1
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Emre M, Karamazi Y, Emre T, Avci Ç, Aydin C, Ebrahimi S, Pekmezekmek AB. The effect of 6GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on rat pain perception. Electromagn Biol Med 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38521997 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2024.2331134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents data on pain perception in rats exposed to 6 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). Rats were divided into two groups: control (n = 10, 4 replicates per test) and RF-EMR exposed group (n = 10, 4 replicates per test). Nociceptive responses of the groups were measured using rodent analgesiometry. Rats were divided into control and RF-EMR exposed groups. Nociceptive responses were measured using rodent analgesiometry. RF-EMR exposed rats had a 15% delay in responding to hot plate thermal stimulation compared to unexposed rats. The delay in responding to radiant heat thermal stimulation was 21%. We determined that RF-EMR promoted the occurrence of pressure pain as statistical significance by + 42% (p < 0.001). We observed that RF-EMR exposure increased nociceptive pain by + 35% by promoting cold plate stimulation (p < 0.05). RF-EMR exposure did not affect thermal preference as statistical significance but did support the formation of pressure pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Emre
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Yasin Karamazi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Toygar Emre
- Department of Industry, Faculty of Engineering, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Çağrı Avci
- Department of Virology, Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Cagatay Aydin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Sonia Ebrahimi
- Department of Electrical-Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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2
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Haro D, Pauly GB, Liwanag HEM. Rapid Physiological Plasticity in Response to Cold Acclimation for Nonnative Italian Wall Lizards ( Podarcis siculus) from New York. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:356-368. [PMID: 37713717 DOI: 10.1086/726163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThermal physiology helps us understand how ectotherms respond to novel environments and how they persist when introduced to new locations. Researchers generally measure thermal physiology traits immediately after animal collection or after a short acclimation period. Because many of these traits are plastic, the conclusions drawn from such research can vary depending on the duration of the acclimation period. In this study, we measured the rate of change and extent to which cold tolerance (critical thermal minimum [CTmin]) of nonnative Italian wall lizards (Podarcis siculus) from Hempstead, New York, changed during a cold acclimation treatment. We also examined how cold acclimation affected heat tolerance (critical thermal maximum [CTmax]), thermal preference (Tpref), evaporative water loss (EWL), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). We predicted that CTmin, CTmax, and Tpref would decrease with cold acclimation but that EWL and RMR would increase with cold acclimation. We found that CTmin decreased within 2 wk and that it remained low during the cold acclimation treatment; we suspect that this cold tolerance plasticity reduces risk of exposure to lethal temperatures during winter for lizards that have not yet found suitable refugia. CTmax and Tpref also decreased after cold acclimation, while EWL, RMR, and RER increased after cold acclimation, suggesting trade-offs with cold acclimation in the form of decreased heat tolerance and increased energy demands. Taken together, our findings suggest that cold tolerance plasticity aids the persistence of an established population of invasive lizards. More generally, our findings highlight the importance of accounting for the plasticity of physiological traits when investigating how invasive species respond to novel environments.
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MacDonald CR, Choi JE, Hong CC, Repasky EA. Consideration of the importance of measuring thermal discomfort in biomedical research. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:589-598. [PMID: 37330365 PMCID: PMC10619709 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Core temperature stability is the result of a dynamically regulated balance of heat loss and gain, which is not reflected by a simple thermometer reading. One way in which these changes manifest is in perceived thermal comfort, 'feeling too cold' or 'feeling too hot', which can activate stress pathways. Unfortunately, there is surprisingly little preclinical research that tracks changes in perceived thermal comfort in response to either disease progression or various treatments. Without measuring this endpoint, there may be missed opportunities to evaluate disease and therapy outcomes in murine models of human disease. Here, we discuss the possibility that changes in thermal comfort in mice could be a useful and physiologically relevant measure of energy trade-offs required under various physiological or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Jee Eun Choi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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4
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Youngsteadt E, Prado SG, Keleher KJ, Kirchner M. Can behaviour and physiology mitigate effects of warming on ectotherms? A test in urban ants. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:568-579. [PMID: 36642830 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to have pervasive effects on the diversity and distribution of species, particularly ectotherms whose body temperatures depend on environmental temperatures. However, these impacts remain difficult to predict, in part because ectotherms may adapt or acclimate to novel conditions or may use behavioural thermoregulation to reduce their exposure to stressful microclimates. Here we examine the potential for physiological and behavioural changes to mitigate effects of environmental warming on five species of ants in a temperate forest habitat subject to urban warming. We worked in eight urban and eight non-urban forest sites in North Carolina, USA; sites experienced a 1.1°C range of mean summer air temperatures. At each site, we documented species-specific microclimates (ant operative temperatures, Te ) and ant activity on a transect of 14 bait stations at three times of day. In the laboratory, we measured upper thermal tolerance (CTmax ) and thermal preference (Tpref ) for each focal species. We then asked whether thermal traits shifted at hotter sites, and whether ants avoided non-preferred microclimates in the field. CTmax and Tpref did not increase at warmer sites, indicating that these populations did not adapt or acclimate to urban warming. Consistent with behavioural thermoregulation, four of the five species were less likely to occupy baits where Te departed from Tpref . Apparent thermoregulation resulted from fixed diel activity patterns that helped ants avoid the most inappropriate temperatures but did not compensate for daily or spatial temperature variation: Hotter sites had hotter ants. This study uses a novel approach to detect behavioural thermoregulation and sublethal warming in foraging insects. The results suggest that adaptation and behaviour may not protect common temperate forest ants from a warming climate, and highlight the need to evaluate effects of chronic, sublethal warming on small ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Youngsteadt
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara Guiti Prado
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kirsten Joanna Keleher
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Kirchner
