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Bosco A. Emerging role for interferons in respiratory viral infections and childhood asthma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1109001. [PMID: 36895568 PMCID: PMC9989033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1109001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Rhinovirus (RV) infections are major triggers of severe lower respiratory illnesses (sLRI) in infants and children and are strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma. Decades of research has focused on the role of type I interferons in antiviral immunity and ensuing airway diseases, however, recent findings have highlighted several novel aspects of the interferon response that merit further investigation. In this perspective, we discuss emerging roles of type I interferons in the pathogenesis of sLRI in children. We propose that variations in interferon response patterns exist as discrete endotypes, which operate locally in the airways and systemically through a lung-blood-bone marrow axis. We discuss new insights into the role of interferons in immune training, bacterial lysate immunotherapy, and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Interferons play complex and diverse roles in the pathogenesis of sLRI and later asthma, providing new directions for mechanistic studies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bosco
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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2
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de Jong E, Lauzon-Joset JF, Leffler J, Serralha M, Larcombe AN, Christophersen CT, Holt PG, Strickland DH, Bosco A. IRF7-Associated Immunophenotypes Have Dichotomous Responses to Virus/Allergen Coexposure and OM-85-Induced Reprogramming. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699633. [PMID: 34367159 PMCID: PMC8339879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High risk for virus-induced asthma exacerbations in children is associated with an IRF7lo immunophenotype, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we applied a Systems Biology approach to an animal model comprising rat strains manifesting high (BN) versus low susceptibility (PVG) to experimental asthma, induced by virus/allergen coexposure, to elucidate the mechanism(s)-of-action of the high-risk asthma immunophenotype. We also investigated potential risk mitigation via pretreatment with the immune training agent OM-85. Virus/allergen coexposure in low-risk PVG rats resulted in rapid and transient airways inflammation alongside IRF7 gene network formation. In contrast, responses in high-risk BN rats were characterized by severe airways eosinophilia and exaggerated proinflammatory responses that failed to resolve, and complete absence of IRF7 gene networks. OM-85 had more profound effects in high-risk BN rats, inducing immune-related gene expression changes in lung at baseline and reducing exaggerated airway inflammatory responses to virus/allergen coexposure. In low-risk PVG rats, OM-85 boosted IRF7 gene networks in the lung but did not alter baseline gene expression or cellular influx. Distinct IRF7-associated asthma risk immunophenotypes have dichotomous responses to virus/allergen coexposure and respond differentially to OM-85 pretreatment. Extrapolating to humans, our findings suggest that the beneficial effects OM-85 pretreatment may preferentially target those in high-risk subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma de Jong
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jean-Francois Lauzon-Joset
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- WA Human Microbiome Collaboration Centre, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Integrative Metabolomics and Computational Biology, School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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3
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Girkin J, Maltby S, Singanayagam A, Bartlett N, Mallia P. In vivo experimental models of infection and disease. RHINOVIRUS INFECTIONS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149593 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816417-4.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human and animal models continue to play a crucial role in research to understand host immunity to rhinovirus (RV) and identify disease mechanisms. Human models have provided direct evidence that RV infection is capable of exacerbating chronic respiratory diseases and identified immunological processes that correlate with clinical disease outcomes. Mice are the most commonly used nonhuman experimental RV infection model. Although semipermissive, under defined experimental conditions sufficient replication occurs to induce host immune responses that recapitulate immunity and disease during human infection. The capacity to use genetically modified mouse strains and drug interventions has shown the mouse model to be an invaluable research tool defining causal relationships between host immunity and disease and supporting development of new treatments. Used in combination the insights achieved from human and animal experimental infection models provide complementary insights into RV biology and yield novel therapeutic options to reduce the burden of RV-induced disease.
