1
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Branda F, Giovanetti M, Romano C, Ciccozzi A, Sanna D, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F. The reemergence of measles and the urgent need for uninterrupted genetic surveillance and vaccination. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00303-3. [PMID: 39048053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Branda
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy; Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), Brazil, Americas
| | - Chiara Romano
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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2
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Measles outbreak in an office building in the crowded Metropolis of Beijing, China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:771. [PMID: 31481053 PMCID: PMC6724294 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although worldwide measles elimination achieved great progress for decades, outbreaks were still reported in certain countries. This study describes the epidemiologic features of a substantial measles outbreak in an office building in Beijing and explores control strategies in a crowded city. Methods We performed descriptive analyses of data on demographic characteristic, laboratory testing and epidemiological information. Results From February 25 to March 28, 2016, 43 outbreak-related measles cases occurred in an office building in Beijing. The total crude attack rate was 1.20% in the building. The age range of patients was 23 to 45 years old, of whom 30 (69.8%) were migrants and 5 (11.6%) were vaccinated but without documentation. The attack rate of the department and the company of the source case was 22.73 and 11.86%, respectively. The attack rate in the building was 1.78%, except for the commercial center on the lower floors, which was 0.34%. Of the 43 measles cases, only 19 cases (53.5%) were reported by hospitals through the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NNDRS), and the rest were found through active surveillance. Outbreak response immunization was conducted for 6216 persons. Conclusions Office buildings in crowded metropolis are prone to large-scale measles outbreaks, and require a rapid outbreak response. Early Outbreak response immunization and active surveillance are important strategies to control outbreaks such as the one reported herein.
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Molecular characterization of measles viruses in China: Circulation dynamics of the endemic H1 genotype from 2011 to 2017. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218782. [PMID: 31220172 PMCID: PMC6586441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in China, the incidence of measles in China has decreased extensively. The incidence reached its lowest levels in contemporary history in 2012 and 2017, with incidence rates of 4.6 and 4.3 per million population, respectively. However, more than 147,000 measles cases were reported from 2013 to 2016. Furthermore, the proportions of cases in infants < 8 months and adults have been increasing since 2013, representing a considerable challenge for measles elimination in China. A total of 14,868 measles viruses were isolated from confirmed measles cases from 2011 to 2017, of which 14,631 were identified as the predominant endemic genotype, H1; 87 were identified as genotype A viruses that were vaccine associated strains; and 150 were identified as non-H1 genotype viruses. The non-H1 genotype viruses included 62 D8 viruses, 70 D9 viruses, 3 D11 viruses, 14 B3 viruses, and 1 G3 virus, which were identified as imported or import-related viruses that caused sporadic cases or small outbreaks. Most of the transmission chains detected during the period 2011–2012 were interrupted and were followed by many new transmission chains of unknown origin that spread, causing a large measles resurgence in China during 2013–2016. After 4 years of measles resurgence and continuous implementation of the routine immunization program and SIAs, the population immunity reached a sufficiently high level to interrupt most of the transmission chains; only a few strains survived, which continued to be sporadically detected in China in 2017. In the present study, the results from the combined epidemiological and molecular virological data demonstrated the great progress towards measles elimination in China by the further analysis of circulation dynamics for the endemic H1 genotype measles virus from 2011 to 2017. And this study accumulated critical baseline data on circulating wild-type measles viruses in China and provides comprehensive information to the world. These comprehensive baseline data provide evidence to support measles elimination in the future, not only in China but also in other countries worldwide. In addition, the information will be very useful to other countries for tracing their sources of measles cases and for identifying transmission links, which can help prevent potential measles outbreaks.
