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Wang Q, Liu N, Wang Y, Ruckwardt TJ, Xu M, Wu J, Zhang J, Tong X, Zhou J, Lin J, Liang Y, Yang J, Yi L, Chu HY, Yu H. Antibody responses to respiratory syncytial virus: a population-based cross-sectional serological study in Southern China, 2021. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:1183-1189. [PMID: 38852851 PMCID: PMC11342021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With remarkable progress in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis, it is critical to understand population immunity against RSV. We aim to describe the RSV pre-F IgG antibodies across all age groups in Southern China and to evaluate the risk factors associated with lower antibody levels. METHODS We performed a community-based cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study in Anhua County, Hunan Province, Southern China, from July 15, 2021, to November 5, 2021. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies against the RSV prefusion F (pre-F) protein using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We estimated the geometric mean titres (GMTs) and seropositivity rates across all age groups. The generalized linear models were built to identify factors associated with antibody levels. RESULTS A total of 890 participants aged 4 months to older than 89 years were enrolled. The lowest RSV pre-F IgG GMTs were observed in infants and toddlers aged 4 months to younger than 2 years (3.0; 95% CI, 2.6-3.5). With increasing age, the RSV pre-F IgG GMT increased to 4.3 (95% CI, 4.1-4.4) between the ages of 2 and younger than 5 years and then stabilized at high levels throughout life. All the children had serological evidence of RSV infection by the age of 5 years. Age was associated with RSV pre-F antibody levels in children, with an estimated 1.9-fold (95% CI, 0.8-3.6) increase in titre per year before 5 years of age, although it was not significantly associated with antibody levels in adults aged older than 60 years. DISCUSSION Our findings could provide a comprehensive understanding of the gaps in RSV immunity at the population level and inform the prioritization of immunization platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuolan Liu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meng Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Wu
- Anhua County Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiyang, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tong
- Anhua County Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiyang, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqun Lin
- Anhua County Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiyang, China
| | - Yuxia Liang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yi
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Anderson LJ, Jadhao SJ, Hussaini L, Ha B, McCracken CE, Gibson T, Yildirim I, Yi J, Stephens K, Korski C, Kao C, Sun H, Lee CY, Jaunarajs A, Rostad CA, Anderson EJ. Development and comparison of immunologic assays to detect primary RSV infections in infants. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1332772. [PMID: 38283339 PMCID: PMC10811012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1332772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines have been developed and licensed for elderly adults and pregnant women but not yet for infants and young children. The RSV immune state of the young child, i.e., previously RSV infected or not, is important to the conduct and interpretation of epidemiology studies and vaccine clinical trials. To address the need for sensitive assays to detect immunologic evidence of past infection, we developed, characterized, and evaluated 7 assays including 4 IgG antibody enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), two neutralizing antibody assays, and an IFN-γ EliSpot (EliSpot) assay. The four IgG EIAs used a subgroup A plus subgroup B RSV-infected Hep-2 cell lysate antigen (Lysate), an expressed RSV F protein antigen (F), an expressed subgroup A G protein antigen (Ga), or an expressed subgroup B G protein (Gb) antigen. The two neutralizing antibody assays used either a subgroup A or a subgroup B RSV strain. The EliSpot assay used a sucrose cushion purified combination of subgroup A and subgroup B infected cell lysate. All seven assays had acceptable repeatability, signal against control antigen, lower limit of detection, and, for the antibody assays, effect of red cell lysis, lipemia and anticoagulation of sample on results. In 44 sera collected from children >6 months after an RSV positive illness, the lysate, F, Ga and Gb IgG EIAs, and the subgroup A and B neutralizing antibody assays, and the EliSpot assays were positive in 100%, 100%, 86%, 95%, 43%, and 57%, respectively. The Lysate and F EIAs were most sensitive for detecting RSV antibody in young children with a documented RSV infection. Unexpectedly, the EliSpot assay was positive in 9/15 (60%) of PBMC specimens from infants not exposed to an RSV season, possibly from maternal microchimerism. The Lysate and F EIAs provide good options to reliably detect RSV antibodies in young children for epidemiologic studies and vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samadhan J Jadhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Binh Ha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Courtney E McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Theda Gibson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jumi Yi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kathy Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chelsea Korski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carol Kao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Heying Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chun Yi Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Christina A Rostad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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3
