreased numbers of leukocyte and lymphocyte as well as low levels of creatinine. During the clinical management of the patients, a significant amount of saliva samples were positive for JCPyV and BKPyV miRNA-5p (range: 26%-91%) compared to paired plasma samples (range: 9%-35%). Among the two polyomaviruses showing positive expression of miRNA-5p, BKPyV presented the highest positivity in saliva (91%) and MCPyV-miRNA-5p was constantly negative in both saliva and plasma samples. Compared to the time before transplantation, a significant reduction in the expression of JCPyV-miRNA-5p was observed in saliva samples obtained after transplantation. Conclusions: Altogether, these data suggest that additional investigations of polyomavirus miRNA-5p in saliva should be performed shortly after renal-transplantation to evaluate the potential role in early viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Mamana
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Stincarelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alexandre Mendes Batista
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Gallottini
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Agostini S, Mancuso R, Costa AS, Caputo D, Clerici M. JCPyV miR-J1-5p in Urine of Natalizumab-Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030468. [PMID: 33809082 PMCID: PMC8000901 DOI: 10.3390/v13030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Natalizumab in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can cause the reactivation of the polyomavirus JC (JCPyV); this may result in the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare and usually lethal disease. JCPyV infection is highly prevalent in worldwide population, but the detection of anti-JCPyV antibodies is not sufficient to identify JCPyV infection, as PML can develop even in patients with negative JCPyV serology. Better comprehension of the JCPyV biology could allow a better understanding of JCPyV infection and reactivation, possibly reducing the risk of developing PML. Here, we investigated whether JCPyV miR-J1-5p—a miRNA that down-regulates the early phase viral protein T-antigen and promotes viral latency—could be detected and quantified by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) in urine of 25 Natalizumab-treated MS patients. A 24-month study was designed: baseline, before the first dose of Natalizumab, and after 1 (T1), 12 (T12) and 24 months (T24) of therapy. miR-J1-5p was detected in urine of 7/25 MS patients (28%); detection was possible in three cases at T24, in two cases at T12, in one case at T1 and T12, and in the last case at baseline and T1. Two of these patients were seronegative for JCPyV Ab, and viral DNA was never found in either urine or blood. To note, only in one case miR-J1-5p was detected before initiation of Natalizumab. These results suggest that the measurement of miR-J1-5p in urine, could be a biomarker to monitor JCPyV infection and to better identify the possible risk of developing PML in Natalizumab-treated MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Agostini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Mancuso
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrea Saul Costa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Domenico Caputo
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (A.S.C.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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9
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COS-7 cells are a cellular model to monitor polyomavirus JC miR-J1-5p expression. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9201-9205. [PMID: 33085050 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous human neurotropic virus that can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), sometimes as a consequence of drug treatment for disabling diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis. JCPyV expresses microRNAs (miRNAs), and in particular miR-J1-5p, but at now we have limited knowledge regarding this aspect. In the present study the expression of JCPyV miR-J1-5p was measured in infected COS-7, to verify if and when this miRNA is expressed in a cell model of JCPyV-MAD-4 strain infection. Results showed that miR-J1-5p expression was relatively constant inside the cells from 11 days to 35 days after infection (mean: 4.13 × 105 copies/μg), and became measurable in supernatants 18 days after infection (mean: 7.20 × 104 copies/μl). miR-J1-5p expression in supernatants peaked (3.76 × 105 copies/μl) 25 days after infection and started to decrease 32 days after infection (7.20 × 104 copies/μl). These data show that COS-7 cells, already used as model for JCPyV replication cycle, can be also utilized to study JCPyV miRNAs expression, potentially opening new research avenues for diseases in which current therapeutic approaches could result in severe adverse effects (e.g. Natalizumab-associated JCPyV reactivation in Multiple Sclerosis patients). In these situations monitoring of miR-J1-5p may shed light on the mechanisms of virus reactivation and may help the clarification of the mechanisms responsible for such severe side effects.