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Wagner AL, Zhang Y, Mukherjee B, Ding Y, Wells EV, Boulton ML. The impact of supplementary immunization activities on the epidemiology of measles in Tianjin, China. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 45:103-8. [PMID: 26972042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES China has repeatedly used supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) to work towards measles elimination, but it is unknown if the SIAs are reaching non-locals - migrants from rural to urban areas. This study characterized temporal trends in measles incidence by local and non-local residency and evaluated the impact of SIAs on measles incidence in Tianjin, China. METHODS Daily measles case-counts were tabulated separately by residency. These two datasets were combined so that each day had two observations. Poisson regression was conducted using generalized estimating equations with an exchangeable working correlation structure to estimate rate ratios (RRs). RESULTS There were 12465 measles cases in Tianjin over the 10-year period. The rate of measles was higher in non-locals than locals before the 2008 SIA (RR 3.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.27-3.96), but this attenuated to a RR of 1.22 between the 2008 and 2010 SIAs (95% CI 1.02-1.45). Following the 2010 SIA, non-locals had a lower rate of measles (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.69-0.87). CONCLUSIONS The disparity in measles incidence between locals and non-locals was reduced following two SIAs. Sustained public health interventions will be needed to maintain low measles incidence among non-locals given the ongoing migration of people throughout China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abram L Wagner
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Epidemiology, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Division of Expanded Programs on Immunization, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hedong District, Tianjin, China
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yaxing Ding
- Division of Expanded Programs on Immunization, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hedong District, Tianjin, China
| | - Eden V Wells
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Epidemiology, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew L Boulton
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Epidemiology, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Xu W, Zhang MX, Qin EQ, Yan YC, Li FY, Xu Z, Tian X, Fan R, Tu B, Chen WW, Zhao M. Molecular Characterization of Wild Type Measles Virus from Adult Patients in Northern China, 2014. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 45:36-42. [PMID: 26899955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we studied the N and H genes from wild type measles viruses (MeVs) isolated during the 2013-2014 outbreak. METHODS Clinical samples were collected, and the genotyping, phylogenetic analysis were performed. RESULTS The vaccination rate of the study population was 4%. Genotype H1a was the predominant genotype. Wild type viruses were classified into clusters A and B, C and may have different origins. N-450 sequences from wild type viruses were highly homologous with, and likely evolved from MeVs circulating in Tianjing and Henan in 2012. MVs/Shenyang.CHN/18.14/3 could have evolved from MeVs from Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, and Tianjin. Our data suggested that one or more of the same viruses circulated between Beijing, Shenyang, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Berlin. CONCLUSIONS Important factors contributing to outbreaks could include weak vaccination coverage, poor vaccination strategies, and migration of adult workers between cities, countries, and from rural areas to urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - En-Qiang Qin
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chun Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - Feng-Yi Li
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Xia Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China.
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6
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Li S, Qian X, Yuan Z, Sun X, Li C, Tang X, Yang Y, Gong X, Cao G. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus infection in Shanghai in 2000-2012: the first appearance of genotype D8. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:581-90. [PMID: 25281832 PMCID: PMC9425214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify measles virus in Shanghai in 2012 and study the genotype trend of measles virus epidemic strains during 2000–2012. Methods Nose and throat swab specimens were collected from 34 suspected measles cases in Shanghai. Measles virus was isolated using Vero-SLAM cells (African green monkey kidney cells/lymphoid signal activating factor-transfected African green monkey kidney cells). The 450 bp of C terminus of the N gene and the entire hemagglutinin gene sequence was amplified using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the seven measles strains in Shanghai with the reference strains for H1a, H1b and D8 genotypes, as well as the Chinese measles virus vaccine strain. Results Seven measles viruses strains were isolated from the 34 throat swap specimens. Six strains were genotype H1a, which is the predominant strain in China and one strain was genotype D8, which is the first imported strain since 2000. All these seven strains maintained most of the glycosylation sites except subtype H1a, which lost one glycosylation site. Conclusion Since 2000, measles virus strains in Shanghai are consistent with measles virus from other provinces in China with H1a being the predominant genotype. This study is also the first report of genotype D8 strain in Shanghai. All strains maintained their glycosylation sites except H1a that lost one glycosylation site. These strains could still be neutralized by the Chinese measles vaccine. We suggest that Shanghai Center for Disease Control laboratories should strengthen their approaches to monitor measles cases to prevent further spread of imported strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Li
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Qian
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengan Yuan
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Tang
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanji Yang
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangzhen Gong