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Nakajo K, Nishiura H. Age-Dependent Risk of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Systematic Review and Hazard Modeling From Serological Data. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1400-1409. [PMID: 37161934 PMCID: PMC10640776 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no immunization campaign that currently exist for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Seroprevalence studies are critical for assessing epidemiological dynamics before and during an immunization program. A systematic literature review was conducted to summarize the evidence from seroprevalence studies on RSV. METHODS A systematic search of age-dependent RSV seroprevalence was conducted using the PubMed database and EMBASE. Age-dependent force of infections (FoI) and the decay rate of immunity were estimated. A mixture finite model was used, estimating the age-dependent disease state and the antibody concentrations in susceptible and infected or recovered populations. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were identified from 15 countries, with studies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay being the most represented. Using a catalytic model, the age-dependent force of infection was estimated to be the lowest in infants aged 6 months to 1 year and increased in older age groups. The proportion ever-infected/recovered was estimated to be above 90% by 3 years of age. CONCLUSIONS The number of seroprevalence studies covering a broad range of ages are limited. The age-dependent FoI indicated that the risk of infection was greatest among those aged >5 years. Additional data using valid assays are required to describe the transmission dynamics of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakajo
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
- Sanofi K.K. Tokyo Opera City Tower, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Nishiura
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Meister TL, Friesland M, Frericks N, Wetzke M, Haid S, Steinmann J, Todt D, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. Virucidal activity of oral, hand, and surface disinfectants against respiratory syncytial virus. J Hosp Infect 2023; 141:25-32. [PMID: 37625461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is known as a major cause of respiratory tract infection in adults and children. Human-to-human transmission occurs via droplets as well as direct and indirect contact (e.g. contaminated surfaces or hands of medical staff). Therefore, applicable hygiene measures and knowledge about viral inactivation are of utmost importance. AIM To elucidate the disinfection profile of RSV. METHODS The study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of oral rinses specifically designed for children, World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended hand-rub formulations, and ethanol, as well as 2-propanol against RSV in a quantitative suspension test (EN14476). The stability of RSV on stainless steel discs was assessed and its inactivation by different surface disinfectants (EN16777) investigated. FINDINGS All tested oral rinses except one reduced infectious viral titres to the lower limit of quantification. The two WHO-recommended hand-rub formulations as well as 30% ethanol and 2-propanol completely abolished the detection of infectious virus. Infectious RSV was recovered after several days on stainless steel discs. However, RSV was efficiently inactivated by all tested surface disinfectants based on alcohol, aldehyde, or hydrogen peroxide. CONCLUSION Oral rinses, all tested hand-rub formulations as well as surface inactivation reagents were sufficient for RSV inactivation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Meister
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Friesland
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - N Frericks
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Wetzke
- Clinic for Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology, and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Haid
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Steinmann
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, General Hospital Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - D Todt
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - T Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Steinmann
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Nakajo K, Nishiura H. Age-specific hospitalization risk of primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infection among young children. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 124:14-20. [PMID: 36100066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Elucidating the infection dynamics that lead to severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia and hospitalization among young children are critical. We explored the role of infection parity as well as age in months for RSV-associated hospitalization among young children in Japan. METHODS We used a sequential transmission catalytic model to capture the transmission mechanisms of RSV among infants in an endemic state. We investigated data on the age-dependent seroprevalence and incidence rate of hospitalization in Japan, and jointly estimated the age-specific risk of hospitalization during primary RSV infection and relative risk of hospitalization during secondary infection in children aged <5 years. RESULTS The estimated risk of hospitalization with primary infection was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.05-0.14) in infants aged 0-2 months. The estimated relative risk of hospitalization owing to secondary infection was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.01-2.04). CONCLUSION Our simple models successfully captured the infection dynamics of RSV among young children in Japan. The age group of early infancy may be most vulnerable to infection and hospitalization, offering key insights into future vaccinations. The burden of hospitalization from secondary infection may be less important in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Nakajo
