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Dayton JR, Marquez J, Romo AK, Chen YJ, Contreras JE, Griffith TN. Thermal escape box: A cost-benefit evaluation paradigm for investigating thermosensation and thermal pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2024; 15:100155. [PMID: 38617105 PMCID: PMC11015515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2024.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Thermosensation, the ability to detect and estimate temperature, is an evolutionarily conserved process that is essential for survival. Thermosensing is impaired in various pain syndromes, resulting in thermal allodynia, the perception of an innocuous temperature as painful, or thermal hyperalgesia, an exacerbated perception of a painful thermal stimulus. Several behavioral assays exist to study thermosensation and thermal pain in rodents, however, most rely on reflexive withdrawal responses or the subjective quantification of spontaneous nocifensive behaviors. Here, we created a new apparatus, the thermal escape box, which can be attached to temperature-controlled plates and used to assess temperature-dependent effort-based decision-making. The apparatus consists of a light chamber with an opening that fits around temperature-controlled plates, and a small entryway into a dark chamber. A mouse must choose to stay in a brightly lit aversive area or traverse the plates to escape to the enclosed dark chamber. We quantified escape latencies of adult C57Bl/6 mice at different plate temperatures from video recordings and found they were significantly longer at 5 °C, 18 °C, and 52 °C, compared to 30 °C, a mouse's preferred ambient temperature. Differences in escape latencies were abolished in male Trpm8-/- mice and in male Trpv1-/- animals. Finally, we show that chronic constriction injury procedures or oxaliplatin treatement significantly increased escape latencies at cold temperatures compared to controls, the later of which was prevented by the analgesic meloxicam. This demonstrates the utility of this assay in detecting cold pain. Collectively, our study has identified a new and effective tool that uses cost-benefit valuations to study thermosensation and thermal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn R. Dayton
- University of California, Davis. Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, 1275 Med Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Jose Marquez
- University of California, Davis. Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, 1275 Med Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Alejandra K. Romo
- University of California, Davis. Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, 1275 Med Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Yi-Je Chen
- University of California, Davis. Department of Pharmacology, 1275 Med Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Jorge E. Contreras
- University of California, Davis. Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, 1275 Med Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Theanne N. Griffith
- University of California, Davis. Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, 1275 Med Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Clements MA, Kwilasz AJ, Litwiler ST, Sents Z, Woodall BJ, Hayashida K, Watkins LR. Intrathecal non-viral interleukin-10 gene therapy ameliorates neuropathic pain as measured by both classical static allodynia and a novel supra-spinally mediated pain assay, the Two-Arm Rodent Somatosensory (TARS) task. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:177-185. [PMID: 37037361 PMCID: PMC10330316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal delivery of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene therapy has been reported to be effective in suppressing pain enhancement in a variety of rodent models. However, all publications that have tested this treatment have relied upon measures of static allodynia (von Frey test) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test). As this plasmid DNA IL-10 (pDNA-IL10) therapeutic approach is now in human clinical trials for multiple pain indications, including intrathecal delivery for human neuropathic pain, it is important to consider the recent concerns raised in the pain field that such tests reflect spinal rather than supraspinal processing of, and responsivity to, noxious stimuli. Consequently, this raises the question of whether intrathecal pDNA-IL10 can reverse established neuropathic pain when assessed by a test requiring supraspinal, rather than solely spinal, mediation of the behavioral response. The present study utilizes the rat sciatic chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain to compare the expression of static allodynia with that of cognitively controlled choice behavior in a two-arm maze, adapted from Hayashida et al. (2019). This modification, termed the Two-Arm Rodent Somatosensory (TARS) task, provides rats free choice to reach a desired goal box via a short "arm" of the maze with tactile probes as flooring versus a longer "arm" of the maze with a smooth surface. Here we demonstrate that static allodynia and avoidance of the nociceptive flooring in TARS develop in parallel over time, and that both behaviors also resolve in parallel following intrathecal pDNA-IL10 gene therapy. Details for the construction and use of this new maze design are also provided. Together, this study documents both: (a) the important finding that intrathecal IL-10 gene therapy does indeed resolve neuropathic pain as measured by a supraspinally-mediated behavioral task, and (b) a new, supraspinally-mediated task that allows behavioral assessments across weeks and allows the analysis of both development and resolution of neuropathic pain by therapeutic interventions. As such, the TARS operant behavior task is an improvement over other approaches such as the mechanical conflict-avoidance system which have difficulties demonstrating development and reversal of pain behavior in a within-subject design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A J Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S T Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Z Sents
- Department of Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B J Woodall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Hayashida
- Pharmacology Department, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ld., Kagoshima, Japan
| | - L R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Modi AD, Parekh A, Pancholi YN. Evaluating Pain Behaviours: Widely Used Mechanical and Thermal Methods in Rodents. Behav Brain Res 2023; 446:114417. [PMID: 37003494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, over 300 million surgical procedures are performed annually, with pain being one of the most common post-operative side effects. During the onset of injury, acute pain plays a protective role in alerting the individual to remove noxious stimuli, while long-lasting chronic pain without any physiological reason is detrimental to the recovery process. Hence, it created an urgent need to better understand the pain mechanism and explore therapeutic targets. Despite the hardship in performing human pain studies due to ethical considerations, clinically relevant rodent pain models provide an excellent opportunity to perform pain studies. Several neurobehavioural tests are used to assess the drug efficacy in rodents to determine avoidance behaviour latency and threshold. This review article provides a methodological overview of mechanical (i.e. von Frey, Mechanical Conflict System) and thermal (i.e. Hargreaves Assay, Hot and Cold Plate, Temperature Place Preference) tests to assess pain in clinically relevant pain rodent models. We further discussed the current modifications of those tests along with their use in literature, the impact of confounding variables, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshat D Modi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.