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Raber VL, Pritchett RK, Robbins LA, Stewart KR, Gaskill BN, Green-Miller AR, Johnson JS. Evaluating the temperature preferences of sexually mature Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire boars. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad060. [PMID: 37334246 PMCID: PMC10276552 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An accurate understanding of boar temperature preferences may allow the swine industry to design and utilize environmental control systems in boar facilities more precisely. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the temperature preferences of sexually mature Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire boars. Eighteen, 8.57 ± 0.10-mo-old boars (N = 6 Duroc, 6 Landrace, and 6 Yorkshire; 186.25 ± 2.25 kg) were individually tested in thermal apparatuses (12.20 m × 1.52 m × 1.86 m) that allowed free choice of their preferred temperature within a 8.92 to 27.92 ºC range. For analyses, the apparatuses were divided into five thermal zones (3.71 m2/thermal zone) with temperature recorded 1.17 m above the floor in the middle of each zone. Target temperatures for thermal zones 1 to 5 were 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ºC, respectively. All boars were given a 24-h acclimation phase followed by a 24-h testing phase within the thermal apparatuses. Daily feed allotments (3.63 kg/d) were provided to each boar and all boars were allowed to consume all feed prior to entering the thermal apparatus. Water was provided ad libitum within the thermal apparatuses with 1 waterer per thermal zone. During testing, boars were video recorded continuously to evaluate behavior (inactive, active, or other), posture (lying, standing, or other), and thermal zone the boar occupied. All parameters were recorded in 15 min intervals using instantaneous scan sampling. Data were analyzed using GLM in JMP 15. For the analyses, only time spent lying or inactive were used because they were observed most frequently (lying 80.02%, inactive 77.64%) and were deemed to be associated with comfort based on previous research. Percent time spent active (19.73%) or standing (15.87%) were associated with latrine or drinking activity and were too low to accurately analyze as an indicator of thermal preference. Breed did not affect temperature preference (P > 0.05). A cubic regression model determined that boars spent the majority of their time inactive at 25.50 ºC (P < 0.01) and lying (both sternal and lateral) at 25.90 ºC (P < 0.01). These data suggest that boar thermal preferences did not differ by breed and that boars prefer temperatures at the upper end of current guidelines (10.00 to 25.00 ºC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lindsey A Robbins
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kara R Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brianna N Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angela R Green-Miller
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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6
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Wang L, Zhang M, Yang J, Yin H. Effects of body geometry, body composition, cardio-pulmonary capacity, and fitness on young men's thermal preference. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e13007. [PMID: 35225386 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated principal parameters affecting individual differences of thermal preference. 36 male college students were selected from three thermal preference groups by a questionnaire, including 10 of cool preference (Gcp), 17 of neutral preference (Gnp), and 9 of warm preference (Gwp). Subsequently, their thermal preferences were further examined by a human trial in a climate chamber. Once significant differences were found between groups, subjects' 57 parameters, including body geometry, body composition, cardio-pulmonary capacity, and physical fitness, were measured. Compared to Gwp, Gcp had higher weight (80.0 vs. 64.2 kg), body mass index (BMI) (26 vs. 20.8 kg·m-2 ), body surface area (BSA) (1.94 vs. 1.78 m2 ), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (87.29% vs. 80.23%), body circumferences (except for forearm circumference), skinfold thickness of all the local parts, volume of expired air (VE) (50.97 vs. 40.81 L/min), and body fat rate (BFR) (24.44% vs. 14.07%), but had a lower specific surface area (SSA) (0.02477 vs. 0.02791 m2 /kg), resting metabolic rate (RMR) per kilogram (1.21 vs. 1.47 W/kg), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (65.30 vs. 74.69 mmHg), and percentages of muscle (71.17% vs. 80.95%), total water (55.35% vs. 63.14%), skeletal muscle (42.47% vs. 47.94%), protein (14.90% vs. 16.94%), inorganic salt (5.29% vs. 5.86%), and bone mineral (0.044% vs. 0.048%). Among these parameters, body fat and SSA played a dominant role (accounting for 85.76%) in explaining individual differences in thermal preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- College of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Haiguo Yin
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
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7
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Robbins LA, Green-Miller AR, Lay DC, Schinckel AP, Johnson JS, Gaskill BN. Evaluation of sow thermal preference across three stages of reproduction. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6312682. [PMID: 34197578 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic heat production of modern pigs has increased by an average of 16%, compared with sows of 30 years ago. Therefore, it is likely that temperature recommendations require updating to meet the needs of modern pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether different reproductive stages of sows altered thermal preference and if current recommendations required updating. Twenty multiparous sows (3.4 ± 1.2 parity) in different reproductive stages (nonpregnant: n = 7; mid-gestation: 58.5 ± 5.68 d, n = 6; and late-gestation: 104.7 ± 2.8 d, n = 7) were tested. Thermal preference was individually tested, and sows could freely choose a temperature, using a thermal gradient between 10.4 and 30.5 °C. Sows were given 24 h to acclimate to the thermal apparatus. Before testing began, sows were given daily feed allotment and returned to the apparatus. Video from the 24-h test period was used to record sow behavior (time spent inactive), posture (upright and sternal and lateral lying), and location using instantaneous scan samples every 15 min. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. A cubic regression model was used to calculate the sow's most preferred temperature based on the location, or temperature, in which they spent the most time. The preference range was calculated using peak temperature preference ±SE for each sow. The reproductive stage altered where sows spent their time within the thermal gradient (P < 0.01). Late-gestation sows preferred cooler temperatures (14.0 °C) than mid-gestation (14.8 °C; P < 0.01) and nonpregnant sows (14.8 °C; P < 0.01). In summary, sow thermal preferences were within the lower half of the current recommended range (10 to 25 °C). This indicates that temperatures at the higher end of the recommended range could be uncomfortable to sows and that the thermal comfort zone of sows may be narrower than recommendations indicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Robbins
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angela R Green-Miller
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Donald C Lay
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jay S Johnson
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brianna N Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Zhu YX, Song ZR, Zhang YY, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY. Spider Mites Singly Infected With Either Wolbachia or Spiroplasma Have Reduced Thermal Tolerance. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706321. [PMID: 34305877 PMCID: PMC8292952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritable symbionts play an essential role in many aspects of host ecology in a temperature-dependent manner. However, how temperature impacts the host and their interaction with endosymbionts remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of moderate (20°C) and high (30 and 35°C) temperatures on symbioses between the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus and two maternally inherited endosymbionts (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma). We found that the thermal tolerance of mites (as measured by survival after heat exposure) was lower for mites that were singly infected with either Wolbachia or Spiroplasma than it was for co-infected or uninfected mites. Although a relatively high temperature (30°C) is thought to promote bacterial replication, rearing at high temperature (35°C) resulted in losses of Wolbachia and particularly Spiroplasma. Exposing the mites to 20°C reduced the density and transmission of Spiroplasma but not Wolbachia. The four spider mite strains tested differed in the numbers of heat shock genes (Hsps) induced under moderate or high temperature exposure. In thermal preference (Tp) assays, the two Wolbachia-infected spider mite strains preferred a lower temperature than strains without Wolbachia. Our results show that endosymbiont-mediated spider mite responses to temperature stress are complex, involving a combination of changing endosymbiont infection patterns, altered thermoregulatory behavior, and transcription responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Applied Entomology, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Rong Song
