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Krajnak K, Kan H, Thompson JA, McKinney W, Waugh S, South T, Burns D, Lebouf R, Cumpston J, Boots T, Fedan JS. Biological effects of diesel exhaust inhalation. III cardiovascular function. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:189-204. [PMID: 38466202 PMCID: PMC11099779 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2327364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhalation of diesel exhaust (DE) has been shown to be an occupational hazard in the transportation, mining, and gas and oil industries. DE also contributes to air pollution, and therefore, is a health hazard to the general public. Because of its effects on human health, changes have been made to diesel engines to reduce both the amounts of particulate matter and volatile fumes they generate. The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of inhalation of diesel exhaust. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study presented here specifically examines the effects of exposure to 0.2 and 1.0 mg/m3 DE or filtered air (6h/d for 4 d) on measures of peripheral and cardio-vascular function, and biomarkers of heart and kidney dysfunction in male rats. A Tier 2 engine used in oil and gas fracking operations was used to generate the diesel exhaust. RESULTS Exposure to 0.2 mg/m3 DE resulted in an increase in blood pressure 1d following the last exposure, and increases in dobutamine-induced cardiac output and stroke volume 1 and 27d after exposure. Changes in peripheral vascular responses to norepinephrine and acetylcholine were minimal as were changes in transcript expression in the heart and kidney. Exposure to 1.0 mg/m3 DE did not result in major changes in blood pressure, measures of cardiac function, peripheral vascular function or transcript expression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, we suggest that exposure to DE generated by a Tier 2 compliant diesel engine generates acute effects on biomarkers indicative of cardiovascular dysfunction. Recovery occurs quickly with most measures of vascular/cardiovascular function returning to baseline levels by 7d following exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Krajnak
- Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hong Kan
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Janet A. Thompson
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stacey Waugh
- Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tim South
- Physical Effects Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dru Burns
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan Lebouf
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jared Cumpston
- Animal Facilities, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Theresa Boots
- Risk Evaluation Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Fedan
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Abdul-Rahman T, Roy P, Bliss ZSB, Mohammad A, Corriero AC, Patel NT, Wireko AA, Shaikh R, Faith OE, Arevalo-Rios ECE, Dupuis L, Ulusan S, Erbay MI, Cedeño MV, Sood A, Gupta R. The impact of air quality on cardiovascular health: A state of the art review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102174. [PMID: 37913932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a global health challenge, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and arrhythmias. Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFP), is a key contributor to the adverse effects of air pollution on cardiovascular health. PM exposure can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, atherosclerosis, vascular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial injury. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in mediating these effects. PM exposure can also lead to hypertension, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant reduction of air pollutants, leading to a decline in the incidence of heart attacks and premature deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases. This review highlights the relationship between environmental air quality and cardiovascular health, elucidating the pathways through which air pollutants affect the cardiovascular system. It also emphasizes the need for increased awareness, collective efforts to mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution, and strategic policies for long-term air quality improvement to prevent the devastating effects of air pollution on global cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufik Abdul-Rahman
- Medical Institute, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine; Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Poulami Roy
- Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine; Department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, India
| | | | | | | | - Neal T Patel
- Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Awuah Wireko
- Medical Institute, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine; Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Raheel Shaikh
- Broward Health Medical Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Léonie Dupuis
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sebahat Ulusan
- Medical School, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | | | | | - Aayushi Sood
- Department of Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, USA.
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3
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Liu Q, Pan L, Yang T, Ou Q, Sun Z, He H, Hu Y, Tu J, Lin B, Lao M, Liu C, Li B, Fan Y, Niu H, Wang L, Shan G. Association between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter and pulmonary function among men and women in typical areas of South and North China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1170584. [PMID: 37250094 PMCID: PMC10213661 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1170584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies comparing the effects of different sizes and concentrations of ambient particulate matter (PM) on pulmonary function in different regions and sexes remain sparse. Objectives To investigate the associations of different sizes and levels of long-term ambient PM exposure with pulmonary function among people of different sexes in typical areas of South and North China. Methods In 2021, a total of 1,592 participants aged 20-73 years were recruited to participate in the pulmonary function test from the baseline survey of the Diverse Life-Course Cohort (DLCC) in typical areas of Guangdong Province and Hebei Province. The three-year (2018-2020) average ambient PM concentrations were assessed from the ChinaHighPM1 dataset, ChinaHighPM2.5 dataset and ChinaHighPM10 dataset. Mean differences in pulmonary function were used in multilevel models for different regions and sexes. Results We discovered significant associations of ambient PM exposure with reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) and increased forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC) among men and lower levels of FEV1 and FVC among women, such that a 5-μg/m3 concentration increase in PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 was associated with decreases in FVC of 122.1 ml (95% confidence interval (CI): 30.8, 213.4), 54.6 ml (95% CI: 15.8, 93.3) and 42.9 ml (95% CI: 12.7, 73.1) and increases in FEV1/FVC of 2.2% (95% CI: 0.6, 3.9), 1.1% (95% CI: 0.4, 1.9) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.3, 1.5) among men and decreases in FEV1 of 51.1 ml (95% CI: 9.7, 92.4), 21.6 ml (95% CI: 4.3, 38.9) and 16.7 ml (95% CI: 3.3, 30.1) and in FVC of 77.8 ml (95% CI: 10.0, 145.6), 38.7 ml (95% CI: 9.0, 68.5) and 31.1 ml (95% CI: 8.1, 54.1) among women in Hebei Province. There was no association between ambient PM and pulmonary function in Guangdong Province. Conclusion Long-term exposure to different sizes and concentrations of ambient PM were associated with FEV1 and FVC among men and women differently. The impact of ambient PM on FVC should be of greater concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Ou
- Sleep Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Huijing He
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoda Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Miaochan Lao
- Sleep Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Baicun Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yajiao Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongtao Niu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- Sleep Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangliang Shan
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Grytting VS, Chand P, Låg M, Øvrevik J, Refsnes M. The pro-inflammatory effects of combined exposure to diesel exhaust particles and mineral particles in human bronchial epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:14. [PMID: 35189914 PMCID: PMC8862321 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People are exposed to ambient particulate matter (PM) from multiple sources simultaneously in both environmental and occupational settings. However, combinatory effects of particles from different sources have received little attention in experimental studies. In the present study, the pro-inflammatory effects of combined exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and mineral particles, two common PM constituents, were explored in human lung epithelial cells.