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10
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Lagatie O, Verheyen A, Van Asten S, Odiere MR, Djuardi Y, Levecke B, Vlaminck J, Mekonnen Z, Dana D, T'Kindt R, Sandra K, van Outersterp R, Oomens J, Lin R, Dillen L, Vreeken R, Cuyckens F, Stuyver LJ. 2-Methyl-pentanoyl-carnitine (2-MPC): a urine biomarker for patent Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15780. [PMID: 32978457 PMCID: PMC7519643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with intestinal worms, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, affect hundreds of millions of people in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Through large-scale deworming programs, World Health Organization aims to reduce moderate-to-heavy intensity infections below 1%. Current diagnosis and monitoring of these control programs are solely based on the detection of worm eggs in stool. Here we describe how metabolome analysis was used to identify the A. lumbricoides-specific urine biomarker 2-methyl pentanoyl carnitine (2-MPC). This biomarker was found to be 85.7% accurate in determining infection and 90.5% accurate in determining a moderate-to-heavy infection. Our results also demonstrate that there is a correlation between 2-MPC levels in urine and A. lumbricoides DNA detected in stool. Furthermore, the levels of 2-MPC in urine were shown to rapidly and strongly decrease upon administration of a standard treatment (single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole). In an Ascaris suum infection model in pigs, it was found that, although 2-MPC levels were much lower compared to humans, there was a significant association between urinary 2-MPC levels and both worm counts (p = 0.023) and the number of eggs per gram (epg) counts (p < 0.001). This report demonstrates that urinary 2-MPC can be considered an A. lumbricoides-specific biomarker that can be used to monitor infection intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Ann Verheyen
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Asten
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maurice R Odiere
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu, 40100, Kenya
| | - Yenny Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Dana
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ruben T'Kindt
- Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Rianne van Outersterp
- FELIX Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- FELIX Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronghui Lin
- Janssen R&D, Welsh & McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477-0776, USA
| | - Lieve Dillen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rob Vreeken
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lieven J Stuyver
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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11
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections of the Nervous System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070700. [PMID: 32605316 PMCID: PMC7411781 DOI: 10.3390/v12070700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular space. EVs such as exosomes and microvesicles are membrane-bound vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 1000 nm in diameter. Under normal conditions, EVs mediate cell to cell as well as inter-organ communication via the shuttling of their cargoes which include RNA, DNA and proteins. Under pathological conditions, however, the number, size and content of EVs are found to be altered and have been shown to play crucial roles in disease progression. Emerging studies have demonstrated that EVs are involved in many aspects of viral infection-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In the current review, we will describe the interactions between EV biogenesis and the release of virus particles while also reviewing the role of EVs in various viral infections, such as HIV-1, HTLV, Zika, CMV, EBV, Hepatitis B and C, JCV, and HSV-1. We will also discuss the potential uses of EVs and their cargoes as biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles for viral infections.
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Takahashi K, Sato Y, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Katano H. High expression of JC polyomavirus-encoded microRNAs in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy tissues and its repressive role in virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008523. [PMID: 32324824 PMCID: PMC7200015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV, JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised hosts. JCPyV replicates in oligodendrocytes within the brain tissue of patients with PML. The JCPyV genome encodes a microRNA (miRNA) in the region encoding the large T antigen. JCPyV-encoded miRNA (miR-J1) has been detected in the tissue and cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with PML; however, there are no reports describing the localization of polyomavirus-encoded miRNA in histological samples of patients with virus-associated diseases. In the present study, we detected high miR-J1 expression in the nuclei of JCPyV-infected cells in PML tissue samples via in situ hybridization. Additionally, in situ hybridization also revealed the expression of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV, BKV)-encoded miRNA in lesions of BKPyV-associated nephropathy. In situ hybridization for miR-J1-5p and -3p showed positive signals in 24/25 (96%) of PML tissues that were positive for JCPyV by immunohistochemistry. Higher copy numbers of miR-J1 were detected in PML tissues than in non-PML tissues by real-time reverse transcription PCR. Next generation sequencing showed that miR-J1-5p, a mature miRNA of primary miRNA, was predominant in the lesions compared with miR-J1-3p, another mature miRNA. Deletion or mutation of miR-J1 in recombinant JCPyV promoted the production of JCPyV-encoded proteins in cells transfected with JCPyV DNA, suggesting that polyomavirus-encoded miRNA may have a repressive role in viral replication in PML tissues. In situ hybridization for viral miRNA may be a useful diagnostic tool for PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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13
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Multiple Signatures of the JC Polyomavirus in Paired Normal and Altered Colorectal Mucosa Indicate a Link with Human Colorectal Cancer, but Not with Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235965. [PMID: 31783512 PMCID: PMC6928985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The JC polyomavirus (JCV) has been repeatedly but discordantly detected in healthy colonic mucosa, adenomatous polyps, and colorectal cancer (CRC), and proposed to contribute to oncogenesis. The controversies may derive from differences in JCV targets, patient’s cohorts, and methods. Studies of simultaneous detection, quantification, and characterization of JCV presence/expression in paired samples of normal/altered tissues of the same patient are lacking. Therefore, we simultaneously quantified JCV presence (DNA) and expression (mRNA and protein) of T-antigen (T-Ag), Viral Protein 1 (Vp1), and miR-J1-5p in paired normal/altered tissues of CRC or polyps, and from controls. JCV signatures were found in most samples. They increased in patients, but were higher in normal mucosa than in corresponding polyp or CRC lesions. JCV non-coding control region (NCCR) DNA rearrangements increased in CRC patients, also in normal mucosa, thus before the onset of the lesion. A new ∆98bp NCCR DNA rearrangement was detected. T-Ag levels were higher in normal mucosa than in adenoma and adenocarcinoma lesions, but decreased to levels of controls in established CRC lesions. In CRC, miR-J1-5p expression decreased with CRC progression. Vp1 expression was not detected. The data indicate a JCV link with the disease, but possible JCV contributes to oncogenesis should occur at pre-polyp stages.