| | - Anavi Parekh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Yajan N Pancholi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Antinociceptive effect of N-acetyl glucosamine in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2022; 34:260-268. [PMID: 35109948 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2022.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of glucosamine and potential mechanisms of actions in a neuropathic pain model in rats. METHODS Glucosamine (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) was administered via gavage route, 1 day before the chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve and daily for 14 days (prophylactic regimen), or from days 5 to 14 post-injury (therapeutic regimen), as the indicators of neuropathic pain, mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 after ligation. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene expressions were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. TNF-α protein content was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS Three days after nerve injury, the threshold of pain was declined among animals subjected to neuropathic pain. Mechanical and cold allodynia, as well as thermal hyperalgesia were attenuated by glucosamine (500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg) in the prophylactic regimen. However, existing pain was not decreased by this drug. Increased mRNA expression of iNOS and TNF-α was significantly reduced in the spinal cord of CCI animals by glucosamine (500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg) in the prophylactic regimen. The overall expression of spinal TNF-α was increased by CCI, but this increase was reduced in animals receiving glucosamine prophylactic treatment. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that glucosamine as a safe supplement may be a useful candidate in preventing neuropathic pain following nerve injury. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects may be at least in part responsible for the antinociceptive effects of this drug.
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Fahmi A, Aji YK, Aprianto DR, Wido A, Asadullah A, Roufi N, Indiastuti DN, Subianto H, Turchan A. The Effect of Intrathecal Injection of Dextromethorphan on the Experimental Neuropathic Pain Model. Anesth Pain Med 2021; 11:e114318. [PMID: 34540637 PMCID: PMC8438745 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are altered by peripheral nerve injury and may modulate the development of neuropathic pain. Two central pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain are neuroinflammation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent neural plasticity in the spinal cord. Objectives This study examined the effect of the non-competitive NMDAR antagonist dextromethorphan on partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL)-induced neuropathic pain and the spinal expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Methods Male mice were randomly assigned into a sham group and two groups receiving PSL followed by intrathecal saline vehicle or dextromethorphan (iDMP). Vehicle or iDMP was administered 8 - 14 days after PSL. The hotplate paw-withdrawal latency was considered to measure thermal pain sensitivity. The spinal cord was then sectioned and immunostained for GR. Results Thermal hyperalgesia developed similarly in the vehicle and iDMP groups prior to the injections (P = 0.828 and 0.643); however, it was completely mitigated during the iDMP treatment (P < 0.001). GR expression was significantly higher in the vehicle group (55.64 ± 4.50) than in the other groups (P < 0.001). The iDMP group (9.99 ± 0.66) showed significantly higher GR expression than the sham group (6.30 ± 1.96) (P = 0.043). Conclusions The suppression of PLS-induced thermal hyperalgesia by iDMP is associated with the downregulation of GR in the spinal cord, suggesting that this analgesic effect is mediated by inhibiting GR-regulated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achmad Fahmi
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Corresponding Author: Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Yunus Kuntawi Aji
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dirga Rachmad Aprianto
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Akbar Wido
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Asadullah Asadullah
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Danti Nur Indiastuti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Heri Subianto
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Agus Turchan
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Tøttrup L, Atashzar SF, Farina D, Kamavuako EN, Jensen W. Altered evoked low-frequency connectivity from SI to ACC following nerve injury in rats. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33957613 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abfeb9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Despite decades of research on central processing of pain, there are still several unanswered questions, in particular regarding the brain regions that may contribute to this alerting sensation. Since it is generally accepted that more than one cortical area is responsible for pain processing, there is an increasing focus on the interaction between areas known to be involved.Approach. In this study, we aimed to investigate the bidirectional information flow from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in an animal model of neuropathic pain.19 rats (nine controls and ten intervention) had an intracortical electrode implanted with six pins in SI and six pins in ACC, and a cuff stimulation electrode around the sciatic nerve. The intervention rats were subjected to the spared nerve injury (SNI) after baseline recordings. Electrical stimulation at three intensities of both noxious and non-noxious stimulation was used to record electrically evoked cortical potentials. To investigate information flow, two connectivity measures were used: phase lag index (PLI) and granger prediction (GP). The rats were anesthetized during the entire study.Main results. Immediately after the intervention (<5 min after intervention), the high frequency (γandγ+) PLI was significantly decreased compared to controls. In the last recording cycle (3-4 h after intervention), the GP increased consistently in the intervention group. Peripheral nerve injury, as a model of neuropathic pain, resulted in an immediate decrease in information flow between SI and ACC, possibly due to decreased sensory input from the injured nerve. Hours after injury, the connectivity between SI and ACC increased, likely indicating hypersensitivity of this pathway.Significance. We have shown that both a directed and non-directed connectivity between SI and ACC approach can be used to show the acute changes resulting from the SNI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Tøttrup
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - S Farokh Atashzar
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,NYU WIRELESS center, New York University (NYU), New York, NY, USA
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Nlandu Kamavuako
- Department of Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Université de Kindu, Faculté de Médecine, Département des Sciences de base, Maniema, DR Congo