Methods Particle-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (CXCL8 and IL-1β) and changes in expression of genes related to inflammation (CXCL8, IL-1α, IL-1β and COX-2), redox responses (HO-1) and xenobiotic metabolism (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) were assessed in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) after combined exposure to different samples of DEP and mineral particles. Combined exposure was also conducted using lipophilic organic extracts of DEP to assess the contribution of soluble organic chemicals. Moreover, the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway was assessed using an AhR-specific inhibitor (CH223191). Results Combined exposure to DEP and mineral particles induced increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of genes related to inflammation and redox responses in HBEC3-KT cells that were greater than either particle sample alone. Moreover, robust increases in the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 were observed. The effects were most pronounced after combined exposure to α-quartz and DEP from an older fossil diesel, but enhanced responses were also observed using DEP generated from a modern biodiesel blend and several stone particle samples of mixed mineral composition. Moreover, the effect of combined exposure on cytokine secretion could also be induced by lipophilic organic extracts of DEP. Pre-incubation with an AhR-specific inhibitor reduced the particle-induced cytokine responses, suggesting that the effects were at least partially dependent on AhR. Conclusions Exposure to DEP and mineral particles in combination induces enhanced pro-inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells compared with exposure to the individual particle samples. The effects are partly mediated through an AhR-dependent pathway and lipophilic organic chemicals in DEP appear to play a central role. These possible combinatory effects between different sources and components of PM warrant further attention and should also be considered when assessing measures to reduce PM-induced health effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00455-0.
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Cho H, Choi I, Kim SK, Baik S, Ryu CS. LC-MS-based assay of granisetron 7-hydroxylation activity for the evaluation of CYP1A1 induction from diesel particulate matter-exposed hepatic and respiratory cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161:112829. [PMID: 35093429 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) generally consists of aggregated particles containing trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, one of the extensively investigated biomarkers, is highly inducible when PAHs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The present study focused on developing a LC-MS/MS-based assay to evaluate CYP1A1 induction potential following PM exposure. This assay adapted a CYP1A1 selective reaction of granisetron 7-hydroxylation in response to an AhR inducer, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), in HepaRG and A549 cell lines. Exposure to FICZ (10 nM) increased the levels of granisetron 7-hydroxylation significantly, whereas no elevation of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (EROD) activity was found in HepaRG cells. In A549 cells, granisetron 7-hydroxylation showed a better dose-response from 0 to 10000 nM FICZ treatment than EROD. EROD Additionally, the application of the assay with diesel PM exposure showed a concentration-dependent induction of CYP1A1 in HepaRG, A549, and human nasal epithelial cells. The granisetron assay has better selectivity for CYP1A1 than the conventional EROD assay, which is overlapped reaction with CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, with high correlations between AhR activation and CYP1A1 mRNA levels. Accompanying the great application potential to different organs and cell culture systems, future studies will implement the granisetron assay for the respiratory toxicity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Cho
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Ian Choi
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Seungyun Baik
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany.
| | - Chang Seon Ryu
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany.
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6
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Wolhuter K, Arora M, Kovacic JC. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: Can the Australian bushfires and global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 convince us to change our ways? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100046. [PMID: 34106476 PMCID: PMC8209912 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major global challenge for a multitude of reasons. As a specific concern, there is now compelling evidence demonstrating a causal relationship between exposure to airborne pollutants and the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As such, reducing air pollution as a means to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality should be a global health priority. This review provides an overview of the cardiovascular effects of air pollution and uses two major events of 2020-the Australian bushfires and COVID-19 pandemic lockdown-to illustrate the relationship between air pollution and CVD. The bushfires highlight the substantial human and economic costs associated with elevations in air pollution. Conversely, the COVID-19-related lockdowns demonstrated that stringent measures are effective at reducing airborne pollutants, which in turn resulted in a potential reduction in cardiovascular events. Perhaps one positive to come out of 2020 will be the recognition that tough measures are effective at reducing air pollution and that these measures have the potential to stop thousands of deaths from CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jason C. Kovacic
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteSydneyAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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7
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Lei J, Li Z, Huang X, Li X, Zhang G, Kan H, Chen R, Zhang Y. The Acute Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles and Different Fractions Exposure on Blood Coagulation Function in Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084136. [PMID: 33919809 PMCID: PMC8070753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity and widespread exposure opportunity of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has aroused public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of DEP and different fractions exposure on blood coagulation function in mice. In this study, nine- week-old C57BL/6J male mice were divided into four exposure groups (with 15 mice in each group). The water-soluble (WS) and water-insoluble (WIS) fractions of DEP were isolated, and intratracheal instillation was used for DEP, WS and WIS exposure. The phosphate buffer saline (PBS) exposure group was set as the control group. After 24 h exposure, the mice were sacrificed for blood routine, coagulation function and bleeding time examinations to estimate the acute effect of DEP, WS and WIS exposure on the blood coagulation function. In our results, no statistically significant difference in weight of body, brain and lung was observed in different exposure groups. While several core indexes in blood coagulation like bleeding time (BT), fibrinogen (FIB), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) altered or showed a lower tendency after DEP, WS and WIS exposure. For example, BT was lower In WIS exposure group (211.00 s) compared with PBS exposure group (238.50 s) (p < 0.01), and FIB was lower in WS exposure group (233.00 g/L) compared with PBS exposure group (249.50 g/L) (p < 0.05). Additionally, systemic inflammation-related indexes like white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEUT), lymphocyte count (LYMPH) altered after DEP, WS and WIS exposure. In conclusion, DEP, WS and WIS fractions exposure could result in the hypercoagulable state of blood in mice. The noteworthy effects of WS and WIS fractions exposure on blood coagulation function deserve further investigation of the potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lei
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (H.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Zhouzhou Li
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (H.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Xingke Huang
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (H.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guangzheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Haidong Kan
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (H.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Renjie Chen
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (X.H.); (H.K.); (R.C.)
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.L.); (G.Z.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Shkirkova K, Lamorie-Foote K, Connor M, Patel A, Barisano G, Baertsch H, Liu Q, Morgan TE, Sioutas C, Mack WJ. Effects of ambient particulate matter on vascular tissue: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:319-350. [PMID: 32972334 PMCID: PMC7758078 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1822971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fine and ultra-fine particulate matter (PM) are major constituents of urban air pollution and recognized risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. This review examined the effects of PM exposure on vascular tissue. Specific mechanisms by which PM affects the vasculature include inflammation, oxidative stress, actions on vascular tone and vasomotor responses, as well as atherosclerotic plaque formation. Further, there appears to be a greater PM exposure effect on susceptible individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krista Lamorie-Foote
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Michelle Connor
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Arati Patel
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | - Hans Baertsch
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California
| | - William J. Mack
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
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9
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Miller MR, Newby DE. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: car sick. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:279-294. [PMID: 31583404 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular effects of inhaled particle matter (PM) are responsible for a substantial morbidity and mortality attributed to air pollution. Ultrafine particles, like those in diesel exhaust emissions, are a major source of nanoparticles in urban environments, and it is these particles that have the capacity to induce the most significant health effects. Research has shown that diesel exhaust exposure can have many detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system both acutely and chronically. This review provides an overview of the cardiovascular effects on PM in air pollution, with an emphasis on ultrafine particles in vehicle exhaust. We consider the biological mechanisms underlying these cardiovascular effects of PM and postulate that cardiovascular dysfunction may be implicated in the effects of PM in other organ systems. The employment of multiple strategies to tackle air pollution, and especially ultrafine particles from vehicles, is likely to be accompanied by improvements in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Miller
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH4 3RL, UK
| | - David E Newby
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH4 3RL, UK
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10
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Milton LA, White AR. The potential impact of bushfire smoke on brain health. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104796. [PMID: 32650032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoke from bushfires (also known as wildfires or forest fires) has blanketed large regions of Australia during the southern hemisphere summer of 2019/2020, potentially endangering residents who breathe the polluted air. While such air pollution is known to cause respiratory irritation and damage, its effect on the brain is not well described. In this review, we aim to outline the potentially damaging effects of bushfire smoke on brain health. We also describe the composition of air pollution, including ambient particulate matter (PM) and bushfire PM, before covering the general health effects of each. The investigated entry routes for ambient PM and postulated entry routes for bushfire PM are discussed, along with epidemiological and experimental evidence of the effect of both PMs in the brain. It appears that bushfire PM may be more toxic than ambient PM, and that it may enter the brain through extrapulmonary or olfactory routes to cause inflammation and oxidative stress. Ultimately, this review highlights the desperate requirement of greater research into the effects of bushfire PM on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Milton
- Mental Health Program, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health Program, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia.