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14
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Zeng G, Wang Z, Huang Y, Abedin Z, Liu Y, Randhawa P. Cellular and viral miRNA expression in polyomavirus BK infection. Transpl Infect Dis 2019; 21:e13159. [PMID: 31410940 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus BK (BKV) is an important pathogen in kidney transplant patients. Regulation of BKV encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) is not well understood. Therefore, tubular epithelial cells infected with BKV were examined for changes in small RNA expression. The observed changes were further evaluated by real-time PCR and RNA-seq analysis of renal allograft biopsies. BKV-miR-B1-5p and BKV-miR-B1-3p showed a 1000-fold increase over 12 days but did not prevent cell lysis. Downregulation of host miR-10b and miR-30a could be confirmed on all three platforms evaluated. Whereas, the BKV genome expressed more 3p than 5p miRNA species, the reverse was true for the human genome. Decreased expression of TP53INP2, and increased expression of BCL2A1, IL-6, IL8 and other proinflammatory cytokines were shown in biopsies with BKV nephropathy. No change in expression was seen in miR-10a dependent expression of NKG2D ligands ULBP3, MICA, or MICB. In conclusion, BKV infection results in regulation of cellular genes regulated by and possibly amenable to therapies targeting miR-10 and miR-30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zijie Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuchen Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Yang Liu
- PrimBio Research Institute LLC, Exton, PA, USA
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Huang Y, Zeng G, Randhawa PS. Detection of BKV encoded mature MicroRNAs in kidney transplant patients: Clinical and biologic insights. J Clin Virol 2019; 119:6-10. [PMID: 31422199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyomavirus BK (BKV) encodes two mature miRNAs that regulate the viral life cycle. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the autoregulatory and immunomodulatory effects of these miRNAs that have been defined in culture systems, but subject to only limited exploration in clinical samples. METHODS BKV-miR-B1-5p, BKV-miR-BJ1-3p, BKV DNA and BKV VP-1 mRNA levels were measured in 32 paired obtained plasma & urine samples from kidney transplant patients with (a) early stage infection manifesting as viruria, and (b) later stage infections complicated by viremia. RESULTS All patients showed abundant urine miRNAs (7.84E + 02-1.91E + 06 copies/ml, but plasma miRNA was below the limit of detection. There was no statistically significant difference in urinary miRNA levels between viruric and viremic patients. Median 5p miRNA load was 4-6 logs lower than the BKV genomic load. Higher miRNA levels in the urine were associated not with lower but higher urinary viral loads. BKV preferentially used the 3p miRNA for its interactions with host cell mRNAs. The mean ratio of 5p/3p in patients with viruria was 0.09, and 0.03 in patients with viremia. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that immune evasion functions of BKV miRNAs over-ride the negative autoregulatory feedback effects in kidney transplant patients with active viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Gang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Parmjeet S Randhawa
- Department of Pathology, The Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, the amount of research and the number of publications on associations between circulating small and long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and cancer have grown exponentially. Particular focus has been placed on the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to enable efficient patient management - from early detection of cancer to monitoring for disease recurrence or progression after treatment. Owing to their high abundance and stability, circulating ncRNAs have potential utility as non-invasive, blood-based biomarkers that can provide information on tumour biology and the effects of treatments, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Increasing evidence highlights the roles of ncRNAs in cell-to-cell communication, with a number of ncRNAs having the capacity to regulate gene expression outside of the cell of origin through extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer to recipient cells, with implications for cancer progression and therapy resistance. Moreover, 'foreign' microRNAs (miRNAs) encoded by non-human genomes (so-called xeno-miRNAs), such as viral miRNAs, have been shown to be present in human body fluids and can be used as biomarkers. Herein, we review the latest developments in the use of circulating ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and discuss their roles in cell-to-cell communication in the context of cancer. We provide a compendium of miRNAs and long ncRNAs that have been reported in the literature to be present in human body fluids and that have the potential to be used as diagnostic and prognostic cancer biomarkers.