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4
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Lauzon-Joset JF, Jones AC, Mincham KT, Thomas JA, Rosenthal LA, Bosco A, Holt PG, Strickland DH. Atopy-Dependent and Independent Immune Responses in the Heightened Severity of Atopics to Respiratory Viral Infections: Rat Model Studies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1805. [PMID: 30150981 PMCID: PMC6099265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic (Th2high immunophenotype) asthmatics have a heightened susceptibility to common respiratory viral infections such as human rhinovirus. Evidence suggests that the innate interferon response is deficient in asthmatic/atopic individuals, while other studies show no differences in antiviral response pathways. Unsensitized and OVA-sensitized/challenged Th2high (BN rats) and Th2low immunophenotype (PVG rats) animals were inoculated intranasally with attenuated mengovirus (vMC0). Sensitized animals were exposed/unexposed during the acute viral response phase. Cellular and transcriptomic profiling was performed on bronchoalveolar lavage cells. In unsensitized PVG rats, vMC0 elicits a prototypical antiviral response (neutrophilic airways inflammation, upregulation of Th1/type I interferon-related pathways). In contrast, response to infection in the Th2high BN rats was associated with a radically altered intrinsic host response to respiratory viral infection, characterized by macrophage influx/Th2-associated pathways. In sensitized animals, response to virus infection alone was not altered compared to unsensitized animals. However, allergen exposure of sensitized animals during viral infection unleashes a notably exaggerated airways inflammatory response profile orders of magnitude higher in BN versus PVG rats despite similar viral loads. The co-exposure responses in the Th2high BN incorporated type I interferon/Th1, alternative macrophage activation/Th2 and Th17 signatures. Similar factors may underlie the hyper-susceptibility to infection-associated airways inflammation characteristic of the human Th2high immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anya C Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jenny A Thomas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Louis A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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5
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Tomusange K, Yu W, Suhrbier A, Wijesundara D, Grubor-Bauk B, Gowans EJ. Engineering human rhinovirus serotype-A1 as a vaccine vector. Virus Res 2015; 203:72-6. [PMID: 25869880 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the construction of recombinant human rhinoviruses (rHRVs) encoding HIV Gag or Tat by inserting the full length tat gene or regions of the gag gene flanked by sequences encoding the HRV 2A protease cleavage site into the junction between HRV genes encoding structural (P1) and non-structural (P2) proteins. Most recombinants were unstable, but this was corrected by mutation of the flanking cleavage sites. Thereafter, all rHRV constructs retained the inserts throughout six passages. Such constructs may find utility as vaccine vectors to generate mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamis Tomusange
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danushka Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Kim BJ, Seo JH, Jung YH, Kim HY, Kwon JW, Kim HB, Lee SY, Park KS, Yu J, Kim HC, Leem JH, Lee JY, Sakong J, Kim SY, Lee CG, Kang DM, Ha M, Hong YC, Kwon HJ, Hong SJ. Air pollution interacts with past episodes of bronchiolitis in the development of asthma. Allergy 2013; 68:517-23. [PMID: 23347096 DOI: 10.1111/all.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient air pollution and bronchiolitis are risk factors for asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of air pollution on the development of asthma in children with past episodes of bronchiolitis. METHODS A prospective 2-year follow-up survey consisting of parental responses to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, and allergy evaluations were conducted in 1743 children with a mean age of 6.8 years. Recent 5-year exposure to air pollution was estimated using a geographic information system. RESULTS Higher exposure to ozone was associated with airway hyper-responsiveness (PC20 ≤ 16 mg/ml) at enrollment (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60, 95% CI [confidence interval] = 1.13-2.27) and with new episodes of wheezing during the 2-year period (OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 0.96-3.83). Past episodes of bronchiolitis were associated with both current wheezing and physician-diagnosed asthma. When the two factors were combined, the prevalence of bronchial hyper-reactivity (OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.41-6.24) and new wheezing (OR = 4.17, 95% CI = 0.89-19.66) as well as current wheezing and physician-diagnosed asthma was even greater (P for trend <0.05 for all). In children with both risk factors, lung function was significantly decreased, with atopic children being particularly vulnerable. CONCLUSION In children, the interaction between air pollution and past episodes of bronchiolitis resulted in a greater prevalence of asthma and pointed to an association with bronchial hyper-reactivity and decreased lung function. These results suggest mechanisms underlying the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Kim
- Department of Pediatrics; Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital; Busan; Korea
| | - J. H. Seo
- Department of Pediatrics; Korea Institute of Radiologic & Medical Science; Seoul; Korea
| | - Y. H. Jung
- Department of Pediatrics; Asan Medical Center; College of Medicine; University of Ulsan; Seoul; Korea
| | - H. Y. Kim
- Department of Pediatrics; Asan Medical Center; College of Medicine; University of Ulsan; Seoul; Korea
| | - J. W. Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam; Korea
| | - H. B. Kim
- Department of Pediatrics; Inje University Sangge Paik Hospital; Seoul; Korea
| | - S. Y. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics; Sacred Heart Hospital; College of Medicine; Hallym University; Bucheon; Korea
| | - K. S. Park
- Department of Pediatrics; Presbyterian Medical Center; Jeonju; Korea
| | - J. Yu
- Department of Pediatrics; Asan Medical Center; College of Medicine; University of Ulsan; Seoul; Korea