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11
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Seasonal Variation in the Biological Effects of PM 2.5 from Greater Cairo. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204970. [PMID: 31600872 PMCID: PMC6829270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater Cairo (Egypt) is a megalopolis where the studies of the air pollution events are of extremely high relevance, for the geographical-climatological aspects, the anthropogenic emissions and the health impact. While preliminary studies on the particulate matter (PM) chemical composition in Greater Cairo have been performed, no data are yet available on the PM’s toxicity. In this work, the in vitro toxicity of the fine PM (PM2.5) sampled in an urban area of Greater Cairo during 2017–2018 was studied. The PM2.5 samples collected during spring, summer, autumn and winter were preliminary characterized to determine the concentrations of ionic species, elements and organic PM (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs). After particle extraction from filters, the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects were evaluated in human lung A549 cells. The results showed that particles collected during the colder seasons mainly induced the xenobiotic metabolizing system and the consequent antioxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokine release responses. Biological events positively correlated to PAHs and metals representative of a combustion-derived pollution. PM2.5 from the warmer seasons displayed a direct effect on cell cycle progression, suggesting possible genotoxic effects. In conclusion, a correlation between the biological effects and PM2.5 physico-chemical properties in the area of study might be useful for planning future strategies aiming to improve air quality and lower health hazards.
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Holme JA, Brinchmann BC, Refsnes M, Låg M, Øvrevik J. Potential role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as mediators of cardiovascular effects from combustion particles. Environ Health 2019; 18:74. [PMID: 31439044 PMCID: PMC6704565 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the most important environmental risk factor for disease and premature death, and exposure to combustion particles from vehicles is a major contributor. Human epidemiological studies combined with experimental studies strongly suggest that exposure to combustion particles may enhance the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including atherosclerosis, hypertension, thrombosis and myocardial infarction.In this review we hypothesize that adhered organic chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), contribute to development or exacerbation of CVD from combustion particles exposure. We summarize present knowledge from existing human epidemiological and clinical studies as well as experimental studies in animals and relevant in vitro studies. The available evidence suggests that organic compounds attached to these particles are significant triggers of CVD. Furthermore, their effects seem to be mediated at least in part by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The mechanisms include AhR-induced changes in gene expression as well as formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive electrophilic metabolites. This is in accordance with a role of PAHs, as they seem to be the major chemical group on combustion particles, which bind AhR and/or is metabolically activated by CYP-enzymes. In some experimental models however, it seems as PAHs may induce an inflammatory atherosclerotic plaque phenotype irrespective of DNA- and/or AhR-ligand binding properties. Thus, various components and several signalling mechanisms/pathways are likely involved in CVD induced by combustion particles.We still need to expand our knowledge about the role of PAHs in CVD and in particular the relative importance of the different PAH species. This warrants further studies as enhanced knowledge on this issue may amend risk assessment of CVD caused by combustion particles and selection of efficient measures to reduce the health effects of particular matters (PM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bendik C Brinchmann
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Chen S, Chen M, Wei W, Qiu L, Zhang L, Cao Q, Ying Z. Glucose Homeostasis following Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter Exposure in a Lung Epithelial Cell-Specific IKK2-Deficient Mouse Model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:57009. [PMID: 31095431 PMCID: PMC6791567 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary inflammation is believed to be central to the pathogenesis due to exposure to fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]). This central role, however, has not yet been systemically examined. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we exploited a lung epithelial cell-specific inhibitor [Formula: see text] kinase 2 (IKK2) knockout mouse model to determine the role of pulmonary inflammation in the pathophysiology due to exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEP). METHODS [Formula: see text] (lung epithelial cell-specific IKK2 knockout, KO) and [Formula: see text] (wild-type, tgWT) mice were intratracheally instilled with either vehicle or DEP for 4 months, and their inflammatory response and glucose homeostasis were then assessed. RESULTS In comparison with tgWT mice, lung epithelial cell-specific IKK2-deficient mice had fewer DEP exposure-induced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid immune cells and proinflammatory cytokines as well as fewer DEP exposure-induced circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests revealed that lung epithelial cell-specific IKK2 deficiency resulted in markedly less DEP exposure-induced insulin resistance and greater glucose tolerance. Akt phosphorylation analyses of insulin-responsive tissues showed that DEP exposure primarily targeted hepatic insulin sensitivity. Lung epithelial cell-specific IKK2-deficient mice had significantly lower hepatic insulin resistance than tgWT mice had. Furthermore, this difference in insulin resistance was accompanied by consistent differences in hepatic insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation and inflammatory marker expression. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that in a tissue-specific knockout mouse model, an IKK2-dependent pulmonary inflammatory response was essential for the development of abnormal glucose homeostasis due to exposure to DEP. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Chen
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Bile Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lawal AO, Oluyede DM, Adebimpe MO, Olumegbon LT, Awolaja OO, Elekofehinti OO, Crown OO. The cardiovascular protective effects of rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis) extract on diesel exhaust particles induced inflammation and oxidative stress involve NF-κB- and Nrf2-dependent pathways modulation. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01426. [PMID: 30976698 PMCID: PMC6441828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that diesel exhaust particles (DEP) induced oxidative stress and inflammation. This present study examined the molecular effects of aqueous rooibos extract (RE) on the cardiovascular toxic effect of methanol extract of DEP in exposed Wistar rats. The results showed that DEP caused significant (p < 0.001) increase in MDA and CDs levels in the aorta and heart but this increase was significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated by rooibos extract. DEP induced IL-8, TNFα, IL-1β and decreased IL-10 gene expressions, all of which were reversed in the presence of rooibos extract. The expression of NF-κB, and IκKB genes were also significantly (p < 0.001) induced by DEP in both tissues, but pre-treatment with RE attenuated these effects. In contrast, DEP repressed IκB mRNA level, which was significantly (p < 0.001) reversed by rooibos extract pre-treatment. In addition, pre-treatment with rooibos extract attenuated the increased Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA levels caused by DEP. This indicates the potential of rooibos extract to protect against DEP-induced cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem O Lawal
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Dare M Oluyede
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Monsurat O Adebimpe
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Lateefat T Olumegbon
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Olamide O Awolaja
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O Elekofehinti
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Olamide O Crown
- Biochemical Pharmacology and Phytomedicine Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
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15
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Ambient fine particulate matter induce toxicity in lung epithelial-endothelial co-culture models. Toxicol Lett 2019; 301:133-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Yang Q, Tang L, Shen M, Wang Y, Wei Y, Jeyalatha V, Chen P, Dong F, Wang G, Wu S, Liu Z, Li C. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on the condition of mouse ocular surface. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:585-593. [PMID: 30077156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the ocular surface, different concentrations (100 and 1000 μg/ml) of DEP eye drops were administered on the mouse ocular surface for a period of 28 days. After DEP treatment, the corneal epithelial permeability to Oregon Green Dextran was studied, which increased proportionally with time. Also, the number of corneal epithelial cell layers significantly increased, which was accompanied with a high Ki67 expression. On the other hand, the number of goblet cells in the conjunctival fornix were reduced, and apoptotic cells were detected in the corneal and conjunctival epithelium by TUNEL assay in the DEP treated group, along with increased Caspase 3/8 expression. Furthermore, the number of CD4 positive cells significantly increased in the conjunctiva, while NF-κB p65 (phospho S536) expression was elevated in the cornea and also the conjunctiva. Our data revealed that the topical administration of DEP on the ocular surface in mouse disrupted the organized structure of the ocular surface and induced an inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Yang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mei Shen
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yanzi Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ya Wei
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Vimalin Jeyalatha
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuiping Wu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, China.