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17
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Lagatie O, Verheyen A, Nijs E, Batsa Debrah L, Debrah YA, Stuyver LJ. Performance evaluation of 3 serodiagnostic peptide epitopes and the derived multi-epitope peptide OvNMP-48 for detection of Onchocerca volvulus infection. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2263-2270. [PMID: 31089811 PMCID: PMC6611744 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Current diagnostic tools to determine infection with the helminth parasite Onchocerca volvulus have limited performance characteristics. In previous studies, a proteome-wide screen was conducted to identify linear epitopes in this parasite’s proteome, resulting in the discovery of 1110 antigenic peptide fragments. Here, we investigated three of these peptides using peptide ELISA’s and evaluated their sensitivity and specificity. Epitope mapping was performed, and peptides were constructed that contained only the minimal epitope, flanked by a linker. Investigation of the performance of these minimal epitope peptides demonstrated that all three of them have a specificity (as defined by lack of response in non-helminth-infected individuals) of 100%, low cross-reactivity (5.6%, 5.6%, and 9.3%, respectively), but low sensitivity (36.9%, 46.5%, and 41.2%, respectively). Some cross-reactivity was observed in samples from individuals infected with soil-transmitted helminths or Brugia malayi. Combining these three minimal epitopes in a single peptide, called OvNMP-48, resulted in a performance that exceeded the sum of the individual epitopes, with a sensitivity of 76.0%, a specificity of 97.4%, and a cross-reactivity of 11.1%. Cross-reactivity was observed in some STH and Brugia malayi-infected individuals. This work opens the opportunity to start exploring how these novel linear epitope markers might become part of the O. volvulus diagnostic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Ann Verheyen
- Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erik Nijs
- Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw A Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Lieven J Stuyver
- Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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18
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Virtanen E, Seppälä H, Helanterä I, Laine P, Lautenschlager I, Paulin L, Mannonen L, Auvinen P, Auvinen E. BK polyomavirus microRNA expression and sequence variation in polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. J Clin Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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T cell deficiencies as a common risk factor for drug associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Immunobiology 2018; 223:508-517. [PMID: 29472141 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease of the central nervous system caused by neuropathogenic prototypes of ubiquitous community-acquired JC virus (JCV). The disease became of particular concern following its association with certain therapies that modulate immune system function without heavy immunosuppression. Due to lack of prophylactic/treatment options and poor outcomes, which often include severe disability or death, PML is a considerable concern for development of new drugs that interfere with immune system functions. In this review of clinical and research findings, we discuss the evidence that deficiencies in CD4+ T helper cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and interferon gamma are of crucial importance for development of PML under a variety of circumstances, including those associated with use of various drugs, regardless of differences in their mechanisms of action. These deficiencies apparently enable transformation of the harmless JCV archetype into neuropathogenic prototypes, but the site(s), and the mechanisms, of this transformation are yet to be elucidated. Here we discuss the evidence for brain as one of the sites of this transformation, and propose a model of PML pathogenesis that emphasizes the central role of T cell deficiencies in the two life cycles of the JCV, one non-pathogenic and one neuropathogenic. Finally, we conclude that the development of clinical grade T cell functional tests and more consistent use of already available laboratory tests for T cell subset analysis would greatly aid the effort to more accurately predict and assess the magnitude of PML risk for concerned therapeutic interventions.
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20
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Mills EA, Mao-Draayer Y. Understanding Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Risk in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Immunomodulatory Therapies: A Bird's Eye View. Front Immunol 2018; 9:138. [PMID: 29456537 PMCID: PMC5801425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of newer potent immunomodulatory therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), including natalizumab, fingolimod, and dimethyl fumarate, has expanded the patient population at risk for developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). These MS therapies shift the profile of lymphocytes within the central nervous system (CNS) leading to increased anti-inflammatory subsets and decreased immunosurveillance. Similar to MS, PML is a demyelinating disease of the CNS, but it is caused by the JC virus. The manifestation of PML requires the presence of an active, genetically rearranged form of the JC virus within CNS glial cells, coupled with the loss of appropriate JC virus-specific immune responses. The reliability of metrics used to predict risk for PML could be improved if all three components, i.e., viral genetic strain, localization, and host immune function, were taken into account. Advances in our understanding of the critical lymphocyte subpopulation changes induced by these MS therapies and ability to detect viral mutation and reactivation will facilitate efforts to develop these metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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21