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan; Sanofi K.K. Tokyo Opera City Tower, 3-20-2, Nishi Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Liu Z, Wu S, Xian Y, Gu Z, Liu W, Chen D, Zhou R. Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus in healthy adults in Guangzhou, southern China. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4378-4382. [PMID: 35474462 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children, and mediates substantial morbidity and mortality in the elderly and immunocompromised globally. Development a safe and effective RSV vaccine and an optimized neutralizing antibody (NAb) with strong virus-neutralizing activity is appealing. To gain some detailed knowledge on the humoral immune response to RSV subgroup A (RSV-A) and RSV-B, we investigated the seroprevalence of pre-existing NAbs by using the microneutralization assay in healthy adult from Guangzhou, southern China. We found that the overall seropositive rate was 84.86% for anti-RSV NAbs. Furthermore, the seropositive rates were 68.47% and 73.61% for anti-RSV-A NAbs and anti-RSV-B NAbs, respectively. In addition, although the seropositive rates and NAb levels were not associated with the blood type, type AB individuals displaying higher seropositive rates for anti-RSV-A NAbs with high titer (≥ 288) and anti-RSV-B NAbs, especially those with moderate titer (≥ 72-< 288). The seropositive rates and titers were comparable between anti-RSV-A NAbs and anti-RSV-B NAbs in the AB blood type group. Interestingly, only when the NAb titer of the serum to RSV-A was not less than 288, was it not less than 18 to RSV-B, and vice versa. These results would be helpful for a better understanding of the human serum NAb responses to RSV-A and RSV-B. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangzhi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenkuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dehui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Jadhao SJ, Ha B, McCracken C, Gebretsadik T, Rosas-Salazar C, Chappell J, Das S, Hartert T, Anderson LJ. Performance evaluation of antibody tests for detecting infant respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3439-3445. [PMID: 33325064 PMCID: PMC8046717 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of respiratory tract disease in young children and throughout life. Infant infection is also associated with later respiratory morbidity including asthma. With a prospective birth cohort study of RSV and asthma, we evaluated the performance of an RSV antibody enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) for detecting prior infant RSV infection. Infant RSV infection was determined by biweekly respiratory illness surveillance plus RSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in their first RSV season and serum RSV antibodies after the season at approximately 1 year of age. RSV antibodies were detected by RSV A and B lysate EIA. Antibody and PCR results on 1707 children included 327 RSV PCR positive (PCR+) and 1380 not RSV+. Of 327 PCR+ children, 314 (96%) were lysate EIA positive and 583 out of 1380 (42%) children not PCR+ were positive. We compared the lysate EIA to RSV F, group A G (Ga), and group B G (Gb) protein antibody EIAs in a subset of 226 sera, 118 PCR+ children (97 group A and 21 group B) and 108 not PCR+. In this subset, 117 out of 118 (99%) RSV PCR+ children were positive by both the F and lysate EIAs and 103 out of 118 (87%) were positive by the Ga and/or Gb EIAs. Comparison of the two G EIAs indicated the infecting group correctly in 100 out of 118 (86%) and incorrectly in 1 out of 118 (1%). The lysate and F EIAs are sensitive for detecting infant infection and the two G EIAs can indicate the group of an earlier primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadhan J. Jadhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Binh Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Courtney McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tebeb Gebretsadik
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christian Rosas-Salazar
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James Chappell
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Suman Das
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tina Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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McMichael TM, Zhang Y, Kenney AD, Zhang L, Zani A, Lu M, Chemudupati M, Li J, Yount JS. IFITM3 Restricts Human Metapneumovirus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1582-1591. [PMID: 29917090 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) utilizes a bifurcated cellular entry strategy, fusing either with the plasma membrane or, after endocytosis, with the endosome membrane. Whether cellular factors restrict or enhance either entry pathway is largely unknown. We found that the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits hMPV infection to an extent similar to endocytosis-inhibiting drugs, and an IFITM3 variant that accumulates at the plasma membrane in addition to its endosome localization provided increased virus restriction. Mechanistically, IFITM3 blocks hMPV F protein-mediated membrane fusion, and inhibition of infection was reversed by the membrane destabilizing drug amphotericin B. Conversely, we found that infection by some hMPV strains is enhanced by the endosomal protein toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), and that IFITM3 retains the ability to restrict hMPV infection even in cells expressing TLR7. Overall, our results identify IFITM3 as an endosomal restriction factor that limits hMPV infection of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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9