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17
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Dziendzikowska K, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Mruk R, Oczkowski M, Żyła E, Królikowski T, Stachoń M, Øvrevik J, Myhre O, Kruszewski M, Wojewódzka M, Lankoff A, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. The effects of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel exhaust exposure on hematological and biochemical blood indices of Fisher344 male rats - The FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:34-47. [PMID: 30142495 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust emissions (DEE), being one of the main causes of ambient air pollution, exert a detrimental effect on human health and increase morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects of exhausts emissions from B7 fuel, the first-generation biofuel containing 7% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and SHB20 fuel, the second-generation biofuel containing 20% FAME/hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), after a whole-body exposure with and without diesel particle filter (DPF). The experiment was performed on 95 male Fischer 344 rats, divided into 10 groups (8 experimental, 2 control). Animals were exposed to DEE (diluted with charcoal-filtered room air to 2.1-2.2% (v/v)) for 7 or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week) in an inhalation chamber. DEE originated from Euro 5 engine with or without DPF treatment, run on B7 or SHB20 fuel. Animals in the control groups were exposed to clean air. Our results showed that the majority of haematological and biochemical parameters examined in blood were at a similar level in the exposed and control animals. However, exposure to DEE from the SHB20 fuel caused an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration. Moreover, 7 days exposure to DEE from SHB20 fuel induced genotoxic effects manifested by increased levels of DNA single-strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, inhalation of both types of DEE induced oxidative stress and caused imbalance of anti-oxidant defence enzymes. In conclusion, exposure to DEE from B7, which was associated with higher exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, resulted in decreased number of T and NK lymphocytes, while DEE from SHB20 induced a higher level of DNA single-strand breaks, oxidative stress and increased red blood cells parameters. Additionally, DPF technology generated increased number of smaller PM and made the DEE more reactive and more harmful, manifested as deregulation of redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland.
| | - M Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - J Wilczak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - R Mruk
- Department of Production Organization and Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - M Oczkowski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - E Żyła
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - T Królikowski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - M Stachoń
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - J Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Myhre
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Wojewódzka
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Lankoff
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - J Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
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18
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Wilson SJ, Miller MR, Newby DE. Effects of Diesel Exhaust on Cardiovascular Function and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:819-836. [PMID: 28540736 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Air pollution is a major global health concern with particulate matter (PM) being especially associated with increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diesel exhaust emissions are a particularly rich source of the smallest sizes of PM ("fine" and "ultrafine") in urban environments, and it is these particles that are believed to be the most detrimental to cardiovascular health. Recent Advances: Controlled exposure studies to diesel exhaust in animals and man demonstrate alterations in blood pressure, heart rate, vascular tone, endothelial function, myocardial perfusion, thrombosis, atherogenesis, and plaque stability. Oxidative stress has emerged as a highly plausible pathobiological mechanism by which inhalation of diesel exhaust PM leads to multiple facets of cardiovascular dysfunction. CRITICAL ISSUES Diesel exhaust inhalation promotes oxidative stress in several biological compartments that can be directly associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further studies with more sensitive and specific in vivo human markers of oxidative stress are required to determine if targeting oxidative stress pathways involved in the actions of diesel exhaust PM could be of therapeutic value. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 819-836.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Wilson
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Miller
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Bencsik A, Lestaevel P, Guseva Canu I. Nano- and neurotoxicology: An emerging discipline. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 160:45-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Stone V, Miller MR, Clift MJD, Elder A, Mills NL, Møller P, Schins RPF, Vogel U, Kreyling WG, Alstrup Jensen K, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Schwarze PE, Hoet P, Pietroiusti A, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Baeza-Squiban A, Teixeira JP, Tran CL, Cassee FR. Nanomaterials Versus Ambient Ultrafine Particles: An Opportunity to Exchange Toxicology Knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:106002. [PMID: 29017987 PMCID: PMC5933410 DOI: 10.1289/ehp424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rich body of literature exists that has demonstrated adverse human health effects following exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM), and there is strong support for an important role of ultrafine (nanosized) particles. At present, relatively few human health or epidemiology data exist for engineered nanomaterials (NMs) despite clear parallels in their physicochemical properties and biological actions in in vitro models. OBJECTIVES NMs are available with a range of physicochemical characteristics, which allows a more systematic toxicological analysis. Therefore, the study of ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm in diameter) provides an opportunity to identify plausible health effects for NMs, and the study of NMs provides an opportunity to facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of UFP. METHODS A workshop of experts systematically analyzed the available information and identified 19 key lessons that can facilitate knowledge exchange between these discipline areas. DISCUSSION Key lessons range from the availability of specific techniques and standard protocols for physicochemical characterization and toxicology assessment to understanding and defining dose and the molecular mechanisms of toxicity. This review identifies a number of key areas in which additional research prioritization would facilitate both research fields simultaneously. CONCLUSION There is now an opportunity to apply knowledge from NM toxicology and use it to better inform PM health risk research and vice versa. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hoet
- Center for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departmento de Toxicología, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, México
| | | | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto–Epidemiology (ISPUP-EPI) Unit, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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21
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Niemann B, Rohrbach S, Miller MR, Newby DE, Fuster V, Kovacic JC. Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk: Obesity, Diabetes, Smoking, and Pollution: Part 3 of a 3-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:230-251. [PMID: 28683970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs whenever the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds endogenous antioxidant capacity. In this paper, we review the specific role of several cardiovascular risk factors in promoting oxidative stress: diabetes, obesity, smoking, and excessive pollution. Specifically, the risk of developing heart failure is higher in patients with diabetes or obesity, even with optimal medical treatment, and the increased release of ROS from cardiac mitochondria and other sources likely contributes to the development of cardiac dysfunction in this setting. Here, we explore the role of different ROS sources arising in obesity and diabetes, and the effect of excessive ROS production on the development of cardiac lipotoxicity. In parallel, contaminants in the air that we breathe pose a significant threat to human health. This paper provides an overview of cigarette smoke and urban air pollution, considering how their composition and biological effects have detrimental effects on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Niemann