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Lagatie O, Verheyen A, Nijs E, Van Dorst B, Batsa Debrah L, Debrah A, Supali T, Sartono E, Stuyver LJ. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Onchocerca volvulus Linear Epitopes in a Peptide Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:779-785. [PMID: 29313477 PMCID: PMC5930915 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic tools for the detection of infection with Onchocerca volvulus are presently limited to microfilaria detection in skin biopsies and serological assessment using the Ov16 immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) rapid test, both of which have limited sensitivity. We have investigated the diagnostic performance of a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on immunodominant linear epitopes previously discovered. Peptides that were used in these assays were designated O. volvulus motif peptides (OvMP): OvMP-1 (VSV-EPVTTQET-VSV), OvMP-2 (VSV-KDGEDK-VSV), OvMP-3 (VSV-QTSNLD-VSV), and the combination of the latter two, OvMP-23 (VSV-KDGEDK-VSV-QTSNLD-VSV). Sensitivity (O. volvulus infection), specificity (non-helminth infections), and cross-reactivity (helminth infections) were determined using several panels of clinical plasma isolates. OvMP-1 was found to be very sensitive (100%) and specific (98.7%), but showed substantial cross-reactivity with other helminths. Of the other peptides, OvMP-23 was the most promising peptide with a sensitivity of 92.7%, a specificity of 100%, and a cross-reactivity of 6%. It was also demonstrated that these peptides were immunoreactive to IgG but not IgG4, and there is no correlation with the Ov16 IgG4 status, making them promising candidates to complement this already available test. Combination of the Ov16 IgG4 rapid test and OvMP-23 peptide ELISA led to a sensitivity of 97.3% for the detection of O. volvulus infection, without compromising specificity and with minimal impact on cross-reactivity. The available results open the opportunity for a “clinical utility use case” discussion for improved O. volvulus epidemiological mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Verheyen
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erik Nijs
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research into Tropical medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alex Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Taniawati Supali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cui L, Markou A, Stratton CW, Lianidou E. Diagnosis and Assessment of Microbial Infections with Host and Microbial MicroRNA Profiles. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7119978 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95111-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encoded by viral genome or host have been found participating in host-microbe interactions. Differential expression profiles of miRNAs were shown linking to specific disease pathologies which indicated its potency as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers of infectious disease. This was emphasized by the discovery of circulating miRNAs which were found to be remarkably stable in mammalian biofluids. Standardized methods of miRNA quantification including RNA isolation should be established before they will be ready for use in clinical practice.
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Abstract
Virology is probably the most rapidly developing field within clinical laboratory medicine. Adequate diagnostic methods exist for the diagnostics of most acute viral infections. However, emergence of pathogenic viruses or virus strains and new disease associations of known viruses require the establishment of new diagnostic methods, sometimes very rapidly. In the field of chronic or persistent viral diseases, particularly those involving potential of malignant or fatal development, there is a constant need for improved differential diagnostics, monitoring, prognosis and risk assessment. Increasing understanding of disease pathogenesis also enables better patient management and personalized medicine, where companion diagnostics can offer precise and specific tools for individual care. Very often the new tools are offered by molecular diagnostic techniques, and this includes the detection of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small regulatory RNA molecules, which regulate the expression of their target genes. They are encoded both by viruses and their host, and both can target either viral or cellular gene expression. In this review the diagnostic possibilities offered by miRNA will be discussed. The focus will be on selected viral and human miRNAs in viral diseases, and examples of miRNAs of putative diagnostic potential will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, POB 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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JCPyV microRNA in plasma inversely correlates with JCPyV seropositivity among long-term natalizumab-treated relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:734-741. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Bellayr IH, Kumar A, Puri RK. MicroRNA expression in bone marrow-derived human multipotent Stromal cells. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:605. [PMID: 28800721 PMCID: PMC5553681 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are being studied in the field of regenerative medicine for their multi-lineage differentiation and immunoregulatory capacity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that are responsible for regulating gene expression by targeting transcripts, which can impact MSC functions such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell death. miRNAs are expressed in MSCs; however, the impact of miRNAs on cellular functions and donor variability is not well understood. Eight MSC lines were expanded to passages 3, 5 and 7, and their miRNA expression was evaluated using microarray technology. Results Statistical analyses of our data revealed that 71 miRNAs out of 939 examined were expressed by this set of MSC lines at all passages and the expression of 11 miRNAs were significantly different between passages 3 and 7, while the expression of 7 miRNAs was significantly different between passages 3 and 5. The expression of these identified miRNAs was evaluated using RT-qPCR for both the first set of MSC lines (n = 6) and a second set of MSC lines (n = 7) expanded from passages 4 to 8. By RT-qPCR only 2 miRNAs, miR-638 and miR-572 were upregulated at passage 7 compared to passage 3 in the first set of MSC lines by 1.71 and 1.54 fold, respectively; and upregulated at passage 8 compared to passage 4 in the second set of MSC lines, 1.35 and 1.59 fold, respectively. Conclusions The expression of miR-638 and miR-572 can distinguish MSCs from two different passages of cell culture. These results may be useful in establishing critical quality attributes of MSCs and determining whether changes in these two miRNAs impact cellular functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3997-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Bellayr
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics and Evaluation Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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26