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Sarna M, Ware RS, Lambert SB, Sloots TP, Nissen MD, Grimwood K. Timing of First Respiratory Virus Detections in Infants: A Community-Based Birth Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:418-427. [PMID: 29165576 PMCID: PMC7107408 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Determining timing of first virus detection episodes (fVDEs) for different respiratory viruses in infants identifies risk periods and informs preventive interventions, including vaccination. We describe the ages and nature of fVDEs in an infant birth cohort and explore factors associated with increased odds of symptomatic fVDEs. Methods The Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases (ORChID) study is a community-based birth cohort describing acute respiratory infections in infants until their second birthday. Parents recorded daily symptoms and collected nose swabs weekly, which were batch-tested using polymerase chain reaction assays for 17 respiratory viruses. Results One hundred fifty-eight infants participated in ORChID. The median age for fVDEs was 2.9 months for human rhinovirus (HRV) but was ≥13.9 months for other respiratory viruses. Overall, 52% of HRV fVDEs were symptomatic, compared with 57%–83% of other fVDEs. Respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus fVDEs were more severe than HRV fVDEs. Older age and the winter season were associated with symptomatic episodes. Conclusions Infants do not always experience respiratory symptoms with their fVDE. Predominance of early HRV detections highlights the need for timing any intervention early in life. fVDEs from other respiratory viruses most commonly occur when maternal vaccines may no longer provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohinder Sarna
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane.,UQ Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Robert S Ware
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Theo P Sloots
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Michael D Nissen
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast.,Departments of Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Kenmoe S, Bigna JJ, Well EA, Simo FBN, Penlap VB, Vabret A, Njouom R. Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in people with acute respiratory tract infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:793-803. [PMID: 29908103 PMCID: PMC6185896 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection has not yet been systematically investigated in Africa. This systematic review and meta-analysis are to estimate the prevalence of HRSV infections in people with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in Africa. METHOD We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Africa Journal Online, and Global Index Medicus to identify observational studies published from January 1, 2000, to August 1, 2017. We used a random-effects model to estimate the prevalence across studies. Heterogeneity (I2 ) was assessed via the chi-square test on Cochran's Q statistic. Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017076352. RESULTS A total of 67 studies (154 000 participants) were included. Sixty (90%), seven (10%), and no studies had low, moderate, and high risk of bias, respectively. The prevalence of HRSV infection varied widely (range 0.4%-60.4%). The pooled prevalence was 14.6% (95% CI 13.0-16.4, I2 = 98.8%). The prevalence was higher in children (18.5%; 95% CI 15.8-21.5) compared to adults (4.0%; 95% CI 2.2-6.1) and in people with severe respiratory tract infections (17.9%; 95% CI 15.8-20.1) compared to those with benign forms (9.4%; 95% CI 7.4-11.5); P-values <0.0001. The HRSV prevalence was not associated with sex, subregion in Africa, setting, altitude, latitude, longitude, and seasonality. CONCLUSION This study suggests a high prevalence of HRSV in people with ARTI in Africa, particularly among children and people with severe clinical form. All innovative strategies to curb the burden should first focus on children which present the highest HRSV-related burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of VirologyNational Influenza CenterCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
| | - Jean Joel Bigna
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthNational Influenza CenterCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
- School of Public HealthFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Paris SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | | | - Fredy Brice N. Simo
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Véronique B. Penlap
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Normandie UniversitéCaenFrance
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM)Université de CaenCaenFrance
- Laboratoire de VirologieCentre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de CaenCaenFrance
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of VirologyNational Influenza CenterCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
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11
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Green C, Sande C, de Lara C, Thompson A, Silva-Reyes L, Napolitano F, Pierantoni A, Capone S, Vitelli A, Klenerman P, Pollard A. Humoral and cellular immunity to RSV in infants, children and adults. Vaccine 2018; 36:6183-6190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Dai K, Khan SN, Wang Y, He L, Guenaga J, Ingale J, Sundling C, O'Dell S, McKee K, Phad G, Corcoran M, Wilson R, Mascola JR, Zhu J, Li Y, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Wyatt RT. HIV-1 Vaccine-elicited Antibodies Reverted to Their Inferred Naive Germline Reveal Associations between Binding Affinity and in vivo Activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20987. [PMID: 26879974 PMCID: PMC4754655 DOI: 10.1038/srep20987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies following envelope glycoprotein (Env) vaccination is exceedingly difficult. Suboptimal engagement of naïve B cells is suggested to limit these low frequency events, especially at the conserved CD4bs. Here, we analyzed CD4bs-directed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) elicited by YU2 gp140-foldon trimers in a non-human primate by selective sorting using CD4bs “knock out” trimers. Following two inoculations, the CD4bs-directed mAbs efficiently recognized the eliciting immunogen in their affinity-maturing state but did not recognize CD4bs-defective probes. We reverted these mAbs to their most likely inferred germline (igL) state, leaving the HCDR3 unaltered, to establish correlates of in vitro affinity to in vivo activation. Most igL-reverted mAbs bound the eliciting gp140 immunogen, indicating that CD4bs-directed B cells possessing reasonable affinity existed in the naïve repertoire. We detected relatively high affinities for the majority of the igL mAbs to gp120 and of Fabs to gp140, which, as expected, increased when the antibodies ‘matured’ following vaccination. Affinity increases were associated with slower off-rates as well as with acquisition of neutralizing capacity. These data reveal in vitro binding properties associated with in vivo activation that result in functional archiving of antigen-specific B cells elicited by a complex glycoprotein antigen following immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifan Dai