- Department of Adult and Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mark R Miller
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David E Newby
- BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Valentin Fuster
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Farris BY, Antonini JM, Fedan JS, Mercer RR, Roach KA, Chen BT, Schwegler-Berry D, Kashon ML, Barger MW, Roberts JR. Pulmonary toxicity following acute coexposures to diesel particulate matter and α-quartz crystalline silica in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:322-339. [PMID: 28967277 PMCID: PMC6545482 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1361487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute pulmonary coexposures to silica and diesel particulate matter (DPM), which may occur in various mining operations, were investigated in vivo. Rats were exposed by intratracheal instillation (IT) to silica (50 or 233 µg), DPM (7.89 or 50 µg) or silica and DPM combined in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or to PBS alone (control). At one day, one week, one month, two months and three months postexposure bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology were performed to assess lung injury, inflammation and immune response. While higher doses of silica caused inflammation and injury at all time points, DPM exposure alone did not. DPM (50 µg) combined with silica (233 µg) increased inflammation at one week and one-month postexposure and caused an increase in the incidence of fibrosis at one month compared with exposure to silica alone. To assess susceptibility to lung infection following coexposure, rats were exposed by IT to 233 µg silica, 50 µg DPM, a combination of the two or PBS control one week before intratracheal inoculation with 5 × 105 Listeria monocytogenes. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days following infection, pulmonary immune response and bacterial clearance from the lung were evaluated. Coexposure to DPM and silica did not alter bacterial clearance from the lung compared to control. Although DPM and silica coexposure did not alter pulmonary susceptibility to infection in this model, the study showed that noninflammatory doses of DPM had the capacity to increase silica-induced lung injury, inflammation and onset/incidence of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Y. Farris
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James M. Antonini
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Fedan
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Katherine A. Roach
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Bean T. Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Michael L. Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark W. Barger
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jenny R. Roberts
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Smyth E, Solomon A, Birrell MA, Smallwood MJ, Winyard PG, Tetley TD, Emerson M. Influence of inflammation and nitric oxide upon platelet aggregation following deposition of diesel exhaust particles in the airways. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2130-2139. [PMID: 28437857 PMCID: PMC5466527 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Exposure to nanoparticulate pollution has been implicated in platelet‐driven thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction. Inflammation and impairment of NO bioavailability have been proposed as potential causative mechanisms. It is unclear, however, whether airways exposure to combustion‐derived nanoparticles such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) or carbon black (CB) can augment platelet aggregation in vivo and the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. We aimed to investigate the effects of acute lung exposure to DEP and CB on platelet activation and the associated role of inflammation and endothelial‐derived NO. Experimental Approach DEP and CB were intratracheally instilled into wild‐type (WT) and eNOS−/− mice and platelet aggregation was assessed in vivo using an established model of radio‐labelled platelet thromboembolism. The underlying mechanisms were investigated by measuring inflammatory markers, NO metabolites and light transmission aggregometry. Key Results Platelet aggregation in vivo was significantly enhanced in WT and eNOS−/− mice following acute airways exposure to DEP but not CB. CB exposure, but not DEP, was associated with significant increases in pulmonary neutrophils and IL‐6 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma of WT mice. Neither DEP nor CB affected plasma nitrate/nitrite concentration and DEP‐induced human platelet aggregation was inhibited by an NO donor. Conclusions and Implications Pulmonary exposure to DEP and subsequent platelet activation may contribute to the reports of increased cardiovascular risk, associated with exposure to airborne pollution, independent of its effects on inflammation or NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smyth
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Solomon
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M J Smallwood
- Inflammation Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - P G Winyard
- Inflammation Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - T D Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Emerson
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Klein SG, Cambier S, Hennen J, Legay S, Serchi T, Nelissen I, Chary A, Moschini E, Krein A, Blömeke B, Gutleb AC. Endothelial responses of the alveolar barrier in vitro in a dose-controlled exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:7. [PMID: 28264691 PMCID: PMC5339948 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last 250 years, the level of exposure to combustion-derived particles raised dramatically in western countries, leading to increased particle loads in the ambient air. Among the environmental particles, diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEPM) plays a special role because of its omnipresence and reported effects on human health. During recent years, a possible link between air pollution and the progression of atherosclerosis is recognized. A central effect of DEPM is their impact on the endothelium, especially of the alveolar barrier. In the present study, a complex 3D tetraculture model of the alveolar barrier was used in a dose-controlled exposure scenario with realistic doses of DEPM to study the response of endothelial cells. RESULTS Tetracultures were exposed to different doses of DEPM (SRM2975) at the air-liquid-interface. DEPM exposure did not lead to the mRNA expression of relevant markers for endothelial inflammation such as ICAM-1 or E-selectin. In addition, we observed neither a significant change in the expression levels of the genes relevant for antioxidant defense, such as HMOX1 or SOD1, nor the release of pro-inflammatory second messengers, such as IL-6 or IL-8. However, DEPM exposure led to strong nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf2 and significantly altered expression of CYP1A1 mRNA in the endothelial cells of the tetraculture. CONCLUSION In the present study, we demonstrated the use of a complex 3D tetraculture system together with a state-of-the-art aerosol exposure equipment to study the effects of in vivo relevant doses of DEPM on endothelial cells in vitro. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first that focuses on indirect effects of DEPM on endothelial cells of the alveolar barrier in vitro. Exposure to DEPM led to significant activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf2 in endothelial cells. The considerably low doses of DEPM had a low but measurable effect, which is in line with recent data from in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G. Klein
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Tommaso Serchi
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Inge Nelissen
- VITO NV, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Aline Chary
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Andreas Krein
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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25