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Yin Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Robbins LA, Green-Miller AR, Johnson JS, Gaskill BN. One Is the Coldest Number: How Group Size and Body Weight Affect Thermal Preference in Weaned Pigs (3 to 15 kg). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1447. [PMID: 34070010 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exposure to thermal stress can negatively impact an animals’ overall welfare, resulting in decreased body condition, slower growth rates, and in severe cases, mortality. Understanding the thermal comfort of pigs can help producers reduce thermal stress and improve the overall well-being of these animals. To understand pigs’ thermal comfort, this study utilized temperature preference with weaned pigs by allowing them to select from a range of temperatures within a thermal apparatus. However, temperature preference is complicated given that a variety of factors can influence thermal comfort. Previous research has indicated that temperature preference is altered based on the number of individuals tested as this can alter their thermal comfort. Social aggregation, through huddling, results in greater heat conservation and animals find cooler temperatures more comfortable. Thus, this study looked at how social groups and different body weight could influence the temperature preference of pigs. Results showed that individual pigs preferred warmer temperatures compared to those in groups of 2 and 4, and that heavier pigs preferred cooler temperatures compared to medium- and lightweight pigs. This study demonstrates that a greater number of individuals perceive a cooler temperature as being within their comfort zone, whereas an individual does not have access to the thermal benefits of social aggregation. Abstract Housing pigs within their thermal comfort zone positively impacts productivity and performance. However, fundamental information on behavioral thermoregulatory responses of individual and group-housed pigs is meager. As a gregarious species, pigs prefer to be near one another, touching and often huddling. As pigs huddle together, they decrease their heat loss to the environment by decreasing exposed surface area and increasing mass. Additionally, pigs gain weight rapidly as they age. As an individual grows, their ability to withstand lower temperatures increases. We hypothesized that group size would alter pig thermal preference and that thermal preference would change based upon body weight. Thirty-six groups of pigs (n = 2 pigs/group) were tested in a factorial design based on group size (1, 2, or 4) and weight category (small: 5.20 ± 1.15 kg; medium: 8.79 ± 1.30 kg; and large: 13.95 ± 1.26 kg) in both sexes. Treatment groups were placed inside a chamber with a controlled thermal gradient (4.6 m × 0.9 m × 0.9 m; L × W × H) that ranged in temperature from 18 to 30 °C. Pigs habituated to the gradient for 24 h. The following 24 h testing period was continuously video recorded and each pig’s location during inactivity (~70% daily budget) within the thermal apparatus was recorded every 10 min via instantaneous scan sampling. Data were analyzed using a GLM and log10 + 0.001 transformed for normality. Tukey tests and Bonferroni-corrected custom tests were used for post hoc comparisons. Peak temperature preference was determined by the maximum amount of time spent at a specific temperature. Both group size (p = 0.001) and weight category (p < 0.001) influenced the thermal location choice of pigs. Individual pigs preferred 30.31 °C, which differed from a group of 2 (20.0 °C: p = 0.003) and 4 pigs (20.0 °C: p < 0.001). The peak temperature preference of the small pigs (30.2 °C) differed from the large pigs (20.0 °C: p < 0.001) but did not differ from the medium-sized pigs (28.4 °C: p > 0.05). Overall, heavier pigs and larger groups preferred cooler temperatures.
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10
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Ibargüengoytía NR, Medina M, Laspiur A, Qu YF, Peralta CAR, Sinervo B, Miles DB. Looking at the past to infer into the future: Thermal traits track environmental change in Liolaemidae. Evolution 2021; 75:2348-2370. [PMID: 33939188 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of habitats generated by the Andes uplift resulted a mosaic of heterogeneous environments in South America for species to evolve a variety of ecological and physiological specializations. Species in the lizard family Liolaemidae occupy a myriad of habitats in the Andes. Here, we analyze the tempo and mode of evolution in the thermal biology of liolaemids. We assessed whether there is evidence of local adaptation (lability) or conservatism (stasis) in thermal traits. We tested the hypothesis that abiotic factors (e.g., geography, climate) rather than intrinsic factors (egg-laying [oviparous] or live-bearing [viviparous], substrate affinity) explain variation in field active body temperature (Tb ), preferred temperature (Tp ), hours of restriction of activity, and potential hours of activity. Although most traits exhibited high phylogenetic signal, we found variation in thermal biology was shaped by geography, climate, and ecological diversity. Ancestral character reconstruction showed shifts in Tb tracked environmental change in the past ∼20,000 years. Thermal preference is 3°C higher than Tb , yet exhibited a lower rate of evolution than Tb and air temperature. Viviparous Liolaemus have lower Tb s than oviparous species, whereas Tp is high for both modes of reproduction, a key difference that results in a thermal buffer for viviparous species to cope with global warming. The rapid increase in environmental temperatures expected in the next 50-80 years in combination with anthropogenic loss of habitats are projected to cause extirpations and extinctions in oviparous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Ruth Ibargüengoytía
- Ecophysiology and Life History of Reptiles: Research Laboratory. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Marlin Medina
- CIEMEP, CONICET. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco sede Esquel, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Laspiur
- Ecophysiology and Life History of Reptiles: Research Laboratory. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Coastal Sciences Building, 130, McAllister Way, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95065, USA.,Deceased
| | - Donald B Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, 131 Life Sciences Building, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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11
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Małek DK, Czarnoleski M. Thermal Preferences of Cowpea Seed Beetles ( Callosobruchus maculatus): Effects of Sex and Nuptial Gift Transfers. Insects 2021; 12:insects12040310. [PMID: 33915679 PMCID: PMC8066898 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The thermal environment is crucial for organismal functioning, and many cold-blooded organisms, including insects, behaviorally regulate their body temperature. Why do insects inhabit given thermal conditions? We propose that access to water affects thermal preference and that insects with poor access to water inhabit colder environments, which reduces evaporation and preserves water. We studied the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, which, as adults, do not drink or eat; however, males provide their mates with sperm, as well as nuptial gifts, including nutrients and water sources. We compared preferred temperatures between males and females that had access to mates or remained unmated and measured the sizes of the transferred gifts. We found that females preferred higher temperatures than males, but these preferences did not change due to mating or the transfer of larger or smaller gifts. It appears that males and females receive and lose certain amounts of water during mating, but they do not alter their thermal preferences according to the amount of water they receive or lose. Abstract The thermal environment influences insect performance, but the factors affecting insect thermal preferences are rarely studied. We studied Callosobruchus maculatus seed beetles and hypothesized that thermal preferences are influenced by water balance, with individuals with limited water reserves preferring cooler habitats to reduce evaporative water loss. Adult C. maculatus, in their flightless morph, do not consume food or water, but a copulating male provides a female with a nuptial gift of ejaculate containing nutrients and water. We hypothesized that gift recipients would prefer warmer habitats than gift donors and that both sexes would plastically adjust their thermal preferences according to the size of the transferred gift. We measured the thermal preference in each sex in individuals that were mated once or were unmated. In the mated group, we measured the sizes of the nuptial gifts and calculated proportional body mass changes in each mate during copulation. Supporting the role of water balance in thermal preference, females preferred warmer habitats than males. Nevertheless, thermal preferences in either sex were not affected by mating status or gift size. It is likely that high rates of mating and gift transfers in C. maculatus living under natural conditions promoted the evolution of constitutive sex-dependent thermal preferences.