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Salar N Khan
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Linling He
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Javier Guenaga
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Jidnyasa Ingale
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA.,The Scripps CHAVI-ID, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE
| | | | | | - Ganesh Phad
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE
| | - Richard Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | | | - Jiang Zhu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA.,The Scripps CHAVI-ID, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Yuxing Li
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | | | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA.,The Scripps CHAVI-ID, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
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13
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Duraisingham SS, Manson A, Grigoriadou S, Buckland M, Tong CYW, Longhurst HJ. Immune deficiency: changing spectrum of pathogens. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:267-74. [PMID: 25677249 PMCID: PMC4516442 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current UK national standards recommend routine bacteriology surveillance in severe antibody-deficient patients, but less guidance exists on virology screening and viral infections in these patients. In this retrospective audit, we assessed the proportion of positive virology or bacteriology respiratory and stool samples from patients with severe, partial or no immune deficiency during a 2-year period. Medical notes were reviewed to identify symptomatic viral infections and to describe the course of persistent viral infections. During the 2-year period, 31 of 78 (39·7%) severe immune-deficient patients tested had a positive virology result and 89 of 160 (55.6%) had a positive bacteriology result. The most commonly detected pathogens were rhinovirus (12 patients), norovirus (6), Haemophilus influenzae (24), Pseudomonas spp. (22) and Staphylococcus aureus (21). Ninety-seven per cent of positive viral detection samples were from patients who were symptomatic. Low serum immunoglobulin IgA levels were more prevalent in patients with a positive virology sample compared to the total cohort (P = 0·0078). Three patients had persistent norovirus infection with sequential positive isolates for 9, 30 and 16 months. Virology screening of symptomatic antibody-deficient patients may be useful as a guide to anti-microbial treatment. A proportion of these patients may experience persistent viral infections with significant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Manson
- Immunology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - S Grigoriadou
- Immunology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M Buckland
- Immunology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Y W Tong
- Department of Infection, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - H J Longhurst
- Immunology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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14
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Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7151803 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Zhang Y, Brooks WA, Goswami D, Rahman M, Luby SP, Erdman DD. A duplex recombinant viral nucleoprotein microbead immunoassay for simultaneous detection of seroresponses to human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus infections. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:55-62. [PMID: 24859050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serologic diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections has been shown to complement virus detection methods in epidemiologic studies. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) using cultured virus lysate antigens are often used to diagnose infection by demonstration of a ≥4-fold rises in antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum pairs. In this study, hRSV and hMPV nucleocapsid (recN) proteins were expressed in a baculovirus system and their performance compared with virus culture lysate antigen in EIAs using paired serum specimens collected from symptomatic children. The recN proteins were also used to develop a duplex assay based on the Luminex microbead-based suspension array technology, where diagnostic rises in antibody levels could be determined simultaneously at a single serum dilution. Antibody levels measured by the recN and viral lysate EIAs correlated moderately (hRSV, r(2)=0.72; hMPV, r(2)=0.76); the recN EIAs identified correctly 35 of 37 (94.6%) and 48 of 50 (96%) serum pairs showing diagnostic antibody rises by viral lysate EIAs. Purified recN proteins were then coupled to microbeads and serum pairs were tested at a single dilution on a Luminex MAGPIX(®) analyzer. The duplex recN assay identified correctly 33 of 39 (85%) and 41 of 47 (86.7%) serum pairs showing diagnostic rises to hRSV and hMPV, respectively. The recN assay permits simultaneous testing for acute hRSV and hMPV infections and offers a platform for expanded multiplexing of other respiratory virus assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yange Zhang
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Battelle, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Doli Goswami
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Woods Institute of the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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16