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Lawal AO. Air particulate matter induced oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis: The role of Nrf2 and AhR-mediated pathways. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:88-95. [PMID: 28189649 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Air particulate matter (PM) is an important component of air pollution, which has been reported to play important role in the adverse health effects of the latter. Extensive experimental data and epidemiological studies have shown that the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and atherosclerosis caused by air pollution are mainly due to the PM component. Implicated in these adverse health effects of PM, is their ability to induce oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory events in the vascular system. The association between the cardiovascular ischemic events and atherosclerosis induced by PM has been linked to the ultrafine and fine components. These particles have a high content of redox cyclic chemicals. This, together with their ability to combine with proatherogenic molecules enhanced tissue oxidative stress. Studies have shown that the oxidative stress induced by PM could up-regulates the expression of phase I and phase II metabolize enzymes. This up-regulation occurs by the activation of transcription factors (such as nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) -like 2-related factor (Nrf2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)). This review will focus on data supporting the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in PM-induced cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis and the importance of Nrf2-and AhR- dependent regulatory pathways in the PM-induced cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem O Lawal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
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26
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Snowdon VK, Lachlan NJ, Hoy AM, Hadoke PWF, Semple SI, Patel D, Mungall W, Kendall TJ, Thomson A, Lennen RJ, Jansen MA, Moran CM, Pellicoro A, Ramachandran P, Shaw I, Aucott RL, Severin T, Saini R, Pak J, Yates D, Dongre N, Duffield JS, Webb DJ, Iredale JP, Hayes PC, Fallowfield JA. Serelaxin as a potential treatment for renal dysfunction in cirrhosis: Preclinical evaluation and results of a randomized phase 2 trial. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002248. [PMID: 28245243 PMCID: PMC5330452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic liver scarring from any cause leads to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and a progressive decline in renal blood flow and renal function. Extreme renal vasoconstriction characterizes hepatorenal syndrome, a functional and potentially reversible form of acute kidney injury in patients with advanced cirrhosis, but current therapy with systemic vasoconstrictors is ineffective in a substantial proportion of patients and is limited by ischemic adverse events. Serelaxin (recombinant human relaxin-2) is a peptide molecule with anti-fibrotic and vasoprotective properties that binds to relaxin family peptide receptor-1 (RXFP1) and has been shown to increase renal perfusion in healthy human volunteers. We hypothesized that serelaxin could ameliorate renal vasoconstriction and renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. METHODS AND FINDINGS To establish preclinical proof of concept, we developed two independent rat models of cirrhosis that were characterized by progressive reduction in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate and showed evidence of renal endothelial dysfunction. We then set out to further explore and validate our hypothesis in a phase 2 randomized open-label parallel-group study in male and female patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Forty patients were randomized 1:1 to treatment with serelaxin intravenous (i.v.) infusion (for 60 min at 80 μg/kg/d and then 60 min at 30 μg/kg/d) or terlipressin (single 2-mg i.v. bolus), and the regional hemodynamic effects were quantified by phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography at baseline and after 120 min. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in total renal artery blood flow. Therapeutic targeting of renal vasoconstriction with serelaxin in the rat models increased kidney perfusion, oxygenation, and function through reduction in renal vascular resistance, reversal of endothelial dysfunction, and increased activation of the AKT/eNOS/NO signaling pathway in the kidney. In the randomized clinical study, infusion of serelaxin for 120 min increased total renal arterial blood flow by 65% (95% CI 40%, 95%; p < 0.001) from baseline. Administration of serelaxin was safe and well tolerated, with no detrimental effect on systemic blood pressure or hepatic perfusion. The clinical study's main limitations were the relatively small sample size and stable, well-compensated population. CONCLUSIONS Our mechanistic findings in rat models and exploratory study in human cirrhosis suggest the therapeutic potential of selective renal vasodilation using serelaxin as a new treatment for renal dysfunction in cirrhosis, although further validation in patients with more advanced cirrhosis and renal dysfunction is required. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01640964.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Snowdon
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Lachlan
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Hoy
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Scott I Semple
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dilip Patel
- Department of Radiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Will Mungall
- Biological Services, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Thomson
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ross J Lennen
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maurits A Jansen
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel M Moran
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antonella Pellicoro
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Shaw
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Aucott
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rajnish Saini
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Judy Pak
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Denise Yates
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Division of Nephrology and Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David J Webb
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John P Iredale
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Hayes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A Fallowfield
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lawal A, Davids L, Marnewick J. Diesel exhaust particles and endothelial cells dysfunction: An update. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Shaw CA, Mortimer GM, Deng ZJ, Carter ES, Connell SP, Miller MR, Duffin R, Newby DE, Hadoke PWF, Minchin RF. Protein corona formation in bronchoalveolar fluid enhances diesel exhaust nanoparticle uptake and pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:981-91. [PMID: 27027807 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1155672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In biological fluids nanoparticles bind a range of molecules, particularly proteins, on their surface. The resulting protein corona influences biological activity and fate of nanoparticle in vivo. Corona composition is often determined by the biological milieu encountered at the entry portal into the body, and, can therefore, depend on the route of exposure to the nanoparticle. For environmental nanoparticles where exposure is by inhalation, this will be lung lining fluid. This study examined plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) protein binding to engineered and environmental nanoparticles. We hypothesized that protein corona on nanoparticles would influence nanoparticle uptake and subsequent pro-inflammatory biological response in macrophages. All nanoparticles bound plasma and BALF proteins, but the profile of bound proteins varied between nanoparticles. Focusing on diesel exhaust nanoparticles (DENP), we identified proteins bound from plasma to include fibrinogen, and those bound from BALF to include albumin and surfactant proteins A and D. The presence on DENP of a plasma-derived corona or one of purified fibrinogen failed to evoke an inflammatory response in macrophages. However, coronae formed in BALF increased DENP uptake into macrophages two fold, and increased nanoparticulate carbon black (NanoCB) uptake fivefold. Furthermore, a BALF-derived corona increased IL-8 release from macrophages in response to DENP from 1720 ± 850 pg/mL to 5560 ± 1380 pg/mL (p = 0.014). These results demonstrate that the unique protein corona formed on nanoparticles plays an important role in determining biological reactivity and fate of nanoparticle in vivo. Importantly, these findings have implications for the mechanism of detrimental properties of environmental nanoparticles since the principle route of exposure to such particles is via the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Shaw
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Gysell M Mortimer
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Zhou J Deng
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Edwin S Carter
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Shea P Connell