| | - Winnie Jensen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Li J, Zain M, Bonin RP. Differential modulation of thermal preference after sensitization by optogenetic or pharmacological activation of heat-sensitive nociceptors. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211000910. [PMID: 33719729 PMCID: PMC7960897 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Common approaches to studying mechanisms of chronic pain and sensory changes in pre-clinical animal models involve measurement of acute, reflexive withdrawal responses evoked by noxious stimuli. These methods typically do not capture more subtle changes in sensory processing nor report on the consequent behavioral changes. In addition, data collection and analysis protocols are often labour-intensive and require direct investigator interactions, potentially introducing bias. In this study, we develop and characterize a low-cost, easily assembled behavioral assay that yields self-reported temperature preference from mice that is responsive to peripheral sensitization. This system uses a partially automated and freely available analysis pipeline to streamline the data collection process and enable objective analysis. We found that after intraplantar administration of the TrpV1 agonist, capsaicin, mice preferred to stay in cooler temperatures than saline injected mice. We further observed that gabapentin, a non-opioid analgesic commonly prescribed to treat chronic pain, reversed this aversion to higher temperatures. In contrast, optogenetic activation of the central terminals of TrpV1+ primary afferents via in vivo spinal light delivery did not induce a similar change in thermal preference, indicating a possible role for peripheral nociceptor activity in the modulation of temperature preference. We conclude that this easily produced and robust sensory assay provides an alternative approach to investigate the contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms of sensory processing that does not rely on reflexive responses evoked by noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Li
- Department of Human Biology: Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maham Zain
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert P Bonin
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rosyidi RM, Priyanto B, Wardhana DPW, Prihastomo KT, Hikmi S, Turchan A, Rozikin. P2X3 receptor expression in dorsal horn of spinal cord and pain threshold after estrogen therapy for prevention therapy in neuropathic pain. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 60:389-395. [PMID: 33235714 PMCID: PMC7670236 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuropathic pain may arise from conditions that affecting the central or peripheral nervous system. This study was held to determine the difference P2X3 receptor expression in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and pain threshold after estrogen therapy in neuropathic pain. Methods This study design was an experimental research laboratory. The 24 mice samples divided into negative control group, positive control, and treatment groups. The treatment groups were given subcutaneous injections of estrogen 0.4 ml and also examined for the onset of thermal hyperalgesia in every rat. On day 15, an autopsy was performed on rats, and the spine was taken. The spinal cord was stained by hematoxylin-eosin, and the expression of P2X3 receptors was investigated. P2X3 receptor expression was examined in the dorsal horn on each sample. Results From 24 subjects of the study revealed an increase in the onset of thermal hyperalgesia on the estrogen group compared with the placebo group, a higher start. This study also obtained a decrease in the expression of P2X3 on the therapy group compared to the positive control group with significant differences. Statistical test results revealed the appearance of the P2X3 estrogen group had a substantial difference with the placebo group (p = 0.000) and the mean of the negative control group (p = 0.030). The placebo group had a significant difference from the negative control group (p = 0.035). Conclusion Estrogen could decrease the expression of P2X3 receptors and prolonged the onset of thermal hyperalgesia. So, both of these explained that estrogen has a role in preventing the occurrence of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve lesions. Experimental study on mice subjects to determine the difference P2X3 receptor expression in the dorsal horn of spinal cord. Pain threshold after estrogen therapy in neuropathic pain. Estrogen could decrease the expression of P2X3 receptors. Estrogen prolonged the onset of thermal hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohadi Muhammad Rosyidi
- Department of Neurosurgery Medical Faculty of Mataram University, West Nusa Tenggara General Hospital, Mataram, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Priyanto
- Department of Neurosurgery Medical Faculty of Mataram University, West Nusa Tenggara General Hospital, Mataram, Indonesia
| | - Dewa Putu Wisnu Wardhana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Udayana University Hospital, Medical Faculty of Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Krisna Tsaniadi Prihastomo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Medical Center, Semarang, Center Java, Indonesia
| | - Syauq Hikmi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dr. R. Koesma General Hospital Medical Center, Tuban, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Agus Turchan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Medical Center, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Rozikin
- Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar Islamic University, Mataram, Indonesia
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Tøttrup L, Diaz-Valencia G, Kamavuako EN, Jensen W. Modulation of SI and ACC response to noxious and non-noxious electrical stimuli after the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain 2020; 25:612-623. [PMID: 33166003 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current knowledge on the role of SI and ACC in acute pain processing and how these contribute to the development of chronic pain is limited. Our objective was to investigate differences in and modulation of intracortical responses from SI and ACC in response to different intensities of peripheral presumed noxious and non-noxious stimuli in the acute time frame of a peripheral nerve injury in rats. METHODS We applied non-noxious and noxious electrical stimulation pulses through a cuff electrode placed around the sciatic nerve and measured the cortical responses (six electrodes in each cortical area) before and after the spared nerve injury model. RESULTS We found that the peak response correlated with the stimulation intensity and that SI and ACC differed in both amplitude and latency of cortical response. The cortical response to both noxious and non-noxious stimulation showed a trend towards faster processing of non-noxious stimuli in ACC and increased cortical processing of non-noxious stimuli in SI after SNI. CONCLUSIONS We found different responses in SI and ACC to different intensity electrical stimulations based on two features and changes in these features following peripheral nerve injury. We believe that these features may be able to assist to track cortical changes during the chronification of pain in future animal studies. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed distinct cortical processing of noxious and non-noxious peripheral stimuli in SI and ACC. The processing latency in ACC and accumulated spiking activity in SI appeared to be modulated by peripheral nerve injury, which elaborated on the function of these two areas in the processing of nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Tøttrup
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gabriela Diaz-Valencia
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ernest N Kamavuako
- Department of Engineering, King's College London, London, UK.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kindu, Maniema, D.R Congo