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Nay TJ, Longbottom RJ, Gervais CR, Johansen JL, Steffensen JF, Rummer JL, Hoey AS. Regulate or tolerate: Thermal strategy of a coral reef flat resident, the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum. J Fish Biol 2021; 98:723-732. [PMID: 33206373 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly variable thermal environments, such as coral reef flats, are challenging for marine ectotherms and are thought to invoke the use of behavioural strategies to avoid extreme temperatures and seek out thermal environments close to their preferred temperatures. Common to coral reef flats, the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) possesses physiological adaptations to hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions, such as those experienced on reef flats, but little is known regarding the thermal strategies used by these sharks. We investigated whether H. ocellatum uses behavioural thermoregulation (i.e., movement to occupy thermally favourable microhabitats) or tolerates the broad range of temperatures experienced on the reef flat. Using an automated shuttlebox system, we determined the preferred temperature of H. ocellatum under controlled laboratory conditions and then compared this preferred temperature to 6 months of in situ environmental and body temperatures of individual H. ocellatum across the Heron Island reef flat. The preferred temperature of H. ocellatum under controlled conditions was 20.7 ± 1.5°C, but the body temperatures of individual H. ocellatum on the Heron Island reef flat mirrored environmental temperatures regardless of season or month. Despite substantial temporal variation in temperature on the Heron Island reef flat (15-34°C during 2017), there was a lack of spatial variation in temperature across the reef flat between sites or microhabitats. This limited spatial variation in temperature creates a low-quality thermal habitat limiting the ability of H. ocellatum to behaviourally thermoregulate. Behavioural thermoregulation is assumed in many shark species, but it appears that H. ocellatum may utilize other physiological strategies to cope with extreme temperature fluctuations on coral reef flats. While H. ocellatum appears to be able to tolerate acute exposure to temperatures well outside of their preferred temperature, it is unclear how this, and other, species will cope as temperatures continue to rise and approach their critical thermal limits. Understanding how species will respond to continued warming and the strategies they may use will be key to predicting future populations and assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Nay
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rohan J Longbottom
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Connor R Gervais
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii, USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Sałat K, Furgała-Wojas A, Awtoniuk M, Sałat R. Wide-Range Measurement of Thermal Preference-A Novel Method for Detecting Analgesics Reducing Thermally-Evoked Pain in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030612. [PMID: 33503911 PMCID: PMC7866141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wide use of oxaliplatin as an antitumor drug is limited by severe neuropathy with pharmacoresistant cold hypersensitivity as the main symptom. Novel analgesics to attenuate cold hyperalgesia and new methods to detect drug candidates are needed. Methods: We developed a method to study thermal preference of oxaliplatin-treated mice and assessed analgesic activity of intraperitoneal duloxetine and pregabalin used at 30 mg/kg. A prototype analgesiameter and a broad range of temperatures (0–45 °C) were used. Advanced methods of image analysis (deep learning and machine learning) enabled us to determine the effectiveness of analgesics. The loss or reversal of thermal preference of oxaliplatin-treated mice was a measure of analgesia. Results: Duloxetine selectively attenuated cold-induced pain at temperatures between 0 and 10 °C. Pregabalin-treated mice showed preference towards a colder plate of the two used at temperatures between 0 and 45 °C. Conclusion: Unlike duloxetine, pregabalin was not selective for temperatures below thermal preferendum. It influenced pain sensation at a much wider range of temperatures applied. Therefore, for the attenuation of cold hypersensitivity duloxetine seems to be a better than pregabalin therapeutic option. We propose wide-range measurements of thermal preference as a novel method for the assessment of analgesic activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-62-05-555
| | - Anna Furgała-Wojas
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michał Awtoniuk
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 164 Nowoursynowska St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Robert Sałat
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
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14
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Li J, Zain M, Bonin RP. Differential modulation of thermal preference after sensitization by optogenetic or pharmacological activation of heat-sensitive nociceptors. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211000910. [PMID: 33719729 PMCID: PMC7960897 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Common approaches to studying mechanisms of chronic pain and sensory changes in pre-clinical animal models involve measurement of acute, reflexive withdrawal responses evoked by noxious stimuli. These methods typically do not capture more subtle changes in sensory processing nor report on the consequent behavioral changes. In addition, data collection and analysis protocols are often labour-intensive and require direct investigator interactions, potentially introducing bias. In this study, we develop and characterize a low-cost, easily assembled behavioral assay that yields self-reported temperature preference from mice that is responsive to peripheral sensitization. This system uses a partially automated and freely available analysis pipeline to streamline the data collection process and enable objective analysis. We found that after intraplantar administration of the TrpV1 agonist, capsaicin, mice preferred to stay in cooler temperatures than saline injected mice. We further observed that gabapentin, a non-opioid analgesic commonly prescribed to treat chronic pain, reversed this aversion to higher temperatures. In contrast, optogenetic activation of the central terminals of TrpV1+ primary afferents via in vivo spinal light delivery did not induce a similar change in thermal preference, indicating a possible role for peripheral nociceptor activity in the modulation of temperature preference. We conclude that this easily produced and robust sensory assay provides an alternative approach to investigate the contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms of sensory processing that does not rely on reflexive responses evoked by noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Li
- Department of Human Biology: Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maham Zain
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert P Bonin
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Skandalis DA, Dobell CD, Shaw JC, Tattersall GJ. Hydrogen sulfide exposure reduces thermal set point in zebrafish. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:200416. [PMID: 33391778 PMCID: PMC7735326 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural flexibility allows ectotherms to exploit the environment to govern their metabolic physiology, including in response to environmental stress. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a widespread environmental toxin that can lethally inhibit metabolism. However, H2S can also alter behaviour and physiology, including a hypothesized induction of hibernation-like states characterized by downward shifts of the innate thermal set point (anapyrexia). Support for this hypothesis has proved controversial because it is difficult to isolate active and passive components of thermoregulation, especially in animals with high resting metabolic heat production. Here, we directly test this hypothesis by leveraging the natural behavioural thermoregulatory drive of fish to move between environments of different temperatures in accordance with their current physiological state and thermal preference. We observed a decrease in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) preferred body temperature with exposure to 0.02% H2S, which we interpret as a shift in the thermal set point. Individuals exhibited consistent differences in shuttling behaviour and preferred temperatures, which were reduced by a constant temperature magnitude during H2S exposure. Seeking lower temperatures alleviated H2S-induced metabolic stress, as measured by reduced rates of aquatic surface respiration. Our findings highlight the interactions between individual variation and sublethal impacts of environmental toxins on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Glenn J. Tattersall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St Catharines, Ontario, CanadaL2S 3A1
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16
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Ouadah NS, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Thermal Sensitivity in the Rat. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17207563. [PMID: 33080941 PMCID: PMC7589172 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization and the French Health Safety Agency (ANSES) recognize that the expressed pain and suffering of electromagnetic field hypersensitivity syndrome (EHS) people are a lived reality requiring daily life adaptations to cope. Mechanisms involving glutamatergic N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors were not explored yet, despite their possible role in hypersensitivity to chemicals. Here, we hypothesized that radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures may affect pain perception under a modulatory role played by the NMDA receptor. The rats were exposed to RF-EMF for four weeks (five times a week, at 0 (sham), 1.5 or 6 W/kg in restraint) or were cage controls (CC). Once a week, they received an NMDA or saline injection before being scored for their preference between two plates in the two-temperatures choice test: 50 °C (thermal nociception) versus 28 °C. Results in the CC and the sham rats indicated that latency to escape from heat was significantly reduced by −45% after NMDA, compared to saline treatment. Heat avoidance was significantly increased by +40% in the 6 W/kg, compared to the sham exposed groups. RF-EMF effect was abolished after NMDA treatment. In conclusion, heat avoidance was higher after high brain-averaged specific absorption rate, affording further support for possible effect of RF-EMF on pain perception. Further studies need to be performed to confirm these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal S. Ouadah
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (N.S.O.); (K.B.)