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Presence of Viral microRNA in Extracellular Environments. EBioMedicine 2017; 20:9-10. [PMID: 28495208 PMCID: PMC5478208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Yang D, Keys B, J. Conti D, Foulke L, Stellrecht K, Cook L, Lopez-Soler RI. JC polyomavirus nephropathy, a rare cause of transplant dysfunction: Case report and review of literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doyle Yang
- Department of Surgery; Albany Medical College; Albany NY USA
| | - Brandon Keys
- Department of Surgery; Albany Medical College; Albany NY USA
| | - David J. Conti
- Division of Surgery; Section of Transplantation; Albany Medical Center; Albany NY USA
| | | | - Kathleen Stellrecht
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases; Albany Medical College; Albany NY USA
| | - Linda Cook
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
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28
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Lagatie O, Van Dorst B, Stuyver LJ. Identification of three immunodominant motifs with atypical isotype profile scattered over the Onchocerca volvulus proteome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005330. [PMID: 28125577 PMCID: PMC5295699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immune response upon infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus and the mechanisms that evolved in this parasite to evade immune mediated elimination is essential to expand the toolbox available for diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines development. Using high-density peptide microarrays we scanned the proteome-wide linear epitope repertoire in Cameroonian onchocerciasis patients and healthy controls from Southern Africa which led to the identification of 249 immunodominant antigenic peptides. Motif analysis learned that 3 immunodominant motifs, encompassing 3 linear epitopes, are present in 70, 43, and 31 of these peptides, respectively and appear to be scattered over the entire proteome in seemingly non-related proteins. These linear epitopes are shown to have an atypical isotype profile dominated by IgG1, IgG3, IgE and IgM, in contrast to the commonly observed IgG4 response in chronic active helminth infections. The identification of these linear epitope motifs may lead to novel diagnostic development but further evaluation of cross-reactivity against common co-infecting human nematode infections will be needed. Infection with the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus is the cause of river blindness. We analyzed the immune response against this parasite in infected individuals in order to identify linear epitopes. Using high-density peptide microarrays we discovered three immunodominant motifs in the Onchocerca volvulus proteome that induce a broad IgG response, but the typical IgG4 immune response against parasites was absent. Our study led to the identification of novel potential epitope sequences that can potentially be used for detection of infection with Onchocerca volvulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Bieke Van Dorst
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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29
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Anton R, Haas M, Arlett P, Weise M, Balabanov P, Mazzaglia G, Prieto L, Keller-Stanislawski B, Raine J. Drug-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis: European regulators' perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:283-289. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Anton
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - M Haas
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - P Arlett
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - M Weise
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices; Bonn Germany
| | - P Balabanov
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - G Mazzaglia
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - L Prieto
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - B Keller-Stanislawski
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices; Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines; Langen Germany
| | - J Raine
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency; London United Kingdom
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30
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Electrochemical determination of microRNAs based on isothermal strand-displacement polymerase reaction coupled with multienzyme functionalized magnetic micro-carriers. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:344-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Lagatie O, Njumbe Ediage E, Batsa Debrah L, Diels L, Nolten C, Vinken P, Debrah A, Dillen L, Silber S, Stuyver LJ. Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of urinary N-Acetyltyramine-O,β-glucuronide (NATOG) as diagnostic biomarker for Onchocerca volvulus infection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:302. [PMID: 27216752 PMCID: PMC4877973 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness is one of the neglected tropical diseases affecting millions of people, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and is caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Efforts to eliminate this disease are ongoing and are based on mass drug administration programs with the microfilaricide ivermectin. In order to monitor the efficacy of these programs, there is an unmet need for diagnostic tools capable of identifying infected patients. We have investigated the diagnostic potential of urinary N-acetyltyramine-O,β-glucuronide (NATOG), which is a promising O. volvulus specific biomarker previously identified by urine metabolome analysis. Methods A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to assess the stability characteristics of NATOG and to evaluate the levels of NATOG in study samples. An LC-fluorescence method was also developed. Results Stability characteristics of NATOG were investigated and shown to be ideally suited for use in tropical settings. Also, an easy and more accessible method based on liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection was developed and shown to have the necessary sensitivity (limit of quantification 1 μM). Furthermore, we have evaluated the levels of NATOG in a population of 98 nodule-positive individuals from Ghana with no or low levels of microfilaria in the skin and compared them with the levels observed in different control groups (endemic controls (n = 50), non-endemic controls (n = 18) and lymphatic filariasis (n = 51). Only a few (5 %) of nodule-positive individuals showed an increased level (> 10 μM) of NATOG and there was no statistical difference between the nodule-positive individuals and the control groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions Results of the present study indicate the limited potential of NATOG as a diagnostic biomarker for O. volvulus infection in amicrofilaridermic individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1582-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | | | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Luc Diels