| | - H. C. Kim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine; Inha University Hospital, Incheon; Incheon; Korea
| | - J. H. Leem
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine; Inha University Hospital, Incheon; Incheon; Korea
| | - J. Y. Lee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine; College of Medicine; Inha University; Incheon; Korea
| | - J. Sakong
- Department of Preventive Medicine; College of Medicine; Yeungnam University; Daegu; Korea
| | - S. Y. Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine; College of Medicine; Jeju National University; Jeju; Korea
| | - C. G. Lee
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine; Chosun University Hospital; Gwangju; Korea
| | - D. M. Kang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine; Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital; Yangsan; Korea
| | - M. Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine; College of Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan; Korea
| | - Y. C. Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine; College of Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - H. J. Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine; College of Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan; Korea
| | - S. J. Hong
- Department of Pediatrics; Asan Medical Center; College of Medicine; University of Ulsan; Seoul; Korea
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7
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Inhibition of p38/Mk2 signaling pathway improves the anti-inflammatory effect of WIN55 on mouse experimental colitis. J Transl Med 2013; 93:322-33. [PMID: 23381627 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
P38/Mk2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase-2, also known as MAKAP kinase-2) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, and participates in inflammatory responses directly or indirectly. WIN55, 212-2 (WIN55) is a synthetic non-selective agonist of cannabinoid (CB) receptors with remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. This study was to explore the roles of WIN55 and p38/Mk2 signaling pathway in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse colitis and ascertain their anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Colitis was induced in C57BL Mk2 gene homozygous deletion (Mk2-/-) and wild-type mice by replacing the drinking water with 4% DSS solution for 7 days. DSS-treated mice developed bloody stool, weight loss, and eye-visible multiple bleeding ulcers on colon mucosa. The mRNA expressions levels of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as the protein levels of p38 and its phosphorylated form (p-p38), were upregulated in the colon. The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities were raised; however, all these changes were less severe in Mk2-/- mice. After WIN55 intervention, the Mk2-/- mice recovered faster and better from the induced colitis than their wild-type counterparts. The results indicate that the Mk2 homozygous deletion in mice impedes the induction of experimental colitis by DSS, confirming the notion that p38/Mk2 is involved in this inflammatory response. WIN55 protects mice against DSS-induced colitis, in particular when the p38/Mk2 pathway is obstructed, implying that the activation of CB system, together with blocking of p38/Mk2 pathway, serves as a potential drug target for colitis treatment.
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8
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Drescher B, Bai F. Neutrophil in viral infections, friend or foe? Virus Res 2013; 171:1-7. [PMID: 23178588 PMCID: PMC3557572 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils are the first immune cells to the site of injury and microbial infection. Neutrophils are crucial players in controlling bacterial and fungal infections, and in particular secondary infections, by phagocytosis, degranulation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). While neutrophils have been shown to play important roles in viral pathogenesis, there is a lack of detailed investigation. In this article, we will review recent progresses toward understanding the role of neutrophils in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Drescher
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
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9
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Barichello T, Santos ALB, Savi GD, Generoso JS, Otaran P, Michelon CM, Steckert AV, Mina F, Comim CM, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J. Antioxidant treatment prevents cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in pneumococcal meningitis survivor rats. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:587-93. [PMID: 22592569 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis is associated with the highest fatality case ratios in the world. Most of patients that survive present neurologic sequelae at later times as well as biochemicals alterations such as oxidative stress in both earlier and later times after central nervous system infection. In this context, we evaluated the effect of antioxidant treatment on memory and oxidative parameters in the hippocampus of meningitis survivor rats 10 days after infection. To this aim, the animals underwent a magna cistern tap receiving either 10 μL sterile saline as a placebo or an equivalent volume of a Streptococcus pneumoniae suspension at the concentration 5x10(9) cfu/mL. The animals submitted to meningitis were divided into the following groups: 1) treated with antibiotic, 2) treated with basic support plus N-acetylcysteine, 3) treated with basic support plus deferoxamine, 4) treated with basic support plus N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine, or 5) treated with N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine. Ten days after meningitis, the animals underwent inhibitory avoidance and habituation to an open field tasks and, immediately after, were assessed for oxidative damage in the hippocampus and cortex. The meningitis group showed significantly decreased performance in latency retention compared with the sham group in the inhibitory avoidance task. In the open-field task, the meningitis group presented memory impairment after meningitis. All these memory impairments were prevented by N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine with or without basic support and its isolate use. In addition, there was an increase of lipid phosphorylation in cortex and hippocampus and all the combined antioxidants attenuated lipid phosphorylation in both structures. On the other hand, there was an increase of protein phosphorylation in cortex and N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine with or without basic support prevented it. Thus, we hypothesize that oxidative stress may be related to cognitive impairment in pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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10