- Unité mixte PERITOX UMI-01 INERIS CHU Amiens-Picardie Hôpital Sud, 80480 Salouël, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (N.S.O.); (K.B.)
- Unité mixte PERITOX UMI-01 INERIS CHU Amiens-Picardie Hôpital Sud, 80480 Salouël, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (N.S.O.); (K.B.)
- Unité mixte PERITOX UMI-01 INERIS CHU Amiens-Picardie Hôpital Sud, 80480 Salouël, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-3-4455-6261
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17
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Littlefair JE, Hrenchuk LE, Blanchfield PJ, Rennie MD, Cristescu ME. Thermal stratification and fish thermal preference explain vertical eDNA distributions in lakes. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:3083-3096. [PMID: 32888228 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made towards surveying animal and plant communities using DNA isolated from environmental samples. Despite rapid progress, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the "ecology" of environmental DNA (eDNA), particularly its temporal and spatial distribution and how this is shaped by abiotic and biotic processes. Here, we tested how seasonal variation in thermal stratification and animal habitat preferences influences the distribution of eDNA in lakes. We sampled eDNA depth profiles of five dimictic lakes during both summer stratification and autumn turnover, each containing warm- and cool-water fishes as well as the cold-water stenotherm, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Habitat use by S. namaycush was validated by acoustic telemetry and was significantly related to eDNA distribution during stratification. Fish eDNA became "stratified" into layers during summer months, reflecting lake stratification and the thermal niches of the species. During summer months, S. namaycush, which rarely ventured into shallow waters, could only be detected at the deepest layers of the lakes, whereas the eDNA of warm-water fishes was much more abundant above the thermocline. By contrast, during autumn lake turnover, the fish species assemblage as detected by eDNA was homogenous throughout the water column. These findings contribute to our overall understanding of the "ecology" of eDNA within lake ecosystems, illustrating how the strong interaction between seasonal thermal structure in lakes and thermal niches of species on very localized spatial scales influences our ability to detect species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul J Blanchfield
- IISD Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Rennie
- IISD Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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18
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Battles AC, Kolbe JJ. Miami heat: Urban heat islands influence the thermal suitability of habitats for ectotherms. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:562-576. [PMID: 30388300 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The urban heat island effect, where urban areas exhibit higher temperatures than less-developed suburban and natural habitats, occurs in cities across the globe and is well understood from a physical perspective and at broad spatial scales. However, very little is known about how thermal variation caused by urbanization influences the ability of organisms to live in cities. Ectotherms are sensitive to environmental changes that affect thermal conditions, and therefore, increased urban temperatures may pose significant challenges to thermoregulation and alter temperature-dependent activity. To evaluate whether these changes to the thermal environment affect the persistence and dispersal of ectothermic species in urban areas, we studied two species of Anolis lizards (Anolis cristatellus and Anolis sagrei) introduced to Miami-Dade County, FL, USA, where they occur in both urban and natural habitats. We calculated canopy openness and measured operative temperature (Te ), which estimates the distribution of body temperatures in a non-thermoregulating population, in four urban and four natural sites. We also captured lizards throughout the day and recorded their internal body temperature (Tb ). We found that urban areas had more open canopies and higher Te compared to natural habitats. Laboratory trials showed that A. cristatellus preferred lower temperatures than A. sagrei. Urban sites currently occupied by each species appear to lower thermoregulatory costs for both species, but only A. sagreihad field Tb that were more often within their preferred temperature range in urban habitats compared to natural areas. Furthermore, based on available Te within each species' preferred temperature range, urban sites with only A. sagrei appear less suitable for A. cristatellus, whereas natural sites with only A. cristatellus are less suitable for A. sagrei. These results highlight how the thermal properties of urban areas contribute to patterns of persistence and dispersal, particularly relevant for studying species invasions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Battles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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19
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Martínková N, Pikula J, Zukal J, Kovacova V, Bandouchova H, Bartonička T, Botvinkin AD, Brichta J, Dundarova H, Kokurewicz T, Irwin NR, Linhart P, Orlov OL, Piacek V, Škrabánek P, Tiunov MP, Zahradníková A. Hibernation temperature-dependent Pseudogymnoascus destructans infection intensity in Palearctic bats. Virulence 2018; 9:1734-1750. [PMID: 36595968 PMCID: PMC10022473 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1548685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans that is devastating to Nearctic bat populations but tolerated by Palearctic bats. Temperature is a factor known to be important for fungal growth and bat choice of hibernation. Here we investigated the effect of temperature on the pathogenic fungal growth in the wild across the Palearctic. We modelled body surface temperature of bats with respect to fungal infection intensity and disease severity and were able to relate this to the mean annual surface temperature at the site. Bats that hibernated at lower temperatures had less fungal growth and fewer skin lesions on their wings. Contrary to expectation derived from laboratory P. destructans culture experiments, natural infection intensity peaked between 5 and 6°C and decreased at warmer hibernating temperature. We made predictive maps based on bat species distributions, temperature and infection intensity and disease severity data to determine not only where P. destructans will be found but also where the infection will be invasive to bats across the Palearctic. Together these data highlight the mechanistic model of the interplay between environmental and biological factors, which determine progression in a wildlife disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martínková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander D Botvinkin
- Epidemiology Department, Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Jiri Brichta
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heliana Dundarova
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Environmental Risk Assessment and Conservation Biology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tomasz Kokurewicz
- Institute of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Palaeontology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Petr Linhart
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg L Orlov
- International Complex Research Laboratory for Study of Climate Change, Land Use and Biodiversity, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russian Federation.,Department of Biochemistry, Ural State Medical University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Piacek
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Škrabánek
- Department of Process Control, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Automation and Computer Science, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mikhail P Tiunov
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra Zahradníková
- Department of Muscle Cell Research, Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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20