| | - Winnie Jensen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Optogenetic Inhibition of CGRPα Sensory Neurons Reveals Their Distinct Roles in Neuropathic and Incisional Pain. J Neurosci 2019; 38:5807-5825. [PMID: 29925650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3565-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous somatosensory neurons convey innocuous and noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli from peripheral tissues to the CNS. Among these are nociceptive neurons that express calcitonin gene-related peptide-α (CGRPα). The role of peripheral CGRPα neurons (CANs) in acute and injury-induced pain has been studied using diphtheria toxin ablation, but their functional roles remain controversial. Because ablation permanently deletes a neuronal population, compensatory changes may ensue that mask the physiological or pathophysiological roles of CANs, particularly for injuries that occur after ablation. Therefore, we sought to define the role of intact CANs in vivo under baseline and injury conditions by using noninvasive transient optogenetic inhibition. We assessed pain behavior longitudinally from acute to chronic time points. We generated adult male and female mice that selectively express the outward rectifying proton pump archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) in CANs, and inhibited their peripheral cutaneous terminals in models of neuropathic (spared nerve injury) and inflammatory (skin-muscle incision) pain using transdermal light activation of Arch. After nerve injury, brief activation of Arch reversed the chronic mechanical, cold, and heat hypersensitivity, alleviated the spontaneous pain, and reversed the sensitized mechanical currents in primary afferent somata. In contrast, Arch inhibition of CANs did not alter incision-induced hypersensitivity. Instead, incision-induced mechanical and heat hypersensitivity was alleviated by peripheral blockade of CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling. These results reveal that CANs have distinct roles in the time course of pain during neuropathic and incisional injuries and suggest that targeting peripheral CANs or CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling could selectively treat neuropathic or postoperative pain, respectively.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The contribution of sensory afferent CGRPα neurons (CANs) to neuropathic and inflammatory pain is controversial. Here, we left CANs intact during neuropathic and perioperative incision injury by using transient transdermal optogenetic inhibition of CANs. We found that peripheral CANs are required for neuropathic mechanical, cold, and heat hypersensitivity, spontaneous pain, and sensitization of mechanical currents in afferent somata. However, they are dispensable for incisional pain transmission. In contrast, peripheral pharmacological inhibition of CGRPα peptide-receptor signaling alleviated the incisional mechanical and heat hypersensitivity, but had no effect on neuropathic pain. These results show that CANs have distinct roles in neuropathic and incisional pain and suggest that their targeting via novel peripheral treatments may selectively alleviate neuropathic versus incisional pain.
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Fotio Y, Aboufares El Alaoui A, Borruto AM, Acciarini S, Giordano A, Ciccocioppo R. Efficacy of a Combination of N-Palmitoylethanolamide, Beta-Caryophyllene, Carnosic Acid, and Myrrh Extract on Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Preclinical Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31316381 PMCID: PMC6610250 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common public health problem that poses a major challenge to basic scientists and health-care providers. NP is a complex problem with an unclear etiology and an often-inadequate response to current medications. Despite the high number of drugs available, their limited pharmacological efficacy and side effects hamper their chronic use. Thus, the search for novel treatments is a priority. In addition to pharmaceuticals, natural extracts and food supplements are often used to help treating patients with NP. One such supplement is Noxiall®, a commercially available combination of N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), beta-caryophyllene; carnosic acid and myrrh. Here, we compare the efficacy of Noxiall® to that of the medications gabapentin and pregabalin in the NP model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) using sciatic nerve ligation in mouse. Following CCI, mice developed a significant increase in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Results showed that administration of either Noxiall®, pregabalin, or gabapentin significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia. The magnitude of the Noxiall® effect was comparable to that of gabapentin or pregabalin. In addition, co-administration of non-effective doses of pregabalin and Noxiall® resulted in a significant decrease in NP, suggesting an additive efficacy. Noxiall® was efficacious also in reducing CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia. These findings support the rationale of using natural remedies in conjunction with classical pharmacological agents to treat chronic NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Fotio
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Borruto
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Samantha Acciarini
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Cognitive impairment in a rat model of neuropathic pain: role of hippocampal microtubule stability. Pain 2019; 159:1518-1528. [PMID: 29613911 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that cognitive impairment is a common comorbid condition of chronic pain. However, the cellular basis for chronic pain-mediated cognitive impairment remains unclear. We report here that rats exhibited memory deficits after spared nerve injury (SNI). We found that levels of stable microtubule (MT) were increased in the hippocampus of the rats with memory deficits. This increase in stable MT is marked by α-tubulin hyperacetylation. Paclitaxel, a pharmacological MT stabilizer, increased the level of stable MT in the hippocampus and induced learning and memory deficits in normal rats. Furthermore, paclitaxel reduced long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices and increased stable MT (evidenced by α-tubulin hyperacetylation) levels in hippocampal neuronal cells. Intracerebroventricular infusion of nocodazole, an MT destabilizer, ameliorated memory deficits in rats with SNI-induced nociceptive behavior. Expression of HDAC6, an α-tubulin deacetylase, was reduced in the hippocampus in rats with cognitive impairment. These findings indicate that peripheral nerve injury (eg, SNI) affects the MT dynamic equilibrium, which is critical to neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity.
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Yezierski RP, Hansson P. Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain From Bench to Bedside: What Went Wrong? THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.12.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Protective Effects of Bogijetong Decoction and Its Selected Formula on Neuropathic Insults in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Animals. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4296318. [PMID: 28900459 PMCID: PMC5576412 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4296318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bogijetong decoction (BGJTD) is a mixture of herbal formulation which is used in the traditional Korean medicine for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by diabetes. Here, we investigated the regulatory effects of BGJTD and its reconstituted decoction subgroups on the neuropathic responses in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic animals. Be decoction (BeD) was formulated by selecting individual herbal components that induced neurite outgrowth most efficiently in each subgroup. BeD induced the neurite outgrowth in DRG neurons most efficiently among decoction subgroups and downregulated the production of TNF-α from the sciatic nerves in STZ-diabetic animals. While the levels of phospho-Erk1/2 were elevated in the sciatic nerves of STZ-diabetic animals by BGJTD and BeD treatments, p38 level was downregulated by BGJTD and BeD. A single herbal component of BeD induced neurite outgrowth comparable to BeD and was involved in the regulation of Erk1/2 activation and TNF-α production in DRG neurons. Oral administration of BGJTD and BeD in STZ-diabetic animals reduced the latency time responding to thermal stimulation. Our results suggest that the reconstituted formulation is as effective as conventional BGJTD in inducing biochemical and behavioral recoveries from the neuropathy in peripheral nerves and thus the experimental reductionism may be applied to develop the methodology for compositional analysis of herbal decoctions.