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Xu S, Mao N, Zhu Z, Shi J, Huang G, Liu C, Bo F, Feng D, Lu P, Liu Y, Wang Y, Lei Y, Chen M, Chen H, Wang C, Fu H, Li C, He J, Gao H, Gu S, Wang S, Ling H, Liu Y, Ding Z, Ba Z, Feng Y, Zheng H, Tang X, Lei Y, Xiong Y, Bellini W, Rota P, Jee Y, Xu W. Monitoring progress toward measles elimination by genetic diversity analysis of measles viruses in China 2009–2010. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O566-77. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Xu S, Zhang Y, Rivailler P, Wang H, Ji Y, Zhen Z, Mao N, Li C, Bellini WJ, Xu W, Rota PA. Evolutionary genetics of genotype H1 measles viruses in China from 1993 to 2012. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1892-1899. [PMID: 24914068 PMCID: PMC4135087 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virologic surveillance is a critical component of measles management. One of the criteria for verification of elimination of endemic measles is genetic analysis of wild-type viruses to demonstrate lack of an indigenous genotype. Measles is yet to be eliminated in China, and genotype H1 has been detected continuously since virologic surveillance was initiated in 1993. Virologic surveillance has been very active in China, providing a unique opportunity to conduct a detailed study of the evolution of a single, endemic genotype over a timespan of nearly two decades. Phylogenetic analysis performed on the 450 nt coding sequence for the C-terminal 150 amino acids of the nucleoprotein (N-450), fusion (F) gene and haemagglutinin (H) gene confirmed the continued circulation of genotype H1 viruses for 19 years. No evidence of selective pressure for the H protein was found. The substitution rates ranged from 0.75×10(-3) substitutions site(-1) year(-1) for H to 1.65×10(-3) substitutions site(-1) year(-1) for N-450. The time of most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for genotype H1 was estimated as approximately 1985 (95 % highest probability density, 1979-1989). Finally, the overall diversity of measles sequences from China decreased from 2005 to 2012, coincident with a substantial decrease in measles cases. The results suggest that detailed evolutionary analyses should facilitate the documentation of eventual measles elimination in China. Moreover, the molecular approaches used in this study can be applied in other countries approaching measles elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Xu
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Pierre Rivailler
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Huiling Wang
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yixin Ji
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Zhu Zhen
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Naiying Mao
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, PR China
| | - William J Bellini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Xu S, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Liu C, Mao N, Ji Y, Wang H, Jiang X, Li C, Tang W, Feng D, Wang C, Zheng L, Lei Y, Ling H, Zhao C, Ma Y, He J, Wang Y, Li P, Guan R, Zhou S, Zhou J, Wang S, Zhang H, Zheng H, Liu L, Ma H, Guan J, Lu P, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Xiong Y, Ba Z, Chen H, Yang X, Bo F, Ma Y, Liang Y, Lei Y, Gu S, Liu W, Chen M, Featherstone D, Jee Y, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Xu W. Genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin genes of wild-type measles virus circulating in china, 1993-2009. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73374. [PMID: 24073194 PMCID: PMC3779233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China experienced several large measles outbreaks in the past two decades, and a series of enhanced control measures were implemented to achieve the goal of measles elimination. Molecular epidemiologic surveillance of wild-type measles viruses (MeV) provides valuable information about the viral transmission patterns. Since 1993, virologic surveillnace has confirmed that a single endemic genotype H1 viruses have been predominantly circulating in China. A component of molecular surveillance is to monitor the genetic characteristics of the hemagglutinin (H) gene of MeV, the major target for virus neutralizing antibodies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Analysis of the sequences of the complete H gene from 56 representative wild-type MeV strains circulating in China during 1993-2009 showed that the H gene sequences were clustered into 2 groups, cluster 1 and cluster 2. Cluster1 strains were the most frequently detected cluster and had a widespread distribution in China after 2000. The predicted amino acid sequences of the H protein were relatively conserved at most of the functionally significant amino acid positions. However, most of the genotype H1 cluster1 viruses had an amino acid substitution (Ser240Asn), which removed a predicted N-linked glycosylation site. In addition, the substitution of Pro397Leu in the hemagglutinin noose epitope (HNE) was identified in 23 of 56 strains. The evolutionary rate of the H gene of the genotype H1 viruses was estimated to be approximately 0.76×10(-3) substitutions per site per year, and the ratio of dN to dS (dN/dS) was <1 indicating the absence of selective pressure. CONCLUSIONS Although H genes of the genotype H1 strains were conserved and not subjected to selective pressure, several amino acid substitutions were observed in functionally important positions. Therefore the antigenic and genetic properties of H genes of wild-type MeVs should be monitored as part of routine molecular surveillance for measles in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Xu
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Naiying Mao
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Ji
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, China
| | - Daxing Feng
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Changyin Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yue Lei
- Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin City, China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing City, China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing City, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jilan He
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Liaoning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xian City, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Ronghui Guan
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xian City, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Shujie Zhou