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Macnaughton CJ, Kovachik C, Charles C, Enders EC. Using the shuttlebox experimental design to determine temperature preference for juvenile Westslope Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi). Conserv Physiol 2018; 6:coy018. [PMID: 29692899 PMCID: PMC5906927 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Temperature preference for various fishes has often been used as a proxy of optimal temperature for growth and metabolism due to the ease of obtaining preferred temperature zones in laboratory experiments. Several laboratory designs and methods have been proposed to examine preferred temperature zones, however, differences between them (i.e. thermal gradients vs. static temperatures in chambers and duration of acclimation/experimental periods) have led to varying measurements, precluding comparisons between experiments, species and/or life-stages. Juvenile Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), a species listed as threatened in Alberta and of special concern in British Columbia, were tested in an automated shuttlebox experimental design (Loligo® Systems) to determine average and ranges of temperature preference (Tpref) and occupied temperatures. Previous lab studies suggested that Westslope Cutthroat Trout (WCT) prefer temperatures around 15°C, however, we found that average daytime Tpref for lab-reared juvenile WCT was substantially higher at 18.6°C, with occupied temperatures ranging between 11.9°C and 26.0°C throughout the duration of trials. This seems to indicate that despite constant lab-rearing conditions of 12°C, juvenile WCT may tolerate and even prefer warmer water temperatures. The duration of the acclimation period (1h, 12 h and 24 h) did not have an effect on Tpref, however, Tpref differed significantly for variable trial durations (12 h, 24 h and 36 h). A closer look at thermal trends throughout trials revealed that photoperiod significantly influenced Tpref, as nighttime temperature preference reached consistently 26°C. Collectively, these results suggest that shuttlebox experiments on WCT need to take into account the photoperiod, as behaviour may drive Tpref more so than the duration of acclimation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Kovachik
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N6
| | - Colin Charles
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N6
| | - Eva C Enders
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N6
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21
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Nelson D, Benstead JP, Huryn AD, Cross WF, Hood JM, Johnson PW, Junker JR, Gíslason GM, Ólafsson JS. Experimental whole-stream warming alters community size structure. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:2618-2628. [PMID: 27868314 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
How ecological communities respond to predicted increases in temperature will determine the extent to which Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem functioning can be maintained into a warmer future. Warming is predicted to alter the structure of natural communities, but robust tests of such predictions require appropriate large-scale manipulations of intact, natural habitat that is open to dispersal processes via exchange with regional species pools. Here, we report results of a two-year whole-stream warming experiment that shifted invertebrate assemblage structure via unanticipated mechanisms, while still conforming to community-level metabolic theory. While warming by 3.8 °C decreased invertebrate abundance in the experimental stream by 60% relative to a reference stream, total invertebrate biomass was unchanged. Associated shifts in invertebrate assemblage structure were driven by the arrival of new taxa and a higher proportion of large, warm-adapted species (i.e., snails and predatory dipterans) relative to small-bodied, cold-adapted taxa (e.g., chironomids and oligochaetes). Experimental warming consequently shifted assemblage size spectra in ways that were unexpected, but consistent with thermal optima of taxa in the regional species pool. Higher temperatures increased community-level energy demand, which was presumably satisfied by higher primary production after warming. Our experiment demonstrates how warming reassembles communities within the constraints of energy supply via regional exchange of species that differ in thermal physiological traits. Similar responses will likely mediate impacts of anthropogenic warming on biodiversity and ecosystem function across all ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Wyatt F Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - James M Hood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Philip W Johnson
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - James R Junker
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Gísli M Gíslason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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22
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Ormerod KG, LePine OK, Abbineni PS, Bridgeman JM, Coorssen JR, Mercier AJ, Tattersall GJ. Drosophila development, physiology, behavior, and lifespan are influenced by altered dietary composition. Fly (Austin) 2017; 11:153-170. [PMID: 28277941 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2017.1304331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet profoundly influences the behavior of animals across many phyla. Despite this, most laboratories using model organisms, such as Drosophila, use multiple, different, commercial or custom-made media for rearing their animals. In addition to measuring growth, fecundity and longevity, we used several behavioral and physiological assays to determine if and how altering food media influence wild-type (Canton S) Drosophila melanogaster, at larval, pupal, and adult stages. Comparing 2 commonly used commercial food media we observed several key developmental and morphological differences. Third-instar larvae and pupae developmental timing, body weight and size, and even lifespan significantly differed between the 2 diets, and some of these differences persisted into adulthood. Diet was also found to produce significantly different thermal preference, locomotory capacity for geotaxis, feeding rates, and lower muscle response to hormonal stimulation. There were no differences, however, in adult thermal preferences, in the number or viability of eggs laid, or in olfactory learning and memory between the diets. We characterized the composition of the 2 diets and found particularly significant differences in cholesterol and (phospho)lipids between them. Notably, diacylglycerol (DAG) concentrations vary substantially between the 2 diets, and may contribute to key phenotypic differences, including lifespan. Overall, the data confirm that 2 different diets can profoundly influence the behavior, physiology, morphology and development of wild-type Drosophila, with greater behavioral and physiologic differences occurring during the larval stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel G Ormerod
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , ON , Canada
| | - Olivia K LePine
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , ON , Canada
| | - Prabhodh S Abbineni
- b Department of Molecular Physiology, and the WSU Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine , Western Sydney University , Penrith , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Justin M Bridgeman
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , ON , Canada
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , ON , Canada.,b Department of Molecular Physiology, and the WSU Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine , Western Sydney University , Penrith , New South Wales , Australia.,c Faculty of Graduate Studies, Department of Health Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , ON , Canada
| | - A Joffre Mercier
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , ON , Canada
| | - Glenn J Tattersall
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , ON , Canada
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23
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Rogers R, Rowe S, Morgan MJ. Depth and temperature associations of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus off southern Newfoundland. J Fish Biol 2016; 89:2306-2325. [PMID: 27716923 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using data collected as part of offshore surveys conducted during 1972-2013, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus association patterns with depth and temperature in southern Newfoundland waters, the northern extremity of the species' range in the western Atlantic Ocean, were quantified. They were typically concentrated in the deep warm waters along the narrow shelf slope in North-west Atlantic Fisheries Organization Divisions 3O and 3P with individuals moving seasonally into the shallow waters of the banks as they warmed. While M. aeglefinus were found over a range of depths and temperatures, they were primarily located at depths deeper and temperatures warmer than the median sampled. Analyses demonstrated that of the two hydrographic variables assessed, temperature was most influential in structuring distribution, with individuals appearing to change depth in order to maintain similar temperature throughout the year. Melanogrammus aeglefinus were found predominantly in temperatures of c. 4-8° C which often represented some of the warmest waters available. Differences in fish-habitat association patterns in relation to sex or maturity status were not readily apparent from the analyses. Warming conditions off Newfoundland and Labrador in recent years might be predicted to improve local M. aeglefinus productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rogers