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Effect of Sevoflurane postconditioning on gene expression in brain tissue of the middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10505-13. [PMID: 23065200 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning has been described in both heart and brain. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Sevoflurane postconditioning (SP) on brain biochemical parameters, Bcl-2, Bax, c-Fos and Caspase-3 protein levels and Bcl-2, Bax, TNF-α and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Results showed that SP markedly decreased cerebral oxidative injury and improved immunity activity. In addition, SP significantly enhanced cerebral Bcl-2, c-Fos and decreased Bax, Caspase-3 proteins positive expression. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that SP markedly enhanced Bcl-2, and decreased Bax, TNF-α and Caspase-3 mRNA expression. Our results confirm that SP can play the protective action against cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced brain injury by regulating cerebral antioxidant enzymes activities, Bcl-2, Bax, c-Fos and Caspase-3 protein positive expression levels and Bcl-2, Bax, TNF-α and Caspase-3 mRNA expression.
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11
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Rosenthal LA, Szakaly RJ, Amineva SP, Xing Y, Hill MR, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE, Sorkness RL. Lower respiratory tract infection induced by a genetically modified picornavirus in its natural murine host. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32061. [PMID: 22355409 PMCID: PMC3280220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the picornavirus, human rhinovirus (HRV), are a major cause of wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations. In developing a murine model of picornaviral airway infection, we noted the absence of murine rhinoviruses and that mice are not natural hosts for HRV. The picornavirus, mengovirus, induces lethal systemic infections in its natural murine hosts, but small genetic differences can profoundly affect picornaviral tropism and virulence. We demonstrate that inhalation of a genetically attenuated mengovirus, vMC0, induces lower respiratory tract infections in mice. After intranasal vMC0 inoculation, lung viral titers increased, peaking at 24 h postinoculation with viral shedding persisting for 5 days, whereas HRV-A01a lung viral titers decreased and were undetectable 24 h after intranasal inoculation. Inhalation of vMC0, but not vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, induced an acute respiratory illness, with body weight loss and lower airway inflammation, characterized by increased numbers of airway neutrophils and lymphocytes and elevated pulmonary expression of neutrophil chemoattractant CXCR2 ligands (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5) and interleukin-17A. Mice inoculated with vMC0, compared with those inoculated with vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, exhibited increased pulmonary expression of interferon (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ), viral RNA sensors [toll-like receptor (TLR)3, TLR7, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)], and chemokines associated with HRV infection in humans (CXCL10, CCL2). Inhalation of vMC0, but not vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, was accompanied by increased airway fluid myeloperoxidase levels, an indicator of neutrophil activation, increased MUC5B gene expression, and lung edema, a sign of infection-related lung injury. Consistent with experimental HRV inoculations of nonallergic, nonasthmatic human subjects, there were no effects on airway hyperresponsiveness after inhalation of vMC0 by healthy mice. This novel murine model of picornaviral airway infection and inflammation should be useful for defining mechanisms of HRV pathogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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12
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Abstract
Viral infections affect wheezing and asthma in children and adults of all ages. In infancy, wheezing illnesses are usually viral in origin, and children with more severe wheezing episodes are more likely to develop recurrent episodes of asthma and to develop asthma later in childhood. Children who develop allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (allergic sensitization) and those who wheeze with human rhinoviruses (HRV) are at especially high risk for asthma. In older children and adults, HRV infections generally cause relatively mild respiratory illnesses and yet contribute to acute and potentially severe exacerbations in patients with asthma. These findings underline the importance of understanding the synergistic nature of allergic sensitization and infections with HRV in infants relative to the onset of asthma and in children and adults with respect to exacerbations of asthma. This review discusses clinical and experimental evidence of virus-allergen interactions and evaluates theories which relate immunologic responses to respiratory viruses and allergens to the pathogenesis and disease activity of asthma. Greater understanding of the relationship between viral respiratory infections, allergic inflammation, and asthma is likely to suggest new strategies for the prevention and treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Gavala
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul J. Bertics