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Jilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Jilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Leng Liu
- Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou City, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Hemuti Ma
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumchi City, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumchi City, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Peishan Lu
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shunde Zhou
- Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhuoma Ba
- Qinghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xining City, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Province, China
| | - Xiuhui Yang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fang Bo
- Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yake Lei
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Suyi Gu
- Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing City, China
| | - David Featherstone
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youngmee Jee
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines
| | - William J. Bellini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Regional Reference Measles Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Key Laboratory of Medical Virology Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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10
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Wang H, Zhu Z, Ji Y, Liu C, Zhang X, Sun L, Zhou J, Lu P, Hu Y, Feng D, Zhang Z, Wang C, Fang X, Zheng H, Liu L, Sun X, Tang W, Wang Y, Liu Y, Gao H, Tian H, Ma J, Gu S, Wang S, Feng Y, Bo F, Liu J, Si Y, Zhou S, Ma Y, Wu S, Zhou S, Li F, Ding Z, Yang Z, Rota PA, Featherstone D, Jee Y, Bellini WJ, Xu W. Single endemic genotype of measles virus continuously circulating in China for at least 16 years. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34401. [PMID: 22532829 PMCID: PMC3332093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of measles in China from 1991 to 2008 was reviewed, and the nucleotide sequences from 1507 measles viruses (MeV) isolated during 1993 to 2008 were phylogenetically analyzed. The results showed that measles epidemics peaked approximately every 3 to 5 years with the range of measles cases detected between 56,850 and 140,048 per year. The Chinese MeV strains represented three genotypes; 1501 H1, 1 H2 and 5 A. Genotype H1 was the predominant genotype throughout China continuously circulating for at least 16 years. Genotype H1 sequences could be divided into two distinct clusters, H1a and H1b. A 4.2% average nucleotide divergence was found between the H1a and H1b clusters, and the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid homologies of H1a viruses were 92.3%-100% and 84.7%-100%, H1b were 97.1%-100% and 95.3%-100%, respectively. Viruses from both clusters were distributed throughout China with no apparent geographic restriction and multiple co-circulating lineages were present in many provinces. Cluster H1a and H1b viruses were co-circulating during 1993 to 2005, while no H1b viruses were detected after 2005 and the transmission of that cluster has presumably been interrupted. Analysis of the nucleotide and predicted amino acid changes in the N proteins of H1a and H1b viruses showed no evidence of selective pressure. This study investigated the genotype and cluster distribution of MeV in China over a 16-year period to establish a genetic baseline before MeV elimination in Western Pacific Region (WPR). Continuous and extensive MeV surveillance and the ability to quickly identify imported cases of measles will become more critical as measles elimination goals are achieved in China in the near future. This is the first report that a single endemic genotype of measles virus has been found to be continuously circulating in one country for at least 16 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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11
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Salimi V, Mokhtari-Azad T, Abbasi S, Noroozbabaei Z, Soltan-Shahi R, Zahraie M, Bont L, Gouya MM. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Iran 2009-2010: first detection of measles genotype H1. J Med Virol 2012; 83:2200-7. [PMID: 22012729 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) genotyping is an important component of measles surveillance in the context of monitoring immunization program effectiveness and documenting MV elimination. The molecular epidemiology and genetic variability of circulating MV strains in Iran during the 2009-2010 were studied in consecutive MV isolates from throat swab and urine. Sequence information obtained from 41 cases based on the 456 nucleotides of the most variable region of the C-terminal part of the N-protein revealed that these sequences belonged to two different genotypes. This is the first description of the genetic characterization of sporadic MV genotype H1 cases in northern Iran. Cases were probably linked to MV importation from distant parts of Asia. The genotype H1 has not been detected in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In addition, both sequence analysis and epidemiologic data indicated that the more recently detected genotype D4 viruses in Iran were related very closely to viruses that were detected in Pakistan, suggesting that these viruses may have been imported from Pakistan. J. Med. Virol. 83:2200-2207, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein gene of measles viruses prevalent in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, during 2010. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:1607-11. [PMID: 22117136 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles control in China is monitored in part by surveillance of circulating wild-type viruses. The objective of this study was genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of measles strains in the Nantong City region of Jiangsu province, China, during 2010. Sera from suspected cases were tested for IgM antibodies and measles virus isolated by inoculation of transport medium onto Vero/SLAM cells. Isolated strains were phylogenetically analysed according to the nucleotide sequence of the C-terminal region of the nucleoprotein gene amplified by RT-PCR. The results revealed 34 cases confirmed by positive IgM, for an incidence of 0·45/100 000. Six isolates identified were all clustered within genotype H1. The findings reported here support continued endemic transmission of measles virus in China.