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - S Rowe
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, P. O. Box 4920, St John's, NL, A1C 5R3, Canada
| | - M J Morgan
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, P. O. Box 5667, St John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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24
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Cerqueira M, Rey S, Silva T, Featherstone Z, Crumlish M, MacKenzie S. Thermal preference predicts animal personality in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1389-400. [PMID: 27219014 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental temperature gradients provide habitat structure in which fish orientate and individual thermal choice may reflect an essential integrated response to the environment. The use of subtle thermal gradients likely impacts upon specific physiological and behavioural processes reflected as a suite of traits described by animal personality. In this study, we examine the relationship between thermal choice, animal personality and the impact of infection upon this interaction. We predicted that thermal choice in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reflects distinct personality traits and that under a challenge individuals exhibit differential thermal distribution. Nile tilapia were screened following two different protocols: 1) a suite of individual behavioural tests to screen for personality and 2) thermal choice in a custom-built tank with a thermal gradient (TCH tank) ranging from 21 to 33 °C. A first set of fish were screened for behaviour and then thermal preference, and a second set were tested in the opposite fashion: thermal then behaviour. The final thermal distribution of the fish after 48 h was assessed reflecting final thermal preferendum. Additionally, fish were then challenged using a bacterial Streptococcus iniae model infection to assess the behavioural fever response of proactive and reactive fish. Results showed that individuals with preference for higher temperatures were also classified as proactive with behavioural tests and reactive contemporaries chose significantly lower water temperatures. All groups exhibited behavioural fever recovering personality-specific thermal preferences after 5 days. Our results show that thermal preference can be used as a proxy to assess personality traits in Nile tilapia and it is a central factor to understand the adaptive meaning of animal personality within a population. Importantly, response to infection by expressing behavioural fever overrides personality-related thermal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cerqueira
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sonia Rey
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Tome Silva
- SPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Zoe Featherstone
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Margaret Crumlish
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Pathfoot Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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25
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Noronha-de-Souza CR, Bovo RP, Gargaglioni LH, Andrade DV, Bícego KC. Thermal biology of the toad Rhinella schneideri in a seminatural environment in southeastern Brazil. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:554-62. [PMID: 27227075 PMCID: PMC4843925 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1096437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The toad, Rhinella schneideri, is a large-bodied anuran amphibian with a broad distribution over South America. R. schneideri is known to be active at night during the warm/rainy months and goes into estivation during the dry/cold months; however, there is no data on the range of body temperatures (Tb) experienced by this toad in the field, and how environmental factors, thermoregulatory behaviors or activity influence them. By using implantable temperature dataloggers, we provide an examination of Tb variation during an entire year under a seminatural setting (emulating its natural habitat) monitored with thermosensors. We also used data on preferred Tb, allowing us to express the effectiveness of thermoregulation quantitatively. Paralleling its cycle of activity, R. schneideri exhibited differences in its daily and seasonal profile of Tb variation. During the active season, toads spent daytime hours in shelters and, therefore, did not explore microhabitats with higher thermal quality, such as open areas in the sun. At nighttime, the thermal suitability of microhabitats shifted as exposed microhabitats experienced greater temperature drops than the more insulated shelter. As toads became active at night, they were driven to the more exposed areas and, as a result, thermoregulatory effectiveness decreased. Our results, therefore, indicate that, during the active season, a compromise between thermoregulation and nocturnal activity may be at play. During the estivation period, R. schneideri spent the entire day cycle inside the shelter. As toads did not engage in nocturnal activity in those areas with low thermal quality, the overall effectiveness of thermoregulation was, indeed, elevated. In conclusion, we showed that daily and seasonal variation in Tb of an anuran species is highly associated with their respective pattern of activity and may involve important physiological and ecological compromises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael P Bovo
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Bioscience; São Paulo State University ; Rio Claro; São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences; São Paulo State University; Jaboticabal; São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada)
| | - Denis V Andrade
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Bioscience; São Paulo State University; Rio Claro; São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada)
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology; College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences; São Paulo State University; Jaboticabal; São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology - Comparative Physiology (INCT- Fisiologia Comparada)
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26
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Webber MM, Gibbs AG, Rodríguez-Robles JA. Hot and not-so-hot females: reproductive state and thermal preferences of female Arizona Bark Scorpions (Centruroides sculpturatus). J Evol Biol 2015; 28:368-75. [PMID: 25495081 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For ectotherms, environmental temperatures influence numerous life history characteristics, and the body temperatures (Tb ) selected by individuals can affect offspring fitness and parental survival. Reproductive trade-offs may therefore ensue for gravid females, because temperatures conducive to embryonic development may compromise females' body condition. We tested whether reproduction influenced thermoregulation in female Arizona Bark Scorpions (Centruroides sculpturatus). We predicted that gravid females select higher Tb and thermoregulate more precisely than nonreproductive females. Gravid C. sculpturatus gain body mass throughout gestation, which exposes larger portions of their pleural membrane, possibly increasing their rates of transcuticular water loss in arid environments. Accordingly, we tested whether gravid C. sculpturatus lose water faster than nonreproductive females. We determined the preferred Tb of female scorpions in a thermal gradient and measured water loss rates using flow-through respirometry. Gravid females preferred significantly higher Tb than nonreproductive females, suggesting that gravid C. sculpturatus alter their thermoregulatory behaviour to promote offspring fitness. However, all scorpions thermoregulated with equal precision, perhaps because arid conditions create selective pressure on all females to thermoregulate effectively. Gravid females lost water faster than nonreproductive animals, indicating that greater exposure of the pleural membrane during gestation enhances the desiccation risk of reproductive females. Our findings suggest that gravid C. sculpturatus experience a trade-off, whereby selection of higher Tb and increased mass during gestation increase females' susceptibility to water loss, and thus their mortality risk. Elucidating the mechanisms that influence thermal preferences may reveal how reproductive trade-offs shape the life history of ectotherms in arid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Webber