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although there have been extensive studies of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models and the immunobiology of infection, there is not yet a convincing and safe vaccine available. The major histopathologic characteristics of RSV infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal and submucosal edema, and luminal occlusion by cellular debris of sloughed epithelial cells mixed with macrophages, strands of fibrin, and some mucin. There is a single RSV serotype with two major antigenic subgroups, A and B. Strains of both subtypes often co-circulate, but usually one subtype predominates. In temperate climates, RSV infections reflect a distinct seasonality with onset in late fall or early winter. It is believed that most children will experience at least one RSV infection by the age of 2 years. There are several key animal models of RSV. These include a model in mice and, more importantly, a bovine model; the latter reflects distinct similarity to the human disease. Importantly, the prevalence of asthma is significantly higher amongst children who are hospitalized with RSV in infancy or early childhood. However, there have been only limited investigations of candidate genes that have the potential to explain this increase in susceptibility. An atopic predisposition appears to predispose to subsequent development of asthma and it is likely that subsequent development of asthma is secondary to the pathogenic inflammatory response involving cytokines, chemokines and their cognate receptors. Numerous approaches to the development of RSV vaccines are being evaluated, as are the use of newer antiviral agents to mitigate disease. There is also significant attention being placed on the potential impact of co-infection and defining the natural history of RSV. Clearly, more research is required to define the relationships between RSV bronchiolitis, other viral induced inflammatory responses, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T. Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA USA
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17
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Chu HY, Kuypers J, Renaud C, Wald A, Martin E, Fairchok M, Magaret A, Sarancino M, Englund JA. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus transmission in childcare. J Clin Virol 2013; 57:343-50. [PMID: 23684816 PMCID: PMC3800193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of serious respiratory infections in young children. No prior studies using molecular techniques to examine RSV transmission in the community childcare setting have been performed. OBJECTIVES We seek to characterize the molecular epidemiology of RSV transmission in childcare to evaluate the impact of RSV disease in a community-based population. METHODS We sequenced RSV-positive nasopharyngeal samples from a prospective longitudinal study of respiratory illnesses among children enrolled in childcare during three winter seasons. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify unique viral strains. RESULTS RSV was detected in 59 (11%) illnesses. Compared to RSV-negative illnesses, RSV-positive illnesses were associated with longer symptom duration and increased frequency of health care visits. Another respiratory virus was detected in 42 (71%) RSV-positive illnesses. RSV viral load did not differ between RSV-positive illnesses with and without another respiratory virus identified (P = 0.38). In two childcare rooms, 50% of the children had RSV detected within six days of the first case. Five (38%) of 13 illness episodes from one childcare room were sequenced and shown to be the same viral strain, suggesting rapid child-to-child transmission within the room over a 16 day period. CONCLUSIONS RSV is rapidly transmitted within childcare. Childcare facilities may serve as ideal sites for evaluation of new prevention strategies given the high burden of RSV disease in this population and the rapidity of RSV spread between children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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18
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Haas LEM, Thijsen SFT, van Elden L, Heemstra KA. Human metapneumovirus in adults. Viruses 2013; 5:87-110. [PMID: 23299785 PMCID: PMC3564111 DOI: 10.3390/v5010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a relative newly described virus. It was first isolated in 2001 and currently appears to be one of the most significant and common human viral infections. Retrospective serologic studies demonstrated the presence of HMPV antibodies in humans more than 50 years earlier. Although the virus was primarily known as causative agent of respiratory tract infections in children, HMPV is an important cause of respiratory infections in adults as well. Almost all children are infected by HMPV below the age of five; the repeated infections throughout life indicate transient immunity. HMPV infections usually are mild and self-limiting, but in the frail elderly and the immunocompromised patients, the clinical course can be complicated. Since culturing the virus is relatively difficult, diagnosis is mostly based on a nucleic acid amplification test, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. To date, no vaccine is available and treatment is supportive. However, ongoing research shows encouraging results. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature concerning HMPV infections in adults, and discuss recent development in treatment and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenneke E. M. Haas
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands
| | - Steven F. T. Thijsen
- Department of Microbiology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (S.F.T.T.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Leontine van Elden
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Karen A. Heemstra
- Department of Microbiology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (S.F.T.T.); (K.A.H.)
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