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- c MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David E Newby
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Møller P, Christophersen DV, Jacobsen NR, Skovmand A, Gouveia ACD, Andersen MHG, Kermanizadeh A, Jensen DM, Danielsen PH, Roursgaard M, Jantzen K, Loft S. Atherosclerosis and vasomotor dysfunction in arteries of animals after exposure to combustion-derived particulate matter or nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:437-76. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2016.1149451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tabor CM, Shaw CA, Robertson S, Miller MR, Duffin R, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Hadoke PWF. Platelet activation independent of pulmonary inflammation contributes to diesel exhaust particulate-induced promotion of arterial thrombosis. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:6. [PMID: 26857113 PMCID: PMC4746929 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accelerated thrombus formation induced by exposure to combustion-derived air pollution has been linked to alterations in endogenous fibrinolysis and platelet activation in response to pulmonary and systemic inflammation. We hypothesised that mechanisms independent of inflammation contribute to accelerated thrombus formation following exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP). METHODS Thrombosis in rats was assessed 2, 6 and 24 h after administration of DEP, carbon black (CB; control carbon nanoparticle), DQ12 quartz microparticles (to induce pulmonary inflammation) or saline (vehicle) by either intra-tracheal instillation (0.5 mg, except Quartz; 0.125 mg) or intravenous injection (0.5 mg/kg). Thrombogenicity was assessed by carotid artery occlusion, fibrinolytic variables and platelet-monocyte aggregates. Measures of inflammation were determined in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 were measured following direct in vitro exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to DEP (10-150 μg/mL). RESULTS Instillation of DEP reduced the time to thrombotic occlusion in vivo, coinciding with the peak of DEP-induced pulmonary inflammation (6 h). CB and DQ12 produced greater inflammation than DEP but did not alter time to thrombotic occlusion. Intravenous DEP produced an earlier (2 h) acceleration of thrombosis (as did CB) without pulmonary or systemic inflammation. DEP inhibited t-PA and PAI-1 release from HUVECs, and reduced the t-PA/PAI-1 ratio in vivo; similar effects in vivo were seen with CB and DQ12. DEP, but not CB or DQ12, increased platelet-monocyte aggregates. CONCLUSION DEP accelerates arterial thrombus formation through increased platelet activation. This effect is dissociated from pulmonary and systemic inflammation and from impaired fibrinolytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Tabor
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Catherine A Shaw
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Sarah Robertson
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Mark R Miller
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Universiyt of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Ken Donaldson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Universiyt of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - David E Newby
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Univeristy/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Cao J, Qin G, Shi R, Bai F, Yang G, Zhang M, Lv J. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and activation of MAPKs are involved in apoptosis induced by PM2.5in rat cardiac H9c2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:609-17. [PMID: 26472149 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- The First Clinical Hospital; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 Shanxi Province China
| | - Gang Qin
- The First Clinical Hospital; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 Shanxi Province China
| | - Ruizan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanxi Medical University; Xinjiannanlu 56 Taiyuan 030001 Shanxi Province China
| | - Feng Bai
- The First Clinical Hospital; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 Shanxi Province China
| | - Guangzhao Yang
- The First Clinical Hospital; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 Shanxi Province China
| | - Mingsheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanxi Medical University; Xinjiannanlu 56 Taiyuan 030001 Shanxi Province China
| | - Jiyuan Lv
- The First Clinical Hospital; Shanxi Medical University; Taiyuan 030001 Shanxi Province China
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Cao XN, Yan C, Liu DY, Peng JP, Chen JJ, Zhou Y, Long CL, He DW, Lin T, Shen LJ, Wei GH. Fine particulate matter leads to reproductive impairment in male rats by overexpressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. Toxicol Lett 2015; 237:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mehus AA, Reed RJ, Lee VST, Littau SR, Hu C, Lutz EA, Burgess JL. Comparison of Acute Health Effects From Exposures to Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Emissions. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:705-12. [PMID: 26147538 PMCID: PMC4479787 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the comparative acute health effects associated with exposures to diesel and 75% biodiesel/25% diesel (B75) blend fuel emissions. METHODS We analyzed multiple health endpoints in 48 healthy adults before and after exposures to diesel and B75 emissions in an underground mine setting-lung function, lung and systemic inflammation, novel biomarkers of exposure, and oxidative stress were assessed. RESULTS B75 reduced respirable diesel particulate matter by 20%. Lung function declined significantly more after exposure to diesel emissions. Lung inflammatory cells along with sputum and plasma inflammatory mediators increased significantly to similar levels with both exposures. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was not significantly changed after either exposure. CONCLUSIONS Use of B75 lowered respirable diesel particulate matter exposure and some associated acute health effects, although lung and systemic inflammation were not reduced compared with diesel use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Mehus
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Rustin J. Reed
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Vivien S. T. Lee
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Sally R. Littau
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Eric A. Lutz
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Jefferey L. Burgess
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
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Kelishadi R, Hashemi M, Javanmard SH, Mansourian M, Afshani M, Poursafa P, Sadeghian B, Fakhri M. Effect of particulate air pollution and passive smoking on surrogate biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in healthy children. Paediatr Int Child Health 2014; 34:165-9. [PMID: 24199613 DOI: 10.1179/2046905513y.0000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the association of ambient particulate matter (PM) on surrogate markers of endothelial function and inflammation in healthy children with or without exposure to second-hand smoke. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 in Isfahan, which is the second largest and second most air-polluted city in Iran. The areas of the city with lowest and highest air pollution were determined, and in each area, 25 pre-pubescent boys with or without exposure to daily tobacco smoke at home were selected, i.e. 100 children were studied in total. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. RESULTS Mean (SD) NO concentration was 7·87 (2·18) and 7·75 (2·04) μmol/L for participants not exposed and exposed to passive smoking, respectively, which is not statistically significant. The corresponding figures for CRP concentrations were 1·69 (0·89) and 2·13 (1·19) μg/ml (P = 0·04). Mean (SD) CRP concentration was significantly higher in children living in the highly polluted area than in those in the area of low pollution [2·11 (1·91) vs 1·60 (1·43) μg/ml, respectively, P = 0·02]. This difference was not significant for NO concentration. The regression analysis that examined the association between PM concentration (as independent variable) and CRP and NO levels (as dependent variables) in children not exposed to passive smoking demonstrated that increased PM was associated with a decrease in NO and an increase in CRP concentration. This finding shows that, regardless of passive smoking, PM10 concentration has a significant independent association with serum CRP and is inversely associated with NO levels. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that in healthy children PM concentration has a significant independent association with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.