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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27
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Goller M, Goller F, French SS. A heterogeneous thermal environment enables remarkable behavioral thermoregulation in Uta stansburiana. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3319-29. [PMID: 25535549 PMCID: PMC4228607 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectotherms can attain preferred body temperatures by selecting specific temperature microhabitats within a varied thermal environment. The side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana may employ microhabitat selection to thermoregulate behaviorally. It is unknown to what degree habitat structural complexity provides thermal microhabitats for thermoregulation. Thermal microhabitat structure, lizard temperature, and substrate preference were simultaneously evaluated using thermal imaging. A broad range of microhabitat temperatures was available (mean range of 11°C within 1-2 m(2)) while mean lizard temperature was between 36°C and 38°C. Lizards selected sites that differed significantly from the mean environmental temperature, indicating behavioral thermoregulation, and maintained a temperature significantly above that of their perch (mean difference of 2.6°C). Uta's thermoregulatory potential within a complex thermal microhabitat structure suggests that a warming trend may prove advantageous, rather than detrimental for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Goller
- Department of Biology, Utah State UniversityLogan, Utah, 84322-5305
| | - Franz Goller
- Department of Biology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, Utah, 84112-0840
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28
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Li F, Kwon YS, Bae MJ, Chung N, Kwon TS, Park YS. Potential impacts of global warming on the diversity and distribution of stream insects in South Korea. Conserv Biol 2014; 28:498-508. [PMID: 24372690 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the East Asian monsoon region is one of the richest environments in terms of biodiversity. The region is undergoing rapid human development, yet its river ecosystems have not been well studied. Global warming represents a major challenge to the survival of species in this region and makes it necessary to assess and reduce the potential consequences of warming on species of conservation concern. We projected the effects of global warming on stream insect (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera [EOPT]) diversity and predicted the changes of geographical ranges for 121 species throughout South Korea. Plecoptera was the most sensitive (decrease of 71.4% in number of species from the 2000s through the 2080s) order, whereas Odonata benefited (increase of 66.7% in number of species from the 2000s through the 2080s) from the effects of global warming. The impact of global warming on stream insects was predicted to be minimal prior to the 2060s; however, by the 2080s, species extirpation of up to 20% in the highland areas and 2% in the lowland areas were predicted. The projected responses of stream insects under global warming indicated that species occupying specific habitats could undergo major reductions in habitat. Nevertheless, habitat of 33% of EOPT (including two-thirds of Odonata and one-third of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) was predicted to increase due to global warming. The community compositions predicted by generalized additive models varied over this century, and a large difference in community structure in the highland areas was predicted between the 2000s and the 2080s. However, stream insect communities, especially Odonata, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, were predicted to become more homogenous under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Li
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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29
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Abstract
Regulation of body temperature and sleep are two physiological mechanisms that are vital for our survival. Interestingly neural structures implicated in both these functions are common. These areas include the medial preoptic area (POA), the lateral POA, the ventrolateral POA, the median preoptic nucleus, and the medial septum, which form part of the basal forebrain (BF). When given a choice, rats prefer to stay at an ambient temperature of 27°C, though the maximum sleep was observed when they were placed at 30°C. Ambient temperature around 27°C should be considered as the thermoneutral temperature for rats in all sleep studies. At this temperature the diurnal oscillations of sleep and body temperature are properly expressed. The warm sensitive neurons of the POA mediate the increase in sleep at 30°C. Promotion of sleep during the rise in ambient temperature from 27 to 30°C, serve a thermoregulatory function. Autonomous thermoregulatory changes in core body temperature and skin temperature could act as an input signal to modulate neuronal activity in sleep-promoting brain areas. The studies presented here show that the neurons of the BF play a key role in regulating sleep. BF thermoregulatory system is a part of the global homeostatic sleep regulatory mechanism, which is auto-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hruda Nanda Mallick
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
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30
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Daniels RL, McKemy DD. Design and construction of a two-temperature preference behavioral assay for undergraduate neuroscience laboratories. J Undergrad Neurosci Educ 2010; 9:A51-6. [PMID: 23494724 PMCID: PMC3597423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral assays in the undergraduate neuroscience laboratory are useful for illustrating a variety of physiological concepts. An example is homeostatic temperature regulation (thermoregulation). Many model organisms, from flies to mice, regulate internal temperatures in part by moving to suitable climates (thermotaxis). A particularly reliable method of quantifying temperature-dependent thermotactic behaviors is the two-temperature preference behavioral assay. In this preparation, an organism is free to move between two temperature-controlled surfaces, thus revealing its preferred thermal environment. Here we present the design and construction of a two-temperature preference assay chamber. The device uses Peltier-based thermoelectric modules (TECs) for heating and cooling, and is capable of precision control of temperatures from -5ºC to 60ºC. Our approach can be easily adapted for use in a variety of physiological and behavioral assays that require precise temperature control over a wide range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Daniels
- Department of Biology, The College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID 83605;,Address correspondence to: Dr. Richard L. Daniels, Department of Biology, Boone 252A, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Caldwell, ID 83605.
| | - David D. McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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Abstract
Opioids are the most effective compounds available for the relief of pain, yet there are a number of side effects that are of great concern to clinicians. For example, opioids are powerful reinforcers, and the treatment of pain using opioids could lead to the development of addiction. In addition, there is an increasing body of literature demonstrating that the repeated administration of opioids could lead to a phenomenon called opioid-induced hyperalgesia (i.e., increased sensitivity to painful stimulation). Studies examining these potential adverse effects are necessary in the development of novel analgesics. Furthermore, most studies of pain sensitivity and pain relief use reflex-based procedures to identify analgesics; however, it is argued here that operant-based procedures provide measures that are more analogous to the human condition (i.e., the mechanisms of pain are similar to those in humans) and should be useful in the assessment of novel analgesics. A series of studies examining the effects of opioids and the influence of variables such as age are discussed to demonstrate the utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Malcom Randall VA Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) at the Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, Institute on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine
| | - Jameson P. Dupree
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, College of Medicine, and Institute of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert P. Yezierski
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Charles J. Vierck
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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