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Wang PH, Yang CC, Su WR, Wu PT, Cheng SC, Jou IM. Effects of decompression on behavioral, electrophysiologic, and histomorphologic recovery in a chronic sciatic nerve compression model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pain Res 2017; 10:643-652. [PMID: 28360533 PMCID: PMC5365322 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s125693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine susceptibility to decompression surgery in diabetic and nondiabetic peripheral neuropathy using a chronic compression neuropathy model. Materials and methods Twenty-four streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into three groups: group I, chronic compression of the left sciatic nerve for 4 weeks with decompression; group II, similar without decompression; and group III, sham exposing the sciatic nerve only. The other 24 nondiabetic rats were assigned to groups IV–VI, which received compression–decompression, compression, and the sham operation, respectively. Mixed-nerve-elicited somatosensory evoked potentials (M-SSEPs) and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were measured to verify the compression neuropathy in the posttreatment follow-up. Behavioral observations in thermal hyperalgesia tests were quantified before electrophysiologic examinations. Treated and contralateral nerves were harvested for histomorphologic analysis. Results Chronic compression of sciatic nerve induced significant reduction of amplitude and increment of latency of M-SSEP and CMAP in both diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Diabetic group changes were more susceptible. Decompression surgery significantly improved both sensory and motor conduction, thermal hyperalgesia, and the mean myelin diameter of the rat sciatic nerve in both diabetic and nondiabetic groups. Near full recovery of motor and sensory function occurred in the nondiabetic rats, but not in the diabetic rats 8 weeks postdecompression. Conclusion Behavioral, electrophysiologic, and histomorphologic findings indicate that decompression surgery is effective in both diabetic and nondiabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng-Chang Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Wei-Ren Su
- Department of Orthopedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan
| | - Po-Ting Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan
| | | | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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16
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Bujalska-Zadrożny M, Kogut E, de Cordé A, Dawidowski M, Kleczkowska P. Antinociceptive activity of intraperitoneally administered novel and potent anticonvulsive compound, CY-PROLL-SS, in animal neuropathic pain models. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:601-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Harte SE, Meyers JB, Donahue RR, Taylor BK, Morrow TJ. Mechanical Conflict System: A Novel Operant Method for the Assessment of Nociceptive Behavior. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150164. [PMID: 26915030 PMCID: PMC4767889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new operant test for preclinical pain research, termed the Mechanical Conflict System (MCS), is presented. Rats were given a choice either to remain in a brightly lit compartment or to escape to a dark compartment by crossing an array of height-adjustable nociceptive probes. Latency to escape the light compartment was evaluated with varying probe heights (0, .5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm above compartment floor) in rats with neuropathic pain induced by constriction nerve injury (CCI) and in naive control rats. Escape responses in CCI rats were assessed following intraperitoneal administration of pregabalin (10 and 30 mg/kg), morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), and the tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, RP 67580 (1 and 10 mg/kg). Results indicate that escape latency increased as a function of probe height in both naive and CCI rats. Pregabalin (10 and 30 mg/kg) and morphine (5 mg/kg), but not RP 67580, decreased latency to escape in CCI rats suggesting an antinociceptive effect. In contrast, morphine (10 mg/kg) but not pregabalin (30 mg/kg) increased escape latency in naive rats suggesting a possible anxiolytic action of morphine in response to light-induced fear. No order effects following multiple test sessions were observed. We conclude that the MCS is a valid method to assess behavioral signs of affective pain in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Harte
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica B. Meyers
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Renee R. Donahue
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bradley K. Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Morrow
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Salte K, Lea G, Franek M, Vaculin S. Baclofen reversed thermal place preference in rats with chronic constriction injury. Physiol Res 2015; 65:349-55. [PMID: 26447518 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic constriction injury to the sciatic nerve was used as an animal model of neuropathic pain. Instead of frequently used reflex-based tests we used an operant thermal place preference test to evaluate signs of neuropathic pain and the effect of baclofen administration in rats with neuropathy. Chronic constriction injury was induced by four loose ligations of the sciatic nerve. Thermal place preference (45 °C vs. 22 °C and 45 °C vs. 11 °C) was measured after the ligation and after the administration of baclofen in sham and experimental rats. Rats with the chronic constriction injury spent significantly less time on the colder plate compared to sham operated animals at the combination 45 °C vs. 11 °C. After administration of baclofen (10 mg/kg s.c.), the aversion to the colder plate in rats with chronic constriction injury disappeared. At the combination 45 °C vs. 22 °C, no difference in time spent on colder and/or warmer plate was found between sham and experimental animals. These findings show the importance of cold allodynia evaluation in rats with chronic constriction injury and the effectiveness of baclofen in this neuropathic pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Salte
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Clifford JL, Mares A, Hansen J, Averitt DL. Preemptive perineural bupivacaine attenuates the maintenance of mechanical and cold allodynia in a rat spinal nerve ligation model. BMC Anesthesiol 2015; 15:135. [PMID: 26444970 PMCID: PMC4596364 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-015-0113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain is evasive to treat once developed, however evidence suggests that local administration of anesthetics near the time of injury reduces the development of neuropathic pain. As abnormal electrical signaling in the damaged nerve contributes to the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain, local administration of anesthetics prior to injury may reduce its development. We hypothesized that local treatment with bupivacaine prior to nerve injury in a rat model of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) would attenuate the initiation and/or maintenance of neuropathic pain behaviors. Methods On the day prior to SNL, baseline measures of pre-injury mechanical, thermal, and/or cold sensitivity were recorded in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. Immediately prior to SNL or sham treatment, the right L5 nerve was perineurally bathed in either 0.05 mL bupivacaine (0.5 %) or sterile saline (0.9 %) for 30 min. Mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and/or cold allodynia were then examined at 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days following SNL. Results Rats exhibited both mechanical and cold allodynia, but not thermal hyperalgesia, within 3 days and up to 21 days post-SNL. No significant pain behaviors were observed in sham controls. Preemptive local bupivacaine significantly attenuated both mechanical and cold allodynia as early as 10 days following SNL compared to saline controls and were not significantly different from sham controls. Conclusions These data indicate that local treatment with bupivacaine prior to surgical manipulations that are known to cause nerve damage may protect against the maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Clifford
- Pain Management Research Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alberto Mares
- Pain Management Research Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Hansen
- Pain Management Research Area, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dayna L Averitt
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, PO Box 425799, Denton, TX, 76204-5799, USA.