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13
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Wairagkar N, Chowdhury D, Vaidya S, Sikchi S, Shaikh N, Hungund L, Tomar RS, Biswas D, Yadav K, Mahanta J, Das VNR, Yergolkar P, Gunasekaran P, Raja D, Jadi R, Ramamurty N, Mishra AC. Molecular epidemiology of measles in India, 2005-2010. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S403-13. [PMID: 21666192 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is a childhood disease that causes great morbidity and mortality in India and worldwide. Because measles surveillance in India is in its infancy, there is a paucity of countrywide data on circulating Measles virus genotypes. This study was conducted in 21 of 28 States and 2 of 7 Union Territories of India by MeaslesNetIndia, a national network of 27 centers and sentinel practitioners. MeaslesNetIndia investigated 52 measles outbreaks in geographically representative areas from 2005 through June 2010. All outbreaks were serologically confirmed by detection of antimeasles virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in serum or oral fluid samples. Molecular studies, using World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended protocols obtained 203 N-gene, 40 H-gene, and 4 M-gene sequences during this period. Measles genotypes D4, D7, and D8 were found to be circulating in various parts of India during the study period. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed 4 lineages of Indian D8 genotypes: D8a, D8b, D8c, and D8d. This study generated a large, countrywide sequence database that can form the baseline for future molecular studies on measles virus transmission pathways in India. This study has created support and capabilities for countrywide measles molecular surveillance that must be carried forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niteen Wairagkar
- WHO Regional Measles Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.
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14
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Measles incidence rate and a phylogenetic study of contemporary genotype H1 measles strains in China: is an improved measles vaccine needed? Virus Genes 2011; 43:319-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Isolation and complete nucleotide sequence of the measles virus IMB-1 strain in China. Virol Sin 2010; 25:381-9. [PMID: 21221916 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the measles virus strain IMB-1, which was isolated in China, was determined. As in other measles viruses, its genome is 15,894 nucleotides in length and encodes six proteins. The full-length nucleotide sequence of the IMB-1 isolate differed from vaccine strains (including wild-type Edmonston strain) by 4%-5% at the nucleotide sequence level. This isolate has amino acid variations over the full genome, including in the hemagglutinin and fusion genes. This report is the first to describe the full-length genome of a genotype H1 strain and provide an overview of the diversity of genetic characteristics of a circulating measles virus.