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Bai N, van Eeden SF. Systemic and vascular effects of circulating diesel exhaust particulate matter. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 25:725-34. [PMID: 24255950 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.844749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have found an association between transiently increased particulate matter air pollution and acute adverse cardiovascular health effects; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear. Translocation of ultra-fine ambient particulate matter has been proposed to play a key role in these acute side effects. This study was designed to determine the contribution of circulating (translocated) diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) to the systemic and vascular effects. METHODS C57 mice (10-week) received intravenous DEPs via tail vein injection. Following 1-h post-injection, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), peripheral blood cell counts, band cell counts, aortic endothelial function and vascular constriction were assessed. Thoracic aortae were isolated, and endothelial function was examined by measuring acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-stimulated vascular relaxation using a wire myograph. In addition, phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated vasoconstriction was also measured. The amount of DEPs deposited and trapped in tissues (the spleen, liver, lungs and heart) were quantified. RESULTS Acute systemic DEP exposure caused a significant increase in TNF-α, peripheral neutrophil and band cell counts. ACh and SNP-induced relaxation were not affected by acute systemic DEP exposure, neither was PE-stimulated constriction. There was a significantly increased DEP deposition in the spleen as well as in the liver. No significantly increased DEPs were detected in the lung and heart. CONCLUSION Here we show that circulating DEPs induce a systemic response characterized by increased TNF-α, peripheral granulocytes, but does not impact endothelial function. Our study also suggests that circulating particles are rapidly removed from the circulation and predominantly sequestered in the spleen and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Bai
- The James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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Robertson S, Thomson AL, Carter R, Stott HR, Shaw CA, Hadoke PWF, Newby DE, Miller MR, Gray GA. Pulmonary diesel particulate increases susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via activation of sensory TRPV1 and β1 adrenoreceptors. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:12. [PMID: 24568236 PMCID: PMC4016506 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have now confirmed the link between short-term exposure to elevated levels of air pollution and increased cardiovascular mortality, but the mechanisms are complex and not completely elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that activation of pulmonary sensory receptors and the sympathetic nervous system underlies the influence of pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particulate on blood pressure, and on the myocardial response to ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS & RESULTS 6 h after intratracheal instillation of diesel exhaust particulate (0.5 mg), myocardial ischemia and reperfusion was performed in anesthetised rats. Blood pressure, duration of ventricular arrhythmia, arrhythmia-associated death, tissue edema and reperfusion injury were all increased by diesel exhaust particulate exposure. Reperfusion injury was also increased in buffer perfused hearts isolated from rats instilled in vivo, excluding an effect dependent on continuous neurohumoral activation or systemic inflammatory mediators. Myocardial oxidant radical production, tissue apoptosis and necrosis were increased prior to ischemia, in the absence of recruited inflammatory cells. Intratracheal application of an antagonist of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 (AMG 9810, 30 mg/kg) prevented enhancement of systolic blood pressure and arrhythmia in vivo, as well as basal and reperfusion-induced myocardial injury ex vivo. Systemic β1 adrenoreceptor antagonism with metoprolol (10 mg/kg) also blocked enhancement of myocardial oxidative stress and reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary diesel exhaust particulate increases blood pressure and has a profound adverse effect on the myocardium, resulting in tissue damage, but also increases vulnerability to ischemia-associated arrhythmia and reperfusion injury. These effects are mediated through activation of pulmonary TRPV1, the sympathetic nervous system and locally generated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gillian A Gray
- BHF/ University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Robertson S, Colombo ES, Lucas SN, Hall PR, Febbraio M, Paffett ML, Campen MJ. CD36 mediates endothelial dysfunction downstream of circulating factors induced by O3 exposure. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:304-11. [PMID: 23650127 PMCID: PMC3707435 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled pollutants induce the release of vasoactive factors into the systemic circulation, but little information is available regarding the nature of these factors or their receptors. The pattern recognition receptor CD36 interacts with many damage-related circulating molecules, leading to activation of endothelial cells and promoting vascular inflammation; therefore, we hypothesized that CD36 plays a pivotal role in mediating cross talk between inhaled ozone (O3)-induced circulating factors and systemic vascular dysfunction. O3 exposure (1 ppm × 4h) induced lung inflammation in wild-type (WT) mice, which was absent in the CD36 deficient (CD36(-/-)) mice. Acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked vasorelaxation was impaired in isolated aortas from O3-exposed WT mice but not in vessels from CD36(-/-) mice. To delineate whether vascular impairments were caused by lung inflammation or CD36-mediated generation of circulating factors, naïve aortas were treated with diluted serum from control or O3-exposed WT mice, which recapitulated the impairments of vasorelaxation observed after inhalation exposures. Aortas from CD36(-/-) mice were insensitive to the effects of O3-induced circulating factors, with robust vasorelaxation responses in the presence of serum from O3-exposed WT mice. Lung inflammation was not a requirement for production of circulating vasoactive factors, as serum from O3-exposed CD36(-/-) mice could inhibit vasorelaxation in naïve WT aortas. These results suggest that O3 inhalation induces the release of circulating bioactive factors capable of impairing vasorelaxation to ACh via a CD36-dependent signaling mechanism. Although lung inflammatory and systemic vascular effects were both dependent on CD36, the presence of circulating factors appears to be independent of CD36 and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Robertson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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Labranche N, El Khattabi C, Dewachter L, Dreyfuss C, Fontaine J, van de Borne P, Berkenboom G, Pochet S. Vascular Oxidative Stress Induced by Diesel Exhaust Microparticles. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:530-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318270f1a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Urankar RN, Lust RM, Mann E, Katwa P, Wang X, Podila R, Hilderbrand SC, Harrison BS, Chen P, Ke PC, Rao AM, Brown JM, Wingard CJ. Expansion of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury after instillation of three forms of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:38. [PMID: 23072542 PMCID: PMC3518151 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The exceptional physical-chemical properties of carbon nanotubes have lead to their use in diverse commercial and biomedical applications. However, their utilization has raised concerns about human exposure that may predispose individuals to adverse health risks. The present study investigated the susceptibility to cardiac ischemic injury following a single exposure to various forms of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). It was hypothesized that oropharyngeal aspiration of MWCNTs exacerbates myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R injury). Methods Oropharyngeal aspiration was performed on male C57BL/6J mice with a single amount of MWCNT (0.01 - 100 μg) suspended in 100 μL of a surfactant saline (SS) solution. Three forms of MWCNTs were used in this study: unmodified, commercial grade (C-grade), and functionalized forms that were modified either by acid treatment (carboxylated, COOH) or nitrogenation (N-doped) and a SS vehicle. The pulmonary inflammation, serum cytokine profile and cardiac ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury were assessed at 1, 7 and 28 days post-aspiration. Results Pulmonary response to MWCNT oropharyngeal aspiration assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) revealed modest increases in protein and inflammatory cell recruitment. Lung histology showed modest tissue inflammation as compared to the SS group. Serum levels of eotaxin were significantly elevated in the carboxylated MWCNT aspirated mice 1 day post exposure. Oropharyngeal aspiration of all three forms of MWCNTs resulted in a time and/or dose-dependent exacerbation of myocardial infarction. The severity of myocardial injury varied with the form of MWCNTs used. The N-doped MWCNT produced the greatest expansion of the infarct at any time point and required a log concentration lower to establish a no effect level. The expansion of the I/R injury remained significantly elevated at 28 days following aspiration of the COOH and N-doped forms, but not the C-grade as compared to SS. Conclusion Our results suggest that oropharyngeal aspiration of MWCNT promotes increased susceptibility of cardiac tissue to ischemia/reperfusion injury without a significant pulmonary inflammatory response. The cardiac injury effects were observed at low concentrations of MWCNTs and presence of MWCNTs may pose a significant risk to the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee N Urankar
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Brody 6N98, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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