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Amin B, Hajhashemi V, Hosseinzadeh H. Minocycline potentiates the anti-hyperalgesic effect of ceftriaxone in CCI-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Res Pharm Sci 2015; 10:34-42. [PMID: 26430455 PMCID: PMC4578210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate neurotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokines have an important role in the central sensitization of neuropathic pain. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate anti-hyperalgesic effect of repeated administration of ceftriaxone, which selectively activates and increases the expression of glutamate transporter, as well as minocycline, a selective inhibitor of microglia activation, either alone or together in Wistar rats subjected to the chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve. Ceftriaxone (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) and minocycline (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally from the day of surgery for seven consecutive days. Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed by focal radiant heat source on the hind paw of animals one day before surgery and on 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days following that. Ceftriaxone dose dependently, attenuated thermal hyperalgesia in animals. None of the administered doses of minocycline affected the CCI induced-thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic animals. A fixed dose of minocycline (50 mg/kg) combined with three different doses of ceftriaxone administered for 7 consecutive days yielded a potentiating effect in the enhancing latency time to noxious thermal stimulus remaining until the 14th day post-surgery. The results suggest that modulation of microglia activity could have a supportive role in the improvement of CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and combination of such classes of drugs which have no antibiotic effects could be a new and promising therapeutic strategy for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, I.R. Iran
| | - V. Hajhashemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran,Corresponding author: V. Hajhashemi Tel: 0098 31 37922630, Fax: 0098 31 36680011
| | - H. Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
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21
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Tappe-Theodor A, Kuner R. Studying ongoing and spontaneous pain in rodents - challenges and opportunities. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1881-90. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Tappe-Theodor
- Institute of Pharmacology; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 366 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 366 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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22
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Piotrowska M. Transferring morality to human-nonhuman chimeras. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2014; 14:4-12. [PMID: 24521325 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.868951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human-nonhuman chimeras have been the focus of ethical controversies for more than a decade, yet some related issues remain unaddressed. For example, little has been said about the relationship between the origin of transferred cells and the morally relevant capacities to which they may give rise. Consider, for example, a developing mouse fetus that receives a brain stem cell transplant from a human and another that receives a brain stem cell transplant from a dolphin. If both chimeras acquire morally relevant capacities as a result of transplantation, and if those capacities are indistinguishable, should the difference in cell origin matter to how we classify these creatures? I argue that if morally relevant capacities are easy to detect, cell origin is irrelevant to how the chimera ought to be treated. However, if such capacities are hard to detect, cell origin should play a role in considerations about how to treat the chimera.
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23
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Bhalla S, Ali I, Andurkar SV, Gulati A. Centhaquin antinociception in mice is mediated by α2A- and α2B- but not α2C-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 715:328-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Becerra L, Navratilova E, Porreca F, Borsook D. Analogous responses in the nucleus accumbens and cingulate cortex to pain onset (aversion) and offset (relief) in rats and humans. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1221-6. [PMID: 23785130 PMCID: PMC3763092 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00284.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) appears to reflect affective and motivational aspects of pain. The responses of this reward-aversion circuit to relief of pain, however, have not been investigated in detail. Moreover, it is not clear whether brain processing of the affective qualities of pain in animals parallels the mechanisms observed in humans. In the present study, we analyzed fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity separately in response to an onset (aversion) and offset (reward) of a noxious heat stimulus to a dorsal part of a limb in both humans and rats. We show that pain onset results in negative activity change in the NAc and pain offset produces positive activity change in the ACC and NAc. These changes were analogous in humans and rats, suggesting that translational studies of brain circuits modulated by pain are plausible and may offer an opportunity for mechanistic investigation of pain and pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Becerra
- P.A.I.N. Group, Children's Hospital of Boston, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
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25
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Tétreault P, Beaudet N, Perron A, Belleville K, René A, Cavelier F, Martinez J, Stroh T, Jacobi AM, Rose SD, Behlke MA, Sarret P. Spinal NTS2 receptor activation reverses signs of neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2013; 27:3741-52. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Tétreault
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | - Nicolas Beaudet
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | - Amélie Perron
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Karine Belleville
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | - Adeline René
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUnité Mixte de Recherche‐Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR‐CNRS)‐5247Universités Montpellier I and IIMontpellierFrance
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUnité Mixte de Recherche‐Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR‐CNRS)‐5247Universités Montpellier I and IIMontpellierFrance
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronUnité Mixte de Recherche‐Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR‐CNRS)‐5247Universités Montpellier I and IIMontpellierFrance
| | - Thomas Stroh
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
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Cortright DN, Matson DJ, Broom DC. New frontiers in assessing pain and analgesia in laboratory animals. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:1099-108. [PMID: 23506182 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.9.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translating promising analgesic compounds into reliable pain therapeutics in humans is made particularly challenging by the difficulty in measuring the pain quantitatively. This problem is manifest not only in clinical settings in which patient pain assessments involve mostly subjective measures but also in preclinical settings wherein laboratory animals, most commonly rodents, are typically evaluated in stimulus-evoked response tests. OBJECTIVE Given the limitations of traditional pain tests, we sought out new approaches to measure pain, and analgesia, in laboratory animals. METHODS We reviewed the peer reviewed literature to identify pain tests that could be utilized in preclinical settings to understand the effects of new and established analgesics. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The tests identified include weight bearing differential, suppression of feeding, reduction in locomotor activity, gait analysis, conditioning models and functional MRI. Although the pharmacology of known and new analgesics has not been broadly established in these models, they hold the promise of better predictive utility for the discovery of pain relievers.