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16
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Woo GKS, Wong AH, Lee WY, Lau CS, Cheng PKC, Leung PCK, Lim WWL. Comparison of laboratory diagnostic methods for measles infection and identification of measles virus genotypes in Hong Kong. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1773-81. [PMID: 20827776 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivities of IgM detection, virus isolation, and RT-PCR for the diagnosis of measles infection were assessed using samples collected from confirmed measles cases from 2006 to 2009. The optimal timing of specimen collection and the preferred specimen type(s) for these tests were also determined. IgM detection showed highest sensitivity when serum samples were collected >or=5 days after rash onset. Virus isolation gave the highest sensitivity when samples were collected <or=3 days after rash onset, with nasopharyngeal aspirate being the best specimen type, followed by urine and throat/combined throat and nasal swab. The highest RT-PCR positive rate (81.0%) was obtained with serum samples collected <or=3 days after rash onset. RT-PCR positive rate of 100% was observed with throat/combined throat and nasal swab, urine and nasopharyngeal aspirate collected <or=16, 4-16, and 4-7 days after rash onset, respectively. The genotype of each measles case was confirmed by sequencing. It was shown that the predominant measles viruses detected in Hong Kong during 2006-2009 belonged to genotype H1 (subtype a) and these strains were related closely to those detected in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibson K S Woo
- Virology Division, Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Ding Z, Wang H, Li L, Pang Y, Brown KE, Xu S, Zhu Z, Rota PA, Featherstone D, Xu W. New measles virus genotype associated with outbreak, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:943-7. [PMID: 20507744 PMCID: PMC3086224 DOI: 10.3201/eid1606.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the origin of the virus associated with a measles outbreak in Menglian County, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, in 2009, we conducted genetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H) gene sequences showed that these Menglian viruses were not closely related to sequences of any World Health Organization (WHO) reference strains representing the 23 currently recognized genotypes. The minimum nucleotide divergence between the Menglian viruses and the most closely related reference strain, genotype D7, was 3.3% for the N gene and 3.0% for the H gene. A search of the databases of GenBank, WHO, and the Health Protection Agency Measles Nucleotide Surveillance showed that the Menglian viruses, together with the 2 older non-Menglian viruses, could be members of a new proposed measles genotype, d11. The new genotype designation will allow for better description of measles transmission patterns, especially in the Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Ji Y, Xu S, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Mao N, Jiang X, Ma C, Lu P, Wang C, Liang Y, Zheng H, Liu Y, Dai D, Zheng L, Zhou J, Wang S, Zhang Z, Wu S, Nan L, Li L, Liang X, Featherstone DA, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Xu W. Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses isolated in China, 2006-2007. Virol J 2010; 7:105. [PMID: 20500809 PMCID: PMC2887432 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of wild-type measles viruses in China during 1995-2004 demonstrated that genotype H1 was endemic and widely distributed throughout the country. H1-associated cases and outbreaks caused a resurgence of measles beginning in 2005. A total of 210,094 measles cases and 101 deaths were reported by National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System (NNDRS) and Chinese Measles Laboratory Network (LabNet) from 2006 to 2007, and the incidences of measles were 6.8/100,000 population and 7.2/100,000 population in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Five hundred and sixty-five wild-type measles viruses were isolated from 24 of 31 provinces in mainland China during 2006 and 2007, and all of the wild type virus isolates belonged to cluster 1 of genotype H1. These results indicated that H1-cluster 1 viruses were the predominant viruses circulating in China from 2006 to 2007. This study contributes to previous efforts to generate critical baseline data about circulating wild-type measles viruses in China that will allow molecular epidemiologic studies to help measure the progress made toward China's goal of measles elimination by 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ji
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Naiying Mao
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao Ma
- National Immunization Program, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Peishan Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Changyin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Defang Dai
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Zhenying Zhang
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Shengwei Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Lijuan Nan
- Neimeng Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Li Li
- National Immunization Program, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- National Immunization Program, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | | | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - William J Bellini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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19
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Cheng WY, Lee L, Rota PA, Yang DCF. Molecular evolution of measles viruses circulated in Taiwan 1992-2008. Virol J 2009; 6:219. [PMID: 20003242 PMCID: PMC2797522 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of viral samples from 74 laboratory confirmed measles cases occurring in Taiwan during 1992-2008 identified six viral genotypes D3, D5, D9, G2, H1 and H2. The most frequently detected genotype, H1, was associated with outbreaks in 1994 and 2002, and was the likely indigenous genotype in 1992. In response to the outbreaks, two catch-up campaigns were launched and a routine second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine at entry to elementary school was introduced. The vaccination campaigns successfully reduced the number of measles cases in Taiwan, and many of the more recent cases can be traced to importations, primarily from other Asian countries. A number of measles genotypes which were associated with outbreaks in other Asian countries were detected among the more recent cases. The more recent genotype H1 viruses had sequences that were identical to those currently circulating in China or associated with international importation of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yueh Cheng
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, DOH, Taiwan.
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