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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A kinetic study of the cytokine/chemokines levels and disruption of blood-brain barrier in infant rats after pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 233:12-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Rosenthal LA. Animal models of virus-induced chronic airway disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30:497-511, vi. [PMID: 21029934 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that experiencing viral wheezing illnesses early in life, especially in conjunction with allergic sensitization, is an important risk factor for the onset of asthma. In this review, the potential advantages and disadvantages of using rodent models of virus-induced chronic airway dysfunction to investigate the mechanisms by which early-life viral respiratory tract infections could initiate a process leading to chronic airway dysfunction and the asthmatic phenotype are discussed. The potential usefulness of rodent models for elucidating the viral, host, environmental, and developmental factors that might influence these processes is emphasized. There is a need for the continued development of rodent models of early-life viral respiratory tract infections that include the development of chronic airway dysfunction, the capacity to add components of allergic sensitization and allergic airway inflammation, and the ability to address both immunologic and physiologic consequences. Investigation of these rodent models should complement the research from pediatric cohort studies and begin to bring us closer to understanding the role of viral respiratory tract infections in the inception of childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Rosenthal
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, K4-948 CSC-9988, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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15
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Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF. The role of respiratory virus infections in childhood asthma inception. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30:513-22, vi. [PMID: 21029935 PMCID: PMC2966844 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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16
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Rosenthal LA, Avila PC, Heymann PW, Martin RJ, Miller EK, Papadopoulos NG, Peebles RS, Gern JE. Viral respiratory tract infections and asthma: the course ahead. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1212-7. [PMID: 20513518 PMCID: PMC2880817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inquiries into the relationships between viral respiratory tract illnesses and the inception and exacerbation of asthma are being facilitated by recent advances in research approaches and technology. In this article we identify important knowledge gaps and future research questions, and we discuss how new investigational tools, including improved respiratory tract virus detection techniques, will permit current and future researchers to define these relationships and the host, virus, developmental, and environmental mechanisms that regulate them. A better understanding of these processes should facilitate the development of improved strategies for the prevention and treatment of virus-induced wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations and, possibly, the ultimate goal of discovering effective approaches for the primary prevention of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were discovered as common cold pathogens over 50 years ago. Recent advances in molecular viral diagnostics have led to an appreciation of their role in more-significant respiratory illnesses, including bronchiolitis in infancy, childhood pneumonia, and acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, and cystic fibrosis. Until a few years ago, only two groups of HRVs (A and B) had been recognized. However, full and partial sequencing of HRVs led to the discovery of a third species of HRV (HRV-C) that has distinct structural and biologic features. Risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms for more-severe HRV infections are being defined, and yet fundamental questions persist about mechanisms relating this common pathogen to allergic diseases and asthma. The close relationship between HRV infections and asthma suggests that antiviral treatments could have a major impact on the morbidity associated with this chronic respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Barichello T, Dos Santos I, Savi GD, Simões LR, Generoso JS, Comim CM, Sachs D, Teixeira AL, Quevedo J. Depressive-like-behavior and proinflamatory interleukine levels in the brain of rats submitted to pneumococcal meningitis. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:243-6. [PMID: 20450961 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with a significant mortality rate and persisting neurologic sequelae including sensorymotor deficits, seizures, and impairments of learning and memory. The presence of proliferating bacteria within the subarachnoid and ventricular space compartments triggers an intense inflammatory host response. Proinflammatory mediators released in the process include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and all of which have been shown to contribute to the development of brain injury in bacterial meningitis. The animals underwent a magna cistern tap receiving either 10muL sterile saline as a placebo or an equivalent volume of a S. pneumoniae suspension at the concentration 5x10(9)cfu/mL. Ten days after induction we evaluated depressive-like behavior by using the forced swimming test and verified the levels of the TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and CINC-1 in the brain of rats induced to pneumococcal meningitis. In the forced swimming test we observed a significant increase in the immobility time in the meningitis group compared to the sham group (p<0.05). The TNFlevels were found increased in the prefrontal cortex (p<0.05, F=4.921), but not hippocampus. The IL-6, CINC-1 and IL-1beta levels presented no alteration in both prefrontal cortex and hippocampus 10 days after meningitis induction by S. pneumoniae. These findings suggest that the meningitis model could be a good research tool for the study of the biological mechanisms involved in the behavioral alterations secondary to pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and cinc-1 levels in rat brain after meningitis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 221:42-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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