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The application of conditioning paradigms in the measurement of pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 716:158-68. [PMID: 23500202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a private experience that involves both sensory and emotional components. Animal studies of pain can only be inferred by their responses, and therefore the measurement of reflexive responses dominates the pain literature for nearly a century. It has been argued that although reflexive responses are important to unveil the sensory nature of pain in organisms, pain affect is equally important but largely ignored in pain studies primarily due to the lack of validated animal models. One strategy to begin to understand pain affect is to use conditioning principles to indirectly reveal the affective condition of pain. This review critically analyzed several procedures that are thought to measure affective learning of pain. The procedures regarding the current knowledge, the applications, and their advantages and disadvantages in pain research are discussed. It is proposed that these procedures should be combined with traditional reflex-based pain measurements in future studies of pain, which could greatly benefit both the understanding of neural underpinnings of pain and preclinical assessment of novel analgesics.
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Brownjohn PW, Ashton JC. Microglial encapsulation of motor neurons in models of neuropathic pain: a confound in pain assessment? Eur J Pain 2012; 16:459-60. [PMID: 22337524 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Morgan D, Mitzelfelt JD, Koerper LM, Carter CS. Effects of morphine on thermal sensitivity in adult and aged rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 67:705-13. [PMID: 22193548 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are contradictory data regarding older individuals' sensitivity to pain stimulation and opioid administration. Adult (12-16 months; n = 10) and aged (27-31 months; n = 7) male F344xBN rats were tested in a thermal sensitivity procedure where the animal chooses to remain in one of two compartments with floors maintained at various temperatures ranging from hot (45°C) through neutral (30°C) to cold (15°C). Effects of morphine were determined for three temperature comparisons (ie, hot/neutral, cold/neutral, and hot/cold). Aged rats were more sensitive to cold stimulation during baseline. Morphine produced antinociception during hot thermal stimulation, but had no effect on cold stimulation. The antinociceptive (and locomotor-altering) effects of morphine were attenuated in aged rats. These data demonstrate age-related differences in baseline thermal sensitivity and responsiveness to opioids. Based on behavioral and physiological requirements of this procedure, it is suggested that thermal sensitivity may provide a relevant animal model for the assessment of pain and antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Migita K, Tomiyama M, Yamada J, Fukuzawa M, Kanematsu T, Hirata M, Ueno S. Phenotypes of pain behavior in phospholipase C-related but catalytically inactive protein type 1 knockout mice. Mol Pain 2011; 7:79. [PMID: 22008183 PMCID: PMC3215965 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-related inactive protein (PRIP) plays important roles in trafficking to the plasma membrane of GABA(A) receptor, which is involved in the dominant inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and plays an important role in nociceptive transmission. However, the role of PRIP in pain sensation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the phenotypes of pain behaviors in PRIP type 1 knockout (PRIP-1 (-/-)) mice. The mutant mice showed hyperalgesic responses in the second phase of the formalin test and the von Frey test as compared with those in wild-type mice. In situ hybridization studies of GABA(A) receptors revealed significantly decreased expression of γ2 subunit mRNA in the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord in PRIP-1 (-/-) mice, but no difference in α1 subunit mRNA expression. β2 subunit mRNA expression was significantly higher in PRIP-1 (-/-) mice than in wild-type mice in all areas of the spinal cord. On the other hand, the slow decay time constant for the spontaneous inhibitory current was significantly increased by treatment with diazepam in wild-type mice, but not in PRIP-1 (-/-) mice. These results suggest that PRIP-1 (-/-) mice exhibit the changes of the function and subunits expression of GABA(A) receptor in the spinal cord, which may be responsible for abnormal pain sensation in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Migita
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
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Sotocinal SG, Sorge RE, Zaloum A, Tuttle AH, Martin LJ, Wieskopf JS, Mapplebeck JCS, Wei P, Zhan S, Zhang S, McDougall JJ, King OD, Mogil JS. The Rat Grimace Scale: a partially automated method for quantifying pain in the laboratory rat via facial expressions. Mol Pain 2011; 7:55. [PMID: 21801409 PMCID: PMC3163602 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated the utility of quantifying spontaneous pain in mice via the blinded coding of facial expressions. As the majority of preclinical pain research is in fact performed in the laboratory rat, we attempted to modify the scale for use in this species. We present herein the Rat Grimace Scale, and show its reliability, accuracy, and ability to quantify the time course of spontaneous pain in the intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant, intraarticular kaolin-carrageenan, and laparotomy (post-operative pain) assays. The scale's ability to demonstrate the dose-dependent analgesic efficacy of morphine is also shown. In addition, we have developed software, Rodent Face Finder®, which successfully automates the most labor-intensive step in the process. Given the known mechanistic dissociations between spontaneous and evoked pain, and the primacy of the former as a clinical problem, we believe that widespread adoption of spontaneous pain measures such as the Rat Grimace Scale might lead to more successful translation of basic science findings into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana G Sotocinal
- Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Morgan D, Carter CS, Dupree JP, Yezierski RP, Vierck CJ. Evaluation of prescription opioids using operant-based pain measures in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 16:367-75. [PMID: 18837633 PMCID: PMC5479417 DOI: 10.1037/a0013520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are the most effective compounds available for the relief of pain, yet there are a number of side effects that are of great concern to clinicians. For example, opioids are powerful reinforcers, and the treatment of pain using opioids could lead to the development of addiction. In addition, there is an increasing body of literature demonstrating that the repeated administration of opioids could lead to a phenomenon called opioid-induced hyperalgesia (i.e., increased sensitivity to painful stimulation). Studies examining these potential adverse effects are necessary in the development of novel analgesics. Furthermore, most studies of pain sensitivity and pain relief use reflex-based procedures to identify analgesics; however, it is argued here that operant-based procedures provide measures that are more analogous to the human condition (i.e., the mechanisms of pain are similar to those in humans) and should be useful in the assessment of novel analgesics. A series of studies examining the effects of opioids and the influence of variables such as age are discussed to demonstrate the utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Malcom Randall VA Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) at the Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, Institute on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine
| | - Jameson P. Dupree
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, College of Medicine, and Institute of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert P. Yezierski
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Charles J. Vierck
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Mayer EA, Bradesi S, Chang L, Spiegel BMR, Bueller JA, Naliboff BD. Functional GI disorders: from animal models to drug development. Gut 2008; 57:384-404. [PMID: 17965064 PMCID: PMC4130737 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts by academic researchers and by the pharmaceutical industry, the development of novel pharmacological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders has been slow and disappointing. The traditional approach to identifying and evaluating novel drugs for these symptom-based syndromes has relied on a fairly standard algorithm using animal models, experimental medicine models and clinical trials. In the current article, the empirical basis for this process is reviewed, focusing on the utility of the assessment of visceral hypersensitivity and GI transit, in both animals and humans, as well as the predictive validity of preclinical and clinical models of IBS for identifying successful treatments for IBS symptoms and IBS-related quality of life impairment. A review of published evidence suggests that abdominal pain, defecation-related symptoms (urgency, straining) and psychological factors all contribute to overall symptom severity and to health-related quality of life. Correlations between readouts obtained in preclinical and clinical models and respective symptoms are small, and the ability to predict drug effectiveness for specific as well as for global IBS symptoms is limited. One possible drug development algorithm is proposed which focuses on pharmacological imaging approaches in both preclinical and clinical models, with decreased emphasis on evaluating compounds in symptom-related animal models, and more rapid screening of promising candidate compounds in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mayer
- UCLA Center for Neurovisceral Sciences & Women's Health, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
| | - S Bradesi
- UCLA Center for Neurovisceral Sciences & Women’s Health, Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L Chang
- UCLA Center for Neurovisceral Sciences & Women’s Health, Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B M R Spiegel
- UCLA Center for Neurovisceral Sciences & Women’s Health, Departments of Medicine, Center for Outcomes Research and Education, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J A Bueller
- UCLA Center for Neurovisceral Sciences & Women’s Health, Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B D Naliboff
- UCLA Center for Neurovisceral Sciences & Women’s Health, Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Jabakhanji R, Foss JM, Berra HH, Centeno MV, Apkarian AV, Chialvo DR. Inflammatory and neuropathic pain animals exhibit distinct responses to innocuous thermal and motoric challenges. Mol Pain 2006; 2:1. [PMID: 16393346 PMCID: PMC1351167 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Most current methods for assessing pain in animals are based on reflexive measures and require constant interaction between the observer and the animal. Here we explore two new fully automated methods to quantify the impact of pain on the overall behavior of the organism. Both methods take advantage of the animals' natural preference for a dark environment. We used a box divided into two compartments: dark and bright. In the motoric operant task, "AngleTrack", one end of the box was raised so that the animals had to climb uphill to go from the light to the dark compartment. In the thermal operant task, "ThermalTrack", the floor of the dark compartment was heated to a given temperature, while the light compartment remained at 25°C. Rats were individually placed in the light box and their crossing between chambers monitored automatically for 30 minutes. The angle of the box, or the temperature of the dark compartment, was altered to challenge the animals' natural preference. We test the hypothesis that different models of pain (inflammatory or neuropathic) can be differentiated based on performance on these devices. Three groups of rats were tested at five different challenge levels on both tasks: 1) normal, 2) neuropathic injury pain (Spared Nerve Injury), and 3) inflammatory pain (intraplantar injection of Carrageenan). We monitored the position of the animals as well as their rate of switching between compartments. We find significant differences between the three groups and between the challenge levels both in their average position with respect to time, and in their switching rates. This suggests that the angle-track and thermal-track may be useful in assessing automatically the global impact of different types of pain on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Jabakhanji
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Ave, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer M Foss
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Ave, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hugo H Berra
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Ave, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maria V Centeno
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Ave, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - A Vania Apkarian
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Ave, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dante R Chialvo
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Ave, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
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