- Bioanalysis, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christ Nolten
- Neuroscience, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Petra Vinken
- Toxicology, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alex Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Lieve Dillen
- Bioanalysis, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steven Silber
- Janssen Global Public Health, Janssen R&D, 12 W Sunset Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19118, USA
| | - Lieven J Stuyver
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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32
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Louten J, Beach M, Palermino K, Weeks M, Holenstein G. MicroRNAs Expressed during Viral Infection: Biomarker Potential and Therapeutic Considerations. Biomark Insights 2016; 10:25-52. [PMID: 26819546 PMCID: PMC4718089 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s29512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short sequences of noncoding single-stranded RNAs that exhibit inhibitory effects on complementary target mRNAs. Recently, it has been discovered that certain viruses express their own miRNAs, while other viruses activate the transcription of cellular miRNAs for their own benefit. This review summarizes the viral and/or cellular miRNAs that are transcribed during infection, with a focus on the biomarker and therapeutic potential of miRNAs (or their antagomirs). Several human viruses of clinical importance are discussed, namely, herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Louten
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Michael Beach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Kristina Palermino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Maria Weeks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Holenstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
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Giovannelli I, Clausi V, Nukuzuma S, Della Malva N, Nosi D, Giannecchini S. Polyomavirus JC microRNA expression after infection in vitro. Virus Res 2016; 213:269-273. [PMID: 26763354 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro expression of the Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) microRNAs, JC-miRNA-3p and -5p, at early time points post-infection was investigated. The expression of the JCPyV microRNAs was monitored in hematopoietic progenitor KG-1 cells and in kidney fibroblast-like COS-7 cells transformed with SV40 after infection with a JCPyV CY archetype viral clone. The JCPyV DNA viral load was low in KG-1 cells compared with that in COS-7 cells, which showed productive viral replication. The expression of the JCPyV microRNAs was observed from 12h after the viral infection of both cell types and in the exosomes present in their cell supernatant. Additionally, this study verified that the JCPyV microRNAs in the exosomes present in the supernatants produced by the infected cells might be carried into uninfected cells. These findings suggest that additional investigations of the expression of JCPyV microRNAs and their presence in exosomes are necessary to shed light on their regulatory role during viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Giovannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valeria Clausi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Souichi Nukuzuma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nunzia Della Malva
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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White MK, Sariyer IK, Gordon J, Delbue S, Pietropaolo V, Berger JR, Khalili K. Diagnostic assays for polyomavirus JC and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:102-14. [PMID: 26663440 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a devastating and often fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system for which effective therapies are lacking. It is caused by the replication of polyomavirus JC (JCV) in the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes leading to their cytolytic death and loss of myelin from the subcortical white matter. While the virus is very common in human populations worldwide, the incidence of the disease is very low and confined almost exclusively to individuals with some form of immunological dysfunction. However, the number of people who constitute the at-risk population is growing larger and includes individuals with HIV-1/AIDS and patients receiving immunomodulatory therapies such as multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Further adding to the public health significance of this disease are the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of PML and the lack of useful biomarkers for PML progression. In this review, we examine the diagnostic assays that are available for different aspects of the JCV life cycle, their usefulness and drawbacks, and the prospects for improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pavlovic D, Patera AC, Nyberg F, Gerber M, Liu M. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: current treatment options and future perspectives. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2015; 8:255-73. [PMID: 26600871 PMCID: PMC4643867 DOI: 10.1177/1756285615602832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but debilitating and frequently fatal viral disease of the central nervous system, primarily affecting individuals with chronically and severely suppressed immune systems. The disease was relatively obscure until the outbreak of HIV/AIDS, when it presented as one of the more frequent opportunistic infections in this immune deficiency syndrome. It attracted additional attention from the medical and scientific community following the discovery of significant PML risk associated with natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody used for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. This was followed by association of PML with other immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs. PML is currently untreatable disease with poor outcomes, so it is a significant concern when developing new immunotherapies. Current prophylaxis and treatment of PML are focused on immune reconstitution, restoration of immune responses to JC virus infection, and eventual suppression of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This approach was successful in reducing the incidence of PML and improved survival of PML patients with HIV infection. However, the outcome for the majority of PML patients, regardless of their medical history, is still relatively poor. There is a high unmet need for both prophylaxis and treatment of PML. The aim of this review is to discuss potential drug candidates for prophylaxis and treatment of PML with a critical review of previously conducted and completed PML treatment studies as well as to provide perspectives for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maggie Liu
- The Progressive Multifocal Leukeoncephalopathy Consortium Secretariat, Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, 1500 K Street NW, Washington, DC, USA
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Rocca A, Martelli F, Delbue S, Ferrante P, Bartolozzi D, Azzi A, Giannecchini S. The JCPYV DNA load inversely correlates with the viral microrna expression in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients at risk of PML. J Clin Virol 2015; 70:1-6. [PMID: 26305810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of their regulatory role, changes in the expression of Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) microRNAs may be relevant for virus reactivation and the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). OBJECTIVES To investigate the presence of JCPyV-DNA and JCPyV microRNA expression in clinical specimens of patients at risk for PML. STUDY DESIGN The JCPyV-DNA and microRNA status was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma from 100 HIV patients, in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 14 HIV PML patients and in PBMCs and plasma from 50 healthy controls using Multiplex real-time PCR and JCPyV miRNA-J1-3p and -5p stem-loop RT-PCR. The JCPyV-DNA microRNA-expressing region was also sequenced. RESULTS A positive JCPyV-DNA status was more prevalent in HIV patients (67%, 67/100) compared to healthy controls (18%, 9/50). Among these, 46% and 42% of the HIV patients and 18% and 0% of the healthy controls were positive based on PBMC and plasma determinations, respectively. PBMC JCPyV microRNA positivity was observed in 22 out of 46 (48%) JCPyV+ HIV patients and in 3 out of 9 (33%) JCPyV+ healthy controls. Moreover, JCPyV microRNAs in exosomes were found in 6 out of 100 (6%) HIV plasma samples, in 12 out of 50 (24%) healthy samples, in 6 out of 14 (43%) serum samples, and in 3 out of 5 (60%) HIV PML CSF samples. Of note, the JCPyV-DNA load was inversely correlated with expression of the viral microRNA. The JCPyV microRNA genomic expression region showed a different combination of three mutations. CONCLUSIONS The low levels of JCPyV microRNA expression in HIV patients with high JCPyV-DNA prevalence observed in this study highlight the potential clinical relevance of JCPyV microRNAs in PML risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rocca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Martelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Bartolozzi
- Infectious disease unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberta Azzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Detection of JCPyV microRNA in blood and urine samples of multiple sclerosis patients under natalizumab therapy. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:666-70. [PMID: 25678142 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) reactivation and development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a health concern in multiple sclerosis patients under natalizumab therapy. Here, the JCPyV microRNA-J1-3p and microRNA-J1-5p expressions and genomic variability were investigated in blood and urine samples of multiple sclerosis patients before and under natalizumab therapy and in healthy controls. The two JCPyV microRNAs were detected in the JCPyV-DNA-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples and in the exosomes derived from plasma and urine obtained from JCPyV-DNA-positive and JCPyV-DNA-negative patients. In particular, the increased JCPyV microRNA expression in samples of multiple sclerosis patients under natalizumab therapy was consistent with the high JCPyV-DNA positivity observed in these samples. Moreover, JCPyV microRNA genomic region showed few nucleotide differences in samples obtained from blood and urine of multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. Overall, these data suggest a potential role of the JCPyV microRNA expression in counteracting the viral reactivation to maintain JCPyV asymptomatic persistence in the host.
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38
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Expression of BKV and JCV encoded microRNA in human cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and urine. J Clin Virol 2015; 65:1-5. [PMID: 25766978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK and JC polyomaviruses encode microRNAs which may facilitate the establishment of persistent infection. MicroRNAs contribute to disease pathogenesis, and may provide useful tools in laboratory diagnostics and patient management. OBJECTIVES In this pilot work we studied whether viral and cellular microRNAs can be extracted and detected from body fluids to provide added value in a diagnostic laboratory. STUDY DESIGN Altogether 120 human plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples from individuals diagnosed with, or suspected of, a severe polyomavirus associated disease, were included in the study. The samples were spiked with unrelated synthetic microRNA to control for sample quality and inhibition. BKV specific bkv-miR-B1-5p, JCV specific jcv-miR-J1-5p, and bkv-miR-B1-3p/jcv-miR-J1-3p, sharing identical sequences between the two viruses, were amplified from human samples using specific TaqMan assays. Expression of 84 circulating human microRNAs was studied in four selected plasma samples in microarray. RESULTS jcv-miR-J1-5p and bkv-miR-B1-3p/jcv-miR-J1-3p were frequently amplified from human plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples. bkv-miR-B1-5p was amplified from one-third of the samples, which often contained high viral DNA loads. A microarray screen of human microRNAs in plasma samples suggested regulation of several human microRNA expression in BKV positive vs negative samples. CONCLUSIONS Viral and cellular microRNAs can be processed and detected from human body fluids. They may prove useful in the diagnosis and management of severe polyomavirus associated diseases, calling for further clinical evaluation.
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